2 Marks Questions and Answers

Unit 1

Q1. What is circuit breaker?

A1. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

Q2. Give the two methods of arc interruption.

A2. The two methods of arc interruption are high resistance method and low resistance or current

zero method.

Q3. Define restriking voltage.

A3. Restriking voltage is the transient voltage that appears across the contacts of a circuit breaker

upon arc extinction.

Q4. What is meant by recovery voltage?

A4. Recovery voltage is the normal frequency voltage which appears across the breaker contacts

after arc extinction.

Q5. What is meant by RRRV?

A5. RRRV (Rate of Rise of Restriking Voltage) is the rate at which the restriking voltage increases

immediately after the current interruption.

Q6. What is resistance switching?

A6. Resistance switching is the method of inserting a resistor in parallel with the circuit breaker

contacts to reduce the restriking voltage.

Q7. What is current chopping?

A7. Current chopping is the phenomenon of arc current interruption before the natural current zero.

Q8. Define Making capacity?

A8. Making capacity is the maximum current a circuit breaker can carry momentarily on closing.

Q9. List out the types of circuit breakers.

A9. Types of circuit breakers include Air Break, Oil, SF6, Vacuum, and Air Blast Circuit Breakers.

Q10. What are the characteristics of SF6 gas?

chemically stable.

Unit 2

Q1. What are the functions of protective relays?

A1. Protective relays detect faults and initiate the operation of circuit breakers to isolate the faulty

section.

Q2. What is Sensitivity of a relay?

A2. Sensitivity of a relay is its ability to operate with a minimum value of actuating quantity.

Q3. What is primary protection?

A3. Primary protection is the main protection system designed to protect a particular component.

Q4. Define operating time of a relay.

A4. Operating time of a relay is the time between fault occurrence and relay operation.

Q5. Define resetting time of a relay.

A5. Resetting time is the time taken by the relay to return to its original position after the fault is

cleared.

Q6. List out the types of relays.

A6. Types of relays include Electromagnetic, Static, and Numerical relays.

Q7. Define pick-up current.

A7. Pick-up current is the minimum current at which the relay starts to operate.

Q8. What is distance protection?

A8. Distance protection is based on the measurement of impedance to the point of fault.

Q9. What are over and under current relays?

A9. Over current relays operate when current exceeds a preset value; under current relays operate

when current falls below a preset value.

Q10. Distinguish a phase comparator and amplitude comparator.

A10. A phase comparator compares the phase angle between two signals, while an amplitude

comparator compares their magnitudes.

Q1. What are the faults occur on an alternator?

A1. Faults on alternator include stator winding faults, phase to phase faults, and ground faults.

Q2. List the faults that occur in rotor of a generator.

A2. Rotor faults include rotor winding open circuit and rotor earth faults.

Q3. What type of relay is used for loss of excitation of an alternator?

A3. Loss of excitation is detected by using a loss of excitation relay or under impedance relay.

Q4. What are the causes of over speed and how alternators are protected from it?

A4. Overspeed is caused by sudden loss of load; protected by overspeed trip mechanism.

Q5. What is an under-frequency relay?

A5. An under-frequency relay operates when frequency drops below a preset value.

Q6. What is inter-turn fault protection?

A6. Inter-turn fault protection is used to detect short circuits between turns of the same winding.

Q7. Illustrate the differential protection.

A7. Differential protection compares currents at two ends of a winding and operates when there's a

difference.

Q8. What are the possible connections of current transformers to protect a power transformer by

differential protection?

A8. Current transformers can be connected in star or delta to detect internal faults through

differential protection.

Q9. What are the uses of Buchholzs relay?

A9. Buchholzs relay is used in oil-filled transformers to detect gas accumulation and oil movement

due to internal faults.

Q10. Mention any two applications of differential relay.

A10. Applications include transformer and generator protection.

Unit 4

Q1. What is meant by time-graded protection?

Q2. What are the types of graded used in line of radial feeder?

A2. Types include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) relays.

Q3. Which types of relays are used for feeder protection?

A3. Feeder protection uses overcurrent, earth fault, and distance relays.

Q4. Define the term pilot with reference to power line protection.

A4. Pilot refers to the communication channel used to transmit signals in line protection.

Q5. Why is use of pilot-wire relaying scheme restricted to protection of short transmission lines?

A5. Pilot-wire relaying is limited to short distances due to resistance and capacitance of the wires.

Q6. What are the advantages of translay protection system?

A6. Translay protection has advantages like better fault detection and fast operation.

Q7. Define protected zone.

A7. Protected zone is the area within which protection system can detect and isolate faults.

Q8. What are the main elements of Current Carrier Protection?

A8. Main elements include transmitter, receiver, and coupling equipment.

Q9. Why bus bar protection is needed?

A9. Bus bar protection is essential for preventing major equipment damage and power loss.

Q10. Which is the commonly used protection for 3-phase bus bar?

A10. Differential protection is commonly used for 3-phase bus bars.

Unit 5

Q1. What are the internal causes of over voltages?

A1. Internal causes include insulation failure, switching surges, and resonance.

Q2. How does the over voltage surge affect the power system?

A2. Over voltage surges can damage insulation, disrupt operation, and cause outages.

Q3. What is lightning?

A3. Lightning is a high-voltage atmospheric discharge.

Q4. What is meant by voltage surge?

Q5. What are the most commonly used devices for protection against lightning surges?

A5. Devices include lightning arresters, surge capacitors, and surge reactors.

Q6. What is an earth wire?

A6. An earth wire is a conductor used to carry fault current safely to the ground.

Q7. What is surge arrester?

A7. A surge arrester diverts excess voltage to the ground, protecting equipment.

Q8. What are the types of lightning arresters?

A8. Types include rod gap, horn gap, valve type, and metal oxide arresters.

Q9. What are the advantages of Metal oxide lighting arrester?

A9. Metal oxide arresters have high energy handling capacity and better performance.

Q10. What is meant by impulse ratio of any lightning arrester?

A10. Impulse ratio is the ratio of breakdown voltage under impulse conditions to that under power

frequency.