JOURNAL RESEARCH RESULTS
REPORT
Supporting Lecturer : Syukrie Hidayat
Arranged By:
1. Amos Andika Sihotang 3243131067
2. D i n a m ef o r a 3243131021
3. R o s a ma n i k 3241131012
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
FACULTY SOCIAL SCIENCES
MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY
2024
FOREWORD
Praise be to God Almighty because of His grace and blessings, so that we can be active
and work and can complete this report assignment on time. On this occasion we would
like to thank all parties who have helped us, both in terms of energy and knowledge in
completing this Mini Research assignment, especially to Mr. Syukrie Hidayat who has
provided guidance to us and as a Lecturer in Advanced English courses. We realize that
this assignment is far from perfect, therefore constructive criticism and suggestions
from all parties are highly expected to improve the assignments that we will work on in
the future. The purpose of this research is not to find mistakes or belittle various
parties, but to provide information, insight, suggestions that we hope will be useful for
all of us to be able to improve this in the future. Thank you for your attentio
Medan May 06, 2025
group 7
1) INTRODUCTION
Migration and urbanization are two interrelated social phenomena that have a
significant impact on the dynamics of regional development, especially in developing
countries. Migration, both internal (between regions within one country) and external
(across countries), has become part of the human mobility process driven by various
factors, such as economic conditions, job opportunities, education, and quality of life.
One of the most dominant migration patterns today is the movement of people from
rural areas to urban areas, which ultimately drives high rates of urbanization.
Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has become a major challenge for many cities in
the world. Urban population growth that exceeds the capacity of basic city
infrastructure and services causes tremendous pressure on land availability. When the
demand for land increases, but land availability does not increase proportionally, a land
crisis occurs. This phenomenon not only impacts the physical aspects of the urban
environment, but also has social and economic impacts, such as increasing property
prices, the rampant development of informal areas or slums, and unequal access to
public space and facilities.
The land crisis in urban areas also worsens environmental conditions. The conversion of
agricultural land and green open spaces into residential or commercial areas reduces
environmental carrying capacity and increases the risk of ecological disasters, such as
floods, landslides, and air pollution. Meanwhile, demographic pressures due to
migration that are not balanced by adequate spatial planning also complicate urban
planning, both in terms of the legality of land use and in managing conflicts of interest
between policy makers.
Therefore, it is important to examine more deeply the relationship between migration,
urbanization, and the land crisis as a whole. Understanding the interaction of these
three phenomena will help in formulating more inclusive and sustainable development
policies, especially in the context of spatial planning and controlling urban growth. This
study aims to explore the relationship between population migration patterns,
accelerated urbanization, and their impacts on the availability and management of land
in urban areas, as well as identifying strategies that can be taken to overcome the land
crisisthatoccurs.
2) Theory Review
1. Migration Theory
Migration is the process of population movement from one region to another with the
aim of settling, either temporarily or permanently. One of the classical theories often
used to explain the phenomenon of migration is the Push and Pull Theory (Ravenstein,
1885). This theory explains that there are push factors from the area of origin such as
poverty, conflict, and lack of employment, as well as pull factors in the destination area
such as job opportunities, access to education, and better living facilities.
In addition, the Modern Migration Theory (Todaro, 1970) states that the decision to
migrate is based on differences in income expectations between the areas of origin and
destination, although it does not always lead to the economic success of migrants. This
theory also highlights the importance of aspects of economic rationality and information
that individuals have before making a move.
2. Urbanization Theory
Urbanization is an increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas,
which is often a direct consequence of rural to urban migration. Lewis’ Urbanization
Theory (1954) in the economic dualism model states that urbanization occurs because
surplus labor in the rural agricultural sector migrates to the more productive urban
industrial sector. This process, according to Lewis, will continue until a balance is
achieved between the two sectors.
In a sociological context, the Human Ecology Theory (Chicago School) views urbanization
as the result of interactions between humans and their social environment in the city.
Changes in the structure of urban space such as zoning and social stratification are
considered a response to the dynamics of population that continue to develop due to
urbanization.
3. Land Crisis Theory
A land crisis in the context of urbanization occurs when the demand for land exceeds
the availability or capacity of the region to provide it sustainably. The Theory of
Inequality of Land Access (Harvey, 1973) emphasizes that urban capitalism triggers land
speculation and gentrification, leading to inequality in land ownership and
marginalization of poor groups in the city.
From an environmental perspective, the Land Carrying Capacity Theory shows that land
has a limited capacity to support human activities. When urban activities exceed this
carrying capacity, environmental degradation and spatial planning crises occur. This is
also related to the concept of Urban Sprawl, namely the uncontrolled spread of urban
areas to the outskirts of the city, which exacerbates pressure on productive land and
open spaces.
reference :
1. Migration:
Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47–57.
Todaro, M. P. (1970). A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less
Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148.
2. Urbanization:
Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour. The
Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191.
Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., & McKenzie, R. D. (1925). The City. University of Chicago
Press.
3. Land Crisis:
Harvey, D. (1973). Social Justice and the City. Edward Arnold.
Bhatta, B. (2010). Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data.
Springer.
Weng, Q. (2001). Modeling Urban Growth Effects on Surface Runoff with the Integration
of Remote Sensing and GIS. Environmental Management, 28(6), 737–748.
4. SUMMARY OF JURNAL CONTEST
A). “FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MINIMUM SERVICE
STANDARDS POLICY IN THE HEALTH SECTOR IN PONOROGO DISTRICT IN 2023”
explores key factors influencing the success of the Minimum Service Standards (MSS)
policy in the health sector of Ponorogo District, Indonesia.
Summary:
Objective:
To analyze and identify factors that affect the implementation of the MSS policy in the
health sector in Ponorogo in 2023.
Methodology:
Quantitative analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design.
Sample: 120 health workers from Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) in Ponorogo.
Data collection via questionnaire, analyzed using logistic regression.
Key Findings:
1. Statistically significant factors affecting MSS implementation:
• Training (p = 0.022)
• Supervision (p = 0.005)
• Compensation (p = 0.007)
• Work climate (p = 0.004)
• Work motivation (p = 0.015)
• Leadership (p = 0.004)
2. Most dominant factor:
Work climate, with an odds ratio of 7.141, indicating it has the strongest influence.
Conclusion:
Work climate is the most influential factor in successfully implementing MSS in
Ponorogo’s health sector. Efforts to improve policy implementation should focus on
enhancing work climate, along with strengthening training, supervision, compensation,
motivation, and leadership.
References ( Journal A ) :
1. Adiga Aravind. The White Tiger. Harper Collins, 2009.
2. Amin S. Book Reviews: R.E. FRYKENBERG ed.,
Delhi Through the Ages: Essays in Urban History,
Culture and Society, Oxford University Press, Delhi,
1986, pp. xli + 524, Rs. 230. The Indian Economic &
Social History Review,1987:24(4):437–439.
3. Banerjee Biswajit. The Role of the Informal Sector in
The Migration Process: A Test of Probabilistic
Migration Models and Labour Market Segmentation for
India, Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Published
By: Oxford University Press Stable. Accessed from
Jstor,1983:35(3):399-422.
4. EG Ravenstein. ‘The Laws of Migration’. Journal of
Royal Statistical Society of London,1885:48(2):167–
235.
5. Frykenberg R. The Study of Delhi: A Historical
Introduction. Frykenberg, Delhi, 1993, 1-18.
6. Mathieu Ferry. “Divya Vaid. Uneven Odds: Social
Mobility in Contemporary India”, South Asia
Multidisciplinary Academic Journal [Online], Book
Reviews, Online since 10 October 2018, connection on,
2023. URL:
http://journals.openedition.org/samaj/4805; DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.4805
7. Schotland Sara D. “Breaking Out of the Rooster Coop:
Violent Crime in Arvind Adiga’s White Tiger and
Richard Wright’s Native Son.” Comparative Literature
Studies, JSTOR,2011:48(1):1–19.
https://doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.48.1.0001.
Accessed 15 March 2023.
8. Vaid Divya. “Patterns of Social Mobility and the Role
Of Education in India.” Contemporary South Asia,
2016, 1–28.
9. Wirth Louis. ―Urbanism as a Way of Life. ‖ 1938.
Metropolis: Centre and Symbol of Our Time. Ed. Philip
Kasinitz. Basingtoke: Macmillian, 1995, 58-82.
10. A considerable amount of road accidents are a result of
Hit -and –runs in the capital, according to reports.
11. The total area of Delhi is 1,483sq. km and the
Population density, according to the 2011 Census, is
11,320 per sq. km, which is much higher than the
National average of 382 per sq.km. For further
Information see Census, 2011.
B. “Study Habits and Academic Performance of Grade 7 Students in Mathematics at
Governor Ferrer Memorial National High School – Biclatan Annex S.Y. 2022–2023”
explores the relationship between students’ study habits and their academic
performance in math. Here’s a concise summary:
Purpose:
To determine the impact of study habits on the academic performance of Grade 7
students in Mathematics.
Methodology:
Participants: Grade 7 students at Governor Ferrer Memorial National High School –
Biclatan Annex.
• Design: Descriptive-correlational research.
• Data Collection: Questionnaires focusing on different aspects of study habits
(e.g., time management, reading, note-taking).
• Analysis: Statistical tools to examine correlation between study habits and math
performance.
Key Findings:
• Most students demonstrated moderate study habits.
• Academic performance in Mathematics was also found to be average.
• A positive correlation was found between effective study habits and higher
academic performance in Mathematics.
• Certain study habits, such as regular review, proper time management, and class
participation, were significantly associated with better math grades.
Conclusion:
Improving study habits can positively influence students’ academic success in
Mathematics. The study recommends that educators and parents encourage
structured and effective study routines.
REFERENCES ( Journal B ) :
1. Hamid Mohsin. Exit West. New Delhi: Penguin Random
House. Print, 2017
2. Hamid Mohsin. If You Want to See What Tribalism will
Do to the West, Look at Pakistan”. The Observer. Sune
Engel Rasmussen. The Guardian, 2017. www.theguardian
.com/books/2017/dec/10/mohsin-hamid-tribalism-exit-
West-pakistan. 15 July 2018.
3. Hamid Mohsin. Mohsin Hamid on the Rise of
Nationalism: ‘In the Land of Pure, No one is Pure
Enough. The Guardian, 2009. www.theguardian.com/
Books/2018/jan/27/mohsin-hamid—exit-west-pen-
Pakistan, 2018.
4. Hamid Mohsin. Why Migration is a Fundamental Human
Right. The Guardian, 2014. www.theguardian.com/
Books/2014/nov/21/mohsin-hamid-why-migration-is-a-
Fundamental-human-right. 18 July 2018.
5. Milo Jeff. We are All Migrants. Mohsin Hamid Talks on
His New Novel Exit West. Paste, 2017. www.pa
Stemagazine.com/articles/2017/03/mohsin-hamid-exit-
West.html. 22 July 2018.
C. “The theme of expatriation, immigration and alienation as treated in Indian
Diaspora Literature with special reference to Bharati Mukherjee’s Wife” by Dr.
Munazza Neyaz:
Overview:
The article explores the complex themes of expatriation, immigration, and alienation in
Indian diaspora literature, focusing particularly on Bharati Mukherjee’s novel Wife. It
examines how displacement and cultural conflict impact the identity and psyche of
female immigrants, with a deep dive into the tragic transformation of the novel’s
protagonist, Dimple Dasgupta.
Key Themes & Arguments:
1. Definition & Scope of Diaspora Literature:
“Diaspora” originates from the Greek “diaspeiro,” meaning “to scatter.”
Indian diaspora literature has evolved into a distinct genre with global recognition.
Writers like V.S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, Jhumpa Lahiri, and Bharati Mukherjee
articulate immigrant trauma and cultural conflict.
2. Bharati Mukherjee’s Context:
An immigrant herself, Mukherjee’s works frequently explore the immigrant female
experience.
She illustrates the emotional and psychological displacement that women endure when
moving to Western countries, especially the U.S. and Canada.
Detailed Analysis of Wife:
Dimple Dasgupta’s Character:
An emotional, naïve young woman who dreams of marital bliss and independence.
Marries Amit Basu, hoping marriage will liberate her.
Instead, her dreams are shattered by emotional neglect, traditional expectations, and
her in-laws’ disapproval.
Psychological Breakdown:
Dimple’s sense of self deteriorates due to multiple displacements—cultural, emotional,
and geographic.
She self-aborts her pregnancy and later kills her husband, symbolically severing ties
with traditional roles.
Alienation in America:
Initial excitement fades; reality in the U.S. is isolating and hostile.
Cultural conflict leaves her “sandwiched” between Indian and American norms.
Unable to assimilate or gain emotional support, she experiences mental
deterioration—hallucinations, insomnia, and a violent breakdown.
Symbolism & Feminist Critique:
The act of stabbing her husband seven times reflects a twisted inversion of the sacred
seven vows in Hindu marriage rituals.
The novel critiques patriarchal marriage structures, where women are marginalized
and controlled.
Dimple’s tragedy serves as a lens to question the idealized roles of women as
goddesses (e.g., Durga, Kali) versus their real domestic status.
Conclusions:
Wife portrays immigration as a painful, identity-fracturing experience rather than a
liberating one.
Mukherjee underscores how emotional neglect, cultural dislocation, and the burden of
unrealistic roles can destroy a woman’s mental health.
The novel is both an immigration narrative and a feminist critique of traditional Indian
marital expectations.
Significance:
This analysis of Wife not only highlights the personal cost of immigration for women
but also raises questions about gender roles, cultural identity, and the immigrant’s
place in a new world.
REFERENCES ( Journal C ) :
1. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London,
Print, 1994.
2. Bharati Mukherjee. Darkness. Penguin India, New
Delhi, 1990. Print. Mukherjee, Bharathi. Wife. Fawcett
Crest, New York, 1975. Print.
3. Rushdie Salman, 1992. Imaginary Homelands: Essays
And Criticism (1981-1991), Penguin Books, 1992. Print.
5. Conclusions:
1. Migration and Urbanization Impact Urban Land Use:
The movement of populations from rural to urban areas is a dominant trend that
accelerates urbanization.
This trend leads to a rising demand for land, which cities often cannot accommodate
sustainably, resulting in a land crisis.
2. Theoretical Insights Support the Analysis:
The Push and Pull Theory and Todaro’s Migration Model explain how economic
disparities motivate migration.
Urbanization theories (e.g., Lewis’ Dual Sector Model and Human Ecology Theory)
demonstrate how city structures evolve in response to population shifts.
Land Crisis theories (e.g., David Harvey’s theory on inequality and land speculation)
highlight how urban growth can marginalize low-income groups and degrade
environmental capacity.
3. Journal A – Health Sector Policy Implementation:
The success of Minimum Service Standards (MSS) in Ponorogo’s health sector depends
on several human resource factors.
The most influential element is work climate, followed by training, supervision,
compensation, motivation, and leadership
4. Journal B – Study Habits and Math Performance:
Grade 7 students’ academic performance in math is positively linked to effective study
habits.
Time management, review practices, and class participation are key contributors to
better outcomes.
5. Journal C – Indian Diaspora Literature Analysis:
Bharati Mukherjee’s Wife highlights the emotional and cultural alienation faced by
immigrant women.
The novel serves as a feminist critique of traditional marital roles and illustrates the
psychological toll of displacement and cultural conflict.
Final Thought:
The critical journal review connects theoretical frameworks with real-world case studies
across health policy, education, and literature. It underlines the value of
multidimensional analysis in understanding social phenomena like urbanization,
educational success, and diaspora identity.
Cosmopolitan encounters as stimuli for changes in habits
Local residents’ experience of a new cultural practice without having to travel, such as
the case of slot machines installed in the villages of Nzema East, furthers scientific
discourse on cosmopolitanism and its global proliferation. Common discourse supports
the assumption that cosmopolitanism is an individual perspective on life, a state of
mind, or the consumption of cultural diversity. Consequently, cosmopolites, i.e.
individuals who lead a cosmopolitan lifestyle, are characterised by an
Slot machines in Nzema East under Ghanaian gaming law
Slot gambling, known for its frequent payouts, multiplier potential, flashing lights and
sound effects, has proliferated in the Global North since the Industrial Revolution, and is
now considered an entertaining leisure activity almost everywhere. Many societies even
associate such coin-operated machines with technological development and
modernisation (Chhabra and Gursoy, 2007, Fisher and Griffiths, 1995, Huhtamo, 2005).
However, experiences of adverse effects on health and morality, and
Methods
This case study is profoundly exploratory, being the first empirical attempt to explore
societal responses to the emergence of automated slot machines in the rural Global
South. Given its unprecedented nature as a trial run, and considering that individuals
behave differently depending on distinct parameters, rigorous qualitative methods of
data acquisition and thematic analysis were applied throughout the study.
Six communities of interest were selected, based on accessibility, from the several
Users’ perspectives on slot machines in the villages of Nzema East
In this study sample of interviewees, typical slot machine users are comparatively
young, with ages ranging between 13 and 33 years. Users have only limited financial
means, if at all. This factor is closely related to their age and societal position – after all,
the youngest users interviewed were under 20 (4 out of 10), and were still at school or
were unemployed, and therefore do not earn their own money. The other users in the
sample above the age of 20 work in low-skilled economic sectors
Discussion
This exploratory case study necessitates the recognition of certain limitations to the
transferability of the results for two reasons. First, the small number of interviews set in
the very specific context of the villages of Nzema East in Ghana, which were selected
deliberately as explained in Section 4, does not allow for broader generalisation.
Second, the risks that accompany gambling activities are likely to strengthen responses
that reject slot machines as a new cultural practice.
Conclusion
This exploratory study of the response of rural residents’ to the installation of Chinese
slot machines in Nzema East, Ghana, suggests that locals from the rural Global South are
as susceptible to developing cosmopolitan attitudes as residents from any other part of
the world. These results necessitate a broadening of the perspective found in traditional
cosmopolitanism discourse, which long overlooked the peripheries of the Global South
as localities of cosmopolitan encounters and of
REFERENCES ( Journal D ) :
F. Boamah Imageries of the contested concepts “land grabbing” and “land
transactions”: Implications for biofuels investments in Ghana Geoforum (2014)
M.K. Appiah et al.Socio-cultural and environmental determinants of youth gambling:
evidence from Ghana Br. J. Psychol. Res. (2016)
P. Binde Gambling across cultures: mapping worldwide occurrence and learning from
ethnographic comparison Int. Gambl. Stud. (2005)
R. Bocock Consumption and lifestyle P. Bourdieu Outline of a Theory of Practic (1977)
P. Bourdieu Sozialer Sinn. Kritik der theoretischen Vernunft (1987)
P. BourdieuHabitus J.F. Brewer et al. Engagement in a public forum: knowledge, action,
and cosmopolitanism Antipode (2016) E.S. Casey
Between geography and philosophy: what does it mean to be in the place-world? Ann.
Assoc. Am. Geogr. (2001)
D. Chhabra et al. Perceived impacts of gambling: integration of two theories UNLV Gam.
Res. Rev. J. (2007)
B.E. Cid Aguayo Global villages and rural cosmopolitanism: exploring global
ruralitiesGlobalizations (2008)
P. Cloke Rurality and otherness D.T. Courtwright Learning from Las Vegas: gambling,
technology, capitalism, and addictionOccasional Paper Series 26 (2014)
L. Czerniewicz et al. The habitus and technological practices of rural students: a case
study S. Afr. J. Educ.(2014)
G. Delanty The cosmopolitan imagination: critical cosmopolitanism and social theory Br.
J. Sociol. (2006)
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47–57.
Todaro, M. P. (1970). A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less
Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148.
Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour. The
Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191.
Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., & McKenzie, R. D. (1925). The City. University of Chicago
Press.
Harvey, D. (1973). Social Justice and the City. Edward Arnold.
Bhatta, B. (2010). Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data.
Springer.
Weng, Q. (2001). Modeling Urban Growth Effects on Surface Runoff with the Integration
of Remote Sensing and GIS. Environmental Management, 28(6), 737–748.
1. Adiga Aravind. The White Tiger. Harper Collins, 2009.
2. Amin S. Book Reviews: R.E. FRYKENBERG ed., Delhi Through the Ages: Essays in
Urban History,
Culture and Society, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1986, pp. xli + 524, Rs. 230. The
Indian Economic &
Social History Review,1987:24(4):437–439.
3. Banerjee Biswajit. The Role of the Informal Sector in The Migration Process: A
Test of Probabilistic Migration Models and Labour Market Segmentation for India,
Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Published By: Oxford University Press
Stable. Accessed from Jstor,1983:35(3):399-422.
4. EG Ravenstein. ‘The Laws of Migration’. Journal of Royal Statistical Society of
London,1885:48(2):167–235.
5. Frykenberg R. The Study of Delhi: A HistoricalIntroduction. Frykenberg, Delhi,
1993, 1-18.
6. Mathieu Ferry. “Divya Vaid. Uneven Odds: Social Mobility in Contemporary India”,
South Asia
Multidisciplinary Academic Journal [Online], Book
Reviews, Online since 10 October 2018, connection on,
2023.URL:http://journals.openedition.org/samaj/4805;
DOI:https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.4805
7. Schotland Sara D. “Breaking Out of the Rooster Coop: Violent Crime in Arvind
Adiga’s White Tiger and Richard Wright’s Native Son.” Comparative Literature
Studies, JSTOR,2011:48(1):1–
19.https://doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.48.1.0001. Accessed 15 March 2023.
8. Vaid Divya. “Patterns of Social Mobility and the Role Of Education in India.”
Contemporary South Asia,2016, 1–28.
9. Wirth Louis. ―Urbanism as a Way of Life. ‖ 1938.Metropolis: Centre and Symbol
of Our Time. Ed. Philip Kasinitz. Basingtoke: Macmillian, 1995, 58-82.
10. A considerable amount of road accidents are a result of Hit -and –runs in the
capital, according to reports.
11. The total area of Delhi is 1,483sq. km and the Population density, according to the
2011 Census, is 11,320 per sq. km, which is much higher than the National
average of 382 per sq.km. For further Information see Census, 2011.
1. Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London,Print, 1994.
2. Bharati Mukherjee. Darkness. Penguin India, New Delhi, 1990. Print. Mukherjee,
Bharathi. Wife. Fawcett Crest, New York, 1975. Print.
3. Rushdie Salman, 1992. Imaginary Homelands: Essays
And Criticism (1981-1991), Penguin Books, 1992. Print
F. Boamah
Imageries of the contested concepts “land grabbing” and “land transactions”:
Implications for biofuels investments in Ghana Geoforum (2014)
M.K. Appiah et al.Socio-cultural and environmental determinants of youth gambling:
evidence from Ghana Br. J. Psychol. Res. (2016)
P. Binde Gambling across cultures: mapping worldwide occurrence and learning from
ethnographic comparison Int. Gambl. Stud. (2005)
R. Bocock Consumption and lifestyle P. Bourdieu Outline of a Theory of Practic (1977)
P. Bourdieu Sozialer Sinn. Kritik der theoretischen Vernunft (1987)
P. BourdieuHabitus
J.F. Brewer et al. Engagement in a public forum: knowledge, action, and
cosmopolitanism Antipode (2016)
E.S. Casey
Between geography and philosophy: what does it mean to be in the place-world? Ann.
Assoc. Am. Geogr. (2001)
D. Chhabra et al. Perceived impacts of gambling: integration of two theories UNLV Gam.
Res. Rev. J. (2007)
B.E. Cid Aguayo Global villages and rural cosmopolitanism: exploring global
ruralitiesGlobalizations (2008)
P. Cloke Rurality and otherness
D.T. Courtwright Learning from Las Vegas: gambling, technology, capitalism, and
addictionOccasional Paper Series 26 (2014)
L. Czerniewicz et al. The habitus and technological practices of rural students: a case
study S. Afr. J. Educ.(2014)
G. Delanty The cosmopolitan imagination: critical cosmopolitanism and social theory
Br. J. Sociol. (2006)
