Chapter I

Introduction/ Historical Background

a) Brief overview of indigenous people and their significance.

The Maranao indigenous group is one of the prominent indigenous groups in the Philippines,
primarily residing in the province of Lanao del Sur on the island of Mindanao. They are part of
the larger Moro ethnic group, which comprises various Muslim communities in the southern
Philippines. The Maranao have a distinct identity shaped by their deep adherence to Islam, which
they embraced long before Spanish colonization, making them a key representation of the
country’s Muslim population. Their rich cultural heritage is reflected in their language,
traditions, art, and social structures, which have been preserved over centuries and continue to be
a vital part of their community life. The Maranao indigenous group primarily speak the Maranao
language, an Austronesian language rich in oral traditions. One of the most significant aspects of
their oral literature is the Darangen, an ancient epic that narrates the stories of heroes, kings, and
their moral lessons. Recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible
Heritage of Humanity, the Darangen encapsulates the Maranao’s worldview, values, and cultural
practices, serving as an essential link between generations.

The Maranao indigenous group also have a deeply rooted social and political structure that
revolves around the datu, a leader or chief who holds significant influence over the community.
This traditional system of governance emphasizes communal decision-making, respect for elders,
and conflict resolution through consensus, aspects that remain important in Maranao society
today. The role of the datu extends beyond leadership to that of a protector, ensuring the welfare
of his people, which plays a critical part in the maintenance of social harmony. This hierarchical
social structure, alongside a community-based way of life, underscores the significance of unity,
cooperation, and mutual respect in Maranao culture.

Maranao indigenous group art and craftsmanship are central to their cultural identity, with
the people being known for their intricate designs and artistry. The okir—an ornamental art
characterized by flowing patterns—adorns many aspects of Maranao life, from clothing to
architecture. Their traditional house, the torogan, exemplifies their architectural brilliance, with
intricate carvings and designs symbolizing aspects of their cultural and spiritual beliefs. In
addition to their artwork, the Maranao are famous for the malong, a colorful, tubular garment
that holds symbolic significance in both social and ceremonial contexts. These traditional arts
and crafts not only express their creativity but also serve as a means of preserving their heritage
and passing down their history through generations.

However, the Maranao indigenous group have also faced significant challenges, particularly
in the face of conflict and displacement. The 2017 Marawi siege, in which government forces
fought against insurgents in the capital of the Maranao people, led to the widespread destruction
of Maranao homes and historical sites. Despite this, the Maranao have shown resilience, striving
to rebuild their communities while holding fast to their traditions and cultural identity. Their
ability to endure and preserve their heritage in the face of adversity underscores their importance
in the cultural mosaic of the Philippines.

b) Purpose and scope of the research paper.

The purpose of this research paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the

Maranao indigenous group, focusing on their history, cultural heritage, social structure, and
significance in the broader context of Filipino society. The research aims to highlight the unique
characteristics of the Maranao people, exploring their language, traditions, art forms, and
religious practices, which have shaped their identity over centuries. By examining their cultural
practices and social organization, the paper seeks to offer insights into the Maranao’s resilience
and adaptability in maintaining their heritage despite external pressures such as colonization,
conflict, and modernization.

The scope of this research paper includes an exploration of the Maranao indigenous
groupborigin and historical background, providing context on how their society developed and
how Islam became a central part of their identity long before Spanish colonization. It will delve
into the Maranao language, focusing on its significance as a tool for preserving oral traditions,
such as the Darangen, and its role in shaping cultural values. The research will also examine the
Maranao’s arts and crafts, such as the okir design and the torogan house, highlighting their
importance in both daily life and ceremonial contexts.

This research paper will explore the Maranao’s social and political structures, with particular
emphasis on the role of the datu in their communities. This aspect of the research will underscore
how traditional leadership structures continue to influence Maranao society today, despite
modern shifts in governance. Additionally, the paper will discuss the challenges the Maranao
indigenous group face, particularly in light of recent conflicts, such as the 2017 Marawi siege,
which displaced thousands of Maranao families and caused significant loss of cultural heritage.
The research will explore the resilience of the Maranao indigenous group in rebuilding their
communities and preserving their cultural identity in the aftermath of these challenges.

This research paper aims to provide a deeper appreciation for the Maranao people’s
contribution to the Philippines' rich cultural diversity and their continued importance as an
indigenous group within the nation. The research will offer not only an academic perspective but
also contribute to the broader conversation about indigenous rights, cultural preservation, and the
challenges faced by the Maranao and similar groups in the modern world.

c) Origins and history of the indigenous people.

The Maranao indigenous group origins can be traced to the early Austronesian settlers who
migrated to the Philippines more than 4,000 years ago. These early settlers established
communities in the Philippines, including Mindanao, where they developed distinct languages,
traditions, and social structures. The term "Maranao" itself is derived from the word ranao,
which means "lake" or "body of water," referring to Lake Lanao, a central feature of their
homeland. The lake is not only the geographic heart of the Maranao region but also holds deep
symbolic and cultural significance for the people, representing life, prosperity, and unity.

A major turning point in the history of the Maranao indigenous group was the arrival of
Islam in the 14th century. Muslim traders and missionaries from the Sultanates of Malacca,
Brunei, and other parts of Southeast Asia introduced Islam to the Maranao people. Islam spread
quickly throughout the region, deeply influencing the social, cultural, and political systems of the
Maranao. The adoption of Islam distinguished the Maranao from other indigenous groups in the
Philippines, who remained adherents of animistic religions or later converted to Christianity.

By the 16th century, the Maranao were well-established as a Muslim community, and they
organized themselves into a complex network of sultanates. The Sultanate of Maguindanao and
other smaller sultanates, including the Maranao sultanates around Lake Lanao, played a central
role in the political organization of the region. These sultanates were centers of both governance
and Islam, with the datu (chiefs or rulers) serving as both political and spiritual leaders. The
influence of Islam in the region led to the creation of an Islamic culture that would dominate the
Maranao’s way of life.

During the Spanish colonial period (1565-1898), the Maranao, along with other Moro groups
in Mindanao, resisted efforts by the Spanish to convert them to Christianity and bring them under
colonial rule. Unlike the Christian-majority islands of the Philippines, Mindanao became a
battleground between the Spanish and the Moro peoples. The Maranao fought fiercely to
maintain their independence and their Islamic faith. The Spanish were unable to subdue the
Maranao completely, and the region remained largely outside Spanish control. This resistance
was symbolized by the construction of the torogan (traditional noble houses), which served as
both residential structures and symbols of political authority for the Maranao elite.

The Maranao indigenous group resistance to Spanish colonization is part of the broader Moro
resistance against foreign rule, which continued for over three centuries. Their commitment to
preserving their Islamic faith and political autonomy made them a significant force in the context
of Philippine history, particularly in the struggle for independence against foreign invaders.

When the United States took control of the Philippines in the early 20th century, they
inherited the challenge of subduing the Moro resistance, which included the Maranao people.
The U.S. military fought a series of battles with the Moros, culminating in the Moro Rebellion
(1899-1913), which was marked by bloody confrontations between U.S. forces and Moro
insurgents. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned, the Maranao and other Moro
groups maintained their resistance to American rule, refusing to be assimilated into the new
colonial structure.
 The American colonial administration eventually established more centralized control over
Mindanao, but the Maranao people, along with other Moro groups, continued to maintain their
cultural and religious identity. During this period, the Maranao began to experience greater
exposure to Western education and governance, which brought changes to their traditional way
of life but did not completely erase their customs and values.

In the post-colonial era, the Maranao people have faced numerous challenges, including
political instability and conflict, especially in recent decades. The Marawi siege in 2017, a battle
between government forces and Islamic militants in Marawi City, the capital of the Maranao, led
to the displacement of thousands of Maranao families and the destruction of much of the city.
Despite these challenges, the Maranao people have shown resilience, working to rebuild their
homes, restore their cultural heritage, and maintain their Islamic traditions.

d) Key historical events that shaped their communities.

In 13th century, Islam arrived in the Philippines through Muslim traders and missionaries
from neighboring Malay regions. The spread of Islam among the Maranao people, around the
13th century, is one of the most pivotal moments in their history. This led to the establishment of
a distinct Islamic identity that continues to influence Maranao culture, governance, and social
structures today.

In 15th century, the Sultanate of Lanao played a crucial role in the Maranao community’s
political and social organization. The Sultanate served as the center of Maranao governance, with
a rich system of customary laws and a strong Islamic presence. It also established the Maranao's
influence over the Lake Lanao region in Mindanao.

The Spanish colonial period had a significant impact on the Maranao people. The Maranao,
along with other Muslim groups in Mindanao, fiercely resisted Spanish efforts to colonize the
region, known as the Moros. The Maranao people were part of a larger collective effort to
preserve their Islamic faith, culture, and autonomy. This resistance led to several violent
conflicts, such as the battles in the 17th and 18th centuries. Despite this resistance, the Spanish
managed to impose limited influence in some areas, but the Maranao managed to maintain their
sovereignty.
 Under American rule, the Maranao people, along with other Muslim groups in Mindanao,
continued to resist attempts at integration into the Philippine state. The U.S. sought to assert
control over Mindanao, but armed resistance continued throughout the early 20th century. In
addition, the American government introduced a new system of education and governance,
which affected the traditional leadership structures of the Maranao people. During this period,
the Maranao were also exposed to new ideas, including Western-style education and legal
systems, which had a lasting influence on their communities.

After World War II, the Maranao, like other Muslims in Mindanao, faced increased
marginalization due to the influx of Christian settlers and government policies that favored
Christian-majority areas. This led to growing tension over land ownership, economic resources,
and political representation.
The creation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in 1972 and subsequent
insurgency movements, including those involving the Maranao, were in response to these issues.
The Maranao were part of the larger struggle for the recognition of their cultural, religious, and
political rights in a predominantly Christian country.

One of the most recent and impactful events in Maranao history was the Siege of Marawi in
2017. A five-month battle between government forces and militants affiliated with ISIS left the
city of Marawi, located in the heart of the Maranao region, in ruins. This event caused massive
displacement of Maranao families, destruction of cultural heritage sites, and a humanitarian
crisis.
The siege led to significant national and international attention on the Maranao people and
their plight, raising concerns over the challenges faced by the Muslim minority in the
Philippines, including issues of poverty, lack of development, and the ongoing fight for peace
and autonomy.
 Chapter II
Geographical Location

a) Regions and territories where the indigenous people are located.

The Maranao indigenous group inhabit Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur in Mindanao. The
name Maranao translates to mean “People of the Lake”, after their traditional territory in the area
surrounding Lake Lanao in the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau. The current population of Maranao
indigenous group is approximately 1,530,000 in entire Philippines.

Lanao del Sur where the heartland of the Maranao people, located within the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). This area includes the capital city of
Marawi and the surrounding municipalities around Lake Lanao.

Lanao del Norte although a part of Northern Mindanao, certain municipalities in Lanao
del Norte are also home to Maranao communities.

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) this autonomous

region encompasses Lanao del Sur and other Muslim-majority provinces, providing self-
governance and cultural preservation for indigenous groups like the Maranao.

Lake Lanao Region the area surrounding Lake Lanao is central to the Maranao's cultural
and economic life, supporting fishing, agriculture, and local trade.

Urban Centers significant Maranao populations are also present in urban areas like Iligan
City and Cagayan de Oro, where they engage in business and trade while maintaining their
cultural identity.
b) Maps and descriptions of their homelands.

Source: Bryan Nicholson / cartoMission

 Maranao indigenous group is located around the Lake Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Lanao del
Norte, Lake Lanao Region, Urban Cities (Iligan City and Cagayan de Oro City). The Maranao
people's territory is characterized by rolling hills, fertile plains, and the vast Lake Lanao, which
supports fishing, agriculture, and trade. The region's strategic location has historically made it a
hub for commerce and cultural exchange between coastal and inland communities in Mindanao.
Despite modern developments, the Maranao people maintain strong cultural traditions and a
communal lifestyle centered around family, faith, and local governance.
 Chapter III
Culture and Traditions

a) Language, arts, clothing, crafts, music, and dance.

The Maranao indigenous group speak the Maranao language, which belongs to the Danao
subgroup of the Austronesian language family. While Maranao is the primary language, many
Maranaos are also fluent in Filipino and English for wider communication.

Maranao indigenous group art is renowned for its intricate designs and motifs, particularly
the "okir" pattern, which features elaborate geometric and floral designs. This artistic tradition is
visible in their wood carvings, textiles, and architectural details.

Source:
https://www.behance.net/
 Traditional Maranao clothing reflects their cultural heritage and Islamic influences.
Women wear the "malong," (first image) a colorful, woven tubular garment, often paired with
ornate accessories. Men traditionally wear the "kandit" (sash) and "badju" (long-sleeved shirt),
along with a turban-like headpiece called "pis syabit." (second image).

Source: https://steemit.com
 Source: www.facebook.com/ The-Sulu-Tawi-Tawi-Cultural-and-Historical-Society

The Maranao people are skilled artisans known for their brassware, woodcarving, and
weaving. Notable crafts include the "gador" (decorative brass container) (first image), intricately
carved wooden panels, and "langkit" (woven fabric with geometric patterns) (second image).

Source:
https://www.ebay.com/

Source:
https://www.kipas.nl
 Maranao music features a rich tradition of gong-based ensembles called "kulintang." The
kulintang ensemble consists of a set of graduated gongs played melodically, accompanied by
other instruments like the "agung" (large gongs) (first image) and "dabakan" (drum) (Second
image).

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agung
 Source: https://members.salcedoauctions.com

Traditional Maranao dances are graceful and symbolic, often depicting cultural stories
and Islamic values. The "Singkil" dance is the most famous, performed with bamboo poles
clashing in rhythmic patterns. This dance narrates the epic "Darangen" and showcases the agility
and elegance of Maranao dancers.

Source: https://mindanews.com/

b) Customs, rituals, and festivals

Maranao indigenous group is traditionally stratified, with a system influenced by both

Islamic teachings and indigenous practices. The community places a high value on family honor,
respect for elders, and adherence to customary laws known as "adat." These customs govern
various aspects of life, including conflict resolution, property rights, and social interactions.
Their other custom is Polygamy and Marriage Practices, Polygamy is a practice observed among

Maranao males, especially those of royal lineage. Historically, leaders with royal blood
engaged in polygamy, a tradition that has permeated Maranao culture over time. Additionally,
arranged marriages, often orchestrated by parents, are customary, emphasizing familial alliances
and social status. Beauty and grooming traditions is cultivating beauty is integral to Maranao
tradition. From a young age, girls are guided by female relatives in practices that emphasize
grace, modesty, and elegance. This includes lessons in personal grooming, social graces, and the
application of traditional cosmetics, fostering bonds among women in the community.

Pagana Maranao (Royal Feast) is the traditional feast is a hallmark of Maranao

hospitality, organized during significant events such as enthronements, weddings, graduations,
and religious celebrations like Eid’l Adha and Eid’l Fitr. The Pagana begins with a solemn
prayer, followed by a lavish banquet where guests are welcomed with vibrant native attire,
traditional dances, and a display of Maranao decor, including intricate tapestries and brassware.

Sagayan (War Dance) is a dramatic war dance that reenacts the exploits of the legendary
hero, Datu Bantugan, from the Darangen epic. Dancers don warrior attire, wielding swords and
shields, and perform movements symbolizing preparation for battle. This dance is a staple in
various cultural festivities and serves as a medium to preserve Maranao history and folklore.

Darangen Epic Chanting is an ancient Maranao epic, recognized by UNESCO as a

Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Specialized performers, both male
and female, chant the Darangen during weddings and other significant gatherings, often
accompanied by music and dance. This oral tradition requires performers to have exceptional
memory, poetic skill, and a deep understanding of Maranao customs and genealogy.

Kaplag a Gaus (Thanksgiving Festival) it is the festival time for the Maranao community
to express gratitude for blessings received. It involves communal prayers, feasting, and cultural
performances, reinforcing social bonds and collective identity.

The Kalilang (celebration) encompasses various celebrations marking life events such as
weddings, births, and victories. These festivities are characterized by traditional music, dance,
and the display of Maranao arts and crafts, serving as a vibrant expression of cultural pride and
continuity.
 Chapter IV

Social Structure, Governance, and Economic Practices

(a.) Community organization and leadership

The Maranao people are a predominantly Muslim Filipino ethnic group native to the region
around Lake Lanao in the island of Mindanao. They are known for their rich culture, including
their art, weaving, wood, plastic and metal crafts, and epic literature, the Darangen. Before
Islam, the Maranao were organized into independent and kinship-based political units called
barangay. These units settled in various parts of the lake, but were organized into four peng
ampong (states or encampments) administered by local datu (chieftains). These states were Bay a
Bao, Masiu, Una Yan, and Balo-i, Today, the Maranao people are still organized into
communities based on kinship and lineage. Traditional leaders, such as the datu and sultan, still
play an important role in community life. However, they must also work with local political
leaders, such as mayors and governors, to address the challenges of modern life.

(b.) Role of elders and traditional councils

The elders and traditional councils of the Maranao people play a crucial role in maintaining
social order, preserving cultural traditions, and promoting peace within their communities.
Maranao elders are highly respected figures who embody the wisdom and values of their
ancestors. They are seen as repositories of knowledge about Maranao history, customs, and
Islamic teachings. Their role extends beyond knowledge transmission; elders are also responsible
for guiding younger generations in matters of morality, etiquette, and social conduct. They
uphold the Maratabat, a code of conduct emphasizing honor, dignity, and respect. Maranao
communities are structured around traditional councils, led by elders and datus (chiefs). These
councils serve as decision-making bodies for resolving disputes, addressing community issues,
and maintaining peace.

(c.) Social norms and values

Maranao people, primarily located in the southern Philippines, have deeply rooted social
norms and values that shape their daily lives. Central to Maranao culture is the importance of
family and kinship, where extended families play an integral role in providing emotional,
financial, and social support. Respect for elders is highly emphasized, with their wisdom and
guidance sought in decision-making processes, particularly within the family structure, which
tends to be patriarchal. Despite this, women, especially mothers, hold significant influence in the
household. Hospitality is another key value; the Maranao are renowned for their generosity
toward guests, often offering food and comfort as a sign of respect. This is linked to their cultural
pride, as they take great care in presenting elaborate feasts and entertainment during gatherings.
The Maranao people are also heavily influenced by Islamic teachings, with practices such as
daily prayers, fasting during Ramadan, and giving to charity forming the foundation of their
spiritual life. This influence is reflected in their modest dress codes, where women often wear the
hijab, and men embrace traditional Muslim attire. The role of religion and religious institutions,
such as the mosque, remains central to Maranao social norms.

In Maranao society, community ties are strong, with a culture of bayanihan (mutual
cooperation) evident in times of need, whether through building homes or caring for the sick.
Decision-making is often a communal process, with elders and respected leaders involved in
resolving conflicts and maintaining harmony. The Maranao people take immense pride in their
cultural heritage, especially their arts, such as okir (wood carvings) and traditional clothing like
the malong. These cultural expressions are important, as they symbolize Maranao identity and
pride. Governance in traditional Maranao society is typically led by a Datu, who holds authority
over the community, and decision-making often involves consultations with respected figures.
Marriage is a significant social event, marked by intricate courtship rituals and dowries,
reflecting the value placed on family and tradition. The Maranao community also places strong
importance on respecting authority and social hierarchies, with individuals’ roles often defined
by age, gender, and family status. While gender roles are traditionally distinct, with men
generally engaging in public affairs and women overseeing the household, modern Maranao
women have increasingly taken on more prominent roles in business, politics, and other spheres.
Additionally, music and dance are integral to Maranao culture, with instruments like the
kulintang gongs accompanying cultural and religious celebrations. Finally, the Maranao people
have a deep respect for nature, particularly Lake Lanao, which is considered sacred, and they
view nature as a spiritual gift that sustains their community. These social norms and values,
grounded in tradition, religion, and cultural pride, define the Maranao people's way of life and
continue to guide their interactions and practices today.

(d.) Traditional Livelihoods

The Maranao people have traditionally relied on a combination of agriculture, fishing, and
crafts for their sustenance. In agriculture is the wet rice cultivation is the primary mode of food
production, Dry rice cultivation is practiced in the hilly areas and Fishing in Lake Lanao is an
important source of food and income and lastly in terms of crafts the Maranao are renowned for
their sophisticated weaving, wood, and metal crafts.

(Wet Rice Cultivation) Source: https://ricenewstoday.com

(Fishing in Lake Lanao) Source: https://mindanews.com

(Maranao weaving livelihood) Source: https://mindanawersgroup2020.wordpress.com/

(Example of Maranao tribe metal craft) Source: https://www.sunstar.com.ph

(e.) Modern economic activities and challenges

Maranao community has made significant strides in the halal industry, producing
certified products that are gaining recognition both locally and internationally, Tourism:
The Maranao region boasts stunning natural beauty, including Lake Lanao and the
majestic Marawi City. The government is focusing on rebuilding the city and promoting
tourism as a potential economic driver and Craftsmanship: The Maranao people are
renowned for their intricate textiles, metalwork, and woodcraft. The modern economic
challenges of Maranao people is that they have Lack of Infrastructure: The Maranao
region has limited access to basic infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and internet
connectivity, Limited Access to Markets: Maranao entrepreneurs struggle to access
broader markets for their products, particularly in the halal industry, The Marawi Siege:
The 2017 siege devastated Marawi City, destroying homes, businesses, and infrastructure
which their recovery have become slow and the Land Rights Issues: The Maranao people
have historically faced land rights issues, with many families unable to prove formal
ownership of their ancestral lands.
 Source: https://mindanews.com/

(f.) Impact of globalization on their current economy

Globalization has increased tourism to Mindanao, which has benefited the Maranao
people through increased opportunities for selling their crafts, like banig (mats) or
malong and e-commerce online platforms have allowed Maranao artisans to reach a
wider market for their products, boosting their income and visibility while on the other
hand the Negative impact is the Resource Exploitation Globalization has made the
Maranao people's resources more vulnerable to exploitation, leading to concerns about
the unauthorized use and sale of their traditional crafts, Environmental Degradation. The
demand for resources fueled by globalization has led to environmental damage in
Mindanao, impacting the Maranao people's traditional way of life and lastly is the
Cultural Adaptation The rapid pace of globalization has made it difficult for the Maranao
people to adapt to modern trends and technologies, leading to concerns about the
preservation of their traditional culture.
 Chapter V

Education and Health and Well-being

(a.) Traditional ways of learning

Maranao community group have rich traditions that encompass unique approaches to
education, health, and well-being. Maranao traditional education is deeply rooted in the
transmission of cultural values, oral literature, and artisanal skills: The Darangen, an epic chant
of the Maranao, serves as a vessel for imparting historical narratives, moral lessons, and cultural
norms. Recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of
Humanity, the Darangen plays a pivotal role in educating the younger generation about their
ancestry and societal values. raditional crafts such as weaving (langkit) and metalwork are
taught through hands-on apprenticeship within families and communities. This method ensures
the preservation of intricate skills and the continuation of cultural artistry.

Health and well-being among the Maranao are maintained through a combination
of spiritual beliefs and traditional healing methods: Hilot This ancient Filipino art of
 healing involves massage and chiropractic-like manipulation to treat musculoskeletal
ailments. Practitioners, known as manghihilot, employ techniques that have been passed
down through generations, reflecting a deep understanding of the body's balance and
harmony. Albularyo Serving as herbalists and folk healers, albularyos utilize medicinal
plants and spiritual rituals to address various ailments. Their practices often involve
diagnosing illnesses believed to be caused by supernatural forces and prescribing herbal
remedies or performing rituals to restore health. Shamanistic Practices Traditional
healers, sometimes referred to as shamans, play a crucial role in Maranao society by
performing rituals to communicate with the spirit world. These practices are integral to
addressing both physical and spiritual ailments, reflecting a holistic approach to health.

(b.) Access to modern education and literacy rates

Historically, the Maranao faced challenges with illiteracy. However, concerted

efforts have led to substantial improvements. The Philippines, as a whole, boasts a high
literacy rate for a developing nation, and the Maranao have benefited from this national
trend. Degree holders among the Maranao are now numerous, though many still engage
in traditional occupations like agriculture and craftsmanship due to limited job
opportunities matching their qualifications.

Despite these advancements, disparities persist. The Autonomous Region in

Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), which includes areas predominantly inhabited by the
Maranao, reported a functional literacy rate of 72.1% in 2016, significantly lower than
the national average of 98.3%. This suggests that approximately one-third of individuals
in the region may struggle with basic reading and writing skills.

Cultural practices, such as "rido" (clan feuds), have been identified as factors
negatively impacting the educational aspirations of Maranao communities. These
conflicts can disrupt schooling, impose financial burdens, and strain community
relationships, thereby hindering students' academic performance and overall educational
attainment.

Organizations like the Maranao People Development Center Inc. (MARADECA)

play a pivotal role in promoting education among the Maranao. They believe that
 education is crucial for the socio-economic advancement of the Bangsamoro people and
have implemented projects to increase access to kindergarten education, particularly for
marginalized children.

Additionally, the Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) program has
been instrumental in improving educational access in remote areas. BEAM Access
focuses on building classrooms and providing livelihood opportunities and training for
parents, aiming to keep children in school by empowering their communities.

(c.) Efforts to preserve indigenous knowledge

Maranao people of the Philippines have undertaken various initiatives to preserve

their rich indigenous knowledge, encompassing oral traditions, craftsmanship, and
performing arts.

A cornerstone of Maranao heritage is the Darangen, an epic poem comprising 17

cycles and 72,000 lines, traditionally performed through singing or chanting.
Recognizing its cultural significance, the Philippine National Museum declared the
Darangen a National Cultural Treasure in 2002. Subsequently, UNESCO proclaimed it a
Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005, highlighting its
role in conveying Maranao customary laws, social values, and pre-Islamic traditions.

To ensure the transmission of indigenous knowledge to younger generations, the

National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) initiated the Schools of Living
Traditions (SLTs) program in 1995. These community-managed centers are led by
cultural masters who provide non-formal, hands-on instruction in various art forms,
crafts, and traditions. In 2021, SLTs were recognized by UNESCO for their effective
safeguarding practices, underscoring their importance in preserving intangible cultural
heritage.

The Maranao are renowned for their traditional craftsmanship, including brass-
casting, weaving, and wood carving. Efforts are ongoing to nominate these crafts for
inclusion in UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage, aiming to protect and promote
these skills amidst modern influences.
 Despite these initiatives, challenges such as modernization and cultural
assimilation persist. Continuous efforts are essential to document, teach, and celebrate
Maranao traditions, ensuring their preservation for future generations.

(d.) Traditional medicine and healing practices

The Maranao people of the Philippines possess a rich tapestry of traditional

medicine and healing practices that blend indigenous beliefs with Islamic influences.
These practices are integral to their cultural identity and community life.
Maranao traditional healers, known as babaylan, play a pivotal role in the
community's health care. They are often male and serve as intermediaries between the
physical and spiritual realms. Their healing methods encompass a combination of herbal
remedies, spiritual rituals, and massage therapies. For instance, the practice of hilot, a
form of therapeutic massage, is prevalent among the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples.
This technique involves the use of oils and manual manipulation to treat various ailments,
emphasizing the holistic approach to health that addresses both physical and spiritual
well-being.
An ethnobotanical survey conducted in Pualas, Lanao del Sur, documented 68
medicinal plant species utilized by the Maranao community. These plants, belonging to
34 families, are employed to treat a range of health issues, from minor wounds to more
serious conditions like cancer. The leaves are the most commonly used part, typically
prepared through decoction. This underscores the community's deep knowledge of local
flora and their applications in traditional medicine.
The Maranao's healing traditions also incorporate Islamic elements. Healers, often
referred to as pandita or guru, blend Islamic teachings with indigenous practices. They
perform rituals such as aqiqah (the naming ceremony for newborns) and ruqqiya
(exorcism), reflecting a syncretic belief system that harmonizes pre-Islamic traditions
with Islamic faith. This fusion illustrates the adaptability and resilience of Maranao
cultural practices in the face of external influences.
Traditional healing practices are more than just medical interventions; they are a
manifestation of the Maranao's cultural values and beliefs. Engaging in these practices
fosters community cohesion and reinforces individual identity. However, with the
 increasing acceptance of modern medical products, knowledge of traditional medicine is
gradually disappearing. Sustainability and conservation of plant resources and traditional
knowledge are crucial to preserve the culture and tradition of the Maranao people.

(e.) Health challenges and access to healthcare

The Maranao people, indigenous to the Lanao provinces in Mindanao,

Philippines, face significant health challenges compounded by cultural, geographical, and
systemic barriers to healthcare access.

Maranao older adults commonly experience chronic conditions such as

hypertension, arthritis, and diabetes. Cultural beliefs significantly influence their health-
seeking behaviors; many prefer traditional healing practices, including herbal remedies
and faith healing, over modern medical interventions. This preference can lead to delays
in seeking appropriate medical care, potentially resulting in worsened health outcomes.

Barriers to healthcare access are Cultural Practices, Geographical Isolation,

Healthcare Infrastructure, Health Insurance Coverage. Cultural Practices traditional birth
attendants (TBAs) often adhere to customary birthing practices, sometimes diverging
from recommended medical protocols. This adherence can increase risks for both
mothers and newborns. Geographical Isolation, many Maranao communities are located
in remote areas, making it difficult to access healthcare facilities. The lack of
transportation and infrastructure exacerbates this issue, leading to underutilization of
available health services. Healthcare Infrastructure, he Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), encompassing Maranao-majority areas, faces
significant healthcare delivery challenges. Issues include a shortage of healthcare
professionals, inadequate facilities, and limited availability of essential medicines. These
deficiencies contribute to poor health outcomes and low utilization of health services.
Health Insurance Coverage, enrollment in the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP)
is notably low in Mindanao, including Maranao regions. This low coverage limits
financial access to healthcare services, deterring individuals from seeking necessary care.
Understanding and respecting Maranao cultural beliefs are crucial for effective
healthcare delivery. For instance, Maranao older adults attribute illnesses to divine will
 and may prefer traditional healing methods. Healthcare providers must navigate these
beliefs sensitively to build trust and encourage the use of appropriate health services. To
address these challenges, there are recommendations like Culturally Sensitive Care, train
healthcare providers in cultural competence to ensure respectful and effective
communication with Maranao patients. Infrastructure Development, invest in healthcare
facilities and transportation infrastructure to improve accessibility in remote areas.
Community Engagement, involve community leaders and traditional healers in health
education initiatives to bridge the gap between traditional beliefs and modern medical
practices. Enhance Health Insurance Coverage, implement targeted programs to increase
NHIP enrollment, ensuring financial protection against health-related expenses.
Addressing the health challenges of the Maranao people requires a comprehensive
approach that respects cultural traditions while promoting access to modern healthcare
services. Collaboration among government agencies, healthcare providers, and the
Maranao community is essential to improve health outcomes and quality of life.

(f.) Programs at improving health outcomes

The Philippine government, in collaboration with various organizations, has

implemented several programs aimed at improving health outcomes among indigenous
communities, including the Maranao people. These initiatives focus on enhancing
healthcare access, promoting cultural sensitivity, and empowering local health workers.
Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 recognizes the rights of
indigenous peoples, including the Maranao, to basic social services such as health care. It
mandates that the government provide culturally appropriate health services,
acknowledging traditional practices while integrating modern medical care. This law
ensures that indigenous communities have access to essential health services without
discrimination.
Barangay Health Workers (BHW) Program are community-based volunteers who
play a crucial role in delivering primary healthcare services. They undergo training in
areas such as maternal and child health, immunization, and first aid. In Maranao
communities, BHWs serve as vital links between healthcare facilities and residents,
promoting health education and facilitating access to medical services.
 Community-Based Health Programs is a non-governmental organizations and
local government units have initiated programs tailored to the unique needs of the
Maranao people. These programs often include health education campaigns, mobile
clinics, and culturally sensitive health services that respect traditional beliefs while
providing essential medical care.
Disaster Response and Health Services given the susceptibility of Mindanao,
including Maranao regions, to natural disasters and conflicts, specialized programs have
been developed to address the health needs arising from such events. These initiatives
focus on emergency medical services, mental health support, and rehabilitation, ensuring
that the health needs of the Maranao people are met during and after crises.
National Health Insurance Program (PhilHealth) efforts are ongoing to increase
enrollment of indigenous populations in the National Health Insurance Program. This
program aims to reduce financial barriers to healthcare access, ensuring that Maranao
families can afford medical services without significant financial hardship.
Cultural Sensitivity Training for Healthcare Providers to improve the quality of
care, healthcare providers undergo training to understand and respect the cultural
practices and beliefs of indigenous communities. This training fosters trust and
encourages Maranao individuals to seek medical care when needed, bridging the gap
between traditional beliefs and modern healthcare practices.
These programs collectively aim to enhance the health and well-being of the
Maranao people by providing accessible, culturally appropriate, and comprehensive
healthcare services. Continued collaboration among government agencies, non-
governmental organizations, and the Maranao community is essential to address existing
health challenges and promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes.
 Chapter VI

Human Rights and Legal Issues

(a) Land rights and territorial disputes

Recognizing that conflict over land is one of the major drivers of conflict in
Mindanao, and in the context of the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (FAB),
the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the World Bank undertook a joint
scoping mission on land disputes in conflicted affected areas of Mindanao from March 4
– 15, 2013. The objective of the mission was to gather basic information on the nature of
land ownership and usage and the state of land conflict management in order to identify
options, if any, for supporting more effective resolution of land conflict in support of
peace and stability. The mission team found that the signing of the FAB has created new
dynamics in the region. On the one hand displaced populations are expressing a desire to
return to land from which they had been forcibly displaced, sometimes decades ago. On
the other, landowners are beginning to reclaim their lands from “squatting” displaced
populations.

The ensuing movement of people could bring latent claims to the fore in the
absence of an effective institutional framework to deal with a rising tensions. In addition,
various stakeholders are positioning themselves based on their expectations of how the
land related provisions of the FAB would be implemented, creating further tensions
amongst neighboring communities. It is clear that a significant proportion of both the
active and latent competing land claims have a considerable potential to trigger renewed
violence and forced displacement. In this volatile and complicated environment, the FAB
has also created an opening to begin addressing the issues of land management and
conflict resolution. Land conflicts, meanwhile, are competing claims over land that are
closely intertwined with broader inter-community struggles or disagreements; have a
wide political significance or connotation; are intractable; fall far outside existing legal
frameworks; or reflect competing interest of such breadth and depth that they cannot
easily be resolved through the existing dispute resolution mechanisms. Even within these
land conflicts, the mission identified an extensive range of typologies including: Land
conflicts opposing Moro and Christian parties related to past forced displacement,
Conflicts pitching IP parties against Moro or Christian parties relating to a primacy of
rights, Inter-clan and community based rid related to competing land claims, Land
disputes where the parties have sought support from respective political power bases
leading to a vertical conflict pitching the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) against
armed groups such as the MILF or MNLF, Competing claims between public institutions
and private parties.

The variety in nature of land conflicts will need to be considered carefully both in
terms of the substantive and procedural aspects of an eventual policy framework to
address them. It cautions against a rigid “one size fits all” framework unable to
adequately adapt to local circumstances. Any response will need to take into account the
varying degree of socio-economic inequality between the parties; the method of past land
dispossession, including the perceived and real acquiescence of relevant authorities,
fraudulent land titling, involuntary sales or sales under duress, de-facto acquisition
through physical occupation, and acquisition through diversion of land reform policies;
and the intentions of the parties and remedies they seek, whether it is occupation and use
of the land or compensation for the loss suffered. Addressing land conflict is made more
complicated by the existing institutional limitations of land management and land dispute
resolution mechanisms. There are five government line agencies involved in issuing and
managing titles. At the same time, a lack of coordination has increased the prevalence of
conflict through the issuance of multiple title instruments on individual plots of land, in
the process reducing the legitimacy of existing titles.

In addition, poor document management, as well as the cycle of conflict, has led
to the loss or destruction of many land records. A national cadastral survey project
currently under way will document cases of multiple titles, but will not identify
competing claims without documentary supporting evidence. Adopting a conflict-
sensitive approach to the cadastral survey is imperative, as the mere act of documenting
claims will raise concerns about the potential for disenfranchisement. A pervasive lack of
trust in the government authorities responsible for land management may lead some
parties to revert to violence or fraud as a means of protecting their real or perceived
rights. This points to the need for increased data collection on both existing and latent
 land disputes where the parties do not necessarily have documentary support for their
claim to fully inform policy makers on the scale of the problem. It also highlights the
importance of open and regular communication to communities on the purpose of
cadastral surveying and the need for strong community engagement in the process.

A dedicated institution to mediate land conflicts may be necessary to more

robustly tackle what is a pervasive problem. While it remains unclear where land
management powers will lie until the signing of a comprehensive agreement between the
Government of the Philippines (GPH) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a
number of initiatives can and should be undertaken now lay the groundwork for the
policy and institutional reforms that will be necessary to assist the parties to deliver on
the land-related provisions of the FAB. The mission team found that there is broad
consensus among stakeholders (on both government and non-government sides) that
there should be more effective and integrated mechanisms to resolve land
disputes/conflicts and that this is crucial for a durable peace. The signing of a
comprehensive peace agreement will increase the space already created by the FAB to
engage in supporting land management reform for a prosperous Bangsamoro. The report
proceeds with a presentation of the background and objectives of the mission before
discussing the findings in detail and elaborating next steps and recommendations.

(b) Impact of colonization and historical injustices.

The study of challenges faced by Maranao Muslims and Christian missionaries in

Marawi has a good and bad impacts towards Maranao Muslims and Christian
missionaries in Marawi city. So, one of the most important results of the study; the
Maranao Muslims knew the main purposes of existence of these Christian organization is
to Christianize them through guiding them in learning education without fighting and ask
them to participate in dialogue of education and life, dialogue of peace, dialogue of
human rights and dialogue of rapprochement. And bad impact towards Christianity; some
Christian converted to Islamic religion through Maranao preachers and both Muslims and
Christians because some of them were kidnapped, ransomed and killed by unknown-able
group. The existence of Christian missionaries in Islamic City of Marawi taught Maranao
Muslims to set-up their Islamic coherent, strengthening their brotherhood, wake-up each
 other in order to challenge these activities conducted by Prelature Sisters in Marawi city,
Parish in Balabagan, Malabang and Christian missionaries. Based on Maranao Muslims
‟solidarity, Islamic unity, the activities of Christian missionaries have no impacts towards
Maranao Muslim communities until now. The Islamic City of Marawi still dominated by
Maranao Muslims and never conquered and never Christianized by the Philippine
Government with Christian missionaries.

(c.) Current legal protections and policies.

Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997, recognizes and promotes the
rights of indigenous cultural communities, including the Maranao people, to their
ancestral domains, self-governance, and cultural preservation.

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child prohibits child marriage,
which is prevalent among the Maranao people, and ensures children's rights to education
and protection. Policies and Initiatives

Panginam Project, a youth-led initiative providing livelihood opportunities, life

skills, and psychological support to young Maranao couples at risk of child marriage.

Fatwa on Model Family in Islam a legal opinion discouraging early marriages,

integrated into the Comprehensive Gender and Health Education for Youth in the
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).

UNFPA's Multi-Sectoral Approach supports efforts to end child marriage,

including advocacy for policy changes, such as increasing the age of legal consent to
marriage.
 Chapter VII

Challenges and Contemporary Issues

(a.) Social and economic challenges.

The Maranao people across all regions face a multitude of challenges that hinder
their socio-economic development and well-being. The protracted conflicts and violence
in the region have resulted in widespread displacement, loss of livelihoods, and a
pervasive sense of insecurity among the Maranao community. The devastating effects of
the Marawi siege, including the destruction of infrastructure and the displacement of
thousands of Maranao people, have further exacerbated the situation, exacerbating
poverty and vulnerability. The persistent violence and insecurity, coupled with historical
grievances and the presence of armed groups, continue to impede efforts towards
peacebuilding, reconciliation, and sustainable development for the Maranao people in all
regions. Comprehensive peacebuilding initiatives, inclusive governance, and sustainable
development strategies are essential to address the root causes of conflict and create a
conducive environment for the advancement and prosperity of the Maranao community
across all regions.

Historically, the Maranao people have endured marginalization and

discrimination, which have shaped their access to resources and opportunities for
advancement. The legacy of colonialism and power imbalances has played a pivotal role
in perpetuating economic disparities and social exclusion among the Maranao population.
These historical injustices continue to resonate in present-day socio-economic structures,
influencing the community's ability to break the cycle of poverty and achieve sustainable
development. The protracted armed conflicts in Mindanao have disrupted the social
fabric of Maranao society, leading to displacement, loss of livelihoods, and heightened
insecurity. The implications of conflict on poverty levels are profound, as families
struggle to rebuild their lives amidst ongoing instability and violence.

(b.) Issues related to identity and cultural preservation.

Issues Related to Identity are Cultural Erosion the influence of modernization and
urbanization threatens to erode Maranao cultural traditions and practices. Loss of
 Language the Maranao language is at risk of being lost as younger generations prefer to
speak more dominant languages like Filipino or English. Stigma and Discrimination
Maranao people often face stigma and discrimination due to their indigenous identity,
leading to feelings of shame and disconnection from their heritage.

Issues Related to Cultural Preservation are Threats to Ancestral Domains the

Maranao people's ancestral domains are under threat from encroachment by agricultural
and mining interests. Cultural Appropriation Maranao cultural symbols, practices, and
traditions are often appropriated and commercialized without permission or proper
understanding. Lack of Documentation Maranao cultural heritage is not well-
documented, making it difficult to preserve and pass on to future generations. Climate
Change affects the Maranao people's traditional way of life, including their agriculture,
fishing, and forestry practices.

Efforts to Address These Issues are Cultural Revitalization Programs initiatives

that promote Maranao language, culture, and traditions, such as language classes, cultural
festivals, and traditional arts programs. Ancestral Domain Protection efforts to protect
Maranao ancestral domains through sustainable land management practices and advocacy
for indigenous peoples' rights. Community-Based Tourism initiatives that promote
community-based tourism, allowing visitors to experience Maranao culture while
supporting local communities. Documentation and Research aim to preserve Maranao
cultural heritage and make it accessible to future generations.

(c.) Political representation and advocacy

Every organization is bound over these assumptions, that, first there can be no
organization without people, and second, the success or failure of an organization
depends on the kind of people it has. The society being composed of people is in need of
a leader who is equipped in guiding his people in attaining an everlasting tranquil and
conducive environment for everyone. People are in need of a leader who can promote
their general welfare particularly in a society with manifold laws which may throw the
people into confusion instead of earnestly collaborating in upholding change in the
community. As said, collaboration is a central element of effective interorganizational
relationships, particularly in diverse settings. The study in leadership and its role in the
 maintenance and development of societies including those with perennial peace
problems, have been the focus of researches for many years. Scientific explanations on
the role of leaders in society, from the pre-modern, the traditional as espoused by Max
Weber and the classicists, the behavioral, and the situational approaches, abound. This
scenario indicates the significance of studying the collaboration and participation of both
traditional and local political leaders in promotion of peace in the community.

This study mainly assumed that the traits and characteristics of traditional leaders as well
as the administrative capabilities of local political leaders play an important role in attaining
peace and that a strong partnership of both the traditional and local political leaders towards
collaboration in attaining or promoting peace in communities like Marawi City, is fundamental.
In a traditional community like Marawi City, there are times wherein two different existing laws
may contradict each other resulting often to misunderstandings, clan feuds and conflicts.
However, this can be pacified through the efforts of both the traditional leaders and the local
political leaders being the arbitrators in settling disputes as well as in providing support systems
in peace efforts in the individual, group, and community levels. They serve as linkages between
the community and government agencies and non-governmental organizations that are providing
good and services needed to uplift the people’s socio-economic conditions.

Collaborative governance has become a common term in public administration, yet its
effective application is still inchoate. As such, adherence to this contention is regarded as an
effective mechanism in identifying the effectiveness of partnership of two existing leadership
styles, the traditional and local political leadership. Emerson, Nabatchi, and Balogh (2011)
emphasize that collaborative governance could result to the engagement of people constructively
across the boundaries of public agencies, levels of government, and other aspects to carry out a
public need that otherwise could not be accomplished. It is a common fact that the City of
Marawi and its people has long been suffering from its slow pace of socio-economic
development owing mainly to prolonged and sporadic disruptions in its peace and order
situation. In an interview with some local leaders, it was noted that these disruptions have been
caused by family feuds or conflict or “rido”. The said local leaders also emphasized on the need
for a joint effort between the traditional Maranao leaders and the local political leaders of this
City, in the resolution of these feuds by playing active roles in arbitration/ mediation or in
prevention of the outbreak of a conflict, thereby promoting peace in the city.
 Chapter VIII

Environmental Stewardship

(a.) Relationship with the natural environment

The Maranao people, indigenous to the Lanao provinces in Mindanao,

Philippines, maintain a profound and multifaceted relationship with their natural
environment, deeply intertwined with their cultural identity, livelihoods, and spiritual
beliefs.
Central to Maranao life is Lake Lanao (Maranao: Ranao), a vast ancient lake that
significantly influences their daily existence and cultural practices. The lake's formation
is steeped in Maranao mythology, with legends explaining its creation as a divine act that
shaped their ancestral lands. This deep connection is reflected in their name, "Maranao,"
meaning "people of the lake."
The Maranao's livelihoods are closely linked to Lake Lanao and its surrounding
landscapes. Fishing, agriculture, and crafts are primary economic activities, all of which
depend on the sustainable use of natural resources. Their traditional knowledge
encompasses sustainable fishing techniques and agricultural practices that harmonize
with the ecosystem, ensuring the preservation of their environment for future generations.
Maranao cultural expressions, such as the Sagayan dance and the Singkil dance,
are inspired by natural elements and reflect their reverence for the environment. These
performances often depict narratives that honor natural forces and beings, reinforcing the
community's commitment to environmental stewardship.
In recent decades, Lake Lanao has faced environmental challenges, including
pollution and the impact of hydroelectric projects. The construction of dams and power
plants, such as the Agus series, has led to fluctuations in water levels, affecting the
livelihoods of the Maranao people. In response, the Save Lake Lanao Movement
(SALAM) was established, advocating for the protection and sustainable management of
the lake's resources. The movement highlights the Maranao's active role in environmental
conservation, striving to balance development with the preservation of their cultural and
natural heritage.
 Maranao spirituality is deeply connected to the natural world, with beliefs that
attribute sacredness to certain natural features such as mountains, rivers, and trees. These
elements are integral to their cosmology and rituals, underscoring a worldview that sees
humans as part of a larger, interconnected ecosystem. This perspective fosters a sense of
responsibility toward environmental stewardship, ensuring that natural resources are used
sustainably and respectfully.

(b.) Sustainable practices and conservation efforts

The Maranao people, indigenous to the Lanao provinces in Mindanao,

Philippines, have traditionally engaged in sustainable practices and conservation efforts
that reflect their deep connection to the natural environment. These practices are integral
to their cultural identity and play a crucial role in preserving their ancestral lands and
resources.
Maranao farmers in areas like Masiu, Lanao del Sur, employ agricultural methods
that are closely aligned with their cultural traditions and the biophysical characteristics of
their land. A study highlighted the importance of understanding these indigenous
practices, rituals, and the community's awareness and attitudes toward forest
conservation, emphasizing their role in protecting the Lake Lanao Watershed.
Organizations such as the Maranao People Development Center Inc.
(MARADECA) adopt community-based, integrated, and sustainable development
frameworks. These initiatives aim to reflect the aspirations of the Moro people, focusing
on socio-economic advancement while preserving cultural heritage and promoting
environmental stewardship.
In regions like Bukidnon, conservation farming practices are being promoted to
address land degradation caused by traditional monocropping. These practices aim to
protect natural resources while enhancing farmers' livelihoods, demonstrating a
commitment to sustainable land management that benefits both the environment and the
community.
Indigenous communities in the Philippines, including the Maranao, have
historically served as stewards of forest conservation. Their traditional knowledge and
practices contribute significantly to safeguarding natural resources, highlighting the
 importance of integrating indigenous perspectives into broader environmental
conservation strategies.
Despite these efforts, challenges such as deforestation, pollution, and the
encroachment of modern agricultural practices threaten the sustainability of traditional
Maranao conservation methods. Addressing these issues requires a collaborative
approach that combines indigenous knowledge with contemporary conservation
techniques, ensuring the preservation of both cultural and environmental heritage for
future generations.

(c.) Challenges posed by environmental degradation

Maranao people, indigenous to the Lanao provinces in Mindanao, Philippines,

face significant challenges due to environmental degradation that threaten their cultural
heritage, economic livelihoods, and overall well-being.
Lake Lanao, the lifeblood of Maranao culture and economy, has been adversely
affected by hydroelectric projects. The construction of dams, particularly the Agus series,
has led to fluctuations in water levels, disrupting traditional fishing practices and causing
social unrest among the Maranao community. Despite the establishment of the Lake
Lanao Watershed Protection and Development Council (LLWPDC), concerns persist
regarding the ecological impact of these developments.
Unsustainable logging and agricultural expansion have resulted in deforestation
and land degradation in the region. The conversion of forested areas into agricultural land
diminishes biodiversity and impairs the land's ability to support traditional crops,
affecting food security and cultural practices tied to agriculture.
Climate change exacerbates environmental challenges, leading to resource
scarcity, including water stress. This scarcity threatens traditional livelihoods and can
lead to conflicts over resources, further destabilizing the region.
The degradation of natural habitats has led to a decline in biodiversity, affecting
the availability of medicinal plants and other resources integral to Maranao culture and
traditional medicine. This loss hampers cultural practices and reduces resilience against
environmental changes.
 Environmental degradation adversely affects agriculture and fisheries, leading to
economic losses for the Maranao people. Reduced productivity in these sectors
challenges traditional livelihoods and threatens food security.
The Maranao's deep cultural ties to their land and water mean that environmental
degradation threatens not only their livelihoods but also their identity and social
cohesion. Loss of traditional lands and resources can lead to social unrest and a
diminished sense of community.
In response to these challenges, the Maranao community has actively engaged in
conservation and advocacy efforts. The Save Lake Lanao Movement (SALAM)
exemplifies their commitment to protecting their environment and advocating for
sustainable development practices. Additionally, integrating indigenous knowledge with
modern environmental management strategies offers promising avenues for conservation
and sustainable resource use.
Addressing the environmental challenges faced by the Maranao requires a
collaborative approach that respects indigenous knowledge and prioritizes sustainable
practices. Such efforts are essential to preserve the cultural and natural heritage of the
Maranao people for future generations.
 Chapter IX

Conclusion

(a. ) Summary of key findings.

The Maranao, one of the major Muslim ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines,
primarily inhabit the areas surrounding Lake Lanao in Lanao del Sur. Known for their rich
cultural heritage and strong community values, the Maranao people have a long and vibrant
history that continues to influence their way of life today. An exploration of their historical
background, culture, governance, economy, education, and current issues provides deeper insight
into the resilience and identity of the Maranao tribe.

Historically, the Maranao trace their roots to the ancient Sultanate of Lanao, a powerful
Islamic political entity established even before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. Their
society is deeply influenced by Islamic teachings, which shape their traditions, arts, and daily
life. They are known for their colorful okir designs, kulintang music, and the torogan, the
traditional royal house that symbolizes authority and nobility. Socially, Maranao society is
structured around kinship and clans, with a strong emphasis on maratabat (honor and pride),
which guides interpersonal relations and conflict resolution. Governance historically revolves
around the sultanate system, where sultans and datus lead based on lineage and wisdom, though
today this system coexists with formal government structures. Economically, the Maranao are
traditionally engaged in agriculture, fishing, and artisanal crafts such as weaving and brassware
production. However, economic instability due to conflict and displacement has hindered
consistent growth. In terms of education and health, there are ongoing efforts to improve access,
especially in rural areas, though poverty and armed conflict have limited progress. Contemporary
challenges include displacement from armed conflicts, notably the Marawi siege, loss of cultural
heritage, and limited access to basic services. Despite these, the Maranao exhibit strong
environmental stewardship, deeply rooted in their respect for nature and the sacredness of Lake
Lanao, which they believe is a divine gift that sustains their livelihood.

In summary, the Maranao tribe represents a community rich in tradition, cultural pride,
and historical significance. While they face numerous modern challenges, their strong social
fabric, deep-rooted governance systems, and commitment to cultural and environmental
preservation continue to sustain their identity. Recognizing and supporting their unique heritage
is essential to fostering peace, development, and resilience in their communities.

(b.) Reflection on the importance of understanding and supporting indigenous people, and
promoting the culture of peace.

Understanding and supporting Indigenous peoples like the Maranao is crucial in

fostering a just, inclusive, and peaceful society. The Maranao, with their rich cultural
heritage, deep spirituality, and strong sense of identity, exemplify the importance of
tradition and resilience in the face of adversity. By learning about their history, values,
and way of life, we gain a deeper appreciation of their contributions to national identity
and cultural diversity. Supporting the Maranao means not only preserving their customs
and language but also advocating for their rights, access to education, healthcare, and
economic opportunities. Promoting their culture of peace rooted in maratabat (honor),
kapamagawida (community unity), and respect for others is essential in healing wounds
caused by conflict and discrimination. In a world where violence and misunderstanding
often prevail, the Maranao’s peaceful teachings and community-centered values remind
us of the power of dialogue, cultural pride, and mutual respect. By standing in solidarity
with Indigenous peoples, we are not only honoring their legacy but also build a more
compassionate and peaceful future for all.
 Chapter X

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