ED 101 FINAL TEST REVIEWER solving.

COGNITIVE
* The core principle of Atkinson and Shiffrin's Cognitive Information Processing Theory
* Assimilation occurs when children incorporate new information into existing cognitive
Memory operates through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
schemas, making sense of new experiences in terms of what they already know.
stages.
* Vygotsky emphasized that cognitive development is deeply influenced by social interactions Their model outlines how information is encoded, processed, and stored across these stages for
and the cultural context in which learning occurs. Its central focus is the influence of social retrieval and learning.
interactions and culture on learning and development
*According to Noam Chomsky's Nativist Perspective, humans acquire language through
* The range of tasks a child can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable other an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) enabling them to understand grammar
Explanation: The "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD) is the range of tasks a child can Chomsky’s theory posits that humans are biologically predisposed to acquire language, with an
perform with the help of a more knowledgeable other. It refers to the gap between what a inherent understanding of grammatical structures.
child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance, highlighting the role of social
* B.F. Skinner’s Behaviorist Perspective explains that Language is learned through
interaction in learning.
reinforcement, imitation, and association.
* Language is the primary tool for cognitive development. Vygotsky viewed language as a Skinner’s behaviorist theory highlights the role of environmental factors like rewards and
fundamental tool for thinking and learning, as it enables communication, the transmission of punishments in shaping language behavior.
knowledge, and self-regulation.
*Chomsky highlights the innate ability for language, while Skinner focuses on external
* To guide and support a child in completing tasks within their ZPD is the role of a "more reinforcement.
knowledgeable other" (MKO). The MKO, such as a teacher, parent, or peer, provides Chomsky and Skinner diverge on the primary mechanism of language acquisition, with one
scaffolding to help the child learn and grow, particularly in tasks they cannot yet complete emphasizing innate capacities and the other environmental learning.
independently.
* Working memory encodes information for transfer to long-term memory.
* Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding support learning by offering step-by-step guidance In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, working memory actively processes information, facilitating its
tailored to a child's current abilities encoding into long-term memory.
Scaffolding involves providing temporary support that matches the learner's needs and
* Alfred Binet's primary goal in developing the first intelligence testis to identify children
gradually withdrawing assistance as the child becomes more competent.
needing additional academic support
*How children construct knowledge as they interact with their environment is the primary Binet's test was designed to help schools identify students requiring special education, focusing
focus of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development on practical educational needs rather than ranking.

*The preoperational stage (ages 2–7) is marked by the use of symbols (e.g., language and *Charles Spearman's concept of the "g factor" influence the understanding of
pretend play) but limited by egocentrism, where children have difficulty seeing perspectives intelligence implies that cognitive abilities are underpinned by a single general
other than their own. It is characterized by a child's ability to use symbols and engage in intelligence.
pretend play, but with egocentric thinking. Spearman’s "g factor" posits that a common general intelligence influences performance across
various cognitive tasks.
* During the concrete operational stage (ages 7–11), children develop logical thinking about
concrete, tangible events but often struggle with abstract or hypothetical concepts. * Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities challenge Spearman's "g factor" theory focuses
on specific abilities like verbal comprehension and numerical reasoning, suggesting
*Logical reasoning about abstract and hypothetical scenarios is a key feature of the formal intelligence is multidimensional.
operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It is characterized by the ability Thurstone's model identifies seven distinct abilities, challenging Spearman's idea of a singular
to think logically about abstract concepts, hypothetical situations, and systematic problem- "g factor."
* Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences theory identifies diverse types of intelligence, Setting achievable goals helps students build resilience and self-motivation by fostering a sense
such as musical and interpersonal, beyond traditional IQ. of accomplishment
Gardner’s theory broadens the definition of intelligence, incorporating non-academic domains
* Michael, a parent, notices that his child lacks self-confidence and often doubts their
like creativity and social skills.
abilities. How can Michael help his child develop a sense of competence and self-worth?
* Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory address practical intelligence by exploring the - Encourage the child to set achievable goals and provide positive reinforcement for
application of intelligence in real-world contexts efforts.
Sternberg’s practical intelligence involves adapting to and shaping the environment to solve Setting realistic goals and offering praise for effort fosters a growth mindset and confidence.
everyday problems effectively.
* Maria, a parent, notices that her child often struggles with self-regulation and
frequently gives in to impulses. How can Maria support her child in developing better
self-regulation skills?
-Provide consistent boundaries and routines for discipline.
SOCIO-EMOTIONAL Clear, consistent boundaries help children learn self-regulation by providing structure.

*Socioemotional development and caring behaviors * According to Bandura's Social Learning Theory, observation begins with attention, as
Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development focuses on an ethic of care and emphasizes individuals must focus on the modeled behavior to learn effectively. For example, A teacher
relational and emotional aspects of decision-making, particularly relevant in understanding the observes her students during a role-playing activity. She notices that one child seems
teacher's approach to empathy and care in her students. For example, A teacher adjusts her particularly engaged in watching her peers and mimics their actions almost perfectly. In
approach to discipline after reflecting on how girls in her class prioritize empathy over this scenario, the child is actively observing and engaging with peers' actions, indicating the
strict rule-following attention stage.

* Understanding and managing emotions, and developing relationships *Exposure to aggressive behavior can increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior in
Socio-emotional development in early childhood centers on the ability to recognize, express, children.
and regulate emotions, as well as build and maintain interpersonal relationships, which are Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children who observed aggressive models
clearly evident in the described activity. For example, During a classroom activity, the were more likely to imitate those aggressive behaviors, emphasizing the role of environment in
teacher notices that children are becoming better at expressing their feelings and forming shaping behavior. For example, A caregiver observes that children in her daycare who
friendships. witness aggressive behaviors in their peers often replicate such behaviors during
playtime.
* Sarah, a preschool teacher, notices that one of her students, Alex, often struggles to
control his emotions during playtime. He frequently gets frustrated when things don't go *Maslow's theory has been critiqued for suggesting that individuals must completely meet
his way and sometimes lashes out at other children. What should Sarah do to help Alex lower-level needs, such as financial stability (physiological and safety needs), before pursuing
improve his socio-emotional skills? higher-order goals like education (self-actualization). A student is frustrated because they
-Provide Alex with opportunities to express his feelings and teach him appropriate ways cannot focus on their studies due to financial difficulties at home. This scenario assumes
to manage his emotions. that needs must be fully satisfied before progressing to higher levels.
Helping Alex recognize and manage his emotions is crucial for developing socio-emotional
* David, a middle school teacher, observes that some of his students lack empathy towards
skills.
their peers and often engage in bullying behavior. What is the best way for David to
* Lisa, a high school counselor, notices that many students are experiencing high levels of address this issue?
stress due to academic pressure and social expectations. How can Lisa support these - Implement activities that promote perspective-taking and understanding others.
students in developing self-motivation and resilience? Activities fostering empathy and perspective-taking help students understand others' feelings,
-Provide students with opportunities to set and achieve personal goals. reducing bullying.
 *When a student receives a reward for completing homework on time and is more likely
to repeat this behavior in the future, illustrates the principle of operant a more likely to be
BEHAVIORAL
repeated
* Max Wertheimer introduced Gestalt psychology, emphasizing the holistic perception of Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of repeating a behavior by providing a desirable
experiences. He is the psychology professor explains that we perceive experiences as unified consequence.
wholes rather than isolated parts.
*Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus (bell) with an unconditioned
* David Kolb developed Experiential Learning Theory, emphasizing learning through stimulus (food) to produce a conditioned response (salivation). Example, an experiment of a
experience and reflection. researcher pairs the sound of a bell with food to train a dog to salivate at the sound alone

* Experiential Learning Theory focuses on the importance of experience in the learning *Cognitive constructivism emphasizes the learner’s active role in constructing knowledge
process highlights how direct experiences foster deeper understanding and skill development. through exploration and problem-solving.
*Social constructivism emphasizes the role of collaboration and cultural influences in
*The Law of Exercise states that practice strengthens connections between stimuli and
learning. For example, A teacher encourages collaborative group projects, where students
responses, enhancing learning. For example, A student improves at Math by practicing
build knowledge through discussions and shared experiences.
problems daily, strengthening the association between effort and success.
* Connectionism views mental processes as networks of connections similar to synapses
*The Law of Effect suggests that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be
(mental processes) in the brain, strengthening through repetition and reinforcement.
repeated. For example, A teacher rewards students for good behavior, reinforcing positive
* A teacher notices that her students quickly learn classroom routines when rewarded habits.
with praise or stickers for completing tasks. Which learning theory best explains this
* Social cognitive theory emphasizes observational learning and modeling as key processes in
behavior?
acquiring knowledge. For example, A teacher demonstrates problem-solving techniques, and
- Environmental stimuli and reinforcement
students replicate these methods to solve similar problems.
Behavioral learning theory focuses on how environmental stimuli and reinforcement shape
behavior. Praise and stickers act as reinforcers that encourage routine behavior. *Behaviorism focuses on learning through reinforcement and conditioning, emphasizing
external influences over internal processes. When a teacher uses rewards and punishments to
* A teacher uses repetition to strengthen associations between stimuli and responses in
shape student behavior, this is a process of reinforcement and conditioning
learning.
-Edward Thorndike proposed Connectionism, which emphasizes the role of associations
between stimuli and responses in learning. * Social constructivism highlights the role of social and cultural contexts in learning, differing
from the more individualistic focus of cognitive constructivism.
*A psychologist conducts an experiment in which dogs salivate when they hear a bell that
has been repeatedly paired with food. Who is credited with this discovery? *Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned
-Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments demonstrated how a neutral stimulus (bell) stimulus, while operant conditioning involves modifying behavior through reinforcement or
could elicit a conditioned response (salivation) when paired with an unconditioned stimulus punishment.
(food). Classical conditioning associates stimuli to evoke responses, whereas operant conditioning
modifies behavior through consequences like rewards or punishment
*A teacher designs a reward system to improve student behavior, where positive actions
are rewarded with points. The main focus of behavior analysis is Teaching based on *Thorndike’s Law of Effect highlights the role of reinforcement in learning, where positive
rewards and punishments consequences reinforce behaviors, making them more likely to recur, and negative
Behavior analysis focuses on using reinforcement and punishment to shape desired behaviors. consequences weaken behaviors.
* The Law of Exercise states that associations become stronger with frequent practice and
weaker with infrequent use. This principle explains the importance of repetition in learning and
*A school principal is implementing policies to comply with the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013.
skill development.
Which situation best exemplifies bullying under this act?
- Any severe or repeated use of written, verbal, electronic expression, or physical
act/gesture directed at another student causing harm or disruption
SAFETY AND SECURITY
The Anti-Bullying Act defines bullying broadly, including severe or repeated behavior that
* A government official discusses the scope of Presidential Decree No. 603. It defines a harms, humiliates, or disrupts a student’s learning environment.
child or youth as anyone below 21 years of age, except when legally emancipated.
* A lawmaker discusses the reasons why the Positive Discipline Bill was vetoed in 2019.
* A school principal asks the Department of Education (DepEd) about its responsibility Which reason would best support the veto?
under the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013. What is DepEd primarily tasked with? - Objections to the "sweeping condemnation" of corporal punishment
- Promulgating rules and regulations for implementation The President cited the overly broad condemnation of corporal punishment as a reason for
The DepEd is responsible for formulating and disseminating guidelines to ensure the effective vetoing the bill, emphasizing the need for balanced legislation.
implementation of the Anti-Bullying Act in schools.
* During a conference on child welfare, a speaker emphasizes an approach to protect
*A legal aid volunteer educates communities on Republic Act No. 7610. It focuses on children’s rights during the COVID-19 pandemic. What is the focus of her
protecting children from abuse, exploitation, and discrimination in various contexts. recommendation?
- Implementing Positive Discipline as a national policy
* A parent training program highlights Positive Discipline. What does it aim to achieve? Positive Discipline is seen as crucial for ensuring children’s rights, protecting them from
- To build stronger relationships between parents/guardians and children violence, and fostering effective development, especially during crises.
Positive Discipline emphasizes understanding and addressing children’s needs, strengthening
relationships rather than punishment.
* A community leader holds a seminar on the significance of Presidential Decree No. 603.
What key point should she highlight?
* It establishes comprehensive rights and welfare for children and youth in the country.
Presidential Decree No. 603 provides a framework for ensuring the holistic development and
protection of children and youth.
* A social worker educates parents about Republic Act No. 7610. Its goal is to provide
stronger deterrence against child abuse and exploitation
Republic Act No. 7610 aims to protect children from abuse, exploitation, and discrimination by
establishing strict penalties and protective measures.
* Jane is a social worker assisting families in understanding their responsibilities under
the Child and Youth Welfare Code in the Philippines. What should she emphasize as the
primary role of the family?
-Upbringing of children
The Child and Youth Welfare Code (Presidential Decree No. 603) identifies the family as
primarily responsible for the upbringing of children, ensuring their moral, physical, and social
development.