Savitribai phule Pune university [Electrical Engineer]
E.M--1
Saurabh Suryakant Deshmukh
1. Related to DC machine winding define the following terms. [4]
• i) Pole Pitch:
o The pole pitch is the distance between the centres of two adjacent magnetic poles in
a DC machine.
o It is usually expressed in terms of the number of armature slots or armature
conductors.
o Mathematically, Pole Pitch = (Number of Armature Slots) / (Number of Poles)
• ii) Coil Pitch (or Coil Span):
o The coil pitch is the distance between the two coil sides of a coil, measured in terms
of armature slots.
o It determines the span of the coil around the armature.
o A full-pitch coil spans 180 electrical degrees, while a short-pitch coil spans less than
180 electrical degrees.
• iii) Conductor:
o A conductor is a length of wire that is active in producing or carrying an induced
electromotive force (EMF) when it moves in a magnetic field.
o In a DC machine armature winding, these conductors are placed in the armature slots.
• iv) Back Pitch:
o The back pitch (Yb) is the distance, measured in terms of armature conductors,
between the two coil sides of a coil at the back of the armature.
o It is the distance between the second conductor of a coil, and the first conductor of
the next coil to which it is connected, at the back of the armature.
2. State the significance of back emf. Write down its equation. [4]
Significance of the back E.M.F.
• By applying KVL in the clockwise direction we get
+ V - Eb - IaRa = 0
𝝂 − 𝑬𝒃
𝑰𝒂 =
𝑹𝒂
❖ V and Ra are usually fixed, the value Eb determines the armature current.
• If the speed N is high then Eb is also high and hence motor will draw less current and
vice-a-versa.
• Thus the back emf makes the DC motor a self-regulating machine and protects the
armature.
• The gross mechanical power developed by the D.C. motor can be expressed as Pm = Eb*Ia
means due to Eb only, we get the output power of the D.C. motor.
• Equations: Terminal Voltage: VT = E+ Ia (Ra+ R)
Savitribai phule Pune university [Electrical Engineer]
E.M--1
Saurabh Suryakant Deshmukh
Line Current : IL = Ia
3. What is meant by back emf in DC motor? State the equation of back emf. Also explain how
back emf acts as a regulating mechanism when load on DC motor changes. [8]
Back EMF in a DC Motor
Definition:
• When a DC motor rotates, its armature conductors cut the magnetic field, inducing a
voltage in them. This induced voltage opposes the applied voltage and is called back
electromotive force (back EMF, Eb).
• Back EMF is responsible for regulating the motor’s speed and current.
• It ensures that the motor draws only the required current for the load.
Equation of Back EMF:
The back EMF in a DC motor is given by:
𝑃∅𝑍𝑁
𝐸𝑏 =
60𝐴
Where:
• Eb = Back EMF (V)
• PP = Number of poles
• Φ = Flux per pole (Weber)
• Z = Total number of armature conductors
• N = Speed of the motor (RPM)
• A = Number of parallel paths in the armature
Regulating Mechanism of Back EMF in DC Motor:
Back EMF acts as a self-regulating mechanism that controls the armature current (Ia) as the
load changes.
1. When Load Increases:
• If the load on the motor increases, the motor slows down.
• This reduction in speed decreases back EMF (Eb), making V−Eb larger.
• According to Ohm’s Law, armature current (Ia) increases:
𝑣 − 𝐸𝑏
𝐼𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎
• The increased current provides more torque, helping the motor to regain speed.
2. When Load Decreases:
Savitribai phule Pune university [Electrical Engineer]
E.M--1
Saurabh Suryakant Deshmukh
• If the load decreases, the motor speeds up.
• The increase in speed raises the back EMF (Eb), making V−Eb smaller.
• As a result, armature current (Ia) decreases, reducing torque.
• The motor slows down slightly, maintaining a stable speed.
4. Derive the EMF equation of the DC generator by usual notations. State
clearly the meaning of each term used in derivation. Write the EMF equation
for LAP winding and WAVE winding. [6]
1. Fundamental Principle:
o The EMF induced in a conductor is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, which states that the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux1 linked with the conductor.
2. Assumptions and No stations:
o Let:
▪ Φ = Magnetic flux per pole (in Webers)
▪ P = Number of poles
▪ Z = Total number of armature conductors
▪ A = Number of parallel paths in the armature
▪ N = Speed of the armature in revolutions per minute (RPM)
▪ Eg = Generated EMF (in Volts)
3. Derivation:
𝟔𝟎
o The time taken for one revolution is seconds.
𝑵
oThe flux cut by one conductor in one revolution is PΦ.
o The average EMF induced per conductor is:
▪ (PΦ)/(60/N)=PΦN/60 Volts.
o Since there are Z conductors, the total induced EMF is:
▪ Eg=(PΦN/60)∗(Z/A) Volts.
o Therefore, the EMF equation of a DC generator is:
▪ Eg=(PΦZN)/(60A) Volts.
EMF Equations for Lap and Wave Windings:
1. Lap Winding:
o In a lap winding, the number of parallel paths (A) is equal to the number of poles (P):
▪ A=P
o Substituting A=P into the general EMF equation, we get:
▪ Eg=(PΦZN)/(60P)=(ΦZN)/60 Volts.
2. Wave Winding:
o In a wave winding, the number of parallel paths (A) is always 2:
Savitribai phule Pune university [Electrical Engineer]
E.M--1
Saurabh Suryakant Deshmukh
▪ A=2
o Substituting A=2 into the general EMF equation, we get:
▪ Eg=(PΦZN)/(60∗2)=(PΦZN)/120 Volts.
▪
5. Derive the torque equation of DC motor by usual notations. [6]
What's given in the problem
• : Number of poles
• : Total number of conductors
• : Number of parallel paths
• : Flux per pole in Weber
• : Armature current in Amperes
Helpful information
• Torque is the turning moment of a force about an axis.
• , where is the force and is the radius.
• Back EMF equation:
• Power developed in armature:
• Angular speed:
How to solve
Equate the mechanical power developed in the armature to the electrical power and solve
for torque
1. Step 1 Calculate the force on a single conductor
o The force on a single conductor is given by:
2. Step 2 Calculate the total torque
o The total torque is the sum of the torques produced by all conductors:
▪
Savitribai phule Pune university [Electrical Engineer]
E.M--1
Saurabh Suryakant Deshmukh
▪
3. Step 3 Simplify the equation
o The torque equation is:
Solution
The torque equation of a DC motor is .
