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TUT 1

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8 views7 pages

TUT 1

Uploaded by

ralirendy89
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Elements of C++

Computer program
– Sequence of statements whose objective is to accomplish a
task

• A C++ program is a collection of functions, one of which is the


function main
• The first line of the function main is called the heading of the function:
– int main()

Programming
– Process of planning and creating a program

Algorithm
• An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or a set of rules designed
to solve a specific problem or accomplish a particular task.( It is like a
recipe that outlines a clear and finite series of actions to achieve a
desired outcome.)

Function
• Collection of statements when executed accomplishes something.

Syntax rules: rules that specify which statements (instructions)


are legal or valid

Semantic rules: determine the meaning of the instructions


Programming language: a set of rules, symbols, and
special words

Prompt lines: executable statements that inform the user what


to do
cout << "Please enter a number between 1 and 10 and "
<< "press the return key" << endl;
cin >> num;

Variable: a memory location whose contents can be changed


Named constant: memory location whose content can’t
change during execution

Data type: set of values together with a set of operations


• C++ data types fall into three categories:
– Simple data type
– Structured data type
– Pointers
• Three categories of simple data

– Integral: integers (numbers without a decimal)


• Can be further categorized:
• char, short, int, long, bool, unsigned char, unsigned
short, unsigned int, unsigned long

– Floating-point: decimal numbers


– Enumeration type: user-defined data type

• int
• float
• double
• char
• const
• void
• return

• Identifier: the name of something that appears in a program


– Consists of letters, digits, and the underscore character (_)

– Must begin with a letter or underscore


• C++ is case sensitive
– NUMBER is not the same as number
• Two predefined identifiers are cout and cin
• A C++ program contains two types of statements:
– Declaration statements: declare things, such as variables
– Executable statements: perform calculations, manipulate data,
create output, accept input, etc.
• C++ program has two parts:
– Preprocessor directives
– The program
• Preprocessor directives and program statements constitute C++
source code (.cpp)
• Compiler generates object code (.obj)
• Executable code is produced and saved in a file with the file
extension .exe
• Syntax rules: indicate what is legal and what is not legal
• Errors in syntax are found in compilation
int x; //Line 1
int y //Line 2: error
double z; //Line 3
y = w + x; //Line 4: error

• Comments are for the reader, not the compiler


• Two types:
– Single line: begin with //
// This is a C++ program.
// Welcome to C++ Programming.
– Multiple line: enclosed between /* and */
/*
You can include comments that can
occupy several lines.
*/

• Token: the smallest individual unit of a program written in any


language
• C++ tokens include special symbols, word symbols, and identifiers
• Special symbols in C++ include:

• Precision: maximum number of significant digits


– Float values are called single precision
– Double values are called double precision
• Maximum number of significant digits (decimal places) for float
values: 6 or 7
• Maximum number of significant digits for double: 15

• Arithmetic expressions: contain values and arithmetic


operators

• Operands: the number of values on which the operators will


work
• Operators can be unary (one operand) or binary (two operands)
• C++ arithmetic operators:
– + addition
– - subtraction
– * multiplication
– / division
– % modulus (or remainder) operator
• +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-point data types
• Use % only with integral data types

• Implicit type coercion: when value of one type is


automatically changed to another type

• Cast operator: provides explicit type conversion


static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)
• Increment operator: increase variable by 1
– Pre-increment: ++variable
– Post-increment: variable++

• Decrement operator: decrease variable by 1


– Pre-decrement: --variable
– Post-decrement: variable--

x = 5; x = 5;
y = x++; y = ++x;

• The syntax of cout and << is:


– Called an output statement
The stream insertion operator

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