Wireless sensor network
UNIT-I
Sixth Sem
ECE-342T
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
SENSOR NODE
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
A sensor network is a wireless network that consists of thousands of very small
nodes called sensors.
Base station
Architecture of wireless sensor networks
Introduction
• sensor devices
• low-cost
• low-power
• Multifunctional
• A sensor network that can provide access to information anytime,
anywhere by collecting, processing, analyzing and disseminating
data.
Introduction （cont’）
• Sensor networks promise to revolutionize sensing in a wide range
of application domains.
• reliability
• accuracy
• flexibility
• Cost-effectiveness
• ease of deployment
Introduction （cont’）
• Sensor networks enable：
• information gathering
• information processing
• reliable monitoring
of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications.
Introduction （cont’）
• The architecture of the sensor node’s hardware consists of five components:
• sensing hardware
• Processor
• memory
• power supply
• transceiver
• These devices are easily deployed
• no infrastructure and human control are needed
Wireless Sensor Networks (cont.)
WSN Sensors are equipped with sensing, limited computation, and wireless
communication capabilities.
Typical hardware components of a sensor node in wireless sensor networks
9
Introduction （cont’）
• Each sensor node has
• wireless communication capability
• sufficient intelligence for signal processing and for disseminating the data
• Communication in sensor networks is not typically end to end.
• Wireless network
• Energy is typically more limited in sensor networks.－difficulty in
recharging
Introduction （cont’）
• Bluetooth devices are unsuitable for sensor network applications
• because of their energy requirements
• and expected higher costs than sensor nodes
• a denser infrastructure would lead to a more effective sensor
network.
• It can provide higher accuracy
• and has a larger aggregate amount of energy available
Introduction （cont’）
• if not properly managed, a denser network can intelligence for
signal processing and also lead to a larger number of collisions
and potentially to congestion in the network
• increase latency
• reduce energy efficiency
Examples of possible applications
• Sensors are deployed to analyze remote locations
• the motion of a tornado(cyclone)
• fire detection in a forest
• Sensors are attached to taxi cabs in a large metropolitan area to study the traffic conditions and
plan routes effectively.
• Wireless parking lot sensor networks that determine which spots are occupied and which spots are
free.
• Wireless surveillance sensor networks for providing security in a shopping mall, parking garage or
at some other facility.
• Military sensor networks to detect, locate or track enemy movements.
• Sensor networks can increase alertness to potential terrorist threats.
Introduction
• Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors which
are distributed in an ad hoc manner.
• These sensors work with each other to sense some physical
phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get
relevant results.
• Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with
self-organizing capabilities.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 14
WSNs Applications
▪ WSNs have many advantages over traditional networking
techniques.
▪ They have an increasing number of applications, such as
infrastructure protection and security, surveillance, health-
care, environment monitoring, food safety, intelligent
transportation, and smart energy.
15
Comparison with ad hoc networks
• Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast
communication while ad hoc networks use point-to-point
communication.
• Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are
limited by sensors limited power, energy and
computational capability.
• Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large
amount of overhead and large number of sensors.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 16
WSNs Applications
WSNs Applications 17
Applications of Wireless Sensor networks
The applications can be divided in three
categories:
• Monitoring of objects.
• Monitoring of an area.
• Monitoring of both area and objects.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 18
Monitoring Objects
• Structural Monitoring
• Eco-physiology
• Condition-based Maintenance
• Medical Diagnostics
• Urban terrain mapping
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 19
Monitoring Area
• Environmental Monitoring
• Precision Agriculture
• Indoor Climate Control
• Military Surveillance
• Intelligent Alarms
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 20
Precision Agriculture
• Precision agriculture aims at
making cultural operations more
efficient, while reducing
environmental impact.
• The information collected from
sensors is used to evaluate
optimum sowing density, estimate
fertilizers and other inputs needs,
and to more accurately predict
crop yields.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 21
Monitoring Interactions between Objects and
Space
• Wildlife Habitats
• Disaster Management
• Emergency Response
• Ubiquitous Computing
• Asset Tracking
• Health Care
• Manufacturing Process Flows
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 22
Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consists of sensors.
Sensors are -
• low power
• limited memory
• energy constrained due to their small size.
• Wireless networks can also be deployed in extreme
environmental conditions and may be prone to
enemy attacks.
• Although deployed in an ad hoc manner they need to
be self organized and self healing and can face
constant reconfiguration.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 23
Design Challenges for WSN
Heterogeneity
The devices deployed maybe of various types and need to
collaborate with each other.
Distributed Processing
The algorithms need to be centralized as the processing
is carried out on different nodes.
Low Bandwidth Communication
The data should be transferred efficiently between
sensors
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 24
Continued..
Large Scale Coordination
The sensors need to coordinate with each other to
produce required results.
Utilization of Sensors
The sensors should be utilized in a ways that produce the
maximum performance and use less energy.
Real Time Computation
The computation should be done quickly as new data is
always being generated.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 25
Operational Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks
• Energy Efficiency
• Limited storage and computation
• Low bandwidth and high error rates
• Errors are common
• Wireless communication
• Noisy measurements
• Node failure are expected
• Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
• Survivability in harsh environments
• Experiments are time- and space-intensive
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 26
Future of WSN
Smart Home / Smart Office
• Sensors controlling
electrical devices in the
house.
• Better lighting and
heating in office
buildings.
• The Pentagon building
has used sensors
extensively.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 27
Biomedical / Medical
Health Monitors
Glucose
Heart rate
Cancer detection
Chronic Diseases
Artificial retina
Cochlear implants
Hospital Sensors
Monitor vital signs
Record anomalies
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 28
Military
Remote deployment of
sensors for tactical monitoring
of enemy troop movements.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 29
Industrial & Commercial
• Numerous industrial and commercial
applications:
• Agricultural Crop Conditions
• Inventory Tracking
• In-Process Parts Tracking
• Automated Problem Reporting
• Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing
• Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 30
Traffic Management & Monitoring
Future cars could use
wireless sensors to:
• Handle Accidents
• Handle Thefts
Sensors embedded in
the roads to:
• Monitor traffic flows
• Provide real-time
route updates
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 31
Hardware Setup Overview
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 32
Sensor Network Algorithms
• Directed Diffusion – Data centric routing
• Sensor Network Query Processing
• Distributed Data Aggregation
• Localization in sensor networks
• Multi-object tracking/Pursuer Evader
• Security
Wireless Sensor network
VI Sem
MANET(Mobile Ad-hoc Network)
Outline
• Network scenarios
• Optimization goals
• Gateway concepts
SS 05 109
Basic scenarios: Ad hoc networks
• (Mobile) ad hoc scenarios
• Nodes talking to each other
• Nodes talking to “some” node in another network (Web server on the
Internet, e.g.)
• Typically requires some connection to the fixed network
• Applications: Traditional data (http, ftp, collaborative apps, …) &
multimedia (voice, video) ! humans in the loop
Access Point
Basic scenarios: sensor networks
• Sensor network scenarios
• Sources: Any entity that provides data/measurements
• Sinks: Nodes where information is required
• Belongs to the sensor network as such
• Is an external entity, e.g., a PDA, but directly connected to the WSN
• Main difference: comes and goes, often moves around, …
• Is part of an external network (e.g., internet), somehow connected to the WSN
• Applications: Usually, machine to machine, often limited amounts of data, different notions
of importance
Source Source
Source
Inter
Sink Sink Sink net
Single-hop vs.problem:
• One common multi-hop
limited range ofnetworks
wireless communication
• Essentially due to limited transmission power, path loss, obstacles
• Option: multi-hop networks
• Send packets to an intermediate node
• Intermediate node forwards packet to its destination
• Store-and-forward multi-hop network
• Basic technique applies to
both WSN and MANET
• Note: Store&forward multi-
hopping NOT the only
possible solution
• E.g., collaborative
networking, network Sink
coding Source Obstacle
• Do not operate on a per-
packet basis
112
Energy efficiency of multi-hopping?
• Obvious idea: Multi-hopping is more energy-efficient than direct
communication
• Because of path loss > 2, energy for distance d is reduced from cd to 2c(d/2)
• c some constant
• However: This is usually wrong, or at least very over-simplified
• Need to take constant offsets for powering transmitter, receiver into account
• Details see exercise, chapter 2
! Multi-hopping for energy savings needs careful choice
WSN: Multiple sinks, multiple sources
Different sources of mobility
• Node mobility
• A node participating as source/sink (or destination) or a relay node might move
around
• Deliberately, self-propelled or by external force; targeted or at random
• Happens in both WSN and MANET
• Sink mobility
• In WSN, a sink that is not part of the WSN might move
• Mobile requester
• Event mobility
• In WSN, event that is to be observed moves around (or extends, shrinks)
• Different WSN nodes become “responsible” for surveillance of such an event
WSN sink mobility
Request
Propagation
of answers
Movement
direction
WSN event mobility: Track the pink elephant
Here: Frisbee model as example
Optimization goal: Quality of Service
• In MANET: Usual QoS interpretation
• Throughput/delay/jitter
• High perceived QoS for multimedia applications
• In WSN, more complicated
• Event detection/reporting probability
• Event classification error, detection delay
• Probability of missing a periodic report
• Approximation accuracy (e.g, when WSN constructs a temperature map)
• Tracking accuracy (e.g., difference between true and conjectured position of the
pink elephant)
• Related goal: robustness
• Network should withstand failure of some nodes
118
Optimization goal: Energy efficiency
• Umbrella term!
• Energy per correctly received bit
• Counting all the overheads, in intermediate nodes, etc.
• Energy per reported (unique) event
• After all, information is important, not payload bits!
• Typical for WSN
• Delay/energy tradeoffs
• Network lifetime
• Time to first node failure
• Network half-life (how long until 50% of the nodes died?)
• Time to partition
• Time to loss of coverage
• Time to failure of first event notification
119
Optimization goal: Scalability
• Network should be operational regardless of number of nodes
• At high efficiency
• Typical node numbers difficult to guess
• MANETs: 10s to 100s
• WSNs: 10s to 1000s, maybe more (although few people have seen such a
network before…)
• Requiring to scale to large node numbers has serious consequences
for network architecture
• Might not result in the most efficient solutions for small networks!
• Carefully consider actual application needs before looking for
n ! 1 solutions!
120
Gateway concepts for WSN/MANET
• Gateways are necessary to the Internet for remote access to/from
the WSN
• Same is true for ad hoc networks; additional complications due to
mobility (change route to the gateway; use different gateways)
• WSN: Additionally bridge the gap between different interaction semantics
(data vs. address-centric networking) in the gateway
• Gateway needs support for different radios/protocols, …
Internet Remote
users
Gateway
node
Wireless sensor network
121
WSN to Internet communication
• Example: Deliver an alarm message to an Internet host
• Issues
• Need to find a gateway (integrates routing & service discovery)
• Choose “best” gateway if several are available
• How to find Alice or Alice’s IP?
Alert Alice
Alice‘s desktop
Internet
Gateway
nodes
Alice‘s PDA
122
Internet to WSN communication
• How to find the right WSN to answer a need?
• How to translate from IP protocols to WSN
protocols, semantics?
Remote requester
Internet Gateway
Gateway
nodes
123
WSN tunneling
• Use the Internet to “tunnel” WSN packets between
two remote WSNs
Internet
Gateway Gateway
nodes
124
