Carmel Convent Senior Secondary School, Neemuch
2024-25
Mr. Sunil Jadhav Akshay Kumar
Class – XI-A
Myself Akshay Kumar acknowledge sincere devotion for
valuable guidance provided to me in Chemistry by my
Chemistry teacher, “Mr. Sunil Jadhav Sir”. His suggestion
and guidance provided me to form this project. I am also
thankful to Mrs. Shirin Karanjia Madam who was yet
affective source of inspiration. I also acknowledge to other
staff members who directly or indirectly contribute in my
work. At last, I take opportunity to express my thanks &
gratitude for all my friends.
Name: Akshay Kumar
Class: XI-A (PCB)
Roll No. : 41
This is to certify that Ma. Akshay Kumar, student of class XI-A
(PCB), Carmel Convent Senior secondary school, NEEMUCH has
satisfactorily completed the chemistry project entitled:
“Formation Of Biodiesel”
himself and under my guidance. The progress of the project has been
continuously reported and has been in my knowledge consistently.
Internal Examiner Principal Sir
Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel
fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (Methyl or ethyl)
esters made by transesterification of vegetable oils
or animal fat (Tallow) which can be used (alone or
blended with conventional petrol-diesel) in
unmodified diesel engine vehicles.
Biodiesel is distinguished from the straight-
vegetable oil (SVO) (sometimes referred to as
“waste vegetable oil” “WVO” “used vegetable oil”
“UVO” “pure plant oil”, “PPO”) used (alone, or
blended) as fuels in some converted diesel vehicles.
Biodiesel is standardized as mono-alkyl ester and
other kinds of diesel-grade fuels of biological origin
are not included.
Generating Electricity - Fuel-cells have power-generation
applications that could utilize biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used in
backup systems where the substantial reduction in emissions really
matters: hospitals, schools, and other facilities usually located in
residential areas. It can also be used to supplement solar power in
off-the grid homes.
Fuel cell vehicles turn hydrogen fuel and
oxygen into electricity. The electricity
then powers an electric motor, just like
electricity from batteries powers the
motor of an electric vehicle. Fuel cells
combine oxygen from the air with
hydrogen from the vehicle's fuel tank to
produce electricity. When oxygen and
hydrogen are combined, they give off
energy and water (H2O). In fuel cells this
is done without any burning
(combustion).
Cleaning up oil spills - Biodiesel has been tested as potential cleaning
agent for shorelines contaminated with crude oil, and has been found
to increase the recovery of crude oil from artificial sand columns (i.e.
the beach). It’s also been used in commercial biosolvents shown to be
effective in coagulating crude oil and allowing it to be skimmed off the
surface of water.
Adding Lubricity to diesel Fuel - All diesel fuels are required to
reduce their sulfur concentration from 500 ppm to 15 ppm.
Since sulfur provided most of the fuel’s lubricity, a substitute is
required to keep diesel engines functioning properly and avoid
premature injection pump wear (i.e. failure). Biodiesel
naturally has less than 15 ppm sulfur concentration anyway,
and adding just 1 to 2% biodiesel can restore the lubricity to
diesel fuel.
Apart from these uses, biodiesel can be used in heating our
homes, cleaning up tools & grease, removing paint and
adhesives, can extend the life of catalytic converters, can be
used as the best alternative for the other fuels as it doesn’t
produce toxic &harmful substances as compared to other
fuels.
▪ Vegetable Oil
▪ Antifreeze (Methanol)
▪ Lye (NaOH)
▪ Blender
▪ Scales
▪ Plastic Containers
▪ Funnels
▪ Plastic Bottle with lid
▪ Duct Tape
▪ Thermometer
Add in lye so that the antifreeze is absorbed.
Cover container and mix well by shaking it. It
is mixed when it starts to feel warm and is
foamy. The mixture has now become sodium
methoxide.
Blend 1 liter of vegetable oil with the sodium
methoxide in a blender for 20 minutes.
Pour mixture into a bottle and wait 8 hours
until the byproduct, glycerin, separates form
the biodiesel. The glycerin will be on the solid
on the bottom.
Separate out the biodiesel by pouring into a
glass bottle.
Prepare a wash bottle by poking a small hole in
the corner of the bottle & covering it with
duct tape.
Wash the biodiesel by pouring it into the
wash bottle & adding in ½ a litre of water.
Roll the bottle around to mix it & then
remove the duct tape & drain the water.
Repeat the washing process until the
biodiesel is clear. This may need to be done
numerous times over the course of a week
to complete the process. Store the biodiesel
in a glass container until ready to use.
Biodiesel Fuel Features
Power - One of the major
Bio Diesel is much
advantages is the fact that it can
cleaner fuel than any
be used in exiting engines & fuel
conventional fossil-fuel
injection equipment (no
petroleum diesel
modification required) without • It burns up to 75%
negative impact to operating cleaner and reduces
performance. unused hydrocarbons
Fuel availability/economy - to a larger extent than
Virtually the same MPG rating as any other petrol-diesel
petrol-diesel & the only fuel.
alternative fuel for heavyweight
vehicles requiring no special • Sulphur dioxide
dispensing & storage eliminations are
eliminated.
equipment.
Production/Refining - Can be • Its exhaust is not
done at home (wasted veggie offensive & doesn’t
oil) & farms (virgin oils from cause eye irritation.
seeds), being the only
alternative fuel that can boost of • It adds no CO2 to the
a zero total emissions atmosphere.
production facility. By selling the
simultaneously produced• With slight variations,
glycerol, the cost of BD is performance and fuel
basically the same cost of the oil economy with biodiesel
used to make it.
is same with petrol-
diesel.
Storage - Readily blends & stays blended with petrol-diesel so
it can be stored & dispensed wherever diesel is stored or sold.
Combustibility/Safety - Biodiesel has a very high flash point
(300⁰F) making it one of the safest of all alternative fuels.
is stored or sold.
Lubricity - The only alternative fuel that can actually extend
engine life because of its superior lubricating & cleaning
properties. The present “low Sulphur” diesel fuel is badly
wearing the injection pumps of not protected diesel engine.
Usage - Biodiesel fuel can generally be used in existing oil
heating systems and diesel engines without modification, and
it can be distributed through existing diesel fuel pumps.
Biodiesel provides almost the same energy per gallon as
petroleum diesel.
Environmental Impact - The use of biodiesel reduces the
following emissions: carbon monoxide, ozone-forming
hydrocarbons, hazardous diesel particulate, acid rain-causing
Sulphur dioxide, lifecycle and carbon dioxide
.
➢ Biodiesel is currently about one and a half times more expensive
than petroleum diesel fuel. Part of this cost is because the most
common source of oil is the soybean, which only is only 20% oil.
However, the costs of biodiesel can be reduced by making
biodiesel from recycled cooking oils rather than from new soy
beans, or by making it from plant matter with higher oil
content.
➢ It takes energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops,
including the energy of sowing, fertilizing and harvesting.
➢ Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses in some engines,
particularly in cars built before 1994. You should check with the
manufacturer before using biodiesel to see if you need to replace
any hoses or rubber seals.
➢
Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine. This dirt then collects
in the fuel filter, which can clog it. Clogging occurs most often
when biodiesel is first used after a period of operation with
petroleum diesel, so filters should be changed after the first
several hours of biodiesel use.
All the information is gathered
from the internet.
Websites Referred:
htpp://www.icbse.com/
http://www.sciencedaily.com/
http://www.biodiesel.org/ http://www.gas2.org/
http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/
http://www.digg.com/
