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 •

A NEW NARRATIVE HISTORY SIN:CE 1500

To my parents, Norman and Claire Berenson, with gratitude and love
 •••
List of Maps XXIII

Preface xxvii
•••
About the Writing History Exercises XXXIII

About the Author xxxv

Introduction xxxvi

CHAPTER 1 The Age of Religious Reform, 1490-1648 2

CHAPTER 2 States and Empires, 1500-1715 52
CHAPTER 3 Science and Enlightenment, 1600-1789 104

CHAPTER 4 The Era of the French Revolution, 1750-1815 154

CHAPTER 5 The Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 206

CHAPTER 6 Conservation, Reform, and Revolution, 1815-1852 256
CHAPTER 7 From National Unification to Religious Revival, 1850-1880 308

CHAPTER 8 European Society and the Road to War, 1880-1914 356

CHAPTER 9 The First World War, 1914-1919 406

CHAPTER 10 The Russian Revolution and the Rise of the Soviet Union, 1905-1940 456

CHAPTER 11 Fascism and Nazism: Mass Politics and Mass Culture, 1919-1939 508

CHAPTER 12 The Second World War, 1939-1945 558

CHAPTER 13 The Postwar, 1945-1970 610

CHAPTER 14 Economic Dilemmas, European Unity, and the Collapse

of Communism, 1970-2010 664

EPILOGUE Europe in the Twenty-First Century 716

Suggested Answers to Exercises WH1

Glossary G1
Suggested Readings 51
Credits C1
Index /1
•
IX
 •••
List of Maps XXIII

Preface xxvii
•••
About the Writing History Exercises XXXIII

About the Author xxxv

INTRODUCTION XXXVI

BIOGRAPHY: Europa xxxvii

•••
What and Where Is Europe? XXXVIII

Europe in 1450-1500 xii

Agriculture, Industry, and Trade in 1450-1500 xliv
Religion, Culture, and Intellectual Life in 1450-1500 xlvi
The Structure of This Book xlviii

CHAPTER 1 The Age of Religious Reform, 1490-1648 2

BIOGRAPHY: Martin Luther 3
The Beginnings of Religious Change 9
The Protestant Reformation 10
Luther and Religious Reform in Germany 10
Zwingli and the Radicalization of Religious Reform 12
Thomas Muntzer's Radical Anabaptism 14
ANABAPTISM AND THE PEASANTS' WAR 14
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS STRIFE 16
Calvinism 18
Predestination and the Creation of a Calvinist Church 19
The French Religious Wars 21
Other Calvinist Gains 24
The Protestant Transformation in England 25
The Catholic Reformation 28
The Catholic Recovery 29

x
 •
Contents XI

The Council of Trent 30

The Jesuits 31
The Counter-Reformation 35
The Thirty Years' War 38
Reformation Society and Culture 40
Witchcraft 42
The Visual Arts 43
Conclusion: The Reformation's Outcomes and Results 45
WRITING HISTORY: Coordination 47

CHAPTER2 States and Empires, 1500-1715 52

BIOGRAPHY: Louis XIV 53
Absolutism and Its Limits 57
A New Nobility 59
European Wars, 1660s to 1714 60
Spain: Another Kingdom Submerged in Debt 63
"Bureaucratic Absolutism" in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire 65
Austria and Bohemia: The Limits of Habsburg Authority 66
Prussia 67
Russia 69
The Ottoman Empire 72
Constitutional Regimes 75
Poland and Hungary 75
Sweden 76
The Dutch Republic 77
England 77
ENGLAND'S ROAD TO REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR 78
ENGLISH PROTESTANTISM DIVIDES IN TWO 79
THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 81
THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION 82
THE RESTORATION 83

Empires 85
The Portuguese Empire 85
The Spanish Empire 87
The Dutch Private Enterprise Empire 90
xii Contents

The British Empire 91

The French Empire 94
Conclusion: The Failure of Absolutism 97
WRITING HISTORY: Subordination 98

CHAPTER 3 Science and Enlightenment, 1600-1789 104

BIOGRAPHY: Galileo 105
A Scientific Revolution? 112
The World as Machine 113
The Experimental Method 116
Descartes and the Quest for Certainty 117
Isaac Newton: The Way Gravity Works 119
''Enlightenment'': From the Natural World to the Study of
Humankind 122
''What Is Enlightenment?'' 124
Natural Law and the Nature of Human Beings 125
Locke, Mandeville, and the Scottish Enlightenment 127
Rousseau and Natural Man 132
Civilization and ''Primitive'' Man 133
Rationality and the Critique of Religion 135
National Differences in Enlightenment Thought 136
Voltaire and the Critique of Religion in France 137
The Theory and Practice of Government 142
Women and the New Philosophy 145
Conclusion: The Accomplishments of the Enlightenment 149
WRITING HISTORY: Thesis statements 151

CHAPTER 4 The Era of the French Revolution, 1750-1815 154

BIOGRAPHY: Toussaint Louverture 155
Origins of the French Revolution 159
The Financial Crisis 160
The Political Crisis 162
The Public Opinion Crisis 163
The Crisis of Frustrated Expectations 165
France's New Social Structure 166
 •••
Contents XIII

The Revolution 167

The Revolution Takes Off 169
The Great Fear 171
The Revolution Settles In 172
Religion and Revolution 173
The End of the Monarchy 175
Civil War and Terror 178
The End of the Terror 180
The Directory, 1794-1799 182
Britain, Russia, and the French Revolution 184
Revolution in the French Empire 186
Napoleon's European Empire 192
Conclusion: The Legacy of the French Revolution 201
WRITING HISTORY: The thesis statement and its supporting ideas 203

CHAPTER s The Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 206

BIOGRAPHY: Richard Arkwright 207
Origins of the Industrial Revolution: Why Britain? 211
Britain's Urban, Market-Oriented, High-Wage Economy 211
The Agricultural Revolution 216
Coal: The Revolution in Energy 218
The Rise of Cotton 220
The Mechanization of Industry 221
The Industrial Revolution Moves Beyond Cotton 225
Economic Development Outside of Britain 230
The Cultural and Political Origins of the Industrial Revolution 234
Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution 236
The Lives of Working People 239
Economic Instability and Its Consequences 241
Changes in Family Life 242
The Factory, Workers, and the Rise of the Labor Movement 244
Economic Libera Iism 248
Conclusion: The Limits of Britain's Industrial Revolution 249
WRITING HISTORY: Cohesion across sentences 251
xiv Contents

CHAPTER6 Conservation, Reform, and Revolution, 1815-1852 256

BIOGRAPHY: George Sand 257
Restoration? 261
The Congress of Vienna 262
The Peace Settlement 265
The Slave Trade 267
New Ideologies of the Post-Revolutionary Period 268
Conservatism 269
Liberalism 269
Romanticism 270
Democracy 272
Socia Iism 272
Feminism 274
Nationalism 275
Political Systems and the Quest for Reform 278
The Autocracies: Austria, Russia, and Prussia 278
Prussia and the Non-Habsburg German States 281
Revolution in Spain and Italy 282
France: The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy 284
The French Revolution of 1830 285
Rebellions in the Low Countries, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, and the Ottoman
Empire 287
Britain: Social Change and Political Reform 288
1848: Europe in Revolution 293
The Revolution Begins 295
The Spread of Revolution 297
Conclusion: The Meaning of 1848 301
WRITING HISTORY: Paragraph flow 302

CHAPTER 7 From National Unification to Religious Revival,

1850-1880 308
BIOGRAPHY: Otto von Bismarck 309
The New Industrialization 313
A New Prosperity? 314
Urbanization and the Urban World 316
 Contents xv

The Redevelopment of Paris 318

Europe's Worldwide Economic Role 320
Political Change 322
Prosperity and Empire in France 323
The Crimean War 324
The Eclipse of Russia 326
National Unification 327
The Unification of Italy 328
The Unification of Germany 330
Consequences of the German Unification 334
THE CREATION OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1867 335
THE NEW FRENCH REPUBLIC 337

Marxism and the Opposition to Capitalism 339

Trade Unions, Women's Rights, and
the Rise of Socialist Parties 340
Positivism, Evolution, and the Hegemony of Science 343
Religion in the Modern World 346
Popular Culture 349
Conclusion: A New European Balance of Power 351
WRITING HISTORY: Text reconstruction 352

CHAPTERS European Society and the Road to War, 1880-1914 356

BIOGRAPHY: Maria Montessori 357
Life and Death and the Movement of People 361
Economic Change during the Long Depression, 1873-1893 363
The Agricultural Crisis 363
The Industrial Economy Matures 363
Britain's Relative Decline 364
Technology and the Flurry of Inventions 365
Tariffs and the Rise of Economic Nationalism 367
Politics and Political Change 368
Britain: The Practice of Liberalism 368
France: The Achievement of a Democratic Republic 369
Germany: The Persistence of Authoritarian and Aristocratic Rule 371
Social Reform in Germany 373
xvi Contents

Imperialism and Empire 374

Why Imperialism? 377
Nationalist Reactions to Imperialism 379
The Empire at Home 382
From Missionaries to the "Civilizing Mission" 385
Russia, Austria, and the Balkans 387
Austria-Hungary: A Slow Decline 389
" Politics in a New Key": Anti-Semitism and the Extreme Right 390
Anti-Semitism in Russia and France 391
The Dreyfus Affair 392
Feminism and the New Woman 393
Origins of the First World War 395
The Road to War 395
Morocco and the Balkans 398
Conclusion: Europe Plunges into the Abyss 401
WRITING HISTORY: Text reconstruction and composition 403

CHAPTER 9 The First World War, 1914-1919 406

BIOGRAPHY: Siegfried Sassoon 407
The Outbreak of War 411
The Battles of the Marne and Ypres 412
The Western Front 413
Trench Warfare 415
The Battles of Verdun and the Somme 416
The Eastern Front 418
The War Outside Europe and at Sea 421
War in Africa and the Ottoman Empire 423
The Middle Eastern Campaign 425
The War against Civilians 427
German Responses to the Economic Blockade 429
Consent for the War 430
The Home Front 431
Women's Contributions to the War 432
Wartime Propaganda 433
 ••
Contents XVII

From Protest to Mutiny 435

The American Intervention 437
Both Sides Prepare for All -Out Victory 438
The Allied Victory 439
Germany's Aborted Revolution 441
The Treaty of Versailles 443
Conclusion: Results of the First World War 449
WRITING HISTORY: Paper reconstruction 452

CHAPTER 10 The Russian Revolution and the Rise of the Soviet Union,
1905-1940 456
BIOGRAPHY: Aleksandra Kollontai 457
Origins of the Russian Revolution 461
The Travails of Agricultural and Industrial Life 462
The Radical Intelligentsia 464
The Revolution of 1905 466
The Russian Revolution 469
Lenin and the Bolsheviks 472
The Failure of the Moderate Revolution 473
The New Soviet Regime 476
The Russian Civil War 478
Outcome of the Russian Civil War 480
The Rise of the Soviet Union 483
The New Economic Policy 484
Stalin and the End of NEP 487
Stalin's Revolution 489
The Five-Year Plans 491
The Social Consequences of Stalin's Revolution 494
The Cultural Revolution 495
The Great Purge 498
Conclusion: The Rise of a Powerful Communist State 500
WRITING HISTORY: Analyzing and sorting material into
main ideas 503
xviii Contents

CHAPTER 11 Fascism and Nazism: Mass Politics and Mass Culture,

1919-1939 508
BIOGRAPHY: Leni Riefenstahl 509
The Failure of Liberalism and Democracy after
World War I 513
The Fragility of Postwar Parliamentary Regimes 514
Intellectuals' Disillusionment with Liberalism and Democracy 515
The Dangers of Mass Politics 516
The Rise of Fascism in Italy 517
Italy's Fascist Regime 521
Hitler and the Origins of the Nazi Movement 523
Weimar Politics and the Rejection of Democracy 525
Weimar's Undemocratic Institutions 526
The Economic Crisis of 1923 527
The Resolution of the German Crisis 530
Media and Mass Culture in the lnterwar Period 531
The Cinema 532
Radio 533
Sports 534
Women: Work, Domesticity, and the New ''New Woman'' 534
The Great Depression 535
Nazism 538
The Nazi Takeover 540
The Nazi Regime 543
The Consolidation of Nazi Power 544
The Nazi Dictatorship 545
The New Regime: Dissent and Consent 545
The Persecution of the Jews 547
Economic Achievements 549
Leisure for the Masses 549
Conclusion: The Fascist ''Revolution''? 552
WRITING HISTORY:Creating the complex ''noun phrases''
of academic writing 553
 •
Contents XIX

CHAPTER 12 The Second World War, 1939-1945 558

BIOGRAPHY: Primo Levi 559
The Enormity of the Second World War 563
The Origins of the Second World War 565
Political and Economic Decline in Britain 565
Economy and Politics in France 567
Germany Overturns the Treaty of Versailles 568
The Spanish Civil War 569
The Incorporation of Austria, the Munich Pact, and the Seizure of
Czechoslovakia 570
Prelude to the Second World War 573
The War Phase I: Hitler's Quest for Domination 575
Hitler's Attack on the West 576
From the Battle of Britain to the Early Campaigns in Greece, North Africa,
and the Middle East 578
Operation Barbarossa: The Invasion of Russia 580
Hitler's Europe 581
The Nazi Plans 582
The Terrible Results 583
The Exploitation of Europe 584
Collaboration and Resistance 585
The Case of France 585
The Netherlands and Scandinavia 588
Eastern Europe 589
Communists and the Resistance: The Cases of Yugoslavia
and Greece 590
The Home Front in Britain and Germany 591
The Holocaust 593
The War Phase II: The Allies Turn the Tide 597
The Role of the United States 597
Stalingrad: The Great Turning Point of the War 598
The Allied Invasions of the Continent 598
The War Phase Ill: From the Liberation of France to the
Surrender of Germany 600
xx Contents

The Atom Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific 602
Conclusion: The Consequences of the War 604
WRITING HISTORY: Using passive voice, it-shifts, and what-shifts
to tell your reader what matters most 607

CHAPTER 13 The Postwar, 1945-1970 610

BIOGRAPHY: Queen Elizabeth 11 611
The Toll of the War 615
Assessing Responsibility for the War 618
The ''German Question'' 619
The Cold War and the Division of Europe 621
Economic Recovery 623
The Marshall Plan 624
The ''Economic Miracle'' 625
The Communist Takeover in Eastern Europe 629
The Hardening of the Cold War 630
The Beginnings of European Cooperation 633
Stalinist Politics and the Command Economy in Eastern Europe 634
European Integration 636
European Politics in the 1950s 637
The End of Empire 638
Southeast Asia 638
South Asia 639
Africa 639
Algeria 643
The Middle East 645
The Soviet Union and Its Satellites, 1956-1970s 647
The Consumer Society 650
Religious Reform 651
Disillusionment with Democracy and Consumerism 652
The Student Revolt 653
 •
Contents XXI

The 1960s in the East 656

The End of the Postwar Economic Miracle 658
Conclusion: A European Continent Reshaped 659
WRITING HISTORY: Using parallelism to simplify complex ideas 661

CHAPTER 14 Economic Dilemmas, European Unity, and the

Collapse of Communism, 1970-2010 664
BIOGRAPHY: Mikhail Gorbachev 665
Stagnation and Decline: The 1970s 670
Stagflation 670
Immigration and the Mounting Hostility to Workers from Abroad 672
Fixing Stagflation 674
The Politics of Terror 676
The New Democracy in Greece, Portugal, and Spain 678
New Political Movements: Feminism, Gay Rights, and
Environmentalism 680
Dissent and Decline in Eastern Europe 683
The Helsinki Accords 683
Economic Stagnation in the East 685
The Collapse of Communism 685
Gorbachev's Dramatic Reforms 688
1989: The End of Communism in Eastern Europe 690
European Unification and Its Discontents 695
The Break-up of the Soviet Union 697
The Violent Collapse of Yugoslavia 700
The Challenges of Post-Communism 704
German Reunification 705
The Transformation in Eastern Europe and Russia 706
Conclusion: A Fragile European Unity 709
WRITING HISTORY: Using coordination and subordination to
find and fix common punctuation mistakes 711
xxii Contents

EPILOGUE Europe in the Twenty-First Century 716

BIOGRAPHY: Ayaan Hirsi Ali 717
The New Terrorism in Europe 720
Islam and the Russian Federation 721
Russian Interventions in the Former Soviet Union 723
The Crisis of the Eurozone 727

Suggested Answers to Exercises WH1

Glossary G1
Suggested Readings 51
Credits C1
Index 11
 ..... ist o
1.1 Europe Today xi
1.2 Europe in 1520 x/iii

1.3 Eurasian and African Trade Networks, c. 1450 x/vi

1.1 The Peasants' War, 1524-1525 15

1.2 The Religious Divisions of Europe in 1560 17

1.3 The Religious Divisions of Europe, c. 1600 36

1.4 Europe in 1648 41

2.1 Europe after the War of Spanish Succession 62

2.2 World Silver Flows, c. 1650 65

2.3 The Habsburgs in Central Europe, 1618-1700 67

2.4 The Expansion of Prussia, 1618-1795 68

2.5 The Growth of the Russian Empire 70

2.6 The Ottoman Empire in 1683 73

2.7 Sweden in 1660 and in 1721 76

2.8 Early Voyages of World Exploration (top) and The Columbian

Exchange (bottom) 89

2.9 European Overseas Empires and Global Trade, c. 1700 95

3.1 The Spread of Scientific Societies in Europe, 1542-1725 114

3.2 Subscriptions to the Encyclopedia 141

4.1 The Seven Years' War 161

4.2 Revolutionary France, 1789-1794 181

4.3 The West Indies in the Late Eighteenth Century 187

4.4 The Haitian Revolution 191

4.5 France's Retreat from America 191

•••
XXIII
xxiv List of Maps

4.6 Napoleon's Empire at Its Height, 1812 196

5.1 The Distribution of Population in Europe, c. 1650 213

5.2 The Coal and Textile Industries in Great Britain, c. 1750 218

5.3 Industrializing Britain by 1850 228

5.4 Industrializing Europe by 1850 231

5.5 Europe's Largest Cities in 1850 237

6.1 Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815 267

6.2 Civil Unrest in Europe 1819-1831 279

6.3 Centers of Revolution, 1848 298

7.1 Industrializing Germany by 1870 314

7.2 Paris in 1880 319

7.3 European Industrial Centers and Britain's Global Trading Network,

c. 1860 322

7.4 The Crimean War, 1853-1856 325

7.5 The Unification of Italy 331

7.6 The Unification of Germany 335

7.7 Nationalities in Austria-Hungary, c. 1880 336

8.1 Emigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, 1880-1914 362

8.2 European Empires in 1815 (top) and Empires and Imperial Trading
Networks in 1914 (bottom) 376

8.3 The Boer War, 1899-1902 380

8.4 European Alliances, 1907 396

8.5 The Balkans, 1830-1913 400

9.1 The Western Front, 1914-1916 414

9.2 The Somme: The First Day of Battle, 1916 416

9.3 The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 419

9.4 The Global Dimension of the First World War 421

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
horse could have been selected as a specimen of speed and strength
equal to Eclipse. According to a calculation by the writer just
mentioned, Eclipse, free of all weight, and galloping at liberty in his
greatest speed, could cover an extent of twenty-five feet at each
complete action on the gallop; and could repeat this action twice
and one third in each second of time: consequently, by employing
without reserve all his natural and mechanical faculties on a straight
line, he could run nearly four miles in the space of six minutes and
two seconds.
Eclipse was preeminent above all other horses, from having ran
repeated races, without ever having been beat. The mechanism of
his frame was almost perfect; and yet he was neither handsome, nor
well proportioned. Compared with a table of the geometrical portions
of the horse, in use at the veterinary schools of France, Eclipse
measured in height one seventh more than he ought—his neck was
one third too long—a perpendicular line falling from the stifle of a
horse should touch the toe; this line in Eclipse touched the ground,
at the distance of half a head before the toe—the distance from the
elbow to the bend of the knee should be the same as from the bend
of the knee to the ground; the former, in Eclipse, was two parts of a
head longer than the latter. These were some of the remarkable
differences between the presumed standard of proportions in a well-
formed horse, and the horse of the greatest celebrity ever bred in
England.
The excellence of Eclipse in speed, blood, pedigree, and progeny,
will be transmitted, perhaps, to the end of time. He was bred by the
former duke of Cumberland, and, being foaled during the “great
eclipse,” was named “Eclipse” by the duke in consequence. His royal
highness, however, did not survive to witness the very great
performances he himself had predicted; for, when a yearling, Eclipse
was disposed of by auction, with the rest of the stud, and a
remarkable circumstance attended his sale. Mr. Wildman, a sporting
gentleman, arrived after the sale had commenced, and a few lots
had been knocked down. Producing his watch, he insisted that the
sale had begun before the time advertised. The auctioneer
remonstrated; Mr. Wildman was not to be appeased, and demanded
that the lots already sold should be put up again. The dispute
causing a loss of time, as well as a scene of confusion, the
purchasers said, if there was any lot already sold, which he had an
inclination to, rather than retard progress, it was at his service.
Eclipse was the only lot he had fixed upon, and the horse was
transferred to him at the price of forty-six guineas. At four, or five
years old, Captain O’Kelly purchased him of Mr. Wildman for
seventeen hundred guineas. He remained in Col. O’Kelly’s
possession, winning king’s plates and every thing he ran for, until the
death of his owner, who deemed him so valuable, as to insure the
horse’s life for several thousand guineas. He bequeathed him to his
brother, Philip O’Kelly, Esq. The colonel’s decease was in November,
1787. Eclipse survived his old master little more than a year, and
died on the 27th of February, 1789, in the twenty-sixth year of his
age. His heart weighed 13 lbs. The size of this organ was presumed
to have greatly enabled him to do what he did in speed and
strength. He won more matches than any horse of the race-breed
was ever known to have done. He was at last so worn out, as to
have been unable to stand, and about six months before his death
was conveyed, in a machine constructed on purpose, from Epsom to
Canons, where he breathed his last.
Colonel Dennis O’Kelly, the celebrated owner of Eclipse, amassed
an immense fortune by gambling and the turf, and purchased the
estate of Canons, near Edgware, which was formerly possessed by
the duke of Chandos, and is still remembered as the site of the most
magnificent mansion and establishment of modern times. The
colonel’s training stables and paddocks, at another estate near
Epsom, were supposed to be the best appointed in England.

Besides O’Kelly’s attachment to Eclipse, he had an affection to a

parrot, which is famed for having been the best bred bird that ever
came to this country. He gave fifty guineas for it at Bristol, and paid
the expenses of the woman who brought it up to town. It not only
talked what is usually termed “every thing,” but sang with great
correctness a variety of tunes, and beat time as he sang; and if
perchance he mistook a note in the tune, he returned to the bar
wherein the mistake arose, and corrected himself, still beating the
time with the utmost exactness. He sang any tune desired, fully
understanding the request made. The accounts of this bird are so
extraordinary, that, to those who had not seen and heard the bird,
they appeared fabulous.

[183] The Times.

THE EVENING LARK.

For the Table Book.

I love thee better at this hour, when rest
Is shadowing earth, than e’en the nightingale:
The loudness of thy song that in the morn
Rang over heaven, the day has softened down
To pensive music.
In the evening, the body relaxed by the toil of the day, disposes
the mind to quietness and contemplation. The eye, dimmed by close
application to books or business, languishes for the greenness of the
fields; the brain, clouded by the smoke and vapour of close rooms
and crowded streets, droops for the fragrance of fresh breezes, and
sweet smelling flowers.
 Summer cometh,
The bee hummeth,
The grass springeth,
The bird singeth,
The flower groweth,
And man knoweth
The time is come
When he may rove
Thro’ vale and grove.
No longer dumb.
There he may hear sweet voices,
Borne softly on the gale;
There he may have rich choices
Of songs that never fail;
The lark, if he be cheerful,
Above his head shall tower;
And the nightingale, if fearful,
Shall soothe him from the bower.
* * *
If red his eye with study,
If pale with care his cheek,
To make them bright and ruddy,
The green hills let him seek.
The quiet that it needeth
His mind shall there obtain;
And relief from care, that feedeth
Alike on heart and brain.
Urged by this feeling, I rambled along the Old Kent Road, making
my way through the Saturnalian groups, collected by that mob-
emancipating-time Easter Monday; wearied with the dust, and the
exclamations of the multitude, I turned down the lane leading to the
fields, near the place wherein the fair of Peckham is held, and
sought for quietness in their greenness—and found it not. Instead of
verdure, there were rows of dwellings of “plain brown brick,” and a
half-formed road, from whence the feet of man and horse
impregnated the air with stifling atoms of vitrified dust. Proceeding
over the Rye, up the lane at the side of Forest-hill, I found the
solitude I needed. The sun was just setting; his parting glance came
from between the branches of the trees, like the mild light of a
lover’s eye, from her long dark lashes, when she receives the adieu
of her beloved, and the promise of meeting on the morrow. The air
was cool and fitful, playing with the leaves, as not caring to stir
them; and as I strayed, the silence was broken by the voice of a bird
—it was the tit-lark. I recognised his beautiful “weet” and “fe-er,” as
he dropped from the poplar among the soft grass; and I lingered
near the wood, in the hope of hearing the nightingale—but he had
not arrived, or was disposed to quiet. Evening closed over me: the
hour came
When darker shades around us thrown
Give to thought a deeper tone.
Retracing my steps, I reached that field which stretches from the
back of the Rosemary-branch to the canal; darkness was veiling the
earth, the hum of the multitude was faintly audible; above it, high in
the cool and shadowy air, rose the voice of a sky-lark, who had
soared to take a last look at the fading day, singing his vespers. It
was a sweeter lay than his morning, or mid-day carol—more regular
and less ardent—divested of the fervour and fire of his noontide
song—its hurried loudness and shrill tones. The softness of the
present melody suited the calm and gentle hour. I listened on, and
imagined it was a bird I had heard in the autumn of last year: I
recollected the lengthy and well-timed music—the “cheer che-er,”
“weet, weet, che-er”—“we-et, weet, cheer”—“che-er”—“weet,
weet”—“cheer, weet, weet.” I still think it to have been the very bird
of the former season. Since then he had seen
The greenness of the spring, and all its flowers;
The ruddiness of summer and its fruits;
And cool and sleeping streams, and shading bowers
The sombre brown of autumn, that best suits
His leisure hours, whose melancholy mind
Is calm’d with list’ning to the moaning wind,
And watching sick leaves take their silent way,
On viewless wings, to death and to decay.
He had survived them, and had evaded the hawk in the cloud,
and the snake in the grass. I felt an interest in this bird, for his lot
had been like mine. The ills of life—as baleful to man, as the bird of
prey and the invidious reptile to the weakest of the feathered race—
had assailed me, and yet I had escaped. The notes in the air grew
softer and fainter—I dimly perceived the flutter of descending wings
—one short, shrill cry finished the song—darkness covered the earth
—and I again sought human habitations, the abodes of carking
cares, and heart-rending jealousies.
S. R. J.
April 16, 1827.
 THE VOICE OF SPRING.
I come, I come! ye have call’d me long;
I come o’er the mountains with light and song!
Ye may trace my steps o’er the wakening earth,
By the winds which tell of the violet’s birth,
By the primrose-stars in the shadowy grass,
By the green leaves opening as I pass.
I have breath’d on the south, and the chestnut flowers
By thousands have burst from the forest bowers,
And the ancient graves, and the fallen fanes,
Are veil’d with wreaths on Italian plains.
—But it is not for me, in my hour of bloom,
To speak of the ruin of the tomb!
I have pass’d o’er the hills of the stormy north,
And the larch has hung all his tassels forth;
The fisher is out on the sunny sea,
And the rein-deer bounds thro’ the pasture free,
And the pine has a fringe of softer green,
And the moss looks bright where my step has been.
I have sent thro’ the wood-paths a gentle sigh,
And call’d out each voice of the deep blue sky,
From the nightbird’s lay thro’ the starry time,
In the groves of the soft Hesperian clime,
To the swan’s wild note by the Iceland lakes,
When the dark fir-bough into verdure breaks.
From the streams and founts I have loos’d the chain,
They are sweeping on to the silvery main,
They are flashing down from the mountain-brows,
They are flinging spray on the forest-boughs,
They are bursting fresh from their starry caves,
And the earth resounds with the joy of waves.
Come forth, O ye children of gladness, come!
Where the violets lie, may be now your home;
Ye of the rose-cheek and dew-bright eye,
And the bounding footstep, to meet me fly.
With the lyre, and the wreath, and the joyous lay,
Come forth to the sunshine, I may not stay!
Away from the dwellings of care-worn men,
The waters are sparkling in wood and glen,
Away from the chamber and dusky hearth
 Away from the chamber and dusky hearth,
The young leaves are dancing in breezy mirth,
Their light stems thrill to the wild-wood strains,
And youth is abroad in my green domains.
Mrs. Hemans.

MOTHERING SUNDAY.

For the Table Book.

To the accounts in the Every-Day Book of the observance of Mid
Lent, or “Mothering Sunday,” I would add, that the day is
scrupulously observed in this city and neighbourhood; and, indeed, I
believe generally in the western parts of England. The festival is kept
here much in the same way as the 6th of January is with you: that
day is passed over in silence with us.
All who consider themselves dutiful children, or who wish to be
so considered by others, on this day make presents to their mother,
and hence derived the name of “Mothering Sunday.” The family all
assemble; and, if the day prove fine, proceed, after church, to the
neighbouring village to eat frumerty. The higher classes partake of it
at their own houses, and in the evening come the cake and wine.
The “Mothering cakes” are very highly ornamented, artists being
employed to paint them. This social meeting does not seem confined
to the middling or lower orders; none, happily, deem themselves too
high to be good and amiable.
The custom is of great antiquity; and long, long may it be
prevalent amongst us.
Your constant reader,
Juvenis (N.)
Bristol, March 28, 1827.

Defoeana.
No. II.

MIXED BREEDS;
OR,
 EDUCATION THROWN AWAY.

I came into a public-house once in London, where there was a

black Mulatto-looking man sitting, talking very warmly among some
gentlemen, who I observed were listening very attentively to what
he said; and I sat myself down, and did the like; ’twas with great
pleasure I heard him discourse very handsomely on several weighty
subjects; I found he was a very good scholar, had been very
handsomely bred, and that learning and study was his delight; and
more than that, some of the best of science was at that time his
employment: at length I took the freedom to ask him, if he was born
in England? He replied with a great deal of good humour, but with
an excess of resentment at his father, and with tears in his eyes,
“Yes, yes, sir, I am a true born Englishman, to my father’s shame be
it spoken; who, being an Englishman himself, could find in his heart
to join himself to a negro woman, though he must needs know, the
children he should beget, would curse the memory of such an
action, and abhor his very name for the sake of it. Yes, yes, (said he
repeating it again,) I am an Englishman, and born in lawful wedlock;
happy it had been for me, though my father had gone to the devil
for wh——m, had he lain with a cook-maid, or produced me from the
meanest beggar in the street. My father might do the duty of nature
to his black wife; but, God knows, he did no justice to his children. If
it had not been for this black face of mine, (says he, then smiling,) I
had been bred to the law, or brought up in the study of divinity: but
my father gave me learning to no manner of purpose; for he knew I
should never be able to rise by it to any thing but a learned valet de
chambre. What he put me to school for I cannot imagine; he spoiled
a good tarpawling, when he strove to make me a gentleman. When
he had resolved to marry a slave, and lie with a slave, he should
have begot slaves, and let us have been bred as we were born: but
he has twice ruined me; first with getting me a frightful face, and
then going to paint a gentleman upon me.”—It was a most affecting
discourse indeed, and as such I record it; and I found it ended in
tears from the person, who was in himself the most deserving,
modest, and judicious man, that I ever met with, under a negro
countenance, in my life.

CHINESE IDOL.
It had a thing instead of a head, but no head; it had a mouth
distorted out of all manner of shape, and not to be described for a
mouth, being only an unshapen chasm, neither representing the
mouth of a man, beast, fowl, or fish: the thing was neither any of
the four, but an incongruous monster: it had feet, hands, fingers,
claws, legs, arms, wings, ears, horns, every thing mixed one among
another, neither in the shape or place that nature appointed, but
blended together, and fixed to a bulk, not a body; formed of no just
parts, but a shapeless trunk or log; whether of wood, or stone, I
know not; a thing that might have stood with any side forward, or
any side backward, any end upward, or any end downward; that had
as much veneration due to it on one side, as on the other; a kind of
celestial hedgehog, that was rolled up within itself, and was every
thing every way; formed neither to walk, stand, go, nor fly; neither
to see, hear, nor speak; but merely to instil ideas of something
nauseous and abominable into the minds of men that adored it.

MANNERS OF A LONDON WATERMAN, AND HIS FARE, A HUNDRED

YEARS AGO.
What I have said last [of the Manners of a spruce London
Mercer,[184]] makes me think on another way of inviting customers,
the most distant in the world from what I have been speaking of, I
mean that which is practised by the watermen, especially on those
whom by their mien and garb they know to be peasants. It is not
unpleasant to see half a dozen people surround a man they never
saw in their lives before, and two of them that can get the nearest,
clapping each an arm over his neck, hug him in as loving and
familiar a manner as if he were their brother newly come home from
an East India voyage; a third lays hold of his hand, another of his
sleeve, his coat, the buttons of it, or any thing he can come at,
whilst a fifth or a sixth, who has scampered twice round him already
without being able to get at him, plants himself directly before the
man in hold, and within three inches of his nose, contradicting his
rivals with an open-mouthed cry, shows him a dreadful set of large
teeth, and a small remainder of chewed bread and cheese, which
the countryman’s arrival had hindered from being swallowed. At all
this no offence is taken, and the peasant justly thinks they are
making much of him; therefore far from opposing them he patiently
suffers himself to be pushed or pulled which way the strength that
surrounds him shall direct. He has not the delicacy to find fault with
a man’s breath, who has just blown out his pipe, or a greasy head of
hair that is rubbing against his chaps: dirt and sweat he has been
used to from his cradle, and it is no disturbance to him to hear half a
score people, some of them at his ear, and the furthest not five feet
from him, bawl out as if he was a hundred yards off: he is conscious
that he makes no less noise when he is merry himself, and is
secretly pleased with their boisterous usages. The hawling and
pulling him about he construes in the way it is intended; it is a
courtship he can feel and understand: he can’t help wishing them
well for the esteem they seem to have for him: he loves to be taken
notice of, and admires the Londoners for being so pressing in their
offers of service to him, for the value of threepence or less; whereas
in the country, at the shop he uses, he can have nothing but he
must first tell them what he wants, and, though he lays out three or
four shillings at a time, has hardly a word spoke to him unless it be
in answer to a question himself is forced to ask first. This alacrity in
his behalf moves his gratitude, and unwilling to disoblige any, from
his heart he knows not whom to choose. I have seen a man think all
this, or something like it, as plainly as I could see the nose on his
face; and at the same time move along very contentedly under a
load of watermen, and with a smiling countenance carry seven or
eight stone more than his own weight, to the water side.
Fable of the Bees: 1725.

[184] See Table Book, p. 567.

 May.
MAY GOSLINGS.—MAY BATHERS.
For the Table Book.
On the first of May, the juvenile inhabitants of Skipton, in Craven,
Yorkshire, have a similar custom to the one in general use on the
first of April. Not content with making their companions fools on one
day, they set apart another, to make them “May goslings,” or geese.
If a boy made any one a May gosling on the second of May, the
following rhyme was said in reply:—
“May-day’s past and gone,
Thou’s a gosling, and I’m none.”
This distich was also said, mutatis mutandis, on the second of
April. The practice of making May goslings was very common about
twelve years ago, but is now dying away.
As the present month is one when very severe colds are often
caught by bathers, it may not be amiss to submit to the readers of
the Table Book the following old saying, which is very prevalent in
Skipton:—
“They who bathe in May
Will be soon laid in clay;
They who bathe in June
Will sing a merry tune.”
T. Q. M.

SAILORS ON THE FIRST OF MAY.

For the Table Book.

Sir,—You have described the ceremony adopted by our sailors, of
shaving all nautical tyros on crossing the line,[185] but perhaps you
are not aware of a custom which prevails annually on the first of
May, in the whale-fishery at Greenland and Davis’s Straits. I
therefore send you an account of the celebration which took place
on board the Neptune of London, in Greenland, 1824, of which ship
I was surgeon at that period.
Previous to the ship’s leaving her port, the sailors collected from
their wives, and other female friends, ribands “for the garland,” of
which great care was taken until a few days previous to the first of
May, when all hands were engaged in preparing the said garland,
with a model of the ship.
The garland was made of a hoop, taken from one of the beef
casks; this hoop, decorated with ribands, was fastened to a stock of
wood, of about four feet in length, and a model of the ship,
prepared by the carpenter, was fastened above the hoop to the top
of the stock, in such a manner as to answer the purpose of a vane.
The first of May arrives; the tyros were kept from between decks,
and all intruders excluded while the principal performers got ready
the necessary apparatus and dresses. The barber was the
boatswain, the barber’s mate was the cooper, and on a piece of
tarpawling, fastened to the entrance of the fore-hatchway, was the
following inscription:—
“Neptune’s Easy Shaving Shop,
Kept by
John Johnson.”
The performers then came forward, as follows:—First, the fiddler,
playing as well as he could on an old fiddle, “See the conquering
hero comes;” next, four men, two abreast, disguised with matting,
rags, &c. so as to completely prevent them from being recognised,
each armed with a boat-hook; then came Neptune himself, also
disguised, mounted on the carriage of the largest gun in the ship,
and followed by the barber, barber’s mate, swab-bearer, shaving-box
carrier, and as many of the ship’s company as chose to join them,
dressed in such a grotesque manner as to beggar all description.
Arrived on the quarter-deck they were met by the captain, when his
briny majesty immediately dismounted, and the following dialogue
ensued:—
Nept. Are you the captain of this ship, sir?
 Capt. I am.
Nept. What’s the name of your ship?
Capt. The Neptune of London.
Nept. Where is she bound to?
Capt. Greenland.
Nept. What is your name?
Capt. Matthew Ainsley.
Nept. You are engaged in the whale fishery?
Capt. I am.
Nept. Well, I hope I shall drink your honour’s health, and I wish
you a prosperous fishery.
[Here the captain presented him with three quarts of rum.]
Nept. (filling a glass.) Here’s health to you, captain, and success
to our cause. Have you got any fresh-water sailors on board? for if
you have, I must christen them, so as to make them useful to our
king and country.
Capt. We have eight of them on board at your service; I
therefore wish you good morning.
The procession then returned in the same manner as it came, the
candidates for nautical fame following in the rear; after descending
the fore-hatchway they congregated between decks, when all the
offerings to Neptune were given to the deputy, (the cook,) consisting
of whiskey, tobacco, &c. The barber then stood ready with his box of
lather, and the landsmen were ordered before Neptune, when the
following dialogue took place with each, only with the alteration of
the man’s name, as follows:—
Nept. (to another.) What is your name?
Ans. Gilbert Nicholson.
Nept. Where do you come from?
Ans. Shetland.
Nept. Have you ever been to sea before?
Ans. No.
Nept. Where are you going to?
Ans. Greenland.
At each of these answers, the brush dipped in the lather
(consisting of soap-suds, oil, tar, paint, &c.) was thrust into the
respondent’s mouth and over his face; then the barber’s-mate
scraped his face with a razor, made of a piece of iron hoop well
notched; his sore face was wiped with a damask towel, (a boat-swab
dipped in filthy water) and this ended the ceremony. When it was
over they undressed themselves, the fiddle struck up, and they
danced and regaled with their grog until they were “full three sheets
in the wind.”
I remain, sir, &c.
H. W. Dewhurst.
Crescent-street,
Euston-square.

[185] Every-Day Book, vol. ii.

NAVAL ANECDOTE.
During the siege of Acre, Daniel Bryan, an old seaman and
captain of the fore-top, who had been turned over from the Blanche
into sir Sidney Smith’s ship Le Tigré, repeatedly applied to be
employed on shore; but, being an elderly man and rather deaf, his
request was not acceded to. At the first storming of the breach by
the French, one of their generals fell among the multitude of the
slain, and the Turks, in triumph, struck off his head, and, after
mangling the body with their sabres, left it a prey to the dogs, which
in that country are of great ferocity, and rove in herds. In a few days
it became a shocking spectacle, and when any of the sailors who
had been on shore returned to their ship, inquiries were constantly
made respecting the state of the French general. To Dan’s frequent
demands of his messmates why they had not buried him, the only
answer he received was, “Go and do it yourself.” One morning
having obtained leave to go and see the town, he dressed himself as
though for an excursion of pleasure, and went ashore with the
surgeon in the jolly-boat. About an hour or two after, while the
surgeon was dressing the wounded Turks in the hospital, in came
honest Dan, who, in his rough, good-natured manner, exclaimed,
“I’ve been burying the general, sir, and now I’m come to see the
sick!” Not particularly attending to the tar’s salute, but fearing that
he might catch the plague, which was making great ravages among
the wounded Turks, the surgeon immediately ordered him out.
Returning on board, the cockswain asked of the surgeon if he had
seen old Dan? It was then that Dan’s words in the hospital first
occurred, and on further inquiry of the boat’s crew they related the
following circumstances:—
The old man procured a pick-axe, a shovel, and a rope, and
insisted on being let down, out of a port-hole, close to the breach.
Some of his more juvenile companions offered to attend him. “No!”
he replied, “you are too young to be shot yet; as for me, I am old
and deaf, and my loss would be no great matter.” Persisting in his
adventure, in the midst of the firing, Dan was slung and lowered
down, with his implements of action on his shoulder. His first
difficulty was to beat away the dogs. The French levelled their pieces
—they were on the instant of firing at the hero!—but an officer,
perceiving the friendly intentions of the sailor, was seen to throw
himself across the file: instantaneously the din of military thunder
ceased, a dead, solemn silence prevailed, and the worthy fellow
consigned the corpse to its parent earth. He covered it with mould
and stones, placing a large stone at its head, and another at its feet.
The unostentatious grave was formed, but no inscription recorded
the fate or character of its possessor. Dan, with the peculiar air of a
British sailor, took a piece of chalk from his pocket, and attempted to
write
“Here you lie, old Crop!”
He was then, with his pick-axe and shovel, hoisted into the town,
and the hostile firing immediately recommenced.
A few days afterwards, sir Sidney, having been informed of the
circumstance, ordered old Dan to be called into the cabin.—“Well,
Dan, I hear you have buried the French general.”—“Yes, your
honour.”—“Had you any body with you?”—“Yes, your
honour.”—“Why, Mr. —— says you had not.”—“But I had, your
honour.”—“Ah! who had you?”—“God Almighty, sir.”—“A very good
assistant, indeed. Give old Dan a glass of grog.”—“Thank your
honour.” Dan drank the grog, and left the cabin highly gratified. He
was for several years a pensioner in the royal hospital at Greenwich.

THE “RIGHT” LORD LOVAT.

The following remarkable anecdote, communicated by a
respectable correspondent, with his name and address, may be
relied on as genuine.
For the Table Book.
An old man, claiming to be “the right lord Lovat,” i. e. heir to him
who was beheaded in 1745, came to the Mansion-house in 1818 for
advice and assistance. He was in person and face as much like the
rebel lord, if one may judge from his pictures, as a person could be,
and the more especially as he was of an advanced age. He said he
had been to the present lord Lovat, who had given him food and a
little money, and turned him away. He stated his pedigree and claim
thus:—The rebel lord had an only brother, known by the family name
of Simon Fraser. Before lord Lovat engaged in the rebellion, Simon
Fraser went to a wedding in his highland costume; when he entered
the room where the party was assembled, an unfortunate wight of a
bagpiper struck up the favourite march of a clan in mortal enmity
with that of Fraser, which so enraged him, that he drew his dirk and
killed the piper upon the spot. Fraser immediately fled, and found
refuge in a mine in Wales. No law proceedings took place against
him as he was absent, and supposed to have perished at sea. He
married in Wales, and had one son, the old man abovenamed, who
said he was about sixty. When lord Lovat was executed his lands
became forfeited; but in course of time, lord L. not having left a son,
the estates were granted by the crown to a collateral branch, (one
remove beyond Simon Fraser,) the present lord, it not being known
that Simon Fraser was alive or had left issue. It is further remarkable
that the applicant further stated, that both he and his father, Simon
Fraser, were called lord Lovat by the miners and other inhabitants of
that spot where he was known.
 The old man was very ignorant, not knowing how to read or
write, having been born in the mine and brought up a miner; but he
said he had preserved Simon Fraser’s highland dress, and that he
had it in Wales.

FAST-PUDDING.
Extract from the Famous Historie of Friar Bacon.
How Friar Bacon deceived his Man, that would fast for conscience
sake.

Friar Bacon had only one man to attend him; and he, too, was
none of the wisest, for he kept him in charity more than for any
service he had of him. This man of his, named Miles, never could
endure to fast like other religious persons did; for he always had, in
one corner or other, flesh, which he would eat, when his master eat
bread only, or else did fast and abstain from all things.
Friar Bacon seeing this, thought at one time or other to be even
with him, which he did, one Friday, in this manner: Miles, on the
Thursday night, had provided a great black-pudding for his Friday’s
fast; that pudding he put in his pocket, (thinking to warm it so, for
his master had no fire on those days.) On the next day, who was so
demure as Miles! he looked as though he could not have eat any
thing. When his master offered him some bread, he refused it,
saying, his sins deserved a greater penance than one day’s fast in a
whole week. His master commended him for it, and bid him take
heed he did not dissemble, for if he did, it would at last be known.
“Then were I worse than a Turk,” said Miles. So went he forth, as if
he would have gone to pray privately, but it was for nothing but to
prey privily on his black-pudding. Then he pulled out, and fell to it
lustily: but he was deceived, for, having put one end in his mouth,
he could neither get it out again, nor bite it off; so that he stamped
for help. His master hearing him, came; and finding him in that
manner, took hold of the other end of the pudding, and led him to
the hall, and showed him to all the scholars, saying, “See here, my
good friends and fellow-students, what a devout man my servant
Miles is! He loved not to break a fast-day—witness this pudding, that
his conscience will not let him swallow!” His master did not release
him till night, when Miles did vow never to break any fast-day while
he lived.

CLERICAL ERRORS.

For the Table Book.

The Rev. Mr. Alcock, of Burnsal, near Skipton, Yorkshire.
Every inhabitant of Craven has heard tales of this eccentric
person, and numberless are the anecdotes told of him. I have not
the history of Craven, and cannot name the period of his death
exactly, but I believe it happened between fifty and sixty years ago.
He was a learned man and a wit—so much addicted to waggery, that
he sometimes forgot his office, and indulged in sallies rather
unbecoming a minister, but nevertheless he was a sincere Christian.
The following anecdotes are well known in Craven, and may amuse
elsewhere. One of Mr. Alcock’s friends, at whose house he was in the
habit of calling previously to his entering the church on Sundays,
once took occasion to unstitch his sermon and misplace the leaves.
At the church, Mr. Alcock, when he had read a page, discovered the
joke. “Peter,” said he, “thou rascal! what’s thou been doing with my
sermon?” then turning to his congregation he said, “Brethren, Peter’s
been misplacing the leaves of my sermon, I have not time to put
them right, I shall read on as I find it, and you must make the best
of it that you can;” and he accordingly read through the confused
mass, to the astonishment of his flock. On another occasion, when
in the pulpit, he found that he had forgotten his sermon; nowise
disappointed at the loss, he called out to his clerk, “Jonas, I have left
my sermon at home, so hand us up that Bible, and I’ll read ’em a
chapter in Job worth ten of it!” Jonas, like his master, was an oddity,
and used to make a practice of falling asleep at the commencement
of the sermon, and waking in the middle of it, and bawling out
“amen,” thereby destroyed the gravity of the congregation. Mr.
Alcock once lectured him for this, and particularly requested he
would not say amen till he had finished his discourse. Jonas
promised compliance, but on the following Sunday made bad worse,
for he fell asleep as usual, and in the middle of the sermon awoke
and bawled out “Amen at a venture!” The Rev. Mr. Alcock is, I think,
buried before the communion-table of Skipton church, under a slab
of blue marble, with a Latin inscription to his memory.
T. Q. M.

REMARKABLE EPITAPH.
For the Table Book.
Frank Fry, of Christian Malford, Wilts, whose bones lie
undisturbed in the church-yard of his native village, wrote for himself
the following
“Epitaph.
“Here lies I
Who did die;
I lie did
As I die did,
Old Frank Fry!
“When the worms comes
To pick up their crumbs,
They’ll have in I—
A rare Frank Fry!”
The worms have had, in Frank, a lusty subject—his epitaph is
recorded only in the Table Book.
*, *, P.

A MODERN MYSTERY.

To the Editor.
Blackwall, April 13, 1827.
Sir,—As I perceive you sometimes insert in your Table Book
articles similar to the enclosed original printed Notice, you may
perhaps think it worthy of a place in your amusing miscellany; if so,
it is much at your service.
I am, &c.
F. W.
(Literal Copy.)
NOTICE.

S aturday 30 and on Sunday 31 of the corrent, in the Royal

Theatre of St. Charles will be represented by the Italian Company
the famous Holy Drama intitled
IL TRIONFO DI GIUDITTA,
O SIA
LA MORTE D’OLOFERNE.
In the interval of the frist to the second act it shall have a new
and pompous Ball of the composition of John Baptista Gianini, who
has by title:
IL SACRIFICIO D’ABRAMO,
in which will enter all the excellent corp of Ball, who dance at
present in the said Royal Theatre; the spetacle will be finished with
the second act and Ball analog to the same Drama, all with the
nessessary decoration.
This is who is offered to the Respectable Publick of whom is
waited all the protection and concurrence:
It will begin at 8 o’clok.
Na Officina de Simāo Thaddeo Ferreira. 1811. Com licenca.

ODD SIGN.

For the Table Book.

At West-end, near Skipton in Craven, Yorkshire, a gate hangs, as
a sign to a public-house, with this inscription on it—
This gate hangs well,
And hinders none;
Refresh and pay,
And travel on.
J. W.
Vol. I.—21.

Pair of Curious Old Snuffers

Described on the next page.
SNUFFERS.
Perhaps there is no implement of domestic use that we are less
acquainted with, in its old form, than snuffers. I have now before me
a pair, which for their antiquity and elegant workmanship seem
worth attention: the engraving on the other side represents their
exact size and construction.
After some research, I can only meet with particulars of one
other pair, which were found in digging the foundation of a granary,
at the foot of a hill adjoining to Cotton Mansion-house, (formerly the
seat of the respectable family of the Mohuns,) in the parish of St.
Peter, Portisham, about two miles north-east from Abbotsbury in
Dorsetshire. They were of brass, and weighed six ounces. “The great
difference,” says Mr. Hutchins, “between these and modern utensils
of the same name and use is, that these are in shape like a heart
fluted, and consequently terminate in a point. They consist of two
equal lateral cavities, by the edges of which the snuff is cut off and
received into the cavities, from which it is not got out without
particular application and trouble. There are two circumstances
attending this little utensil, which seem to bespeak it of considerable
age: the roughness of the workmanship, which is in all respects as
rude and coarse as can be well imagined, and the awkwardness of
the form.” There is an engraving of the Dorsetshire snuffers in the
history of that county.
The snuffers now submitted to notice are superior in design and
workmanship to those found in Dorsetshire. The latter seem of
earlier date, and they divide in the middle of the upper as well as
the lower part, but in one respect both pairs are alike: they are each
“in shape like a heart,” and they each terminate in a point formed
exactly in the manner shown by the present engraving. The print
likewise shows that the box of the snuffers bears a boldly chased
winged head of Mercury, who had more employments and
occupations than any other of the ancient deities. Whether as the
director of theft, as the conductor of the departed to their final
destination, as an interpreter to enlighten, or as an office-bearer
constantly in requisition, the portrait of Mercury is a symbol
appropriate to the implement before us. The engraving shows the
exact size of the instrument, and the present appearance of the
chasing, which is in bold relief, and was, originally, very elegant.
These snuffers are plain on the underside, and made without
legs. They were purchased, with some miscellaneous articles, by a
person who has no clue to their former possessors, but who rightly
imagined that in an archæological view they would be acceptable to
the Table Book.
*

Garrick Plays.
No. XVIII.

[From “David and Bethsabe:” further Extracts.]

Absalon, rebelling.
 Now for the crown and throne of Israel,
To be confirm’d with virtue of my sword,
And writ with David’s blood upon the blade.
Now, Jove,[186] let forth the golden firmament,
And look on him with all thy fiery eyes,
Which thou hast made to give their glories light.
To shew thou lovest the virtue of thy hand,
Let fall a wreath of stars upon my head,
Whose influence may govern Israel
With state exceeding all her other Kings.
Fight, Lords and Captains, that your Sovereign
May shine in honour brighter than the sun
And with the virtue of my beauteous rays
Make this fair Land as fruitful as the fields,
That with sweet milk and honey overflowed.
God in the whissing of a pleasant wind
Shall march upon the tops of mulberry trees,
To cool all breasts that burn with any griefs;
As whilom he was good to Moyses’ men,
By day the Lord shall sit within a cloud,
To guide your footsteps to the fields of joy;
And in the night a pillar bright as fire
Shall go before you like a second sun.
Wherein the Essence of his Godhead is;
That day and night you may be brought to peace,
And never swerve from that delightsome path
That leads your souls to perfect happiness:
This he shall do for joy when I am King.
Then fight, brave Captains, that these joys may fly
Into your bosoms with sweet victory.

* * * * *

Absalon, triumphant.
 Absalon. First Absalon was by the trumpet’s sound
Proclaim’d thro’ Hebron King of Israel;
And now is set in fair Jerusalem
With complete state and glory of a crown.
Fifty fair footmen by my chariot run;
And to the air, whose rupture rings my fame,
Wheree’er I ride, they offer reverence.
Why should not Absalon, that in his face
Carries the final purpose of his God,
(That is, to work him grace in Israel),
Endeavour to achieve with all his strength
The state that most may satisfy his joy—
Keeping his statutes and his covenants sure?
His thunder is intangled in my hair,
And with my beauty is his lightning quench’d.
I am the man he made to glory in,
When by the errors of my father’s sin
He lost the path, that led into the Land
Wherewith our chosen ancestors were blest.

[From a “Looking Glass for England and London,” a Tragi-comedy, by

Thomas Lodge and Robert Green, 1598.]
Alvida, Paramour to Rasni, the Great King of Assyria, courts a
petty King of Cilicia.
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