1

UNIT I. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

Setiap bacaan pada tes TOEFL berisi pertanyaan tentang ide pokok. Jenis pertanyaan ini
berkisar 10% dari 50 pertanyaan Reading Skill. Pertanyaan tersebut dapat ditampilkan dalam beberapa
istilah, misalnya Anda diminta untuk mengidentifikasi topik, subjek, judul, gagasan utama, atau ide
pokok. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut pada dasarnya menanyakan gagasan/ide yang ingin penulis
jabarkan. Letak ide pokok suatu bacaan terdapat di awal, di akhir ataupun menyimpulkan dari bacaan.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.

PASSAGE
In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made between
intelligence and reasoning. According to Dewey, intelligence is the only absolute way
to achieve a balance between realism and idealism, between practicality and wisdom
Line of life. Intelligence involves “interacting with other things and knowing them,” while
(5) reasoning is merely the act of an observer, “…a mind that beholds or grasps objects
outside the world of things….” With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be
achieved, but it is through intelligence that control is taken of events that shape one’s
life.
Sample question:
What is the topic of this passage?
(A) The intelligence of John Dewey.
(B) Distinctions made by John Dewey.
(C) Dewey’s idea on the ability to reason.
(D) How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey’s works.

Pertanyaan di atas menanyakan topik bacaan. Karena bacaan tersebut hanya mempunyai satu
paragraf, Anda harus memperhatikan kalimat pertama dari bacaan untuk menjawab pertanyaanya.
Kalimat pertama dari bacaan ini berisikan perbedaan antara intelligence dan reasoning menurut
filosofi John Dewey.
Perhatikan analisa jawaban berikut ini:
(A) The intelligence of John Dewey Pilihan jawaban (A) terlalu luas karena hanya
menyebutkan intelligence, jadi ini bukan merupakan
topik.
(B) Distinctions made by John Pilihan jawaban (B) juga terlalu luas karena
Dewey menyebutkan perbedaan yang dibuat oleh John Dewey,
tetapi tidak menyebutkan secara rinci jenis
perbedaannya.
(C) Dewey’s idea on the ability to Pilihan jawaban (C) terlalu spesifik karena hanya
reason menyebutkan reasoning, oleh karena itu jawabannya
tidak lengkap.
(D) How intelligence differs from Pilihan jawaban (D) merupakan jawaban yang benar
reasoning in Dewey’s works karena telah disebutkan di kalimat pertama

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

Strategi
a. Pahami jenis-
jenis pertanyaan the main topic of
the main idea of
the subject of
(A) What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
the main purpose of
the primary topic of
the primary purpose of
 the author’s main point
the main theme in

deals mainly with ....

(B) The passage
is mainly about ....

(C) With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

(D) Which of the following would be the best title?

b. Temukan letak Jawaban untuk pertanyaan jenis ini pada umumnya dapat ditentukan
jawaban dengan melihat kalimat pertama setiap paragraf.

c. Tentukan 1. Baca kalimat pertama dan terakhir dari setiap paragraf.

langkah dalam 2. Carilah tema umum atau tema utama dalam baris tersebut.
menjawab 3. Bacalah dengan cepat sisa bagian bacaan untuk memeriksa bahwa
pertanyaan Anda benar-benar telah menemukan kalimat topik.
4. Eliminasi/hilangkan jawaban yang pasti salah dan pilih jawaban
terbaik dari pilihan yang tersisa.
Tabel Jenis Pengecoh
Pertanyaan/pernyataan Pilihan Jawaban Jenis-Jenis Pengecoh:
1. .... A. → Kunci jawaban S: too specific (terlalu spesifik)
B. → Pengecoh G: too general (terlalu umum)
C. → Pengecoh X: incorrect (salah)
D. → Pengecoh I: irrelevant (tidak relevan)
C: correct (betul)

Exercise Study each of the passages and choose the best answers from the following questions.
1
PASSAGE 1 (Questions 1-2)
Fort Knox, Kentucky, is the site of a U.S. army post, but it is even more renowned for the Fort
Knox Bullion Depository, the massive vault that contains the bulk of the U.S. government’s gold
deposits. Completed in 1936, the vault is housed in a two-story building constructed of granite, steel,
Line and concrete; the vault itself is made of steel and concrete and has a door that weighs more than twenty
(5) tons. Naturally, the most up-to-date security devices available are in place at Fort Knox, and the army
post nearby provides further protection.

1. Which of the following best describes the topic of 2. Which of the following would be the best title for
the passage? this passage?
(A) The city of Fort Knox, Kentucky. (A) The Massive Concrete Vault.
(B) The federal gold depository. (B) Fort Knox Security.
(C) The U.S. army post at Fort Knox. (C) Where the United States Keeps Its Gold.
(D) Gold bullion. (D) A Visit to Kentucky.

PASSAGE 2 (Questions 3-4)

One identifying characteristic of minerals is their relative hardness, which can be determined by
scratching one mineral with another. In this type of test, a harder mineral can scratch a softer one, but a
softer mineral is unable to scratch the harder one. The Moh’s hardness scale is used to rank minerals

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Line according to hardness. Ten minerals are listed in this scale, ranging from talc with a hardness of 1 to
(5) diamond with a hardness of 10. On this scale, quartz (number 7) is harder than feldspar (number 6) and
is therefore able to scratch it; however, feldspar is unable to make a mark on quartz.

3. Which of the following best states the subject of 4. The main idea of this passage is that ….
this passage? (A) the hardness of a mineral can be determined
(A) The hardness of diamonds. by its ability to make a mark on other
(B) Identifying minerals by means of a scratch minerals
test. (B) diamonds, with a hardness of 10 on the
(C) Feldspar on the Moh’s scale. Mohs’ scale, can scratch all other minerals
(D) Recognizing minerals in their natural state. (C) a softer mineral cannot be scratched by a
harder mineral
(D) talc is the first mineral listed on the Mohs’
scale

PASSAGE 3 (Questions 5-6)

Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the peak of
the hurricane season in September; only rarely will they occur from December through April in that
part of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the
Line temperature on the water’s surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air is at its highest.
(5) Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic, only about five, on the average,
are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm must have
winds reaching speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often more stronger than
that; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers per hour.

5. The passage mainly discusses …. 6. The best title for this passage would be ….
(A) how many hurricanes occur each year (A) The North Atlantic Ocean
(B) the strength of hurricanes (B) Storms of the Northern Atlantic
(C) the weather in the North Atlantic (C) Hurricanes: The Damage and Destruction
(D) hurricanes in one part of the world (D) What Happens from May through November

UNIT II. STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS

Pertanyaan rinci tersurat atau stated detail questions adalah sebuah pertanyaan yang
menanyakan informasi yang ada atau yang tertera dalam bacaan. Jawaban untuk pertanyaan jenis ini
biasanya dapat ditemukan secara berurutan di dalam bacaan dan jawaban yang benar biasanya
merupakan pernyataan ulang dari informasi yang ada dalam bacaan. Hal ini mengandung arti bahwa
jawaban yang benar adalah jawaban yang menyatakan ide atau gagasan yang sama dengan apa yang
tertera dalam bacaan, tetapi menggunakan pilihan kata yang berbeda. Berikut ini adalah beberapa
contoh pertanyaan rinci tersurat. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.

The passage:
Flutes have been around for quite some time, in all sorts of shapes and sizes
and made from a variety of materials. The oldest known flutes are about 20,000 years
old; they were made from hollowed-out bones with holes cut in them. In addition to
Line bone, older flutes were often constructed from bamboo or hollowed-out wood.
(5) Today’s flutes are generally made of metal, and in addition to the holes they
have a complicated system of keys, levers, and pads. The instrument belonging to
well-known flautist James Galway is not just made of any metal; it is made of gold.

The questions:
1. According to the passage, the oldest 2. The passage indicates that James
flutes .... Galway’s flute is made of ....
(A) had holes cut in them (A) bones
(B) were made of metal (B) bamboo
(C) were made 200,000 years ago (C) wood
 (D) had a complicated set of levers and (D) gold
pads

Jawaban untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan pada Reading Skill section dapat ditemukan secara
berurutan pada bacaan. Oleh karena itu, Anda harus mencari jawaban untuk pertanyaan pertama pada
bagian awal bacaan. Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan tentang the oldest flutes, Anda dapat melihat
bahwa jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini dapat ditemukan pada kalimat kedua. Dalam bacaan tersebut
disebutkan bahwa seruling pada masa dahulu terbuat dari tulang dengan lubang-lubang di dalamnya
(they were made from hollowed-out bones with holes cut in them), maka jawaban yang tepat untuk
pertanyaan pertama adalah pilihan (A) had holes cut in them.
Jawaban untuk pertanyaan kedua kemungkinan besar terdapat pada bacaan setelah jawaban
untuk pertanyaan pertama ditemukan. Karena pertanyaan kedua menanyakan tentang James Galway’s
flute, maka Anda harus membaca cepat bacaan yang ada untuk menemukan bagian dari bacaan yang
membahas topik ini (James Galway’s flute). Jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini dapat ditemukan pada
pernyataan the instrument belonging to well-known flautist James Galway is not just made of any
metal; it is made of gold. Oleh karena itu, jawaban yang tepat untuk pertanyaan ini adalah pilihan (D)
gold.
Berikut ini merupakan beberapa hal penting yang harus diingat dalam pertanyaan rinci
tersurat/stated detail questions.
STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS
Strategi
a. Pahami jenis-jenis According to the passage, ….
pertanyaan It is stated in the passage that ….
The passage indicates that ….
The author mentions that ….
Which of the following is true …?
b. Cara menemukan 1. Tentukan kata kunci yang berupa lexical words seperti kata benda,
jawaban kata kerja, kata sifat, atau kata keterangan dari pertanyaan yang
ada.
2. Baca dengan cepat bacaan dan temukan bagian dari bacaan yang
mengandung kata kunci yang ada dalam pertanyaan.
3. Baca secara lebih mendalam kalimat yang mengandung kata kunci
tersebut.
4. Cari di antara pilihan jawaban yang ada jawaban yang menyatakan
ulang gagasan yang ada dalam bacaan mengenai kata kunci
tersebut.
5. Keluarkan jawaban-jawaban yang salah dan pilih jawaban yang
paling tepat dari pilihan-pilihan yang masih tersisa.
PASSAGE 1 (Questions 1-2)
Many parts of the Southwestern United States would become deserts again without the waters
of the Colorado River. A system of thousands of miles of canals, hundreds of miles of tunnels and
aqueducts, and numerous dams and reservoirs bring Colorado River water to the area. The Imperial
Line Valley in Southern California is an example of such a place; it is a vast and productive agricultural
(5) area that was once a desert. Today, 2,000 miles of canals irrigate the fertile land and keep it
productive.

1. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage 2. According to the passage, the Imperial Valley ....
as a way that Colorado River water gets to the (A) is a desert today
Southwest? (B) is located in Colorado
(A) By truck. (C) produces a lot of agricultural goods
(B) In bottles. (D) does not require irrigation
(C) In wells.
(D) Through canals.

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PASSAGE 2 (Questions 3-5)

The ancestors of humans had a lot more hair than the humans of today; in fact, they had thick
hair all over their bodies. This thick hair was necessary for protection against the cold of the Ice
Ages.
Line As the Earth got warmer, the hair began to thin out, except for on the head. The head hair has
(5) remained through the evolutionary process, both as a sort of pillow to cushion the sensitive head
when it gets banged around and as a sort of hat to keep the head warm and prevent so much head
from escaping through the scalp.

3. Which of the following is true about the hair of the ancestors of humans?
(A) There was not much of it.
(B) It covered the entire bodies.
(C) It was thin.
(D) It was not useful.

4. According to the passage, what happened as the temperature on the Earth increased?
(A) The hair on the head began to thin out.
(B) The hair on the body remained the same.
(C) The hair on the body got thicker.
(D) The hair on the body began to thin out.

5. The author indicates that one of the purposes of hair on the head is to ....
(A) fill up pillows
(B) help heat escape through the scalp
(C) ensure that the head is warm
(D) make it easier to think

UNIT III. NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Pertanyaan pengecualian atau negative questions adalah pertanyaan yang menuntut Anda untuk
menentukan jawaban mana di antara pilihan jawaban yang ada yang merupakan pernyataan yang tidak
tercantum atau tidak ada dalam bacaan. Pertanyaan ini menggunakan kosa kata seperti NOT, EXCEPT,
atau LEAST yang biasanya ditulis dengan huruf besar. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pertanyaan
pengecualian.

The passage:
The Florida Keys are a beautiful chain of almost 1,000 coral and limestone
islands. These islands form an arc that heads first southwest and then west from the
mainland. U.S. Highway 1, called the Overseas Highway, connects the main islands
Line in the chain. On this highway, it is necessary to cross 42 bridges over the ocean to
(5) cover the 159 miles from Miami, on the mainland, to Key West, the farthest island on
the highway and the southernmost city in the United States.
The questions:
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the Florida Keys?
(A) The Florida Keys are a chain of islands.
(B) The Florida Keys contain coral and limestone.
(C) The Florida Keys are in the shape of an arc.
(D) The Florida Keys are not all inhabited.

2. Which of the following is NOT true about U.S. Highway 1?

(A) It is also known as the Overseas Highway.
(B) It joins all of the islands in the Florida Keys.
(C) It has more than 40 bridges.
(D) It connects Miami and Key West.

The passage:
Today’s readers look for knowledge and information through more than just
an encyclopedia. Knowledge, information, data, and images race around the world in
ever-increasing speed. With a quick press of a key on the computer keyboard, data
 Line from some of the great libraries in the world can be called onto a screen for
(5) immediate perusal.
The question:
1. The author mentions all of the following means of accessing information EXCEPT
(A) encyclopedia
(B) television
(C) computers
(D) libraries
Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan jawaban yang TIDAK DISEBUTKAN (NOT MENTIONED)
tentang the Florida Keys. Dalam bacaan di atas disebutkan bahwa Florida Keys adalah sebuah
rentetan/a chain (answer A) pulau karang dan batu gamping/ coral and limestone (answer B)
berbentuk sebuah busur/an arc (answer C), sehingga jawaban-jawaban tersebut bukanlah jawaban
yang benar (karena jawaban-jawaban tersebut tertera atau disebutkan dalam bacaan). Jawaban yang
tepat adalah pilihan (answer D) the Florida Keys are not all inhabited.
Pertanyaan kedua menanyakan jawaban YANG TIDAK BENAR (NOT TRUE) tentang U.S.
Highway 1. Dalam bacaan di atas disebutkan bahwa U.S. Highway 1 disebut dengan the Overseas
Highway (answer A), dan memiliki 42 jembatan/ 42 bridges (answer C), serta berada sepanjang 159
mil dari Miami … sampai Key West/ cover the 159 miles from Miami… to Key West (answer D),
sehingga jawaban-jawaban tersebut tidak benar (karena jawaban-jawaban tersebut tertera atau
disebutkan dalam bacaan). Jawaban yang tepat adalah pilihan (B) karena dalam bacaan disebutkan
bahwa Overseas Highway itu menghubungkan pulau-pulau utama saja dalam rentetan pulau-pulau
tersebut atau dengan kata lain tidak semua pulau yang ada. Berikut strategi dalam pertanyaan
pengecualian atau negative statements.

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
Strategi
a. Pahami jenis-jenis ● According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT ....
pertanyaan ● Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
● Which of the following is the LEAST likely ....
b. Cara menemukan 1. Pilihlah sebuah kata kunci dalam soal yang ada.
jawaban 2. Bacalah bacaan untuk menemukan bagian dalam bacaan yang
membahas tentang kata kunci tersebut.
3. Bacalah kalimat yang mengandung kata kunci secara mendalam.
4. Carilah jawaban-jawaban yang mengandung pernyataan yang benar
atau sesuai dengan bacaan dan abaikan jawaban-jawaban tersebut.
5. Pilihlah jawaban yang berisi pernyataan yang salah (NOT TRUE)
atau tidak dibahas (NOT DISCUSSED) dalam bacaan.

PASSAGE 1 (Questions 1-2)

Blood pressure measurement has two components: systolic and diastolic. Systolic pressure is
taken when the heart is contracting to pump blood; diastolic pressure is taken when the heart is
resting between beats. In the usual blood pressure reading, the systolic measurement is given first and
Line is the higher of the two.
(5) Normal blood pressure is a systolic measurement of 120-140, and when the systolic pressure is
160 or higher, then hypertension exists. Systolic pressure between 140 and 160 indicates borderline
hypertension.

1. Which of the following is NOT true about systolic 2. Which of the following is NOT stated about
blood pressure? diastolic pressure?
(A) It is taken during the contraction of the heart. (A) It is one of the two components of blood
(B) It is usually given first in a blood pressure pressure measurement.
reading. (B) It is taken when the heart is resting.
(C) A normal systolic measurement is 120-140. (C) It is lower than systolic pressure.
(D) Hypertension exists when the systolic (D) A diastolic measurement of 140 is normal.
pressure is below 140.

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PASSAGE 2 (Questions 3-4)

In the 1960s, as space travel was becoming a subject of much discussion, Pan American
Airlines began receiving some fairly unusual requests for flight information. People began making
requests to be on the first flight that Pan Am made to the Moon.
Line On a whim, Pan Am started a waiting list for the first flight to the Moon. Similar requests have
(5) come to Pan Am over the years, and Pan Am has responded by adding the names of the requesters to
the list.
Unfortunately for Pan Am, the original company is no longer in business, and it never got to
the Moon. However, when it went out of business, it had a waiting list of more than 90,000 names for
its first lunar flight.

3. All of the following are mentioned about Pan 4. Which of the following is NOT true about Pan Am’s
American Airlines, EXCEPT that .... Moon flights?
(A) it started business in the 1960s (A) People asked Pan Am about its flights to the
(B) it received requests for its first flight to the Moon.
Moon (B) Pan Am kept a waiting list for its Moon flights.
(C) it kept some people on a long waiting list (C) Pan Am never really made any Moon flights.
(D) it went out of business (D) Pan Am’s waiting list had only a few names on
it.

UNIT IV. VOCABULARY-IN-CONTEXT

QUESTIONS
Ketika Anda mengerjakan tes ProTEFL, Anda terkadang diminta untuk menentukan arti suatu
kata atau ungkapan yang sulit, bisa juga kata atau ekspresi yang tidak Anda ketahui. Dalam hal ini,
teks/bacaan tersebut sering memberikan indikasi yang jelas mengenai apa arti kata atau ungkapan
tersebut.
Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
Example: A line in the passage:
. . . She has a large geranium growing in a pot in the corner of her apartment. . . .
The question: A geranium is probably the same as ....
(A) a sofa
(B) a chair
(C) a fish
(D) a plant

Dari jenis pertanyaan di atas, Anda tidak harus mengetahui arti dari kata geranium. Sebagai
gantinya, Anda harus memahaminya dari konteks bahwa jika geranium itu tumbuh dalam pot, maka
mungkin geranium itu adalah sebuah tanaman. Oleh karena itu, jawaban (D) adalah jawaban yang
paling tepat.
Tabel berikut ini menjelaskan beberapa langkah yang penting untuk Anda ingat dalam
menjawab pertanyaan vocabulary pada tes ProTEFL.

VOCABULARY-IN-CONTEXT QUESTIONS
Strategi
a. Pahami jenis-jenis What is the meaning . . . ?
pertanyaan Which of the following is closest in meaning to . . . ?
. . . could best be replaced by which of the following?
b. Tentukan letak Dalam soal biasanya diberitahukan pada baris ke berapa kata-kata atau
jawaban ungkapan tersebut dapat Anda temukan.
c. Tentukan langkah 1. Temukan kata atau ungkapan yang dimaksud dalam bacaan.
dalam menjawab 2. Bacalah kalimat yang berisi kata yang dimaksud dengan saksama.
pertanyaan 3. Temukan petunjuk dalam konteks yang membantu anda
memahami kata yang dimaksud.
4. Pilihlah jawaban yang dimaksud dalam konteks.
 PASSAGE 1 (Questions 1-4)
The black widow is the most dangerous spider living in the United States. It is most common
in the southern part of the country, but it can be found throughout the country. The black widow got
its name because the female has been known to kill the male after mating and, as a result, becomes a
Line widow.
(5) The black widow is rather distinctive in appearance; it has shiny globular body, the size and
shape of a pea, and it is marked on its underbelly with a red or yellow spot. The female is
considerably more ample than the male, roughly four times larger on the average.
If a human is bitten by a black widow, the spider’s poison can cause a severe illness and pain.
Black widow bites have proved occasionally deadly, but it is certainly not the norm for black widow
(10) bites to be mortal.

Exercis Based on the text above, choose the best answer to the following questions.
e1
1. In line 3, the word widow means .... 3. The word ample in line 7 indicates that the spider is ....
(A) a type of poison (A) dotted with colors
(B) the dead male spider (B) feminine
(C) the human victim of the spider (C) normal
(D) a female whose mate has died (D) large

2. Which of the following is closest in meaning 4. The word deadly could best be replaced by which of
to globular (line 5)? the following?
(A) Shiny. (A) Considerable.
(B) Ample. (B) Harmless.
(C) Rough. (C) Mortal.
(D) Round. (D) Black.

PASSAGE 2 (Questions 1-6)

At the end of the Revolutionary War, America was no longer a colony; instead, America was
a new, young country that needed to set up its own government. There was a lot of disagreement
throughout the country as to the type of government that was best. One of the major issues was
Line whether there should be a strong federal government with little power in the hands of the individual
(5) states or a weak central government and powerful states.
It is interesting to note that it was many of the Revolutionary War veterans who were in favor
of a strong central government. Because of their efforts in winning the war over the British, after the
war they became a powerful political force, and as a whole they were extremely nationalistic.
There were also financial reasons that veterans supported a strong national government. The
(10) revolutionary congress had ended the war with a large amount of debt, and a large portion of this
debt was in back pay and pensions to soldiers. Many soldiers believed that with a strong federal
government, they had a better chance of collecting the money owed to them.

1. A colony in line 1 is .... 4. In line 7, veterans refers to ....

(A) an independent country (A) government officials
(B) a type of government (B) former soldiers
(C) a dependent area (C) voters
(D) a continent (D) current members of the armed forces

2. The expression set up in line 2 could be best be 5. The word financial in line 11 is closest in meaning
replaced by which of the following? to ....
(A) Defend. (A) monetary
(B) Organize. (B) important
(C) Argue about. (C) military
(D) Protect. (D) national

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3. The word federal in line 4 is closest in meaning 6. The word back in line 13 could be best replaced
to .... by which of the following?
(A) state (A) Reverse.
(B) weak (B) Low-income.
(C) central (C) Returnable.
(D) new (D) Already earned.

UNIT V. REFERENCE QUESTIONS

Pada saat menjawab pertanyaan mengenai kata ganti (referents), perlu Anda pahami bahwa
dalam sebuah bacaan sebuah kata benda (noun) biasanya digunakan terlebih dahulu, dan baru
kemudian muncul kata ganti (pronoun) yang mengacu pada kata benda tersebut. Apabila terdapat
pertanyaan mengenai kata benda apa yang telah digantikan oleh kata ganti, maka Anda harus mencari
kata benda tersebut pada kalimat sebelum kata ganti tersebut muncul.
Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
The passage:
Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus-
flytrap, are generally found in humid areas where there
is an adequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to
Line survive, these plants have developed mechanism to trap
(5) insects within their foliage. They have digestive fluids
to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects.
The question:
The pronoun they in line 5 refers to ....
(A) humid areas
(B) these plants
(C) insects
(D) digestive fluids
Jawaban (D) digestive fluids muncul setelah kata ganti they, maka kemungkinan jawaban (D)
bukanlah jawaban yang benar. Untuk menemukan jawaban yang benar, cobalah untuk mengganti kata
ganti they dengan tiga pilihan jawaban yang tersisa; (humid areas, these plants, insects) have digestive
fluids. Sehingga, jawaban yang benar adalah pilihan (B).

PRONOUN REFERENT QUESTIONS

STRATEGI

Pahami jenis-jenis 1. The pronoun . . . in line X refers to . . . .

pertanyaan 2. The pronoun . . . in line X refers to which of the following?
Tentukan letak jawaban Letak kata ganti yang dimaksud ditunjukkan dalam soal. Kata benda
yang diwakili oleh kata ganti biasanya dapat ditemukan sebelum kata
ganti tersebut muncul.
Tentukan langkah dalam 1. Temukan kata ganti (pronoun) yang dimaksud dalam bacaan.
menjawab pertanyaan 2. Carilah kata benda (noun) yang sesuai untuk kata ganti yang
dimaksud sebelum kata ganti (pronoun) tersebut muncul.
3. Coba masukkan kata benda tersebut ke dalam konteks kata ganti
yang dimaksud.
4. Abaikan pilihan jawaban yang salah dan pilih jawaban yang
benar.

Exercis Read each of the passages carefully, and choose the best answer to the questions that
 e1 follow.

PASSAGE 1 (Questions 1-2)

The full moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the sun has become known as the
harvest moon. It is bright moon which allows farmers to work late into the night for several
nights; they can work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest. The
Line harvest moon, of course, occurs at different times of the year in the northern and southern
(5) hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in September at the time
of the autumnal equinox. In the southern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in March at
the time of the vernal equinox.

1. The pronoun it in line 2 refers to .... 2. The pronoun they in line 3 refers to ....
(A) the equinox (A) the equinox
(B) the sun (B) the sun
(C) the harvest moon (C) the farmers
(D) the night (D) the night

Exercise Read the items and then decide which choice is the correct referent for the
2 underlined expression.

1. Detergents clean clothes by first removing particles of dirt from the fabric, then suspending the particles
until they can be washed away.
(A) clothes
(B) particles of dirt
(C) detergents
(D) dirt

2. Wooly mammoths were hunted by big cats called sabertooth tigers that also became extinct by the end of
the last ice age. They were also hunted by early mean armed with spears and clubs.
(A) sabertooth tigers
(B) early men
(C) wooly mammoths
(D) teeth

3. X-rays allow art historians to examine paintings internally without damaging them.
(A) x rays
(B) art historians
(C) paintings
(D) art

4. The Wisconsin Dells is a region where the Wisconsin River cuts through soft sandstone. The strange
formations that have been carved out of the rocks are a delight to tourist. They have names such as Devil’s
Elbow, Grand Piano, and Fat man’s misery.
(A) strange formation
(B) tourists
(C) rocks
(D) regions

5. In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-green plant. Today, however,
they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.
(A) mushroom and other fungi
(B) biologist
(C) plants
(D) living things

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 11

UNIT VI. FACTUAL QUESTIONS

Pertanyaan tentang informasi rinci (factual questions) menanyakan fakta eksplisit dan hal rinci
yang terdapat di dalam bacaan.
Ciri-ciri pertanyaan tentang informasi rinci adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Terdapat salah satu dari wh- questions: who, what, when, where, why, how much, dan lain
sebagainya (misalnya “Where in the passage…”)
2. Dimulai dengan frasa “According to the passage,…” atau “According to the author,…”

Pertanyaan tentang informasi rinci dapat diilustrasikan ke dalam diagram sebagai berikut:
What What
Who What do Whom How Where When Why Why
Which Which
1 2 3 4 5 6 Sc* S+P
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Rima learns English diligently at ILLC everyday because ....
* Sc: Sentence Connectors

Dari diagram di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa jenis-jenis pertanyaan yang muncul sebagai
berikut:
1. Who studies English diligently at ILLC everyday? → 1
2. What does Rima do? → 2
3. What does Rima study diligently at ILLC everyday? → 3
4. How does Rima study English at ILLC everyday? → 4
5. Where does Rima study English everyday? → 5
6. When does Rima study English diligently at ILLC? → 6

Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang informasi rinci, Anda harus menemukan dan mengenali
informasi yang ditanyakan. Apabila Anda tidak yakin, gunakanlah teknik scanning sebagai berikut:
● Fokus pada satu atau dua kata kunci pada setiap pertanyaan.
● Baca dengan cepat untuk mencari kata kunci dan sinonimnya. Hanya mencari kata kunci
saja, HINDARI membaca setiap kata di dalam bacaan.
● HINDARI membaca ulang bacaan; carilah kata-kata kunci saja.
● Apabila kata kunci sudah ditemukan, bacalah kalimat yang menggunakan kata kunci
tersebut dengan hati-hati; baca juga kalimat di depan kalimat tersebut maupun kalimat yang
mengikuti kalimat tersebut.
● Bandingkanlah informasi yang Anda temukan dengan keempat pilihan jawaban.

The Passage
Ghost Word
A ghost word is a nonexistent word that has made its way into a reference work by mistake. One
well-known example of a ghost word is the word Dord, which appeared in a 1934 American
dictionary defined as density, as it is used in physics and chemistry. Dord was added to the dictionary
Line when a typesetter who was making entries into the dictionary misread the entry 0 or d and typed it as
(5) Dord. In reality, the letter d (or its capitalized version) was used to refer to density in physics or
chemistry. When the error was discovered, the ghost word Dord was removed from the dictionary.
Not all ghost words are recognized as errors, removed from reference works, and forgotten. One
example of a well-established ghost word is the word syllabus. The Roman writer Cicero had
correctly used the Latin word syllabus in his writings to refer to the title and author label on a
(10) manuscript. In a 1470 edition of Cicero's works, syllabus was miswritten as syllabus; the miswritten
ghost word syllabus has now achieved status as a commonly used word referring to an outline of the
 contents of a course.
Source: http://www.learnenglish-test.com/index.php/toefl/toefl-reading/
The questions:
1. According to paragraph 1, the word Dord ....
(A) has appeared in numerous physics and chemistry texts
(B) was mistakenly added to a dictionary
(C) can be used in physics and chemistry to refer to density
(D) can still be found in dictionaries

2. It is indicated in paragraph 2 that the word syllabus ....

(A) was used by Cicero
(B) today refers to a label on a manuscript
(C) came about as a misspelling of a different word
(D) appeared in dictionaries in the fourteenth century

Pertanyaan yang pertama meminta Anda untuk menjawab pertanyaan sesuai dengan isi paragraf
pertama yang berarti jawaban yang benar merupakan informasi faktual (rinci) yang ada di dalam
paragraf pertama. Telah dinyatakan di dalam paragraf pertama: “Dord was added to the dictionary
when a typesetter ... misread the entry D or d”. Hal ini berarti bahwa kata “Dord” telah ditambahkan
secara sembarangan di dalam kamus, maka jawaban yang tepat untuk pertanyaan ini adalah pilihan
(B). Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, Anda harus memilih jawaban kedua.
Sementara itu, pertanyaan kedua menanyakan informasi apa yang ditunjukkan oleh paragraf
kedua yang berarti bahwa Anda sedang ditanya mengenai informasi rinci pada paragraf kedua. Telah
dinyatakan dalam paragraf kedua: “In a 1470 edition of Cicero's works, syllabus was miswritten as
syllabus”. Hal ini berarti bahwa kata “syllabus” pada awalnya merupakan kata yang dimaksudkan
untuk makna yang berbeda, maka jawaban yang tepat untuk pertanyaan ini adalah pilihan (C). Untuk
menjawab pertanyaan ini, Anda harus memilih jawaban ketiga.

Exercise Study the passage and choose the best answer to the questions that follow. Use the
5 scanning technique to locate and identify the keywords in the passage.

PASSAGE 3 (Questions 1-5)

Dulcimers are musical instruments that basically consist of wooden boxes with strings
stretched over them. In one form or another, they have been around since ancient times, probably
originating with the Persian santir. Today there are two varieties: the hammered dulcimer and the
Line Appalachian, or mountain dulcimer. The former is shaped like a trapezoid, has two or more strings,
(5) and is played with wooden mallets. It is the same instrument played in a number of Old World
countries. The Appalachian dulcimer is classified by musicologists as a box zither. It is a descendant
of the Pennsylvania Dutch scheitholt and the French epinette. Appalachian dulcimers are
painstakingly fashioned by artisans in the mountains of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and
Virginia. These instruments have three or four strings and are plucked with quills or the fingers. They
(10) are shaped like teardrops of hourglasses. Heart-shaped holes in the sounding board are traditional.
Most performers play the instruments while seated with the instruments in their laps, but others wear
them around their necks like guitars or place them on tables in front of them. Originally used to play
dance music, Appalachian dulcimers were popularized by performers such as John Jacob Niles and
Jean Ritchie during the folk music revival of the 1960s.

1. According to the passage, a hammered dulcimer is 4. According to the author, what are John Jacob Niles
made in the shape of .... and Jean Ritchie known for?
(A) an hourglass (A) Playing dance music on Appalachian dulcimers.
(B) a heart (B) Are artisans who design Appalachian
(C) a trapezoid dulcimers.

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 13

(D) a teardrop (C) Helped bring Appalachian dulcimers to the

public’s attention.
2. According to the passage, how many strings does (D) Began the folk music revival of the 1960s.
the Appalachian dulcimer have?
(A) One or two. 5. Where in the passage does the author describe the
(B) Three or four. hammered dulcimer?
(C) Four or five. (A) Lines 1 – 2.
(D) Six or more. (B) Lines 3 – 4.
(C) Lines 4 – 5.
3. According to the author, most performers play the (D) Lines 8 – 10.
Appalachian dulcimer ....
(A) while sitting down
(B) with the instrument strapped around their neck
(C) while standing at a table
(D) with wooden hammers

Exercise Study the passage and choose the best answer to the questions that follow. Use the
6 scanning technique to locate and identify the keywords in the passage.

PASSAGE 4 (Questions 1-8)

Mesa Verde is the center of the prehistoric Anasazi culture. It is located in the high plateau
lands near Four Corners, where Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona come together. This high
ground is majestic but not forbidding. The climate is dry but tiny streams trickle at the bottom of
Line deeply cut canyons, where seeps and springs provided water for the Anasazi to irrigate their crops.
(5) Rich red soil provided fertile ground for their crops of corn, bean, squash, tobacco, and cotton. The
Anasazi domesticated the wild turkey and the hunted deer, rabbits, and mountain sheep.
For a thousand years the Anasazi lived around Mesa Verde. Although the Anasazi are not
related to the Navajos, no one knows what these Indians called themselves, and so they are
commonly referred to by their Navajo name, Anasazi, which means “ancient ones” in the Navajo
(10) language.
Around 550 A.D., early Anasazi – then a nomadic people archaeologists call the Basketmakers
– began constructing permanent homes on mesa tops. In the next 300 years, the Anasazi made rapid
technological advancements, including the refinement of not only basket-making but also pottery-
making and weaving. This phase of development is referred to as the Early Pueblo Culture.
(15) By the Great Pueblo Period (1100 – 1300 A.D.), the Anasazi population swelled to more than
5,000 and the architecturally ambitious cliff dwellings came into being. The Anasazi moved from the
mesa tops onto ledges on the steep canyon walls, creating two- and three-story dwellings. They used
sandstone blocks and mud mortar. There were no doors on the first floor and people used ladders to
reach the first roof. All the villages had underground chambers called kivas. Men held tribal councils
(20) there and also used them for secret religious ceremonies and clan meetings. Winding paths, ladders,
and steps cut into the stone led from the valleys below to the ledges on which the villages stood. The
largest settlement contained 217 rooms. One might surmise that these dwellings were built for
protection, but the Anasazi had no known enemies and there is no sign of conflict.
But a bigger mystery is why the Anasazi occupied these structures such a short time. By 1300,
(25) Mesa Verde was deserted. It is conjectured that the Anasazi abandoned their settlements because of
drought, overpopulation, crop failure, or some combination of these. They probably moved
southward and were incorporated into the pueblo villages that the Spanish explorers encountered 200
years later. Their descendants still live in the southwest.

1. The name that Anasazi used for themselves .... 5. According to the passage, the Anasazi entered their
(A) means “Basketmakers” in the Navajo language buildings on the ledges ....
(B) is unknown today (A) by means of ladders
(C) was given to them by archaeologists (B) from underground chambers
(D) means “ancient ones” in the Anasazi language (C) by means of stone stairways
(D) through doors on the first floor
2. How long did the Early Pueblo Culture last?
(A) 200 years. 6. According to the passage, kivas were used for all
(B) 300 years. the following purpose, EXCEPT ....
(C) 550 years. (A) clan meetings
 (D) 1,000 years. (B) food preparation
(C) religious ceremonies
3. Where did the Anasazi move during the Great (D) tribal councils
Pueblo Period?
(A) To settlements on ledges of canyon walls. 7. According to the passage, the LEAST likely reason
(B) To pueblos in the South. that the Anasazi abandoned Mesa Verde was ....
(C) Onto the tops of the mesas. (A) drought
(D) Onto the floors of the canyons. (B) overpopulation
(C) war
4. According to the passage, the Anasazi buildings (D) crop failure
were made primarily of ....
(A) mud 8. Where in the passage does the author mention
(B) blocks of wood specific accomplishments of the Basketmakers?
(C) sandstone (A) Lines 5 – 6.
(D) the skins of animals (B) Lines 11 – 13.
(C) Lines 15 – 16.
(D) Lines 18 – 20.

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