Math 220 Final Exam Review

Partial Derivatives and Gradients

Calculate the gradient of each function.

1. f (x, y) = x3 y − xy 3 + 4x − y

2. F (x, y) = y x

xz 4
3. g(x, y, z) = y

2 /z
4. h(x, y, z) = exy

Calculate all second partial derivatives of the given function.

5. f (x, y) = x2 − 5xy + 7y 2

xy 2
6. g(x, y, z) = z

Critical Points of Multi-variable Functions

Find and classify all critical points of each function.

1. h(x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4

2. f (x, y) = 3x − x3 − 2y 2 + y 4

3. f (x, y) = x2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5

4. g(x, y) = 6x2 − 2x3 + 3y 2 + 6xy

1 1
5. f (x, y) = x
+ xy + y

1
 Lagrange Multipliers

Find the extreme values of each function subject to the given constraint.

1. f (x, y) = 3x + y on x2 + y 2 = 10

2. f (x, y) = xey on x2 + y 2 = 2

3. f (x, y) = e−xy on 3x2 + y 2 = 1

4. f (x, y, z) = 2x + 2y + z on x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9

5. f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 on x4 + y 4 + z 4 = 1

Indefinite Integrals

R
1. x5 dx

R
2. (3t2 − 8t + 4)dt

R
3. 3x dx

7
R
4. 5 8 dx
√
x

9
R
5. 2z−3
dz

R √
6. 4x2 8x3 + 5dx

R
7. (8x − 3)ex dx

R ln(x)
8. x2
dx

R
9. x2 · 3x dx

2
 R
10. t ln(t2 + 5)dt

R 2
11. x3 ex dx

Definite Integrals

R1
1. 0
(−24t2 + 6t − 1)dt

R ln(3)
2. 0
ex dx

R8 6dx
3. 1
√3x

R4
4. √7xdx
0 x2 +9

R2 2
5. 1
ze−z dz

Re
6. 1
x11 ln(x)dx

R1
7. 0
x2 e−5x dx

Improper Integrals

R∞ 1
1. 1 x10
dx

R∞
2. 0
e−7t dt

R −1dx
3. −∞ x

R∞
4. −∞
5x dx

R∞
5. −∞
x2 dx

R∞ xdx
6. −∞ (7x2 +9)4

3
 Solutions

Partial Derivatives and Gradients

Calculate the gradient of each function.

1. f (x, y) = x3 y − xy 3 + 4x − y

∇f = (fx , fy ) = (3x2 y − y 3 + 4, x3 − 3xy 2 − 1)

2. F (x, y) = y x

∇F = (Fx , Fy ) = (y x ln(y), xy x−1 )

xz 4
3. g(x, y, z) = y

 z4 xz 4 4xz 3 
∇g = (gx , gy , gz ) = ,− 2 ,
y y y

2 /z
4. h(x, y, z) = exy

 ∂ xy 2 xy2 /z ∂ xy 2 xy2 /z ∂ 2 −1 
xy 2 /z
∇h = (hx , hy , hz ) = e · ,e · ,e · xy z
∂x z ∂y z ∂z
2
 2 y 2 2xy xy2 /z 
= exy /z · , exy /z · ,e · (−xy 2 z −2 )
z z
2
 2 y 2 2xy xy2 /z −xy 2 
= exy /z · , exy /z · ,e · 2 )
z z z

Calculate all second partial derivatives of the given function.

4
5. f (x, y) = x2 − 5xy + 7y 2

First, fx = 2x − 5y, and fy = −5x + 14y. Therefore

fxx = 2, fxy = −5, and fyy = 14.

xy 2
6. g(x, y, z) = z

y2 2xy 2
The first partial derivatives are gx = z
, gy = z
, and gz = − xy
z2
. Then

2x 2xy 2
gxx = 0, gyy = , gzz = ,
z z3
2y y2 2xy
gxy = , gxz = − , and gyz = − .
z z2 z2

Critical Points of Multi-variable Functions

Find and classify all critical points of each function.

1. h(x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4

We begin by finding the partial derivatives of h and setting them equal to zero. We have

hx = 2x + y + 3 = 0,

so y = −2x − 3. Also,

hy = x + 2y − 3 = 0;
x + 2(−2x − 3) − 3 = 0;
x − 4x − 6 − 3 = 0;
−3x = 9;
x = −3.

Therefore also y = −2(−3) − 3 = 6 − 3 = 3, so our only critical point is (−3, 3).

We find that

D = hxx hyy − h2xy = 2 · 2 − 12 = 3 > 0, and hxx = 2 > 0,

so (−3, 3) is a local minimum.

5
2. f (x, y) = 3x − x3 − 2y 2 + y 4

Find
fx = 3 − 3x2 = 0;
3 = 3x2 ;
x2 = 1;
x = ±1.
Similarly,
fy = −4y + 4y 3 = 0;
4y(y 2 − 1) = 0;
4y(y − 1)(y + 1) = 0;
y = 0, 1, or − 1.
There are six critical points: (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, −1), (−1, 0), (−1, 1), and (−1, −1).
We have
2
D = fxx fyy − fxy = −6x(−4 + 12y 2 ) − 02 = 6x(4 − 12y 2 ),
and fxx = −6x. Investigate each point separately:

i. D(1, 0) = 6 · 1(4 − 12 · 02 ) = 6 · 4 = 24 > 0, and fxx (1, 0) = −6 · 1 = −6 < 0, so (1, 0)

is a local maximum;

ii. D(1, 1) = 6 · 1(4 − 12 · 12 ) = 6(−8) = −48 < 0, so (1, 1) is a saddle point;

iii. D(1, −1) = 6 · 1(4 − 12(−1)2 ) = −48 < 0, so (1, −1) is a saddle point;

iv. D(−1, 0) = 6(−1)(4 − 12 · 02 ) = −6 · 4 = −24 < 0, so (−1, 0) is a saddle point;

v. D(−1, 1) = 6(−1)(4−12·12 ) = −6(−8) = 48 > 0, and fxx (−1, 1) = −6(−1) = 6 > 0,

so (−1, 1) is a local minimum; and

vi. D(−1, −1) = 6(−1)(4 − 12(−1)2 ) = 48 > 0, and fxx (−1, −1) = −6(−1) = 6 > 0, so
(−1, −1) is a local minimum.

3. f (x, y) = x2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5

First,
fx = 2x + y + 3 = 0

6
 implies that y = −2x − 3. Then
fy = x + 2 = 0
implies that x = −2; from y = −2x − 3, we know that y = −2(−2) − 3 = 4 − 3 = 1. The
only critical point is (−2, 1).
Next, we find
2
D = fxx fyy − fxy = 2 · 0 − 12 = −1 < 0,
so (−2, 1) is a saddle point.

4. g(x, y) = 6x2 − 2x3 + 3y 2 + 6xy

We find
gx = 12x − 6x2 + 6y = 0,
so y = x2 − 2x. Then,

gy = 6y + 6x = 0;
y + x = 0;
x2 − 2x + x = 0;
x2 − x = 0;
x(x − 1) = 0;

so x = 0 or x = 1. If x = 0, then y = 02 − 2 · 0 = 0; if x = 1, then y = 12 − 2 · 1 = −1.

The critical points are (0, 0) and (1, −1).
Now
2
D = gxx gyy − gxy = (12 − 12x) · 6 − 62 = 72 − 72x − 36 = 36 − 72x, and gxx = 12 − 12x.

At (0, 0), we get

D(0, 0) = 36 − 72 · 0 = 36 > 0,
while
gxx (0, 0) = 12 − 12 · 0 = 12 > 0.
Therefore, (0, 0) is a local minimum.
At (1, −1), we get
D(1, −1) = 36 − 72 · 1 = −36 < 0,
so (1, −1) is a saddle point.

7
 1 1
5. f (x, y) = x
+ xy + y

We take
1
fx = − + y = 0,
x2
1
so y = x2
. Next,

1
fy = x − = 0;
y2
1
x− = 0;
(1/x2 )2
x − x4 = 0;
x(1 − x3 ) = 0;

so x = 0 or 1. However, note that in f (x, y), there’s a x1 term, so we’re not allowed to
divide by x = 0. That is, x = 0 is not in the domain of f , so we reject the solution x = 0.
At x = 1, we have y = x12 = 112 = 1, so the only critical point is (1,1).
Now,
2 2 2 4 2
D = fxx fyy − fxy = 3
· 3 − 12 = 3 3 − 1, and fxx = 3 .
x y xy x
At (1, 1), we get
4
D(1, 1) = − 1 = 3 > 0,
13 · 13
while
2
fxx (1, 1) = = 2 > 0,
13
so (1, 1) is a local minimum.

Lagrange Multipliers

Find the extreme values of each function subject to the given constraint.

1. f (x, y) = 3x + y on x2 + y 2 = 10
Let g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 and ∇f = (3, 1) = λ∇g = λ(2x, 2y). Then 1 = λ · 2y = 31 λ · 2x; as
λ ̸= 0 (otherwise (3, 1) = (0, 0)), we know y = x3 . Using this in the constraint g, we find
2
x2 + x9 = 10, so x = ±10, and y = ± 10 3
. We get two points (10, 10
3
) and (−10, − 10
3
). Then
10 10 10 10
f (10, 3 ) = 30 + 3 is f ’s maximum on g, and f (−10, − 3 ) = −30 − 3 is its minimum.

8
2. f (x, y) = xey on x2 + y 2 = 2
Let g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 and ∇f = (ey , xey ) = λ∇g = λ(2x, 2y). Since ey > 0 for all
y, λ ̸= 0. Then ey = λ · 2x, and y = ln(2λx). In the second equation, this means that
xey = λ·2y = x·2λx, so x2 = y. Use this relation in the constraint to see that x2 +x4 = 2,
or x4 + x2 − 2 = 0 = (x2 − 1)(x2 + 2). The latter factor has no real solution, so x = ±1,
and in both cases y = 1. Therefore f (1, 1) = e is the maximum value of f on g, while
f (−1, 1) = −e is its minimum.
3. f (x, y) = e−xy on 3x2 + y 2 = 1
Let g(x, y) = 3x2 − y 2 , so ∇f = λ∇g means (−ye−xy , −xe−xy ) = λ(6x, 2y). Our three
equations are −ye−xy = λ · 6x, −xe−xy = λ · 2y, and 3x2 + y 2 = 1. From the first equation,
y −xy
we have that either x = 0 or λ = − 6x e . If x = 0, then 3x2 + y 2 = 1 = y 2 , so y = ±1.
Otherwise, use this equation for λ in the second equation to get

−xy y −xy y 2 −xy

−xe = λ · 2y = − e · 2y = − e ,
6x 3x
√
so 3x2 e−xy = y 2 e−xy . Because e−xy ̸= 0, we have that 3x2 = y 2 , so y = ± 3x. Use this
in the constraint:
3x2 + y 2 = 1 = 3x2 + 3x2 = 6x2 ,
so x = ± √16 .
We have six points: (0, ±1), ( √16 , ± √12 ), and (− √16 , ± √12 ). But f (0, ±1) = e0 = 1,
− √1 √1
f (± √16 , ± √12 ) = e 12 , and f (± √16 , ∓ √12 ) = e 12 . Therefore the maximum of f on the
√1 − √1
ellipse 3x2 + y 2 = 1 is e 12 , and the minimum is e 12 .
4. f (x, y, z) = 2x + 2y + z on x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9
Set ∇f = λ∇g, so (2, 2, 1) = λ(2x, 2y, 2z). Here λ ̸= 0, for otherwise (2, 2, 1) = (0, 0, 0).
Then 2 = λ · 2x, or x = λ1 . Similarly, y = λ1 = x, and z = 2λ 1
= x2 . In the constraint, we
2 2
know x2 + x2 + x4 = 9 = 9x4 , so x = ±2. This means y = ±2 and z = ±1, where the
signs agree with the sign of x. Finally, f (2, 2, 1) = 9 is the maximum value of f on g, and
f (−2, −2, −1) = −9 is its minimum.
5. f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 on x4 + y 4 + z 4 = 1
First suppose none of x, y, or z are zero. If ∇f = (2x, 2y, 2z) = λ∇g = λ(4x3 , 4y 3 , 4z 3 ),
2y 3
then λ = 2x12 from the first equation. From the second, 2y = λ · 4y 3 = 2x 2
2 , so x = y ,
2

and y = ±x. Similarly, the third equation tells us z = ±x. Then x4 + x4 + x4 = 1 = 3x4 ,
1 1 1
which only has the solutions x = ± √ 4 . Thus y = ± √ 4 and z = ± √4 . Any of these
3 3 3 √
(eight) points has the same value when plugged into f : f = √13 + √13 + √13 = 3.
We assumed none of the variables were 0. It can’t be the case that all three are 0, for the
constraint would then say 0=1. If two are zero, the only choice is for the third to be ±1;
without loss of generality, suppose x = ±1. Then f (±1, 0, 0) = 1.

9
 1
Suppose only one, say z, is 0: then y = ±x still, so x4 + x4 = 1, so x = ± √ 4 , and y has
2 √
the same possibilities. These four points have the same value of f : f = √12 + √12 = 2.
1 1 1
√
Therefore (± √ 4 ,± √4 ,± √4 ) are the points where f reaches its maximum of 3 on g, and
3 3 3
(±1, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0), and (0, 0, ±0) are where it reaches its minimum of 1.

Indefinite Integrals
R
1. x5 dx

Use the power rule:

x5+1 x6
Z
x5 dx = +C = + C.
5+1 6

R
2. (3t2 − 8t + 4)dt

Integration “distributes” over sums and differences. Then factor out the constants, and
use the power rule to integrate each individual integral:
Z Z Z Z
2 2
(3t − 8t + 4)dt = 3t dt − 8tdt + 4dt

t3 t2
Z Z Z
2 1
=3 t dt − 8 t dt + 4 − 8 · + 4t + C
dt = 3 ·
3 2
3 2
= t − 4t + 4t + C.

R
3. 3x dx

Use the exponential rule:

3x
Z
3x dx = + C.
ln(3)

7
R
4. 5 8 dx
√
x

Rewrite this as x to a power, then use the power rule:

8 3
x− 5 +1 x− 5
Z Z
7 − 58
 5 3 35 3
√ dx = 7 x dx = 7· 8 +C = 7· 3 +C = 7 − x− 5 +C = − x− 5 +C.
5
x 8 −5 + 1 −5 3 3

10
 9
R
5. 2z−3
dz

Substitute u = 2z − 3, so du = 2dz, and dz = 12 du:

Z Z Z
9 9 1 9 du 9 9
dz = · du = = ln |u| + C = ln |2z − 3| + C.
2z − 3 u 2 2 u 2 2

R √
6. 4x2 8x3 + 5dx

1
Substitute u = 8x3 + 5, so du = 24x2 dx, and x2 dx = 24 du:
Z
2
√ Z √
2
Z
√ 1 4
Z
1
3 3
4x 8x + 5dx = 4 8x + 5 · x dx = 4 u · du = u 2 du
24 24
3
1 u2 1 2 3 1 3
= · 3 + C = · u 2 + C = (8x3 + 5) 2 + C.
6 2 6 3 9

R
7. (8x − 3)ex dx

This is a product of two simple functions, 8x − 3 and ex ,Rso integrate by parts. Let the
polynomial 8x − 3 = u, so du = 8dx, dv = ex dx, and v = ex dx = ex . Then
Z Z Z
(8x − 3)e dx = uv − vdu = (8x − 3)e − ex · 8dx = (8x − 3)ex − 8ex + C.
x x

R ln(x)
8. x2
dx

It may help to rewrite this as x−2 ln(x)dx. This is a product of two simple functions,
R

x−2 and ln(x), so integrate by parts. The logarithm should be u, so u = ln(x), du =

−1
−1 −2
R −2
1
x
dx = x dx, dv = x dx, and v = x dx = x−1 = −x−1 . Then
Z Z Z
x ln(x)dx = uv − vdu = ln(x)(−x ) − (−x−1 ) · x−1 dx
−2 −1

ln(x) x−1
Z
ln(x) ln(x) 1
=− + x−2 dx = − + +C =− − + C.
x x −1 x x

11
 R
9. x2 · 3x dx

This is a product of two simple functions, namely x2 and 3x , so integrate by parts. Let
3x
u = x2 , so du = 2xdx, dv = 3x dx, and v = ln(3) . Then

3x 3x
Z Z Z
2 x 2
x · 3 dx = uv − vdu = x · − · 2xdx
ln(3) ln(3)

x2 · 3x
Z
2
= − x · 3x dx = I.
ln(3) ln(3)
The remaining integral is a product of simple functions again, so integrate by parts a
3x
second time. Let u2 = x, so du2 = dx, dv2 = 3x dx, and v = ln(3) . Then

x2 · 3x x2 · 3x 3x 3x
Z Z
2   2  
I= − u2 v2 − v2 du2 = − x· − dx
ln(3) ln(3) ln(3) ln(3) ln(3) ln(3)

x2 · 3x 2  x · 3x 1 3x 
= − − · +C
ln(3) ln(3) ln(3) ln(3) ln(3)
x2 · 3x 2x · 3x 2 · 3x
= − + + C.
ln(3) (ln(3))2 (ln(3))3

R
10. t ln(t2 + 5)dt

This is a complicated function, so begin with a substitution. Let u = t2 + 5, so du = 2tdt,

and tdt = 21 du. Then
Z Z Z Z
2 2 1 1
I = t ln(t + 5)dt = ln(t + 5) · tdt = ln(u) · du = ln(u)du.
2 2

Integration by parts is appropriate for a logarithm by itself. Let w = ln(u), so dw = u1 du,

dv = du, and v = u. Then
Z Z Z
1  1 1  1 
I= wv − vdw = ln(u) · u − u · du = u ln(u) − du
2 2 u 2

1  (t2 + 5) ln(t2 + 5) t2 + 5
= u ln(u) − u + C = − + C.
2 2 2

12
 R 2
11. x3 ex dx

1
Begin with the substitution u = x2 , so du = 2xdx, and dx = 2x du. Then
Z Z Z Z
3 x2 3 u 1 1 2 u 1
I = x e dx = x e · du = x e du = ueu du.
2x 2 2

The remaining integral is a product of simple functions, u and eu , so integrate by parts:

let w = u, so dw = du, dv = eu du, and v = eu . Then
Z Z
1  1  1 
I= wv − vdu = ue − eu du =
u
ueu − eu + C
2 2 2
1  2 x2 2

= x e − ex + C.
2

Definite Integrals

R1
1. 0
(−24t2 + 6t − 1)dt

Apply the power rule to each term:

Z 1 h t3 t2 i1 h i1
(−24t2 + 6t − 1)dt = − 24 · + 6 · − t = − 8t3 + 3t2 − t
0 3 2 0 0

= (−8 · 13 + 3 · 12 − 1) − (−8 · 03 + 3 · 02 − 0) = −8 + 3 − 1 − (0 + 0 − 0) = −6.

R ln(3)
2. 0
ex dx

The integral of ex is ex itself, so

Z ln(3)
 ln(3)
ex dx = ex 0 = eln(3) − e0 = 3 − 1 = 2.
0

R8 6dx
3. 1
√3x

Rewrite the integrand as 6x−1/3 , then apply the power rule:

Z 8
6dx
Z 8 h x− 13 +1 i8 h x 23 i8 h 3 2 i8
− 31
√ = 6 x dx = 6 = 6 = 6 x3
1
3
x 1 − 31 + 1 1 2
3
1 2 1

13
  2 8  2 2

= 9 x 3 1 = 9 8 3 − 1 3 = 9(22 − 1) = 9(4 − 1) = 9 · 3 = 27.

R4
4. √7xdx
0 x2 +9

Substitute u = x2 + 9, so du = 2xdx, and xdx = 12 du. However, because this is a definite

integral, we should convert the bounds to terms of u as well: u(0) = 02 + 9 = 9, and
u(4) = 42 + 9 = 16 + 9 = 25. Therefore
7 · 12 du
Z 4 Z 25
7 25 − 1
Z
7xdx
√ = √ = u 2 du
0 x2 + 9 9 u 2 9
1
7 h u 2 i25 7 √ 25 √ √
= = · 2 u = 7( 25 − 9) = 7(5 − 3) = 7 · 2 = 14.
2 12 9 2 9

R2 2
5. 1
ze−z dz

Substitute u = −z 2 so du = −2zdz, zdz = − 21 du; the bounds convert to u(1) = −12 = −1

and u(2) = −22 = −4. Then
Z 2 Z −4 
−z 2 1  1  −4 1  −1
ze dz = e − du = − eu −1 = eu −4
u
1 −1 2 2 2
1 1 1
= e−1 − e−4 =


− 4.
2 2e 2e

Re
6. 1
x11 ln(x)dx

This is a product of two simple functions, so integration by parts is appropriate. Let

12
u = ln(x), so du = x1 dx, dv = x11 dx, and v = x12 . Then
Z e Z e Z e 12
11
 e h x12 ie x 1
x ln(x)dx = uv 1 − vdu = ln(x) · − · dx
1 1 12 1 1 12 x
e
e12 112 e12 1 h x12 ie
Z
1
= ln(e) · − ln(1) · − x11 dx = 1 · −0·1−
12 1 12 1 12 12 12 1
e12 1 e12
 1  e12 e12 1 12e12 e12 1
= − − = − + = − +
12 12 12 12 12 144 144 144 144 144
11e12 1
= + .
144 144

14
 R1
7. 0
x2 e−5x dx

Let’s start with the substitution u = −5x, so du = −5dx, and dx = − 15 du. We also need
to convert the bounds: u(0) = −5 · 0 = 0, and u(1) = −5 · 1 = −5. Finally, note that
x = − 15 u, so
−5
1
1 −5 1 2 u
Z Z Z
2 −5x
1 2 u  1 
I= xe dx = − u e − du = − u e du
0 0 5 5 5 0 25
Z −5 Z 0
1 2 u 1
=− u e du = u2 eu du.
125 0 125 −5
What remains is a product of simple functions, u2 and eu . Therefore, we can integrate
by parts. Let w = u2 , so dw = 2udu, dv = eu du, and v = eu . We get
Z 0 Z 0
1  0  1  2 u 0 u

I= wv −5 − vdw = u e −5 − e · 2udu
125 −5 125 −5
Z 0 Z 0
1  2 0 2 −5 u
 1  −5

= 0 · e − (−5) · e − 2 ue du = − 25e − 2 ueu du
125 −5 125 −5
Z 0
1 2
= − e−5 − ueu du.
5 125 −5
The remaining integral is also a product of two simple functions, so integrate by parts a
second time. Let w2 = u, so dw2 = du, dv2 = eu du, and v2 = eu . Then
Z 0 Z 0
1 5 2  0  1 −5 2  u 0 
I=− e − w2 v2 −5 − v2 dw2 = − e − ue −5 − eu du
5 125 −5 5 125 −5

1 2   0  1 2  −5 
= − e−5 − 0 · eu − (−5)e−5 − eu −5 = − e−5 − 5e − (e0 − e−5 )
5 125 5 125
1 −5 2 
−5 −5
 1 −5 2  −5 
=− e − 5e − 1 + e =− e − 6e − 1
5 125 5 125
1 12 −5 2 25 −5 12 −5 2 2 − 37e−5
= − e−5 − e + =− e − e + = .
5 125 125 125 125 125 125

Improper Integrals

R∞ 1
1. 1 x10
dx

Z ∞ Z b h x−9 ib
1 h 1 ib
dx = lim x−10 dx = lim = lim
1 x10 b→∞ 1 b→∞ −9 1 b→∞ −9x9 1

15
  1 1  1 1
= lim − = 0 + =
b→∞ −9b9 −9 9 9

R∞
2. 0
e−7t dt

Z ∞ Z b h e−7t ib
−7t 1 h 1 ib
e dt = lim e−7t dt = lim
lim 7t =−
0 b→∞ 0 b→∞ −7 0 7 b→∞ e 0
1  1 1  1  1  1
= − lim 7b − 0 = − 0 − =
7 b→∞ e e 7 1 7

R −1dx
3. −∞ x

Z −1
Z −1
dx 1  −1
= lim dx = lim ln |x| a
−∞ x a→−∞ a x a→−∞
 
= lim ln | − 1| − ln |a| = ln(1) − lim ln |a| = 0 − ∞ = −∞,
a→−∞ a→−∞
so this integral diverges

R∞
4. −∞
5x dx

First consider
Z ∞ b h 5x ib  5b 50 
Z
x
5 dx = lim 5x dx = lim = lim −
0 b→∞ 0 b→∞ ln(5) 0 b→∞ ln(5) ln(5)
∞ 1
− = ∞. =
ln(5) ln(5)
R∞ R0 R∞
This integral diverges. Therefore, because −∞ 5x dx = −∞ 5x dx + 0 5x dx, and one of
these smaller integrals diverges, the entire original integral diverges.

R∞
5. −∞
x2 dx

Consider
∞ b h x3 i b  b3 03  ∞
Z Z
2 2
x dx = lim x dx = lim = lim − = − 0 = ∞.
0 b→∞ 0 b→∞ 3 0 b→∞ 3 3 3
R∞
This integral diverges, so −∞
x2 dx also diverges.

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 R∞ xdx
6. −∞ (7x2 +9)4

First, write Z ∞ Z 0 Z ∞
xdx xdx xdx
= + .
−∞ (7x2 + 9)4 2
(7x + 9) 4 (7x2 + 9)4
| −∞ {z } | 0
{z }
I1 I2

Calculate each integral separately, then add them together.

1
I1 : Substitute u = 7x2 + 9, so du = 14xdx, xdx = 14 du, u(0) = 9, and u(−∞) = ∞.
Then Z 9 1 Z ∞
du 1 1 h u−3 ib
14 −4
I1 = 4
= − u du = − lim
∞ u 14 14 b→∞ −3 9
| {z 9 }
∗∗∗

1 h 1 ib 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim 3 = lim 3 − 3 = 0− 3 =− .
42 b→∞ u 9 42 b→∞ b 9 42 9 42 · 93
***We switch the bounds to place ∞ in the top bound. This is okay so long as we
negate the integral.

I2 : Using the same substitution, and the conversion u(∞) = ∞, we get

∞ 1 h u−3 ib
du
Z
14 1 1 h 1 ib
I2 = = lim =− lim 3
9 u4 14 b→∞ −3 9 42 b→∞ u 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
=− lim 3 − 3 = − 0− 3 = .
42 b→∞ b 9 42 9 42 · 93

Therefore Z ∞
xdx 1 1
2 4
= I1 + I2 = − 3
+ = 0.
−∞ (7x + 9) 42 · 9 42 · 93

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