Definitions
of Intelligent Building
The approaches defining an IB can be grouped
into three Categories:
Performance-based
Definition
Services-based
Definition
System-based
Definition
Performance-based Definition
-performance
IBI (Intelligent Building Institute)
EIBG (European Intelligent Satisfies four fundamental
Building Group) demands: structure, system,
service and management, and
defines an IB as a building created optimizing their interrelationship.
to give its users the most efficient
environment; at the same time,
the building utilizes and manages
resources efficiently
Service-based Definition
-viewpoint of services and/or quality of services
JIBI (Japanese Intelligent Building
Institute)
is a building with the service functions of
communication, office automation and
building automation, and is convenient for
intelligent activities
System-based Definition
-directly addressing the technologies and technology systems
Chinese IB Design Standard (GB/
T50314–2000)
provide building automation, office
automation and communication network
systems, and an optimal composition
integrates the structure, system, service
and management
System-based Definition
-It labels the IBs as ‘3A’, which represents:
BA CA OA
Building Automation Communication Office Automation
Automation
How to make a
building intelligent in
reality?
How to make a building intelligent in reality?
intelligent buildings cannot System functions should be
exist without involving appropriately customized to
technology systems meet user requirements
technology systems and
technology systems should
application software,
be correctly configured and
including their integration and
properly integrated with each
interoperation, should be
other
properly commissioned
Intelligent architecture and structure
● Refers to built forms whose
integrated systems are capable
of anticipating and responding to
phenomena.
Three distinct areas of concern:
1. intelligent design;
2. appropriate use of intelligent
technology;
3. intelligent use and
maintenance of buildings
Intelligent and Responsive Building Façades
• be centrally controlled change their
thermophysical
properties
modify their interior and function as communicating
exterior colour and/or media façades and change
texture optical properties
● The major focus of the intelligent civil structure has been on two areas:
1. Identification of structural behaviour or properties
2. Control of structural response to stimuli
Facilities Management Vs. Intelligent Buildings
International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB)
Financial Space Operational Behavioural
Management Management Management Management
Technology System and Evolution of Intelligent Building
Intelligent Building Pyramids’
developed by the European
Intelligent Building Group
Concluding Remarks on IB System
The integration of IB
components and subsystems Integration Digital technology
has been the trend of IB essential for most plays a very important role
technology development functions of IB systems in the integration
-‘Integrated but
Microprocessor
independent’
providing amazing power one of the most essential
in concern
computationcomputation
DIGITAL
CONTROLLERS
What is Digital
Controllers?
Digital Controllers
- refer to a broad category of devices that use digital technology for
control purposes in various applications.
APPLICATIONS:
Industrial processes
- to automate manufacturing,
control machinery, and optimize
production.
Power Systems
They're also used in power systems and
electronics to regulate voltage, current,
and frequency to ensure stable and
efficient operation.
In Conclusion,
digital controllers play a pivotal role across diverse industries and
applications, driving automation, precision, and efficiency. The ability
of these controllers to regulate and optimize complex systems,
highlights their continued significance in shaping the modern
technological landscape.
Mechanical controller Electrical controller
Besides the
digital controller,
there are other
four typical
types of
Pneumatic controller controller. Electronic controller
They are still used nowadays in buildings but are less popular than the digital controller.
DATA FORM USED IN COMPUTERS
Data in computers is represented in binary form
With its only two states (0 and 1), they aligns seamlessly with the on/off states of
electronic circuits.
They are easily distinguishable, making it straightforward for electronic
components to recognize and process information, and also enhance the speed
and efficiency of data handling.
Moreover, binary encoding allows for reliable storage and retrieval of information
in digital memory devices.
The clear distinction between 0 and 1 states ensures accuracy in data
representation.
MICROCOMPUTER
A microcomputer is a type of computer that
utilizes a microprocessor as its central
processing unit (CPU).
They consist of essential components such as the
CPU, memory, input/output interfaces, and storage
devices.
APPLICATIONS
The applications of microcomputers are vast and diverse, permeating nearly every
aspect of modern life.
In business Education Home
Institutions environment
Additionally, they play a crucial role in scientific research, engineering, and various
industries, aiding in simulations, design processes, and automation.
UNIT INPUT
Input unit plays a crucial role in interfacing with the external
environment and processing analog signals for digital systems.
This unit consists of two essential processes: sampling and analog-
to-digital conversion (ADC).
SAMPLING
Sampling is the process of capturing and representing a continuous
analog signal at discrete points in time.
• This involves periodically measuring the amplitude of the
incoming analog signal.
• The sampled values represent the signal's characteristics at
specific intervals.
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)
Analog-to-Digital Conversion is the transformation of the
continuously varying analog signal into a digital format.
• The sampled analog values obtained through the sampling
process are converted into digital values.
• ADCs quantify the amplitude of the analog signal at each
sampled point.
Together, sampling and ADC enable digital controllers to interface
with and interpret real-world analog signals, facilitating the
integration of analog information into digital processes.
These processes are fundamental for applications such as control
systems, data acquisition, and signal processing in various fields
including automation, communication, and instrumentation.
Output Unit
Refers to the component or module responsible for generating the control signals or
commands that influence the output of a system.
Plays a crucial role in translating the processed information into signals that can be used
to manipulate the system under control.
The specific design and functionality of the output unit can vary depending on the
application and the complexity of the control system.
In summary, the output unit in a digital controller is the part responsible for generating the
control signals that influence the output of the system being controlled.
Processor operation and Software
Processor
• also known as the central processing unit (CPU)
• type of processor used in a digital controller can vary
Software
• refers to the set of programs or code that runs on the
processor to control the system.
Processor operation and Software
In summary, the processor is the hardware component that performs
the computations and executes instructions, while the software is the
set of programs and algorithms that instruct the processor on how to
control the system. Together, they form the digital controller
Sensors
Is a device or component that gathers information about the system or environment and
provides this data to the controller for processing.
The digital controller uses the information from the sensor to make decisions and adjust
the system's behavior.
Examples of sensors commonly used in digital control systems include:
• Temperature sensors
• Pressure sensors
• Position sensors
• Proximity sensors and many others
Actuators
Provides the mechanical action to operate the final
control device
Electrical Actuators
• Convert electrical energy into mechanical movement
or force.
Pneumatic Actuators
• Convert energy from compressed air into mechanical motion.
Building Automation
System (BAS)
BAS
A BAS comprises several subsystems which are connected in
various ways to form a complete system.
Building Services
•HVAC systems
•Electrical systems
•Lighting systems
•Fire systems and security systems and lift systems.
The main typical benefits of
having a BAS
5 Benefits of having BAS
1. Increased reliability of 2. Reduced
plant and services operating
costs
5. Protection of people
and equipment
3. Building 4. Enhancing
management staff
productivity
• Increased reliability of plant and services
- monitoring the system continuously and providing preventative maintenance.
• Reduced operating costs
- reduce the energy costs as much as practically possible.
• Building management
-provides the most cost- effective means for staff to manage the building.
• Enhancing staff productivity
- increased efficiency of personnel because of improved environmental
conditions.
• Protection of people and equipment
- plays a crucial role in safeguarding people and equipment by facilitating
early detection of potential threats.
The progress of BAS
Has transitioned from traditional pneumatic or electro-mechanical
systems to contemporary Building Automation Systems (BAS)
driven by Direct Digital Control (DDC) technology and
microprocessor-based systems.
The following stages or generations of building automation
systems
Pre- BAS stage: centralized control and
monitoring panel.
First generation − computerized centralized
control and monitoring panel
Second generation − BAS based on
minicomputer using data- gathering panel
Third generation − microprocessor- based
BAS using LAN.
Pre- BAS stage
First generation
Second generation
Third generation
Programming and
Monitoring Platforms
and Environment
Typical Architecture of Building Automation
Systems and Control Stations
Typical Architecture of Building Automation
Systems and Control Stations
Progress of
Computing and BAS
Technologies and their
Interconnection.
Typical Architecture of Building Automation
Systems and Control Stations
Typical Network
Architecture of BAS.
Typical Architecture of Building Automation
Systems and Control Stations
Example of Typical
Configuration of Field Control
Stations.
The management level network
consists of computers and
network control stations,
communicating via Ethernet
Programming Platform and
Environment
Utilize user-friendly software tools installed on central computer stations.
The programming environments provided by the programming
tools of different suppliers can be grouped into three categories:
Graphic/Symbolic Template/Table Text Format High-level
Format Format Language Programming
Offers more
Offer flexibility for Offers specialized freedom and
complex control control functions flexibility but
logic but require or building requires more
more training. services, simpler training for
programming sophisticated
tools. control logic.
Programming tools convert programmers' programs into
machine language for microprocessor execution and
control stations.
3.3.3 Management and Monitoring Platform and Interface
Provides user-friendly interface.
Management and Monitoring Platform and
Interface
Typical
Display Types
Building
Management
Functions
01 02
Energy
Installation -
Management
Management and Functions
Typical Functions Control Functions (Supervisory
Provided by Building Control)
Automation Systems 03 04
Information -
Include: Risk - Management
Processing
Functions
Functions
05 06 07
Facility - Performance
Maintenance
Management Monitoring and
Functions Diagnosis Management
Installation- Management and Control Functions
Building automation
systems (BAS) have two
main functions:
Direct digital control (DDC)
Local Control
Supervisory Control
Energy - Management Functions (Supervisory Control)
Building Automation Systems (BAS) offer energy management
savings.
Risk - Management Functions
Building Access Systems (BAS) enhance personnel safety.
Information - Processing Functions
Powerful systems offer energy monitoring, reporting, and audits,
making estimation easier and predicting savings challenging.
Fault Detection and Diagnosis,Maintenance
Management, Automatic Commissioning
Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) technologies, smart maintenance schedules,
and automatic commissioning tools.
Facility - Management Functions
Facilities management is a crucial aspect.
BAS COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
INTEROPERATION AND INTEROPERABILITY
COMMONLY USED COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
BACnet LonWorks
EIB
Modbus PROFIBUS
BACKGROUND AND PROBLEMS
COMPATIBILITY PROBLEM is still one of the
major headaches troubling professionals today.
GATEWAY
is a popular way to integrate the
products of various protocols.
requires great configuration
effort, high costs, and has slow
response
INTEGRATION is very difficult.
EXAMPLE: COMPREHENSIVE IB TEACHING
LABORATORY FACILITY
BAS NETWORK INTO THREE LEVELS:
● MANAGEMENT LEVEL
● AUTOMATION LEVEL
● FIELD LEVEL
BACnet
BACnet is a data communication protocol.
A data communication protocol is a set of rules
governing the exchange of data over a computer
network that covers everything from what kind of
cable to use to how to form a particular request or
command in a standard way.
LonWorks
The LonWorks protocol, also known as the LonTalk
protocol.
Control Networking Standard, is the core
of the
LonWorks system. The protocol provides a
set of
communication services.
The LonWorks protocol is a layered, packet- based,
peer- to- peer communications protocol.
Modbus
Modbus is one of the popular protocols
used in industrial automation.
It supports asynchronous point- to- point and
multidrop communications and can be used
with a variety of serial interfaces.
PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS (PROcess Fieldbus) is a widely
accepted open automation and field network
standard, which is supported by an industry
supplying a wide range of equipment, tools and
support.
EIB
The European Installation Bus (EIB) is a
fieldbus designed to enhance electrical
installations in homes and buildings of all sizes
by separating the transmission of control
information from the traditional main wiring.
COMPATIBILITY
OF DIFFERENT
OPEN PROTOCOL STANDARDS
INTEGRATION AT MANAGEMENT LEVEL
Integration technologies at management level
should not only allow the integration of different
BASs, but should also allow the integration of
BAS and other enterprise applications
OPC Technology
OTneEoCf HthNe OvaLluOabGle Yf eatures of OPC is that it provides a
common interface for communicating with diverse process-
control devices, regardless of the controlling software or
protocols used in the process.
WEB SERVICES
Web Services is a new and T
poE
wC
erH
fulN
mO
o dL
eO
l fG
or Y
c reating
applications from reusable software models supported on
the Internet or control networks using HTTP technology.
