The Laboratory Bird, 1st Edition

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The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
Series Editor
Mark A. Suckow, D.V.M.
Freimann Life Science Center
University of Notre Dame
South Bend, Indiana

Published Titles

The Laboratory Bird

Critical Care Management for Laboratory Mice and Rats
The Laboratory Canine
The Laboratory Cat
The Laboratory Ferret
The Laboratory Guinea Pig, Second Edition
The Laboratory Hamster and Gerbil
The Laboratory Mouse, Second Edition
The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate
The Laboratory Rabbit, Second Edition
The Laboratory Rat, Second Edition
The Laboratory Small Ruminant
The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition
The Laboratory Xenopus sp.
The Laboratory Zebrafish
A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series

The Laboratory

BIRD
Douglas K. Taylor
Division of Animal Resources,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.

Vanessa K. Lee
Division of Animal Resources,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.

Karen R. Strait
Division of Animal Resources,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.
CRC Press
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 contents
preface............................................................................................xi
authors.........................................................................................xiii

1 important biological features...................................................1

orders commonly used in research..........................................1
Anseriformes.....................................................................1
Galliformes........................................................................2
Columbiformes..................................................................2
Passeriformes....................................................................2
Psittaciformes....................................................................3
anatomy and function.............................................................3
respiratory system...................................................................3
gastrointestinal system............................................................6
urogenital system....................................................................8
cutaneous/integumentary system...........................................9
musculoskeletal system......................................................... 10
cardiovascular system...........................................................13
hematology and immune system............................................ 14
endocrine system................................................................... 14
nervous and sensory systems................................................ 17
references..............................................................................19

2 husbandry.............................................................................25
introduction..........................................................................25
housing.................................................................................26
Housing Types.................................................................27
Cages������������������������������������������������������������������������27

v
vi      contents

Pen����������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Flight cage.................................................................29
Outdoor housing........................................................30
Brooders������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Space recommendations.............................................32
Provision of food and water........................................33
Nutrition�������������������������������������������������������������������33
Grit���������������������������������������������������������������������������35
Environmental conditions..........................................36
Temperature...............................................................36
Light�������������������������������������������������������������������������37
Humidity�������������������������������������������������������������������37
Ventilation..................................................................37
Noise�������������������������������������������������������������������������38
environmental enrichment....................................................38
Social Enrichment...........................................................39
Inanimate Enrichment.....................................................39
Conditions Secondary to Poor Housing Environments......43
Feather pecking.........................................................43
Stereotypic behavior...................................................44
Vocalization...............................................................44
Disease���������������������������������������������������������������������44
Sanitation........................................................................45
Pest control................................................................46
Identification and Record Keeping....................................47
Identification..............................................................47
Methods��������������������������������������������������������������������47
Record keeping...........................................................48
Transportation.................................................................49
references.............................................................................. 51

3 management.........................................................................55
regulatory agencies and compliance......................................55
institutional animal care and use committee.........................56
sources of birds and procurement.........................................57
quarantine and conditioning.................................................58
occupational health and safety considerations.......................58
references.............................................................................. 61

4 veterinary care......................................................................63
general physical examination................................................63
 contents      vii

Examination of the Environment.....................................64

Animal Observations Prior to Handling...........................65
Sex Determination...........................................................67
Head and Neck.................................................................68
Skin and Feathers...........................................................69
Musculoskeletal...............................................................70
Cardiovascular and Lower Respiratory Systems...............71
Coelom���������������������������������������������������������������������������72
general diagnostic tests.........................................................72
Fecal Exam......................................................................72
Urinalysis........................................................................72
Clinical Chemistry...........................................................73
Hematology......................................................................75
common clinical problems and their management.................76
Cutaneous and Feather Diseases.....................................76
Broken blood feather..................................................76
Cutaneous and subcutaneous masses.......................77
Cysts�������������������������������������������������������������������������77
Ectoparasites.............................................................77
Feather loss................................................................79
Other infectious etiologies..........................................80
Digestive Disease.............................................................80
Infectious etiology......................................................80
Noninfectious etiology................................................84
Respiratory Diseases/Conjunctivitis................................84
General management of respiratory disease...............84
Infectious etiology......................................................84
Noninfectious etiology................................................86
Reproductive Diseases.....................................................87
Egg binding................................................................87
Neurologic Diseases.........................................................87
Infectious etiology......................................................87
Noninfectious etiology................................................88
Miscellaneous Diseases...................................................88
Malocclusion..............................................................88
Splay leg��������������������������������������������������������������������88
Traumatic injury........................................................88
anesthesia and analgesia agents...........................................89
Analgesics and Anesthetics..............................................90
Opioids����������������������������������������������������������������������90
NSAIDs���������������������������������������������������������������������90
Inhalants������������������������������������������������������������������90
viii      contents

Benzodiazepenes........................................................ 91
Dissociatives.............................................................. 91
Alpha2 receptor agonists............................................92
Propofol���������������������������������������������������������������������92
Barbiturates...............................................................92
Anesthetic Procedures and Considerations......................92
Fasting����������������������������������������������������������������������92
Premedication and induction......................................92
Anesthesia systems....................................................93
Intubation..................................................................93
Catheters������������������������������������������������������������������95
Monitoring and supportive care..................................96
Anesthetic complications............................................97
euthanasia............................................................................98
references..............................................................................98

5 experimental methodology................................................... 107

capture and restraint.......................................................... 107
capture techniques.............................................................. 108
manual restraint................................................................. 110
chemical restraint............................................................... 112
various sampling techniques............................................... 112
Oropharyngeal and Cloacal Swabs................................ 112
Sinus Flush................................................................... 113
Crop Lavage................................................................... 113
Semen Collection........................................................... 114
Tissue Biopsies.............................................................. 114
Urine/Feces Collection................................................... 114
Body Weight Measurement............................................. 115
blood collection.................................................................... 115
blood collection sites............................................................ 117
Survival Collection Techniques...................................... 118
Jugular vein............................................................. 118
Ulnaris (wing) vein................................................... 119
Medial metatarsal vein.............................................120
Terminal (Nonsurvival) Techniques................................ 121
Occipital venous sinus............................................. 121
Cardiocentesis.......................................................... 121
compound administration...................................................122
Parenteral Techniques...................................................122
 contents      ix

Subcutaneous (SC) administration...........................122

Intravenous (IV) administration...............................124
IV Catheter Placement Technique...................................124
Intraosseus (IO) administration................................125
Intramuscular (IM) administration........................... 127
Vascular access ports (VAPs)....................................128
Implants�����������������������������������������������������������������128
Enteral Techniques........................................................129
Oral administration.................................................129
Oropharyngeal.........................................................129
Crop������������������������������������������������������������������������ 130
grooming and general maintenance..................................... 132
necropsy.............................................................................. 133
references............................................................................ 138

6 resources............................................................................. 141
organizations....................................................................... 141
diagnostic laboratories........................................................ 143
publications......................................................................... 144
Books��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 144
General avian biology and medicine......................... 144
Avian medicine-poultry focus................................... 145
Avian medicine-pigeon focus.................................... 145
Avian medicine-wild bird focus................................. 145
Avian clinical pathology........................................... 146
Laboratory birds...................................................... 146
Formularies............................................................. 147
Periodicals..................................................................... 147
Electronic Publications and Websites............................. 148
vendors............................................................................... 149
Sources of Animals........................................................ 149
Feed and Nutritional Supplements................................. 149
Caging, Veterinary, and Miscellaneous Equipment ........ 150
Contact information for vendors............................... 150
 preface
There are several avian species that have been useful in studies of
disease. Although not used nearly as commonly as mice, they are
nonetheless important models in some areas of study. Chickens have
made the most significant contributions historically as they were
instrumental in the characterization of retroviruses, oncogenes, and
lymphocyte cell lineages. They continue to be important models of
several disease conditions, including muscular dystrophy and infec-
tious diseases. In addition to chickens, the Japanese quail (Coturnix
japonica), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), pigeons (Columba
livia), and several passerine species are all commonly used today for
studies in a wide array of disciplines from environmental toxicology
to behavioral neuroscience. The publication of the chicken, zebra-
finch (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeon genomes in 2004, 2010, and
2013, respectively, only adds tools to the research armamentarium
and makes it likely that these and other species will remain useful
research models.
Because they are not defined as animals under the United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal Welfare Act and
Regulations, avian species are not included in publicly available
USDA annual reports, and hence, the exact number of birds used
in research annually in the United States is difficult to ascertain. In
the United Kingdom, however, the Home Office reported that 4% of
the 4.03 million (~160,000) animals used were birds, and this repre-
sented an increase of 14% over the previous year. By way of compari-
son, this is on par with the 147,112 hamsters reported in the USDA
2012 annual report.
This handbook was written to serve as a basic reference for
those technicians, researchers, and veterinarians who have little

xi
xii      preface

experience working with birds in the research setting. The six chap-
ters contained herein address general avian biology and physiology,
husbandry, regulations that apply to the care and use of birds in
research, experimental methods, and veterinary care. There are sev-
eral comprehensive works regarding avian medicine and surgery,
and those are cited throughout. Additionally, Chapter 6 provides a
comprehensive list of resources that might be useful to those work-
ing with birds.
 authors
Douglas K. Taylor has worked with a variety of avian species in
varied settings since 1995. From 1995 to 2000, he worked in private
practice, routinely managing avian medicine and surgery cases; dur-
ing 2000–2002, he worked in the field of wildlife toxicology and used
chickens to study PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) and mercury tox-
icity; between 2002 and 2006, he was in training as a resident at the
University of Michigan where pigeons, passerines, and chickens were
in use. He is currently a faculty veterinarian at Emory University
where a substantial number of passerine species and, occasion-
ally, chickens are housed. He has been a diplomate in the American
College of Laboratory Animal Medicine since 2006.

Vanessa K. Lee has worked with avian species in both a research

and clinical environment since 1999. From 1999 to 2000, Dr. Lee
worked as a veterinary technical assistant in the Exotics Department
of the University of Georgia Small Animal Veterinary Teaching
Hospital; during 2000–2001, she was an aviary farm manager for
over 400 psittacine birds; between 2001 and 2004, Dr. Lee was a stu-
dent research assistant for Dr. Branson Richie, working with pigeons
and psittacines; from 2001 to 2003, she worked as a wildlife treat-
ment crew volunteer and supervisor, with various wildlife species
and poultry; and during 2005–2007, she was an associate veteri-
narian in private practice with a heavy avian caseload that included
psittacines, poultry, passerines, ducks, pigeons, doves, and raptors.
Dr. Lee did her two-year residency between 2007 and 2012 and sub-
sequently held a faculty position at Emory University, during most of
which she had clinical responsibilities for multiple passerine species.

xiii
xiv      authors

She became a diplomate in the American College of Laboratory

Animal Medicine in 2010.

Karen R. Strait has worked with avian species in a variety of settings

since 2003. From 2003 to 2004, she was a wildlife treatment crew
volunteer, working with various wildlife species and poultry. During
2004–2005, she completed a six-week training at the Southeastern
Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study during which she participated
in field studies and diagnostic necropsies of various avian species,
including crows, passerines, and raptors. During 2005–2007 and
2011–2012, she did a two-year residency and subsequently held a
faculty position at Emory University, during which she provided clin-
ical support for multiple passerine species and poultry. She became
a diplomate in the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine
in 2009.