BASIC TERMS IN RESEARCH

• NURSING RESEARCH: Is defined as the systemic,

objective process of analyzing phenomena of
importance to nursing
• Empirical Data: is the data gathered through the
senses
• RESEARCH UTILIZATION: focuses on
implementing of findings from specific research
evidence.
• INFORMED CONSENT: means that the subject
agrees participate
• LOGICAL: IS the piece of information collected
during the study
 HISTORY OF NURSING RESEARCH
• • Reviewing the hx of nursing research helps
to understand the current status and to plan
for the future of nursing research
• • In the beginning qualitative research was
started and later the quantitive was included
in order to get the holistic understanding of
the phenomena
• • Work of Florence nightingale(1859) marked
the beginning of nursing research
• • Collected and analyzing the morbidity and
mortality of the soldiers in Crimean war
 METHOD OF ACQURING
KNWLEDGE
• • Tradition
• • Authority
• • Barrowing
• • Trial and Error
• • Personal experience
• • Role mdeling
• • Reasoning
 XTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
• • Objectivity
• • Validity
• • Systematic process
• • Reliability
• • Testability
• • Empirical
 NURSING RESEARCH
• Definition: Nursing research is the
systematic inquiry designed to develop
knowledge about issues of importance to
the nursing profession, including nursing
practice, education, administration and
informatics
 XTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

• Systematic
• Logical
• Empirical
• Replicable
 SCOPE
• Nursing education
• Nursing administration
• Nursing practice
• Informatics
 ROLE OF A MIDWIFE IN RESEARCH

• • Principal investigator
• • Member of the research team
• • Identifier
• • Evaluator
• • User of research finding
• • As a subject in studies
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
1. Based on type of data
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
2. Purpose/ uses
• Basic/ pure: brings about new knowledge
or ideas
• Applied: it attempt to solve pratical
question or problems
 Cont..
3. Methodology
• Descriptive: it geared toward describing
phenomena or event
• Historical: collect data to explain past event
or issues
• Explanatory: explaining why events occur and
elaborate, or test existing theories
• Correlational
• Experimental
• Exploratory: seek more understanding based
ideas he has on something observed
 types cont..
4. Based on Time
• Retrospective
• Prospective
• Cross- sectional
• Longitudinal
5. Precision
• Experimental
• Non experimental
• Quasi- experimental
STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
• Identify a research problem
• Reviewing literature
• Purpose for research
• Design
• Data collection
• Analysis of data and interpretation
• Communicating the findings
 RESEARCH PROBLEM
• Definition: is an interrogative statement
that ask what relations exist between two
or more variables
• Six Condition for Research problem
I. Involve individual, group or organization
II. Must have objective to achieve
III. Dilemma for the researcher selecting
possible alternative
 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
•Steps in research process. Before
conducting any research work, the
research have to find out what should be
the research problem. A research should be
on the interest of the researcher and be
significant to the nursing profession.
•Sources of research PROBLEM
I. Personal experience
II. Social issues
III.Existing theories
IV.Professional experience
 CONT..
IV. Brainstorming
VI. Record
 Justification of the problem
• Must be an environment in which
researcher feels difficulty and the
researcher want to find out the problem
• Must be an outcome or finding
• Must be atleast two means(courses of
actions) to obtain objectives of the
researcher.
 CONT..
 Criteria for selection of research problem;,
I. originality,
II. Relevance
III. feasibility,
IV. ethical,
V. researcher qualification and
VI. current problem
 CONT..
 Defining the problem
I. Selecting
II. Narrowing
III. Evaluating
 Statement of the problem
I. Written in an interrogative statement
II. Includes population of the study
III. Includes variables
IV. Empirically tested
 What is a literature review
• The literature review is a written overview of
major writings and other sources on a
selected topic.
• Sources covered in the review may include
scholarly journal articles, books,
government reports, Web sites, etc.
• The literature review provides a description,
summary and evaluation of each source.
• It is usually presented as a distinct section
of a graduate thesis or dissertation
 Steps in the literature Review
• Define the research question (for more)
• Determine inclusion/exclusion criteria
• Choose databases and conduct the
search
• Synthesize the information gathered
• Analyze the information gathered
• Write the literature review
 Sources
Primary Secondary
 Diaries Journal articles
• Audio recordings Textbooks
• Transcripts Dictionaries
and
• Original manuscripts
Encyclopaedias
 What is Research Questions?
Defintion:
•A research question is "a question that a
research project sets out to answer".
•A good research question (RQ) forms backbone
of a good research,
•It is vital in unraveling mysteries of nature and
giving insight into a problem
• RQ identifies the problem to be studied and
guides to the methodology.
•RQ aims to explore an existing uncertainty in an
area of concern and points to a need for
deliberate investigation.
•Example: How do employees perceive digital
transformation in retail HR?
 Characteristics of Good RQ

• Details the problem statement

• Further describes and Defines the issue
under study
• Adds focus to the problem statement
• Guides data collection and analysis
• Sets context of research.
 Research Objectives
• A research objective is defined as a clear and
concise statement of the specific goals and
aims of a research study.
• It outlines what the researcher intends to
accomplish and what they hope to learn or
discover through their research.
• Start each objective with an action verb like
assess, compare, determine, evaluate, etc.,
which makes the research appear more
actionable.
• Example: To assess employee perceptions of
digital transformation in retail HR
 Cont..
• The objectives should be
SMART—specific, measurable, achievable,
realistic, and time-bound.
• Specific—clear about the what, why, when,
and how
• Measurable—identifies the main variables
of the study and quantifies the targets
• Achievable—attainable using the
available time and resources
• Realistic—accurately addresses the
scope of the problem
• Time-bound—identifies the time in which
each step will be completed
 Cont..

• Types
• General objectives (1-2 general)
• Specific objectives (3-4 specific
 RESEARCH DESIGN
• A research design also called a research
strategy, is a plan to answer a set of
questions (McCombes, 2019).
• It is a framework that includes the methods
and procedures to collect, analyze, and
interpret data.
• In other words, the research design
describes how the researcher will
investigate the central problem of the
research and is, thus part of the research
proposal.
 Characteristics

• influence the type of data to be gathered

and, its results.
• Research design also defines all other
constituent parts of a study, such as
variables, hypotheses, experiments,
methodology, and statistical analysis
(Creswell et al., 2018).
 CONTI..
• Identify the problem.
• Justify why it is a problem.
• Review literature surrounding the problem.
• Specify hypotheses regarding the problem.
• Describe the data to test the hypotheses
and how it will be collected.
• Define how this data will be interpreted
and analyze
 Types
Quantitative design:
• Research goal where actionable insight is
tied to a statistical conclusion.
• The quantitative approach frames
numbers as a representation of data.
• Specify which method and instrument
need to be apply
 Conti..
• Qualitative design
• Experimental design
• Non- experimental design
• Quasi- experimental design
 Data Collection
• Data collection is the process of gathering
information from various sources via different
research methods and consolidating it into a
single database or repository so researchers
can use it for further analysis.
• Data collection is the process of gathering
and measuring information on variables of
interest, in an established systematic fashion
that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
outcomes.
 Conti..
• Quantitative data collection: methods involve
systematic approaches to collecting data, like
numerical data, using instrument
• Questionnaire
• Likerts scale
• Checklist
• polls
• Qualitative data collection: methods focus on
capturing non-numerical DATA, such as
interviews, focus groups, and observations, to
delve deeper into understanding attitudes,
behaviors, and motivations.
 Data Analysis
• Data analysis is the most crucial part of
any research.
• Data analysis summarizes collected data.
• It involves the interpretation of data
gathered through the use of analytical and
logical reasoning to determine patterns,
relationships or trends of variables
 Conti..
Quantitative data ANALYSIS:
 Statistical package for social sciences
 Descriptive statistic example: tables, percentage, SD,
MEAN,
 Inferential statistic: T:Test, ANOVA WALKOXON
TEST
Qualitative data Analysis
 content analysis,
 narrative analysis,
 discourse analysis,
 thematic analysis, and
 grounded theory analysis.
 Report Writing
 Report writing is a structured way of communicating
information to a specific audience. It involves collecting
data, analyzing it, and presenting it in a logical and
organized manner.
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Data Collection
 Data Analysis
 Ethical consideration & participant
 Result
 Discussion
 Reference
 population
• The research population, also known as
the target population, refers to the entire
group or set of individuals, objects, or
events that possess specific
characteristics and are of interest to the
researcher. It represents the larger
population from which a sample is drawn
 Conti…
• Sample is the specific group that you will
collect data from. The size of the sample
is always less than the total size of the
population.
• Sample = the selected elements (people
or objects) chosen for participation in a
study; people are referred to as subjects
or participants
 Sampling
• Sampling is the process of selecting a
group of people, events, behaviors, or other
elements with which to conduct a study
• Could be extremely large if population is
national or international in nature
• Sample Frame is needed so that everyone in
the population is identified so they will have
an equal opportunity for selection as a
subject (element)
 Types of Sampling Methods
• Probability Sampling Methods: Every element
(member) of the population has a probability
greater than) of being selected for the sample
• Increases sample's representativeness
• Decreases sampling error and sampling bias
I. Simple random
II. Stratified random
III. Cluster random sampling
IV. Systematic
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Non-probability sampling is defined as a
sampling technique in which the
researcher selects samples based on the
subjective judgment of the researcher
rather than random selection.
 CONTI..
These methods can include
 convenience sampling,
 judgmental sampling,
 quota sampling, and
 snowball sampling, among others.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
• Ethical considerations in research are a set
of principles that guide your research
designs and practices. Scientists and
researchers must always adhere to a
certain code of conduct when collecting
data from people. These considerations
work to
• protect the rights of research participants
• enhance research validity
• maintain scientific or academic integrity
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLE IN RESEARCH
• VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION:Your
participants are free to opt in or out of the
study at any point in time.
• INFORMED CONSENT:Participants know the
purpose, benefits, risks, and funding behind
the study before they agree or decline to join.
• ANONYMITY:You don’t know the identities of
the participants. Personally identifiable data
is not collected.
 CONTI..
• CONFIDENTIALITY: You know who the
participants are but you keep that information
hidden from everyone else.
• Physical, social, psychological and all other
types of harm are kept to an absolute minimum.
• POTENTIAL FOR HARM: Physical, social,
psychological and all other types of harm are
kept to an absolute minimum.
• RESULTS COMMUNICATION: You ensure your
work is free of plagiarism or research
misconduct, and you accurately represent your
results.
 QUESTIONAIRE
• A questionnaire is a research instrument
that consists of a set of questions or other
types of prompts that aims to collect
information from a respondent. A research
questionnaire is typically a mix of close-
ended questions and open-ended
questions.
 ADVANTAGE
 Gather a lot of data in less time.
• There is less chance of any
bias(like selection bias)
• Quick and cost-effective. It offers you a
rich set of features to design, distribute, and
analyze the response data
• Respondents can answer the questionnaire
without revealing their identity.
 XTERISTICS
• Uniformity
• Exploratory
• Question Sequence:
 TYPES
• Structured Questionnaires: The questionnaire is
planned and designed to gather precise information.
• Unstructured Questionnaires: The questions are
more open-ended to collect specific data from
participants.
• Others
• IN HOUSE QUESTIONAIRE
• MAIL QUESTIONAIRE
• TELEPHONE
• ONLINE QUESTIONaire
 NATURE OF QUESTIO IN
QUESTIONAIRE
• Open-Ended Questions: Open-ended questions ,
where the respondent can answer in a free
form with little to no restrictions.
• Dichotomous Questions: is generally a “yes/no”
close-ended question.
• Multiple-Choice Questions: Multiple-choice
questions are a close-ended question type in
which a respondent has to select one
• Scaling Questions: These questions are based
on the principles of the four measurement
scales – nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio