Student Book answers P3 Energy resources

P3.1 Energy demands

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1ai coal, oil and gas-fired power stations 1
1 a ii nuclear power station 1
1b nuclear fuel → radioactive waste 1
which must be stored for many years until it becomes non-radioactive 1
2ai advantage: no radioactive waste, disadvantage: produces greenhouse 1
gases
2 a ii advantage: starts quicker, disadvantage: gas supplies will run out 1
before coal
2b 300 000 MJ
= 10 000 kg 1
30 MJ/kg
3a biofuel = any fuel obtained from living or recent organisms, 1
ethanol biofuel because obtained from fermented sugar cane 1
3b CO2 released when burnt = C taken in as CO2 from atmosphere 1
when it grows 1
4 500 million million million J
energy/person per year = 1
6000 million
= 83 000 MJ 1
83 000 MJ 1
energy/person per second = 365 days × 24 × 3600
= 2600 J/s 1

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 Student Book answers P3 Energy resources

P3.2 Energy from wind and water

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a source of energy replenished by natural processes 1
at same rate as it is used 1
1bi tidal power 1
1 b ii wind power 1
2ai 1000 1
2 a ii 25 km 1
2b from top: 2 if 3 correct, award 1 mark
hilly or coastal areas,
estuaries,
coastline,
mountain areas
3a tidal: sea water flows through turbines in barriers built across estuaries 1
hydroelectric: involve less construction because uses rainwater trapped 1
in upland reservoirs
3bi hydroelectricity 1
3 b ii only possible where hilly not flat 1
with significant rainfall not dry 1
4a HEP station that uses electricity from other power stations at off-peak 1
time to pump water to upland reservoir,
when demand high, flow reversed and water in reservoir used to 1
generate electricity
4b coal, oil and nuclear power stations run continuously as cannot be 1
restarted quickly if demand rises suddenly,
water in reservoirs generates electricity when demand high 1

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 Student Book answers P3 Energy resources

P3.3 Power from the Sun and the Earth

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a energy released by radioactive substances deep underground 1
1b solar energy not available at night whereas geothermal energy released 1
all the time or output of solar panel reduced by cloud cover whereas
geothermal energy unaffected
2a 300 W
per cell 1
0.2 W
= 1500 cells 1
2b to supply electricity when dark 1
3a 200 kW × 48 hours 1
= 4800 kW 1
3b advantage: geothermal energy does not vary whereas wind energy 1
depends on weather conditions,
disadvantage: geothermal power stations only operate where flow of 1
geothermal energy from within the Earth is significant
4a 0.010 kg/s × 4200 J/kg °C × (35 − 14) °C 1
= 880 J/s 1
4b 880 J/s = 0.017 kg/s × 4200 J/kg °C × Δθ 1
880 Js
Δθ = = 30 °C 1
0.017 kg/s × 4200 J/kg °C
so output temperature = 44 °C 1

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 Student Book answers P3 Energy resources

P3.4 Energy and the environment

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a gas 1
1b increase of CO2 in atmosphere, 1
acid rain 1
1c advantages: 2
any two from:
never run out,
do not release greenhouse gases/ CO2 into atmosphere,
do not produce radioactive waste,
disadvantages: 2
take up large areas,
affect habitats of plants and animals
2 a—A 2 1 mark for two correct. 2 marks for all four
b—D correct.
c—C
d—B
3a solar 1
wave energy 1
wind 1
3b nuclear 1
geothermal 1
tidal 1

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 Student Book answers P3 Energy resources

Question Answer Marks Guidance

number
4 discuss three types in terms of reliability (see P3.2 to P3.4 for main 1
points to include: each point requires an advantage and a
disadvantage)
and environmental effects including use of land, 1
effect on natural habitats, 1
pollution, 1
and waste, 1

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 Student Book answers P3 Energy resources

P3.5 Big energy issues

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a gas-fired 1
1b geothermal/hydroelectric/tidal 1
1c wind, solar, wave 1
1d hydroelectric 1
2a not enough electricity at night if no wind or waves 1
2b more pumped storage schemes needed to store surplus electricity 1
3 output power not increased quickly enough to meet sudden variations in 1
demand
4 HEP stations that use electricity at times of low demand 1
to pump water to uphill reservoir from lower level, 1
then reverse flow to generate electricity when high demand 1
5a gas without carbon capture storage 1
5bi capital costs for wind and solar power much higher for same power 1
output
5 b ii nuclear and coal-fired power capital costs much higher for same power 1
output,
when include carbon capture storage higher overall costs for gas- 1
fired/oil power
5c 4000 MW × 30 years = 4 × 106 kW × (30 × 365 × 24) = 1.05 × 1012 kW h 1
£1000 million
decommissioning cost per kW h = 1.05 × 1012 1
≈ 0.1 p/kW h 1

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