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CHEMISTRY
(F.Sc part-I)

Chapter: 02

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOQUES
IN CHEMISTRY

Solved SHORT QUESTIONS

(It includes all previous 10 years board questions)

Prepared by:
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Chapter: 02
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN CHEMISTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis? (L-2015, 2018, 2023) (G-2006)
Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis
“The process in which a mixture (sample) is “The process in which a mixture (sample) is
separated into its components and identified separated into its components and identified
qualitatively is called as qualitative analysis”. quantitatively is called as quantitative analysis”
• In this analysis, result is observed. • In this analysis, result is measured.
Example: Salt analysis, determination of functional Example: Titrations, mass spectrometry,
groups, flame test, etc. combustion analysis, etc.

2. Describe the different steps for quantitative analysis? (L-2017)

There are following steps through which quantitative analysis is done:
➢ Obtaining the sample (mixture)
➢ Separation of sample into desired components
➢ Measurement and calculation of result
➢ Drawing the conclusion
3. Define filtration? How a filter paper is folded?
Filtration: “The process in which insoluble (undissolved) solid particles are separated from the liquid through
(using) different types of filter media is called filtration”
Folding of filter paper:
A filter paper is folded using following steps:
• The first fold is done along the diameter of the filter paper
• Second fold is also done along the diameter so as the corners do not match on one another completely
• Open the filter paper from the slightly larger side so as it contain one fold and other side contain three folds.
• A cone shape filter paper is formed which possess an angle of 60 at apex.
4. How filtration is increased through filter paper? ‘OR’ What do you know about fluted filter paper?
Fluted filter paper: When a filter paper is folded in such a way that a fan like arrangement is formed with
continuous (alternate) elevation and depression is called as fluted filter paper. The process of filtration is increased
using the fluted filter paper because it provides large surface area for filtration.

5. What do you know about Gooch crucible and sintered glass crucible? (L-2012)
Gooch crucible Sintered glass crucible
1. It is a type of crucible made of porcelain 1. It is a type of crucible made of glass with
material with perforated (porous) bottom. Its porous disc sealed into the bottom.
bottom is covered with filter paper or paper 2. It is more convenient than gooch crucible.
pulp. 3. There is no need of preparation of this crucible.
2. It is less convenient than sintered glass
crucible.
3. There is need of preparation of this crucible.

6. How does a Gooch crucible increase the rate of filtration? (G-2005, 2023)
Suction filtering apparatus: The rate of filtration is increased in gooch crucible when it is attached (fixed) into a
suction filtering apparatus. This apparatus provide more efficiency for filtering the precipitates having high boiling
points.

7. Why conc. HCl and KMnO4 solutions cannot be filtered by Gooch’s crucible? (G-2011) (L-2016)
Asbestos mat: The concentrated HCl and KMnO4 solutions cannot be filtered by Gooch’s crucible because they
react chemically with the filter paper present at the bottom of crucible. So, in place of filter paper (paper pulp) the
asbestos mat is used for filtering these concentrated solutions.
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8. Define crystallization, give its principle? (G-2008, 2024)

Crystallization: The process of removal of solid from a more saturated solution in such a way that (pure) solid
comes out in the form of crystals is called crystallization.
Principle:
(a) The (crude solid) solute is dissolved in a specific solvent at very high temperature,
(b) the solution is cooled (moderately),
(c) Excess amount of crystals (of pure solid) are formed (thrown out).
9. Why is there a need to crystallize the crude product? (G-2010) (L-2014)
Whenever an organic compound is prepared in the laboratory, some of the (soluble and insoluble) impurities are
present in it. And there is a need to purify the impure (crude) product. For purification of a crude product, the process
of crystallization is needed. Crystallization also gives a definite geometrical shape to the crystals of crude product.

10. Write four characteristics of a good solvent? (L-2009, 2016) (G-2010, 2012, 2019, 2023, 2024)
There are following characteristics of a good solvent:
(1) It should be very cheap (inexpensive) in market.
(2) It should be safe to use.
(3) It should be easily removable.
(4) It should not react chemically with the solute.
(5) It should not dissolve the impurities (or) should not crystallize out these impurities when they (impurities) are
dissolved into it.
(6) It should dissolve minimum amount of solute at room temperature.
(7) It should dissolve maximum amount of solute at high temperature.

11. Write down the name of eight solvents used in crystallization? (L-2007, 2013)
There are following solvents used for crystallization:
(1) Water (5) Diethyl ether
(2) 95٪ ethanol (rectified spirit) (6) Petroleum ether
(3) 100٪ Ethanol (Absolute alcohol) (7) Carbon tetrachloride
(4) Acetic acid (8) Chloroform
12. Write main steps involved in the process of crystallization? (L-2016) (G-2022)
There are following main steps involved in the process of crystallization:
(1) Choice of solvent (5) Collecting the crystals
(2) Preparation of saturated solution (6) Drying the crystals
(3) Filtration (7) Decolorization of color
(4) Cooling the solution
13. Why is water bath used for heating solvent in crystallization?
Some solvents are inflammable (Fire catching) which are used in crystallization. For heating these types of solvents,
some precautions are needed. Water bath is used for heating these inflammable solvent rather than direct heating.

14. Why moderate cooling is done in crystallization?

Moderate cooling is done in crystallization to make normal (moderate) sized crystals. Because, slow cooling process
make the crystals of very larger size containing small amount of impurities.

15. How crystallized substances are dried? (L-2012)

Crystallized substance is dried in following ways:
(a) Using filter paper: In this process crystals are placed onto the filter paper and then filter paper is folded many
times to absorb moisture (solvent) from crystals.
(b) Using oven: In this method, crystals are placed in an oven and heated at a given specific temperature that
crystals do not decompose or melt. In this way they become dried.
(c) Using desiccator: It is a modern and more reliable method. Crystals are placed on a watch glass which is then
placed in the desiccator containing drying agents. In this way crystals become dried easily.
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16. The desiccator is a safe and reliable method for drying the crystals. Explain? (G-2007, 2016, 2022) (L-2012, 2016)
The vacuum desiccator is a safe and reliable method for drying the crystals. In this method crystals are placed
(spread) on a watch glass and then placed it into the vacuum desiccator for several hours. There are different types of
drying agents are also used for drying purpose in this apparatus e.g., silica gel (SiO2), phosphorus pentaoxide (P2O5),
calcium chloride (CaCl2).

17. How undesirable colors (impurities) are removed in crystallization process? (G-2008, 2024) (L-2006)
Sometime the crystals are formed showing different colours due to impurities. To remove these undesirable colours,
a substance animal charcoal is added in specific quantity in the (coloured) saturated solution and then heat it at high
temperature again. The animal charcoal absorbs the colour from solution and it is cooled to again to obtain colourless
crystals.

18. Define sublimation. Give its importance and examples? (L-2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2023) (G-2013, 2017, 2019)
Sublimation: “The process in which a solid is heated it become converted into vapours (gas) without passing
through liquid phase and when these vapours are condensed they are again converted into solid without passing
through liquid phase is known as sublimation”
Examples: Iodine, Naphthalene, Benzoic acid, Ammonium chloride, dry ice (Solid CO2) etc.

19. Define sublimand and sublimate?

Sublimate: “The pure substance obtained after sublimation is called sublimate” e.g., naphthalene, iodine etc.
Sublimand “The impure substance, which is obtained, is called sublimand”
20. How mixture of NaCl and NH4Cl can be separated? (G-2015)
The mixture of NaCl and NH4Cl can be separated using the process of sublimation. When this mixture is heated at
high temperature the NH4Cl acts as sublimate and directly converted into vapour phase without passing through
liquid phase. But NaCl do not converted directly into vapour form. In this way, NH4Cl is separated from mixture.

21. What is solvent extraction? (L-2008, 2010, 2013)

Solvent extraction: “The process in which a solute can be separated from a given solution by adding a solvent into
the solution with gentle shaking and the solute is soluble in adding solvent but the solvent should not dissolved into
the solution is called as solvent extraction”
➢ This process is carried out by using separating funnel.
➢ It follows distribution law.
➢ It is useful for volatile and thermally unstable products.
22. In solvent extraction, repeated extractions are done. Why? (L-2011)
In a single extraction using large amount of solvent, a little amount of solute is extracted out, so it is less efficient.
In repeated extraction, solute is extracted out to a greater extent by using smaller amount of solvent. So repeated
extractions are: →More efficient. →Large amount of solute is extracted easily and quickly.

23. Write a short note on ether extraction? (G-2022, 2023)

Ether extraction: “In this technique ether as a solvent is added into the solution containing water and organic
compound. Then it is shaken and ether dissolves the organic layer by separating it from water (aqueous layer). So
these two layers are separated from separating funnel. To obtain organic compound heat is applied which evaporates
ether from organic compound”
This technique is useful for separating organic compounds from aqueous layer (solution).

24. Define partition law or distribution law? (L-2010, 2015) (G-2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2021)
Distribution law: “The solute distribute (spread) itself between two immiscible liquids (solvents) in a constant
(fixed) ratio without considering (irrespective) the amount of solute added into it is called as partition law or
distribution law”

25. Iodine dissolve readily in CCl4. Why? (G-2021)

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The rule of solubility is: “LIKE DISSOLVE LIKE” Iodine (I2) and CCl4 both are non-polar molecules. They
contain London Dispersion Forces between their molecules. So that’s why iodine (I2) becomes readily soluble in
CCl4.
26. Define chromatography and give formula of distribution co-efficient? (G-2009, 2011, 2021)
Chromatography: “It is the separation of sample of mixture between two phases e.g. one is stationary and other is
mobile phase is called chromatography”.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Distribution co-efficient =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

27. Differentiate between stationary phase and mobile phase in chromatographic technique? (G-2014, 2016, 2021)
Stationary phase Mobile phase
1. The phase which is stationary itself and other 1. The phase which in not stationary and moves
phase (mobile) moves on it. on the stationary phase.
2. It is supported by a thin film (layer) or the 2. It may be gas or liquid.
surface of an inert solid. Examples: Water, benzene, ether, alcohol, acetone,
3. It may be liquid or solid. H2 gas, etc.
Examples: Glass, Silica, Aluminium foil, Paper.

28. Differentiate between adsorption and partition chromatography? (L-2011, 2013, 2015) (G-2019, 2022)
Adsorption chromatography Partition chromatography
• “The type of chromatography in which • “The type of chromatography in which
stationary phase is solid is called as adsorption stationary phase is liquid is called partition
chromatography”. chromatography”.
• The substance is separated become adsorbed on • The substance is separated distributes itself
the surface of stationary phase. equally between stationary and mobile phase.
• Example: Column chromatography, Thin • Example: Paper chromatography, Gas-Liquid
Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas-Solid Chromatography.
Chromatography.

29. What is paper chromatography? Name its two types. (G-2022)

Paper Chromatography: “It is a technique that uses paper sheets or strips as the adsorbent being the stationary
phase through which a solution is made to pass” OR
“In paper chromatography, the mixture is spotted onto the paper, dried and the solvent is allowed to flow along the
sheet by capillary attraction”
Types: (i) Ascending Chromatography (It is more common)
(ii) Descending Chromatography (iii) Radial/Circular Chromatography
30. What do you know about Rf value and why it has no units? (G-2013, 2017, 2021, 2022) (L-2009) ‘OR’ Rf
value is always less than 1.0. Comment on it.
Rf value: “The ratio of distance travelled by the component (solute) to the distance travelled by the solvent from
original spot is called as Rf value”
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞)
Rf value =
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭
Units: It has no units because it is a ratio of two same physical quantities.
(NOTE: As solvent rises higher than any component of the mixture, therefore a large value is in denominator.
As a result the ratio or Rf value is always less than unity)
31. Write main uses of chromatography? (G-2007, 2009) (L-2010, 2014, 2023)
Uses of Chromatography:
(1) In organic synthesis for: separation, isolation, purification of the product (sample).
(2) In qualitative and quantitative analysis.
(3) In determination the purity of a sample.
(4) It is important for forensic analysis.