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Contributors vii

P. FLISBERG, MD, P H D
Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, GPO Box X2213, Perth,
WA 6847, Australia.

J.A. FRANKLYN, MD, P H D, FRCP, FM ED S CI

University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Department of Medicine, Edgbaston,
Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

M.G. FRANZOSI, P H D
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Department of Cardiovascular Research,
Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]

HANSJAKOB FURRER, MD
Klinik und Poliklinik für Infektiologie, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]

CHRISTOPH FUX, MD
Klinik und Poliklinik für Infektiologie, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]

A.H. GHODSE, MD, P H D, DS C , FRCP, FRCPE, FRCP SYCH , FFPH

International Centre for Drug Policy (ICDP), St. George’s University of London, 2nd Floor
Hunter Wing, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

A. GIL-NAGEL, MD
Hospital Ruber Internacional, La Masó 38, Mirasierra, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
E-mail: [email protected]

A.H. GROLL, MD
Infectious Diseases Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Depart-
ment of Hematology/Oncology, Muenster, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]

I. HARDY, BP HARM
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auck-
land, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected]

J.T. HARTMANN, P H D, MD
Department of Oncology/Hematology/Immunology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen,
Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
E-mail: [email protected]

K. HARTMANN, MS C P HARM
Berna Biotech Ltd, Head Global Pharmacovigilance, 3000 Berne, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]

MANFRED HAUBEN, MD, MPH

Risk Management Strategy, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA.

A. IMHOF, MD
University Hospital Zurich, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hos-
pital Epidemiology, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]
viii Contributors

N. JIMENO, MD, P H D
Instituto de Farmacoepidemiología, Facultad de Medicina, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.

MARKUS JOERGER, MD
Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
E-mail: [email protected]

DAVID M. KEELING, BS C , MD, FRCP, FRCPATH

Oxford Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
E-mail: [email protected]

SANDRA R. KNOWLES, BS C P HM
Drug Safety Clinic, Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, University of
Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]

MAX KUHN, MD
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Kantonsspital, Loestrasse 170, 7000
CHUR, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected]

I. KUROWSKI, MMMS, FANZCA

Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, GPO Box X2213, Perth,
WA 6847, Australia.

R. LAFFER, MD
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001
Aarau, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected]

R. LATINI, MD
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Department of Cardiovascular Research,
Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]

T. LEDOWSKI, MD, DEEA

Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, GPO Box X2213, Perth,
WA 6847, Australia.

M. LEUWER, MD
The University of Liverpool, University Department of Anaesthesia, The Duncan Building,
Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

H.-P. LIPP, P H D
Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Röntgenweg 9, 72076
Tübingen, Germany.

P. MAGEE, BS C , MS C , MRP HARM S

Director of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford
Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

A.P. MAGGIONI, MD
ANMCO Research Center, Via La Marmora 34, 50121 Florence, Italy.
E-mail: [email protected]

L.H. MARTÍN ARIAS, MD, P H D

Instituto de Farmacoepidemiología, Facultad de Medicina, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors ix

R.H.B. MEYBOOM, MD, P H D

Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Scienes,
Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.

T. MIDTVEDT, MD, P H D
Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Nobels v. 16, Karolinska Insti-
tute, S 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]

S.K. MORCOS, FRCS, FFRRCSI, FRCR

Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Diagnostic
Imaging, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

S. MUSA, MBC H B, MRCP SYCH

Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist, South West Yorkshire Mental Health NHS Trust, Aberford
Centre, Wakefield, UK.

R. PAGE, MD, FRCP, MA(E D )

Endocrine unit, Dundee House, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Rd., Nottingham, NG5
1PB, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

J.K. PATEL, MD
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 361 Plantation Street,
Worcester, MA 01605, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

B.C.P. POLAK, MD
VU University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Am-
sterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]

T.E. RALSTON, MA
Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland–Baltimore, 737 W Lombard St, Suite 551,
Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

M. SCHACHTER, MD
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College,
St. Mary’s Hospital, London, W2 1NY, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

MATTHIAS SCHLEGEL, MD
Klinik und Poliklinik für Infektiologie, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]

S.A. SCHUG, MD, FANZCA, FFPMANZCA

Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology Unit, University of Western Australia and Department of
Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, GPO Box X2213, Perth, WA 6847, Aus-
tralia. E-mail: [email protected]

R.P. SEQUEIRA, P H D, FCP

Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medial Sciences, Department of Pharmacol-
ogy and Therapeutics, P.O. Box 22979, Manama, Bahrain. E-mail: [email protected]

NEIL H. SHEAR, MD, FRCPC

Drug Safety Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, ON M4N 3M5,
Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
x Contributors

D.A. SICA, MD
Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Medical College
of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980160 MCV Station, Richmond, VA
23298-0160, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

OSCAR O. SIMOOYA, BS C, MBC H B, MS C

Clinical Pharmacologist, Copperbelt University Health Services, P.O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zam-
bia. E-mail: [email protected]

P.F.W. STRENGERS, MD, FFPM

Sanquin, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
E-mail: [email protected]

S. SWAMINATHAN, MD
Tuberculosis Research Centre, Mayor VR Ramanathan Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India.
E-mail: [email protected]

CHRISTINE THURNHEER, MD
Klinik und Poliklinik für Infektiologie, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
E-mail: [email protected]

G.B. VAN DER VOET, P H D, ERT

Leiden University Medical Center, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry,
Pharmacy and Toxicology, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
E-mail: [email protected]

P.J.J. VAN GENDEREN, MD, P H D

Harbour Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Haringvliet 2, 3011 TD Rotterdam, The
Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]

R. VERHAEGHE, MD
University of Leuven, Center for Vascular and Molecular Biology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven,
Belgium. E-mail: [email protected]

T. VIAL, MD
Centre Antipoison – Centre de Pharmacovigilance, 162 avenue Lacassagne, 69424 Lyon cedex
03, France. E-mail: [email protected]

P.J.M. VOSSEBELD, P H D
Sanquin, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
E-mail: [email protected]

G.M. WALSH, MS C , P H D
School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences Building, University of Aberdeen, Forester-
hill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

T.J. WALSH, MD
Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20891, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

E.J. WONG, MD
Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry,
Boston, MA 02115, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors xi

GAVIN WONG, MBC H B, MRCP(UK)

Drug Safety Clinic, Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, University of
Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]

Y. YOUNG, MBBS, MRCP(UK), FRCA, FANZCA

Department of Anaesthesia, Level 8, Support Building, Auckland City Hospital, Private Bag
92024, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected]

O. ZUZAN, MD
Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Prescot Street, Liverpool,
L7 8XP, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
 Contents
Contributors v
Special reviews xvii
Cumulative index of special reviews, Annuals 14–28 xix
Table of Essays, Annuals 1–28 xxvii
DoTS classification of adverse drug reactions xxix
How to use this book xxxi
Essay: Data mining in drug safety xxxiii
M. Hauben and A. Bate
1. Central nervous system stimulants and drugs that suppress appetite 1
R.P. Sequeira
2. Antidepressant drugs 18
P.J. Cowen
3. Lithium 28
D.L. Dunner
4. Drugs of abuse 35
J.K. Patel, T.E. Ralston, and E. Wong
5. Hypnosedatives and anxiolytics 51
S. Musa, A. Byrne, and S. Curran
6. Antipsychotic drugs 60
A. Carvajal, L.H. Martín Arias, and N. Jimeno
7. Antiepileptic drugs 87
A. Gil-Nagel
8. Opioid analgesics and narcotic antagonists 105
A.H. Ghodse and A.M. Baldacchino
9. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesics and drugs used in gout 116
A. Del Favero
10. General anesthetics and therapeutic gases 128
Y. Young
11. Local anesthetics 135
S.A. Schug, P. Flisberg, I. Kurowski, and T. Ledowski
12. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants 145
O. Zuzan and M. Leuwer
13. Drugs that affect autonomic functions or the extrapyramidal system 148
M. Schachter
14. Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics 156
S.R. Knowles, G. Wong, and N.H. Shear

xiii
xiv Contents

15. Antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists) 161

G.M. Walsh
16. Drugs acting on the respiratory tract 168
M. Joerger, K. Hartmann, and M. Kuhn
17. Positive inotropic drugs and drugs used in dysrhythmias 182
J.K. Aronson
18. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and antianginal drugs 194
A.P. Maggioni, M.G. Franzosi, and R. Latini
19. Drugs acting on the cerebral and peripheral circulations 202
R. Verhaeghe
20. Antihypertensive drugs 206
J.J. Coleman
21. Diuretics 219
D.A. Sica
22. Metals 225
G.B. van der Voet and F.A. de Wolff
23. Metal antagonists 235
R.H.B. Meyboom
24. Antiseptic drugs and disinfectants 241
P. Magee
25. Penicillins, cephalosporins, other beta-lactam antibiotics, and tetracyclines 244
T. Midtvedt
26. Miscellaneous antibacterial drugs 253
A. Imhof and R. Laffer
27. Antifungal drugs 280
A.H. Groll and T.J. Walsh
28. Antiprotozoal drugs 294
O.O. Simooya
29. Antiviral drugs 300
C. Fux, J. Evison, M. Schlegel, C. Thurnheer, and H. Furrer
30. Drugs used in tuberculosis and leprosy 315
S. Swaminathan
31. Antihelminthic drugs 320
P.J.J. van Genderen
32. Vaccines 327
S. Dittmann
33. Blood, blood components, plasma, and plasma products 338
P.J.M. Vossebeld and P.F.W. Strengers
34. Formulations used in nutrition 353
M.C. Allwood and I. Hardy
35. Drugs affecting blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and hemostasis 358
D.M. Keeling
Contents xv

36. Gastrointestinal drugs 371

S. Dar and H.R. Dalton
37. Drugs that act on the immune system: cytokines and monoclonal antibodies 383
T. Vial, J. Descotes, F. Braun, and M. Behrend
38. Drugs that act on the immune system: immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory
drugs 424
F. Braun and M. Behrend
39. Corticotrophins, corticosteroids, and prostaglandins 480
J. Costa and M. Farré
40. Sex hormones and related compounds, including hormonal contraceptives 493
M.N.G. Dukes
41. Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs 520
J.A. Franklyn
42. Insulin, other hypoglycemic drugs, and glucagon 523
R.C.L. Page
43. Miscellaneous hormones 539
R.C.L. Page
44. Drugs that affect lipid metabolism 546
I. Aursnes
45. Cytostatic drugs 551
H.-P. Lipp and J.T. Hartmann
46. Radiological contrast agents 573
S.K. Morcos
47. Drugs used in ocular treatment 581
B.C.P. Polak
48. Treatments used in complementary and alternative medicine 583
E. Ernst
49. Miscellaneous drugs and materials, medical devices, and techniques 596
N.H. Choulis and J.K. Aronson
Address list of national centres that participate in the WHO Drug Monitoring Programme 618
Index of drugs 632
Index of adverse effects 644
 Special reviews

The effects of metamfetamine abuse on cognition and on brain structures and function 3
Mania as an adverse effect of antidepressants 18
SSRIs and suicidal behavior 19
Fetotoxicity of cocaine 41
Death from opioid abuse 44
Coxibs and cardiovascular disease 116
Sedation in special circumstances 128
Anaphylaxis due to neuromuscular blocking agents 145
Adverse effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on the mouth and throat 168
Adverse effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on the skin 169
Beta2 -adrenoceptor genotypes and safety of salbutamol in asthma 173
Leukotriene receptor antagonists and Churg–Strauss syndrome 174
Moving targets and patterns of prescribing 206
Angioedema due to ACE inhibitors 207
Hyponatremia and loop and thiazide diuretics 219
Deferoxamine, deferiprone, and cardiac siderosis 235
Antimicrobial drug resistance: a serious adverse effect exemplified by avoparcin and
vancomycin-resistant enterococci 244
Nephrolithiasis and ceftriaxone 246
Drug interactions with antifungal azoles 282
Lipoatrophy, hyperlactatemia, and mitochondrial toxicity 302
Immune reconstitution disease 315
Multiple immunizations/combination vaccines 327
The potential influenza H5N1 pandemic 332
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and measles immunization 335
Skin necrosis in oral anticoagulation 358
Abnormalities of electrolyte, mineral, metal, and fluid balance due to polyethylene glycol 376
Psychological and psychiatric adverse effects of interferons 384
Infection risk with tumor necrosis factor antagonists 395
Leflunomide 435
Drug development of abetimus 460
Thymic hormones 464
Effects of glucocorticoids on the eye 481
Abuse of anabolic steroids in sport 508
Metformin and lactic acidosis 526
Incretin mimetics 528

xvii
xviii Special reviews

Peripheral edema due to thiazolidinediones 531

Anticancer antimetabolites 551
Nephrotoxicity due to contrast media 575
Intravitreal and parabulbar injection of drugs 581
Incidence of adverse effects of acupuncture 589
Traumatic adverse effects of acupuncture 590
Adverse effects of spinal manipulation 591
Medication errors 596
 Cumulative index of special
reviews, Annuals 14–28

Index of drugs

Note: the format 28.124 refers to SEDA-28, p. 124. Anticholinergic drugs, 22.507
Anticonvulsants, see Antiepileptic drugs
ACE inhibitors Antidepressants, during and after pregnancy, 21.17
acetylsalicylic acid, interaction, 28.124 overdose, 28.14
angioedema, 22.225 Antidysrhythmic drugs
cough, 19.211 in atrial fibrillation, 24.197
indications, 24.233 prodysrhythmic effects, 17.218, 23.196
Acetylsalicylic acid, 21.100 Antiepileptic drugs
ACE inhibitors, interaction, 28.124 bone loss, 27.74
benefit to harm balance in preventing strokes and comparison, 25.78
heart attacks, 27.109 death, 23..83
co-medication, 26.423 overdosage, 22.84
gastrointestinal effects, 17.95, 18.90 psychiatric effects, 22.82, 27.72
Reye’s syndrome, 15.85 Antiestrogens, genotoxicity and tumorigenicity,
rhinosinusitis/asthma, 17.94 27.429
Aerosols, delivery, 27.172 Antifungal drugs
Albumin, human, anaphylaxis, 14.296 drug interactions (azoles), 24.318, 28.299
Alcohol, vitamin A, beta-carotene, interaction, Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia, 18.289
24.442 Antihistamines
Aldosterone antagonists, in heart failure, 24.246 cardiovascular adverse effects, 17.196, 22.176,
Aluminium, in albumin solutions, 23.359 25.183, 26.180
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 17.304 drowsiness/sedation, 21.170, 23.171, 26.182
dosage regimens, 20.234, 21.265, 23.264 Antihypertensive drugs, 19.209
nephrotoxicity, 15.268, 17.305 In diabetes mellitus, 28.226
ototoxicity, 14.222, 18.268 fixed-dose combinations, 22.224
and ribostamycin, 15.270 individualizing therapy, 17.246
Amiodarone, dysrhythmias, 25.211 Antimalarial drugs, 14.237, 17.325, 20.257
respiratory toxicity, 15.168 adjunctive treatments, 24.330
thyroid disease, 27.192 prophylaxis, 23.304
Amphotericin, liposomal, 17.319 Antimicrobial drugs
nephrotoxicity, 14.229, 27.276 allergic reactions, 23.251
Analgesics coagulation disorders, 18.258
headache, 21.95 colitis, 17.303
headaches in children, 23.114 prudent future use, 27.242, 28. 265
nephropathy, 21.98 male fertility, 16.262
Androgens, in women, 24.477 new, with adjuvants, 17.296
Anesthesia, dental, safety of, 16.122 the pill and pregnancy, 24, 274
Anesthetics policies and politics, 16.273
halogenated, renal damage, 20.106 prescribing, 15.254
local, combinations, 20.121 preterm infants, 21.258
local, neurotoxicity, 21.129, 25.152 prudent use, 25.279
ocular, 17.542 resistance, 19.237, 20.228, 21.257, 22.265,
Anorectic drugs 23.250, 24.273
cardiac valvulopathy 22.3, 23.2, 24.4, 25.5 seizures, 18.261
primary pulmonary hypertension, 18.7, 21.2, 23.2, side chains, 16.264
25.5 Antioxidant vitamins, 20.363
Anthracyclines, 25.533 Antiprotozoal drugs

xix
xx Cumulative index of special reviews, Annuals 14–28

African trypanosomiasis, 18.293 adverse effects, 24.525

toxoplasmosis, 20.262 anaphylactoid and allergic reactions, 20.422
Antipsychotic drugs delayed reactions, 26.513
comparisons of different types 25.53, 27.50 in magnetic resonance imaging, 20.419
diabetes mellitus, 28.60 nephrotoxicity, 27.500, 28.556
use in conditions other than schizophrenia, 27.49 Corticosteroids, see Glucocorticoids
weight gain, 26.56 Cosmetics
Antiretroviral drugs, metabolic complications, contact allergy, 16.150, 19.151
28.329 ingredient labeling 22.159
Antituberculosis drugs, 16.341 Co-trimoxazole, hypersensitivity reactions, 20.264
genetic susceptibility, 28.342 COX2 inhibitors, 24.115, 25.126, 26.116
liver damage, 25.363, 26.339
Mycobacterium avium–complex infection, 20.278
Deferoxamine, 16.247
Appetite suppressants
bone dysplasia, 23.241
cardiac valvulopathies, 22.3, 23.2, 24.4, 25.5
Diamorphine, progressive spongiform leukoen-
primary pulmonary hypertension, 18.7, 21.2, 23.2,
cephalopathy, 24.40
25.5
Diclofenac, liver damage, 20.91
Aspirin, see Acetylsalicylic acid
Asthma medications, exacerbation of asthma, 20.165 Digitalis, in atrial fibrillation, 24.197
Atovaquone, 19.266 Digoxin, compared with other drugs in heart failure
Avoparcin, lessons from, 27.242 in sinus rhythm, 14.141
Azoles, see antifungal drugs compared with other drugs in chronic uncompli-
cated atrial fibrillation, 14.144
in heart failure in sinus rhythm, 18.196
Baclofen, withdrawal syndrome, 26.152 Diuretics
Bambuterol, cardiac failure, 23.181 diabetes mellitus, electrolyte abnormalities, and
Benzodiazepines, depression, 17.43 the ALLHAT trial, 27.219
brain damage, 14.36 renal cell carcinoma, 23.225
Beta2 -adrenoceptor agonists, 18.159 renal insufficiency, 25.250
asthma, 19.178, 21.179 Dofetilide, 26.208
asthma deaths, 17.164 Dopamine receptor agonists, sleep disorders, 26.160,
Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, sexual function, 27.149
15.188
Beta-carotene, see also Vitamin A
alcohol, vitamin A, interaction, 24.442 Ecstasy, see MDMA
tumorigenicity, 25.454 EDTA, pseudothrombocytopenia, 21.250
Beta-lactam antibiotics, immediate hypersensitivity Endothelin receptor antagonists, in hypertension,
reactions, 14.211 26.233
pregnancy, 25.280 Enzyme inhibitors, 15.337
Botulinum toxin A, use in primary axillary hyper- Erythromycin, versus the new macrolides, 21.269
hidrosis, 27.161 Erythropoietin, pure red cell aplasia, 27.348
status and safety, 16.400
Etoposide, 27.477
Calcium antagonists, long-term safety, 20.185, Euxyl K 400, contact allergy, 16.150
21.208, 22.214
Carotenoids, tumorigenicity, 25.454
Ceftriaxone, 15.258 Felbamate
Cephalosporins, immunological reactions, 28.267 aplastic anemia, 19.68, 22.86
Charcoal, activated, in digitalis overdose, 24.201 risk/benefit ratio, 23.86
Chloramphenicol, children, 15.267 Fenfluramine
Chloroquine, 15.286 cardiac valvulopathies, 22.3, 23.2, 24.4, 25.5
Chondroprotective agents, 14.439 primary pulmonary hypertension, 18.7, 21.2, 23.2,
Chymopapain, 14.264 25.5
Ciclosporin, urinary system, 19.348 Fenoterol, safety in severe asthma, 23.182
Clozapine, 15.50 Fentanyl, buccal and transdermal administration,
agranulocytosis, 22.1359 20.77
Complementary and alternative therapies, indirect Fertility drugs
risks, 27.521 malignant melanoma, 26.434
esophagus, adverse effects on, 14.442 ovarian cancer, 24.474
Contrast media, nephrotoxicity, 27.500 Flecainide, in supraventricular dysrhythmias, 21.200
Cocaine Fluoroquinolones, 18.271
cardiovascular effects, 18.5 Fluorouracil, adverse effects, 23.476
prenatal exposure and perinatal effects, 27.1 Folic acid, dietary supplementation, 19.369
second-generation effects, 20.24 safety aspects, 27.407
Cocamidopropylbetaine, allergy, 19.151 Formoterol, tolerance, 24.187
Contrast media Fragrances, contact allergy, 20.149
Cumulative index of special reviews, Annuals 14–28 xxi

Gadolinium salts, nephrotoxicity, 28.561 Lipid-lowering drugs, 15.479

General anesthetics, see Anesthetics Lithium
Germanium, 16.545 adverse effects, prevention and treatment, 17.28
Glucocorticoids beneficial uses other than in bipolar disorder,
bone, 16.447, 22.182, 25.195 27.19
contact allergy, 15.139, 21.158 interactions, 16.13, 18.30
effective dose and therapeutic ratio, 23.175 intoxication, prevention and treatment, 17.29
and growth, 14.335 monitoring therapy, 18.25
inhaled, growth inhibition, 26.186 mortality, 19.14
inhaled, risks in children, 27.174 urinary system, 14.18, 19.16
inhaled, systemic availability, 24.185, 26.187 Local anesthetics, see Anesthetics
musculoskeletal adverse effects, 21.417 Lorenzo’s oil, 27.475
osteoporosis and osteonecrosis, 16.447, 19.377, Lyme disease vaccine, autoimmune disease, 24.366
20.374, 21.417, 22.182, 28.473
preterm infants, 17.445 Macrolides, drug interactions, 14.220
Grapefruit juice, drug interactions 23.519 intestinal motility, 18.269
Growth hormone Malaria vaccines, 22.306
adults, 16.501 Mannitol, 28.236
insulin resistance, 24.504 MAO inhibitors, 17.361
malignancy, 23.468 MDMA
cognitive effects, 26.32
Hepatitis B vaccine, demyelinating diseases, 21.331, deaths, 24.32
22.346, 24.374 Measles immunization
Heroin, see diamorphine autism, 23.350
Histamine (H2 ) receptor antagonists, 15.393 Crohn’s disease, 23.350
HIV-protease inhibitors neurological adverse effects, 23.348
insulin resistance, 22.317 Melatonin, 25.523
lipodystrophy, 22.317 Metformin
HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors, interactions, 25.530 contraindications, 28.515
Hormones, sex, tumors, 22.465 lactic acidosis, 23.459
5-HT, see serotonin Methyldibromoglutaronitrile, contact allergy, 16.150,
Hypnotics, 20.30 19.151
avoiding adverse effects, 21.37 Mibefradil, drug interactions, 23.210
Hypoglycemic drugs, combinations of, 27.458, Midazolam, 15.112
28.521 Midodrine, 26.159
Milrinone, intravenous, acute heart failure, 21.196
MMR immunization
Immunization
autism, 23.350, 25.387, 28.363
adverse effects, 24.364
Crohn’s disease, 23.350, 25.387
and autoimmune disease, 27.336
Morphine, managing adverse effects, 26.98
bioterrorism, 25.378, 26.354
Muscle relaxants
multiple, 27.334
emergency medicine, 20.133
surveillance after, 15.340, 22.333, 23.335, 24.364,
eyes, 21.145
25.376, 26.353, 27.334
hypersensitivity reactions, 27.138
Immunotherapy, in leishmaniasis, 15.299 intensive care, 19.140
Indometacin, fetal and neonatal complications,
18.102
Insulin Niacin, extended-release, 16.440
human, and hypoglycemia, 15.452 Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers, 15.127
modes of administration, 26.464 residual paralysis, 27.139
resistance, and growth hormone, 24.504 NSAIDs
synthetic analogs, 24.489 acute renal insufficiency, 28.122
Interleukin-2, 14.325 blood pressure, 19.92, 27.102
Irinotecan, 27.477 children, 19.96
Isoniazid, prophylactic, toxicity, 24.352 current controversies, 17.102
COX2 inhibitors, 24.115, 25.126, 26.116
dyspepsia, 28.120
Kava kava gastrointestinal adverse effects, 14.79, 17.95,
liver damage, 27.518 18.90, 18.99, 20.86, 21.96, 22.108, 23.114
adverse effects, 28.579 gastrointestinal damage, role of Helicobacter py-
Ketorolac, risk of adverse effects, 17.110 lori, 27.105
gastrointestinal toxicity, prevention, 19.93
Lamotrigine, skin rashes, 20.62, 24.88 inflammatory bowel disease, 25.131
Leukotriene receptor antagonists, Churg–Strauss inhibiting cardioprotective effects of acetylsali-
syndrome, 24.183, 27.177 cylic acid, 28.118
xxii Cumulative index of special reviews, Annuals 14–28

intracerebral hemorrhage, 28.119 Rotashield, intussusception, 23.354

necrotizing fasciitis, 28.121
nephrotoxicity, 18.100, 20.89, 24.120, 26.111 Salmeterol, tolerance, 24.187
topical, 18.163 Sex hormones, tumors, 22.465
Serotonin
Ocular drugs receptor antagonists, 15.391
allergic reactions, 21.486 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, drug inter-
geriatric patients, 16.542 actions, 22.13
risk factors for adverse effects, 22.507 Smallpox vaccination, 27.339
Omeprazole, tumors, 16.423 Somatostatin, 15.468
Opioids Statins, see HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors
adverse effects, prevention, 24.100 Steroids, see glucocorticoids
death, 25.37 Sumatriptan, 17.171
obstetric use, 24.102 Suramin, patients with prostate cancer, 20.283
tolerance in neonates, 23.97 Suxamethonium, postoperative myalgia, 28.155
Oral contraceptives
antibiotics, and pregnancy, 24.274 Teniposide, 27.477
and breast cancer, 15.426 Tetracyclines
formulations, 24.472 adverse effects, 26.268
third-generation, 25.484, 26.442 comparative toxicity, 22.268
venous thromboembolism, 23.442 and metalloproteinases, 26.266
in pregnancy, 25.280
Paclitaxel, adverse effects, 21.463 in rheumatology, 23.255
Pancreatic enzyme supplements, fibrosing colonopa- therapeutic effects, 24.278
thy, 20.322 Theophylline, asthma, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2
Paracetamol Thiomersal, in vaccines, 28.357
liver damage, 17.98, 18.94 Thyroxine, drug interactions, 24.484
overdose, 23.117 Tiaprofenic acid, cystitis, 18.106
Parenteral nutrition Topiramate, cognitive effects, 26.81
bone effects, 22.378 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 27.477
cholestasis, 22.376 Topotecan, 27.477
infections 22.379 Tretinoin, topical, teratogenicity, 18.164
Penicillins Triazolam, 16.33
acute desensitization, 23.252 L-tryptophan, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome,
immunological reactions, 28.267 15.514
Peritoneal dialysis fluids, effects on peritoneum,
22.381 Vaccines, see also individual agents
Phentermine, cardiac valvulopathies, 24.4 poliomyelitis, 22.352
Platinum compounds, 26.490 thiomersal in, 28.357
Polio vaccine, AIDS, 23.352 Vigabatrin
Polyaspartic acid, protective against nephrotoxicity, psychosis and abnormal behavior, 18.71
17.305 visual field defects, 21.78, 24.95, 25.98, 26.82
Polystyrene sulfonates, 25.271 Valproate, polycystic ovary syndrome, 26.81
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, storage disease, 22.522 Vancomycin., lessons from, 27.242
Propofol, infusion syndrome, 26.135 Vinca alkaloids, 28.538
Propolis, allergy, 17.181 Vitamin A, 17.436
Proton pump inhibitors, tumors, 23.383 alcohol, beta-carotene, interaction, 24.442
PUVA, malignant melanoma, 22.166 hypervitaminosis, 15.411
Pyrazinamide, in latent pulmonary tuberculosis, in pregnancy, 21.405
27.323 Vitamin B6 , debate, 23.420
Vitamin E, co-medication, 26.423
Quinidine, versus quinine, 15.295 Vitamin K
Quinine, versus quinidine, 15.295 cancer, 23.424
Ribostamycin, and aminoglycosides, 15.270 skin reactions, 25.461
Rocuronium, allergic reactions, 26.150 Vitamins, in old age, 22.431

Index of adverse effects

Cardiovascular cardiac failure, bambuterol, 23.181
atrial fibrillation, antidysrhythmic drugs, 24.197 cardiotoxicity, antihistamines, 17.196, 25.183,
atrial fibrillation, digitalis, 24.197 26.180
cardiac failure, aldosterone antagonists, 24.246 cardiotoxicity, calcium antagonists, 20.185