DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ISO/DIS 24566-2

ISO/TC 224 Secretariat: AFNOR

Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2023-06-19 2023-09-11

Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and

services — Adaptation of water services to climate change
impacts —
Part 2:
Stormwater services

ICS: 13.020.30; 03.080.30; 13.060.01

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Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Definitions................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4 Objectives..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
4.2 Other................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
5 Impacts of climate change on stormwater systems and responses............................................................... 4
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
5.2 Impacts........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.3 Responses.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6 Methodology.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.2 Steps.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
7 Assessment of current situation, vulnerabilities and opportunities........................................................... 7
7.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7.2 Describe and characterise the current stormwater system........................................................................... 7
7.2.1 Typical assets of a system........................................................................................................................................... 7
7.2.2 Governance............................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.2.3 Strategies................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.2.4 Risk management............................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.2.5 Operation and Asset Management....................................................................................................................... 9
7.2.6 Metrics and targets........................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.3 Identify and assess current climate-related hazards to stormwater services........................... 10
7.3.1 Current climatic conditions.................................................................................................................................... 10
7.3.2 Current climate-related hazards....................................................................................................................... 11
7.4 Identify and assess current system risks and vulnerabilities................................................................... 14
7.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.4.2 Governance............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
7.4.3 Strategies................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
7.4.4 Risk management............................................................................................................................................................ 15
7.4.5 Operation and asset management.................................................................................................................... 15
7.4.6 Metrics and targets........................................................................................................................................................ 17
7.5 Assess current system opportunities.............................................................................................................................. 17
8 Assessment of future situation, vulnerabilities and opportunities............................................................ 18
8.1 Identify and assess future climate change hazards............................................................................................ 18
8.2 Identify and assess future vulnerabilities to stormwater system......................................................... 19
8.2.1 Governance............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
8.2.2 Strategies................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
8.2.3 Risk management............................................................................................................................................................ 19
8.2.4 Operation and asset management.................................................................................................................... 20
8.2.5 Metrics and targets........................................................................................................................................................ 20
8.3 Assess future opportunities..................................................................................................................................................... 20
9 Financial assessments................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
9.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
9.2 Financing adaptation...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
9.3 Cost-benefit
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

10 Development of adaptation strategy............................................................................................................................................ 23

10.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
10.2 Adaptation strategies..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
10.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
10.2.2 Governance............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
10.2.3 Strategies................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
10.2.4 Risk management............................................................................................................................................................ 24
10.2.5 Operation and Asset management................................................................................................................... 25
10.2.6 Metrics and targets........................................................................................................................................................ 25
10.3 Assess revised system................................................................................................................................................................... 25
10.4 Assessment protocols..................................................................................................................................................................... 26
10.5 Implementation.................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
11 Proposed templates........................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
11.1 Template for response options and actions................................................................................................................ 26
11.2 Template for response categorisations........................................................................................................................... 28
12 Monitor, review and update................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Annex A (informative) Water Sensitive Cities........................................................................................................................................ 30
Annex B (informative) Examples of Stormwater Management Responses............................................................. 32
Bibliography..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................40

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 ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 224, Drinking water, wastewater and
stormwater systems and services.
ISO 24566-1 Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of water
services to climate change impacts — Part 1: Assessment principles [1] is a related document and it is
planned to produce two additional parts:
— ISO 24566-3 Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of water
services to climate change impacts — Part 3 Drinking Water Systems,[2] and
— ISO 24566-4 Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of water
services to climate change impacts — Part 4 Waste Water Systems[3].
Also, and directly related to this project are two existing documents:
— ISO 24536:2019, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater
systems — Stormwater management — Guidelines for stormwater management in urban areas[4], and
— ISO 24539:2019, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater
systems — Examples of good practices for stormwater management[5].
The following additional document is also recommended to users:
— ISO 14091:2021, Adaptation to climate change — Guidelines on vulnerability, impacts and risk
assessment[6].
A list of all parts in the ISO 24566 series can be found on the ISO website.

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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Introduction
The fact that climate change is occurring is recognized globally and mitigation programs have been
introduced in many nations, and internationally through a number of agreements.
At the local level, operators of water services have had to assess the impacts and options for responding
to the effects of climate change, some of which are slow and long-term, while others are acute, arising
from extreme weather events and changes.
This document gives guidance on identifying impacts of climate change to stormwater systems, on
developing strategies for the adaptation to these impacts, and provides examples of responses taken in
respect of stormwater systems.

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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and

services — Adaptation of water services to climate change
impacts —
Part 2:
Stormwater services

1 Scope
This document provides guidance on identifying and assessing impacts of climate change on
stormwater systems and on developing strategies for the adaptation to these impacts. The assessment
of the impacts is based on the assessment principles described in ISO 24566-1, Assessment Principle[1].
This document also provides examples of some of the impacts of climate change on stormwater systems
and of the responses that have been implemented by municipal water services or by the relevant
jurisdiction (e.g., municipality or region served by the service). The examples of responses illustrate
adaptation strategies that have been applied.
NOTE 1 The user of this document be aware that depending on the jurisdiction of the stormwater utility, some
of the examples provided may be outside the strict scope of the utility’s authority, while being within the scope
of other utilities. Collaboration with neighboring jurisdictions and authorities, and the development of shared
vision and objectives relating to stormwater is encouraged.

NOTE 2 The user of this document should consider the situation and actions of neighbouring jurisdictions and
senior levels of government.

NOTE 3 Combined sewer systems are included in this document regarding the activities of collection, transport,
storage and treatment of stormwater. Non-combined wastewater systems are covered by ISO 24566-4[3].

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 24566-1, Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of water
services to climate change impacts — Part 1: Assessment principles[1]
and
ISO 24566-4, Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of water
services to climate change impacts — Part 4 Waste Water Systems[3]
In addition, it is recommended; that users take note of the following ISO documents:
ISO 14091:2021, Adaptation to climate change — Guidelines on vulnerability, impacts and risk assessment[6]
ISO 24536:2019, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater systems
— Stormwater management — Guidelines for stormwater management in urban areas[4]
and
ISO 24539:2019, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater
systems — Examples of good practices for stormwater management[5]
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions provided in ISO 24513:2019 apply[7].
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​
In accordance with the decision of TC 224, key terms and definitions from ISO 24513:2019 may be
repeated here below for ready reference. Additional terms not found in ISO 24513:2019 are also
included.

3.2 Definitions
3.2.1
governance
system (3.37) of directing and controlling
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 38500:2015, 2.8 and ISO/IEC 29110-4-3:2018(en), 3.11]
3.2.2
metric
metrics
data
verifiable measure that captures performance in terms of how something is being done relative to a
standard, allows and encourages comparison, supports business strategy
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 18864:2017(en), 3.20]
3.2.3
stormwater
water resulting from rainwater (3.57), melted snow and ice draining from roofs, roads, footpaths and
all other ground surfaces
Note 1 to entry: Stormwater can either be collected and stored for direct use, or collected and discharged into a
sewer system or environment (3.23) and/or infiltrated into the soil.

[SOURCE: ISO 20670:2018(en), 3.72]

3.2.4
strategy
strategies
organization's approach to achieving its objectives
[SOURCE: ISO 30400:2016(en), 3.5]
3.2.5
user
user of this document
one who applies the recommendations of this document for whatever purpose
Note 1 to entry: The definition has been modified by changing “requirements of this International Standard” to
read: “recommendations of this document”.

Note 2 to entry: The examples provided have been deleted.

[SOURCE: ISO 14258:1998(en), 2.1.4 with Notes added]

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 ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

3.3 Abbreviations

2D flood modelling 2D flood modeling interprets the 2D equations of flow to find out the water
depth and depth-averaged velocity on a grid or mesh. It uses digital terrain
modeling and bathymetry of a water channel in the question to outline the
2D-flow of an expected flood. With 2D flood modeling, there is no need to pre-
define the flow routes. 2D modeling is also suitable for mapping future floods
because it takes velocity variation on floodplain into account and provides
flood maps and depth grids as direct outcomes. Also, it could be more accurate
than 1D flood modeling.

[SOURCE: https://​w ww​.innovyze​.com/​en​-us/​blog/​2d​-flood​-modeling​-5​

-common​-mistakes​-and​-how​-to​-avoid​-them ]

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen con-
sumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic
matter under aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified tempera-
ture.

[SOURCE: https://​w ww​.usgs​.gov/​special​-topics/​water​-science​-school/​science/​

biological​-oxygen​-demand​-bod​-and​-water​#]

CAPEX capital expenditures: funds used by a company to acquire, upgrade, and main-
tain physical assets such as property, plants, buildings, technology, ...

[SOURCE: https://​w ww​.investopedia​.com/​terms/​c/​capitalexpenditure​.asp]

CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis - process that assesses the relation between the cost of
an undertaking and the monetary value of the resulting benefits
Note 1 to entry Also referred to as BCA – Benefit Cost Analysis.

Note 2 to entry Related terms are CBR – Cost Benefit Ratio and BCR – Benefit Cost
Ratio.

[SOURCE: ISO 16439:2014(en), 3.10]

GIS Geographic Information System, information system dealing with information

concerning phenomena associated with location relative to the Earth

[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014,4.1.20, and ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(en), 4.15

GPT Gross Pollutant Trap. GPTs are devices installed to catch stormwater pollution
before it enters waterways. GPTs act like filters, retaining litter but allowing
water to flow through. GPTs can also be used as a pre-treatment for storm-
water harvesting systems. Over time, debris builds up in GPTs. They must be
cleaned to ensure that water can flow through and that the collected rubbish
does not leach pollution into the water

[SOURCE: https://​urbanwater​.melbourne​.vic​.gov​.au/​industry/​t reatment​

-types/​g ross​-pollutant​=​t raps​.gpt/​]

OPEX Operational expenditures: are short-term expenses and are typically used up
in the accounting period in which they were purchased.

[SOURCE: https://​w ww​.investopedia​.com/​terms/​o/​operating​_expenses​.asp]

PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is trig-
gered by a terrifying event – either experiencing it or witnessing it.
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[SOURCE: https://​w ww​.mayoclinic​.org/​diseases​-conditions/​post​-traumatic​

-stress​-disorder/​symptoms​-causes/​syc​-20355967]

TN Total nitrogen is the sum of all the different forms of nitrogen present in the
water, including ammonia and organically bonded nitrogen (TKN), as well as
nitrite and nitrated.

[SOURCE: https://​w ww​.hach​.com/​parameters/​nitrogen]

TP Total phosphorus (TP) is a measure of all phosphorous found in a sample,

whether that phosphorous is dissolved or particulate.

[SOURCE: https://​w ww​.wwdmag​.com/​editorial​-topical/​what​-is​-articles/​

article/​10940686/​k ruger​-veolia​-water​-technologies​-what​-is​-total​
-phosphorous.]

TSS Total Suspended Solids, weight of particulates, both organic and inorganic,
suspended, but not dissolved, per unit of water

[SOURCE: ISO 16345:2014 and ISO 22447:2019(en), 3.1.14]

WSUD Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) is an emerging urban development

paradigm aimed to minimise hydrological impacts of urban development on
environment

[SOURCE: DG ENV project ClimWatAdapt and DG CLIMA project Adaptation

Strategy of European Cities; see; https://​climate​-adapt​.eea​.europa​.eu/​en/​
metadata/​adaptation​-options/​water​-sensitive​-urban​-and​-building​-design]

4 Objectives

4.1 General
The main objectives for this document are to:
— demonstrate how the Assessment Principles set out in ISO 24566-1, Assessment Principles[1] can be
applied to the management of stormwater in urban areas, and to
— assist water services to identify, assess, and adapt to climate change’s expected impact on stormwater
services.

4.2 Other
Other objectives may be established from time to time, to suit changing circumstances within the
community.

5 Impacts of climate change on stormwater systems and responses

5.1 General
The impacts of climate change on stormwater systems should be established and responses considered.

5.2 Impacts
The impacts of climate change are dependent on the:
— nature and effects of climate change,
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— condition of the stormwater system and its assets,

— design parameters of the system and its components,
— nature of the system’s service area,
— nature of the stormwater system’s catchment, and the
— operation of the system.
The impacts on stormwater systems include:
— infrastructural capacity problems:
— increased flows,
— overwhelmed retention and treatment facilities,
— increased number of bypass discharges, and
— changes in the receiving water bodies including sea level rising;
— infrastructural structural problems:
— subsoil subsidence, changes in subsoil conditions and collection system damages caused by
drought or freeze/thaw cycles, and
— damage or loss of assets due to more intense storms, hurricanes, typhoons;
— operational problems:
— increased interactions with wastewater collection and treatment systems,
— increased flows resulting in sewer gases,
— increased pluvial flooding from the surrounding areas,
— increased flooding through capacity problems changing receiving body water qualities (e.g.,
untreated overflows, increased pollution), and
— increased health and nuisance problems (e.g., toxic, noxious or greenhouse gases, insects
(including insect-borne disease) and other vectors, odours);
The impacts on the service area of the stormwater system can include:
— risk to lives and public health,
— extensive property damage through flooding,
— damage or loss of infrastructure assets,
— long-term impacts on the development of the service area:
— deterioration of assets,
— less economic and social development potential, and
— depopulation.

5.3 Responses
Responses are essentially adaptive responses, generally regarding:
— infrastructure,
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

— operation and maintenance,

— management,
— governance, and
— societal behaviour and issues.
Adaptive responses can also have a consequential mitigative character in regard to climate change, i.e.,
reduce the production of greenhouse gases. Adaptive responses tend to anticipate longer-term climate
change conditions such as continuing higher frequencies of events or longer durations of events beyond
the capability to adjust through operational changes.
Adaptive responses can require changes of a continuing nature to:
— stormwater system design,
— infrastructure,
— treatment processes, and
— operations and asset management.
Adaptive responses within the structure and management of the organization itself can include:
— risk management including risks due to climate change impacts,
— adapting monitoring and early warning systems to determine climate change impacts,
— adopting a catchment management approach including forming partnerships with other
organizations,
— crisis management programs adapted to climate change impacts,
— increasing preparedness and the range of possible actions of urban actors (e.g., communities, public
and private enterprises),
— establishing permanent data backup systems outside the risk zones, and
— improve data sharing with other affected organisations.
Adaptive response strategies and their development are covered in Clause 10.

6 Methodology

6.1 General
It is recommended that users of this document follow a five-step approach:
1. understand and assess the current situation, vulnerabilities and opportunities,
2. assess future situations and vulnerabilities including awareness and communication,
3. develop adaptative strategy(ies) including a target-setting process,
4. conduct a financial risk assessment, and
5. monitor, review and update.
Individual steps may be repeated as necessary in the methodological process.

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6.2 Steps
Within each step the following key functions should be considered:
— governance,
— strategies,
— risk management,
— operation and asset management, and
— metrics and targets.

7 Assessment of current situation, vulnerabilities and opportunities

7.1 General
Users of this document should assess and document the current situation, risks and vulnerabilities,
and the opportunities relevant to the stormwater system they manage. The following outline is
recommended.

7.2 Describe and characterise the current stormwater system

7.2.1 Typical assets of a system

The infrastructure assets of a stormwater system will typically comprise:

— the pipe networks,
— ancillary facilities (e.g., pumping stations and electro-mechanical controllers like motorized weirs
and gates, and retention tanks),
— discharge structures (e.g., combined sewer overflow, outfalls, infiltration facilities),
— pollution control structures (e.g., GTPs, screens, retention and settlement basins), and
— water sensitive urban design elements (e.g., constructed wetlands, rain gardens, sponge city
systems, rainwater tanks on public and private land, re-use facilities).

7.2.2 Governance

In order to make plans for adapting stormwater management to the impacts of climate change, current
governance arrangements should be assessed. The assessment should cover the entire service area and,
if possible, the entire catchment area and should include:
— describing how stormwater is governed currently, including:
— which organisation is responsible for which parts of the stormwater system,
— which organisations are in the catchment area and what are their responsibilities for or which
can contribute to stormwater management,
— determining what level of development phase best characterises the stormwater system. An example
of development phases is given in Annex A (Water Sensitive Cities Framework, A1 and A2[8]). This
can help to determine the most appropriate management / adaptation response to climate change
impacts,

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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

— identifying other relevant organisations in the service area or catchment area that can be affected
by climate change impacts to the stormwater systems. For example, such organisations can be
responsible for or contribute to managing:
— surface water run-off (e.g., pluvial and fluvial flooding, run-off from roads, sewer backups),
— wastewater (e.g., non-separated and separated systems, treatment plants),
— receiving waters,
— groundwater,
— water supply, and
— irrigation and drainage.
Such organisations can include:
— regulatory authorities,
— governmental entities,
— public organisations or agencies,
— public or private owners or operators, and
— the community at large.
NOTE The Water Sensitive Cities Framework,[8] is intended to assist municipal water service managers
determine if transitions are desirable for the current water management policies and practices of the jurisdiction:
e.g., should stormwater be considered as a resource from which benefits can be obtained.

7.2.3 Strategies

The current management strategies for the stormwater system and their interdependencies (e.g., from
or with all relevant organisations) should be identified, documented and reviewed in order to assess
their suitability for:
— managing the impacts of climate change,
— identifying gaps in the analysis, and
— considering stormwater as a resource (either potable/non-potable).
The user should review operational strategies and procedures, as well as operation and asset
management plans, asset condition and other asset-related information in order to characterise the
stormwater system from an operations and asset management perspective.
Guidance on the identification, assessment and management of assets and operation is given in
ISO 24516-3, Wastewater collection networks[9].
Key factors included in operations and asset management include vulnerability to flooding events,
power losses and societal impacts including mental health and PTSD effects.
Reviews should be performed for each of the critical components involved in the functioning of the
system.

7.2.4 Risk management

The current procedures for the identification, assessment and management of climate-related
stormwater risks and how they are currently integrated into the overall risk management policies
and practices of the system should be described and documented. In particular, including the existing
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 ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

procedures and means dedicated to crisis management, and whether they are formalized in emergency
action plans or not, should be clearly identified.
Guidance on risk identification, assessment and evaluation is given in ISO 24516-3, Wastewater
collection networks[9].

7.2.5 Operation and Asset Management

The current operation and asset management practices established and followed in the management of
the stormwater system should be identified, described and documented.
Guidance on identification, assessment and evaluation of assets and operations is given in ISO 24516-3,
Wastewater collection networks[9].

7.2.6 Metrics and targets

The current metrics and targets (i.e., desired metric levels) used for the management of the stormwater
system should be identified, described and documented, together with sources used to establish these
metrics and targets such as local monitoring points (hydraulics, meteorology, BOD, etc.), GIS or hydraulic
models. These can include annual, seasonal, peak/non-peak and frequency metrics appropriate to the
locality. An assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the collected data (e.g., level of confidence in
the accuracy of the data, its completeness and plausibility) should be carried out. If necessary, plans to
improve the metrics and targets should be developed.
Relevant metrics and targets include:
— assets (e.g., number, age, size, etc.):
— network (e.g., length of network, condition, renewal rate),
— ancillary facilities (e.g., pumping stations and electro-mechanical controllers like motorized
weirs and gates, and retention tanks),
— discharge structures (e.g., combined sewer overflow, outfalls, infiltration facilities),
— pollution control structures (e.g., gross pollution traps, settlement basins, screens), and
— water sensitive urban design elements (e.g., constructed wetlands, rain gardens, sponge city
systems, rainwater tanks on public and private land, and re-use facilities);
— stormwater run-off:
— flows and volumes,
— percentage catchment imperviousness and directly-connected imperviousness,
— trends (i.e., are flows are increasing, decreasing or stable), and
— frequencies;
— stormwater discharges to:
— receiving waters (outfalls, combined sewer overflows),
— treatment plants,
— groundwater infiltration, and
— reuse facilities;
— stormwater reuse demand:
— current demand for stormwater
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— demand for environmental purposes (e.g., maintenance of wetlands, augmentation of flow-

stressed water bodies);
— stormwater quality:
— pollutant loads (e.g., sediment, BOD, TN, TP, TSS, pathogens, oils and chemicals),
— accidental spills (e.g., kinds, number of potential sources, frequency), and
— gross pollution (e.g., litter, garbage, wind-blown plastics);
— other relevant metrics, e.g., regarding:
— operation and maintenance,
— regulatory purposes,
— public health and safety,
— occupational health and safety,
— land use and site coverage regulations,
— ecosystems,
— service interdependencies (cascading effects), and
— financial situation (CAPEX and OPEX).
Numeric models of the stormwater system should incorporate many of the metrics and targets
mentioned above. The results of numeric models are additional, aggregated information about the
system and its performance that goes beyond the information provided by individual metrics. Such
models include:
— flow models,
— precipitation-runoff models,
— water quality models, and
— integrated models with combinations of the above models.
Such models should be integrated with smart water systems, see for example ISO/DIS 24591-1 and
ISO/DIS 24591-2, Smart water systems[11].

7.3 Identify and assess current climate-related hazards to stormwater services

7.3.1 Current climatic conditions

The current climatic conditions in the locality (taking into account average and extreme conditions and
their durations) should be identified and documented, including:
— precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, ice, and hail),
— groundwater (e.g., levels, flows and renewal rates),
— receiving waters (e.g., flows, levels, and quality),
— coastal waters (e.g., levels, tides, storms, and quality),
— temperature (e.g., droughts, freeze/thaw cycles, and heat waves),
— wind speeds and directions,
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— extreme storms (e.g., hurricane / typhoon forces, tornados, and lightning),

— mudslides,
— avalanches, and
— tectonic conditions.
The identification and documentation of current conditions should be based on data derived from
observations by competent relevant meteorological, geological or hydro-geological services. The level
of detail and the data observation period should be appropriate for the planned use of the data.

7.3.2 Current climate-related hazards

7.3.2.1 General

Extreme events relevant to stormwater services occurring within the chosen observation period
should be reviewed and their effects documented (including approximate costs/damages if known).
This should be done with an understanding of events differing in nature... e.g., short-term acute events
(sub-day rainfall) vs. long-term stressors / events (e.g., saturated catchment areas compounding acute
events].
The identification and evaluation of stakeholders and their interdependencies (e.g., impact on power
service provision, operation of transportation corridors and supply routes, need for evacuation and re-
housing of residential and non-residential populations including special needs populations, etc.) should
be carried out and documented.
Examples of climate-related hazards to stormwater services and, via the stormwater system, to the
service area or catchment, include:
— flooding events (pluvial, fluvial, coastal, sewer and groundwater),
— damage, destruction or disruption of system infrastructure,
— pollution events (impact on drinking water supply, receiving waters, groundwater),
— damage, destruction or disruption of buildings, facilities and infrastructure,
— erosion events,
— power losses (if stormwater system is pumped for example),
— societal impacts including mental health effects and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD),
— economic impacts (short-, mid- and long-term) including on urban growth (greenfield and
brownfield), and
— interdependency failures.

7.3.2.2 Flooding events

Flooding events can be caused or exacerbated by poorly designed, managed and maintained, stormwater
and combined sewer systems. Flooding events arise in different forms:
— pluvial flooding,
— fluvial flooding,
— sewer flooding,
— coastal flooding, and
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— groundwater flooding.
The primary focus of this document is to deal with flooding while noting that there are a number of
sources of risks and vulnerabilities to stormwater services.
Where the flooding event, regardless of its source is limited to the local area within the user’s
jurisdiction, the governance issues are likely to concern the organization and coordination of the
emergency response:
— is the emergency response organisation the same one that manages the stormwater system?
— is there an emergency management structure in place?
— is there an emergency response plan?
— does the emergency response plan include communication to the affected community?
— has the plan been tested by actual events or simulated through desk-top exercises recently?
— is funding available to implement the plan and/or pay compensation to those suffering damage?
If the flooding event is not-local in nature, then the governance issues listed above remain, but are
compounded by the issue of inter-jurisdictional collaboration and coordination:
— have coordination and collaborative arrangements been established with neighbouring
— jurisdictions?
— have coordination and collaborative arrangements been established with senior jurisdictions?
— have those arrangements been tested by actual events or simulated through desk-top exercises
recently?

7.3.2.3 Pollution/erosion events

Where the event involves pollution/erosion and is limited to the local area within the user’s jurisdiction,
the governance issues are likely to concern the organization and coordination of the pollution / erosion
response:
— is there a pollution / erosion response management structure in place?
— is there a response plan?
— does the emergency response plan include communication to the affected community?
— has the plan been tested by actual events or simulated through table-top exercises recently?
— are resources (contractors, in-house equipment and personnel, etc.) available to implement the
plan?
— is funding available to implement the plan?
— do neighbouring or senior jurisdictions need to be notified?
If the pollution / erosion event is not-local in nature, then the governance issues listed above remain,
but are compounded by the issue of inter-jurisdictional collaboration and coordination:
— have coordination and collaborative arrangements been established with neighbouring jurisdictions?
— have coordination and collaborative arrangements been established with senior jurisdictions?
— have those arrangements been tested by actual events or simulated through desk-top exercises?

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7.3.2.4 Power losses

Power losses may impact the functioning of:

— critical components of stormwater systems such as pumping stations and electro-mechanical
controllers like motorized weirs and gates,
— monitoring and supervision system, and
— any powered treatment or pre-treatment system such as screens.
Aspects that should be considered while reviewing and evaluating the risks associated to the potential
loss of power impacting on stormwater management include:
— internal back-up power systems:
— is there a back-up power system available?
— has the back-up power system been regularly tested with positive results?
— does it meet the current needs for power, or is it only capable of meeting essential needs and if
so, which needs?
— external power systems:
— does the external power source supplier prioritize restoring services to the organization?
— have previous events demonstrated adequacy of restoration services?
— has this priority been recently confirmed?

7.3.2.5 Societal impacts including mental health and PTSD effects

Climate change impacts and events can have significant effects on the affected populations. These are
often exhibited in:
— general mental health concerns amongst the population, including particularly children and the
aged population groups, e.g., “will it happen again?”, “will I survive the next event?”, etc.,
— post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) effects are a form of acute mental health conditions and are
generally grouped into four types: intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in thinking and
mood, and changes in physical and emotional reactions. Symptoms can vary over time or vary from
person to person[10].
As the storm water service is the organization responsible for managing risks within the community,
it should have plans in place to provide counselling and support to direct and indirect victims of the
event.
Collaboration of the storm water service with and supporting local public health units and other
counselling resources is an essential responsibility.

7.3.2.6 Interdependency failures

In today’s world, most organizations and services are dependent on other organizations for the
provision of products and services. Water services for example are reliant on energy supplies (for
pumping stations and electro-mechanical controllers like motorized weirs and gates), chemical supplies
(for treatment), transportation companies, telecommunications, and health services to keep employees
healthy.
Stormwater events can interrupt provision of such product and services. Flooding of road and rail
systems can interrupt “just-in-time” deliveries of chemicals for water and wastewater treatment
systems, including any redirection or reuse of stormwater flows.
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Managers of stormwater services should:

— identify and analyse the interdependencies that exist with external and internal product and service
providers,
— review past events to determine weaknesses or failures,
— consult with providers to rectify any past weaknesses or failures and to ensure continued reliability,
and
— confirm relationships by updating if appropriate interdependency contracts and arrangements.

7.4 Identify and assess current system risks and vulnerabilities

7.4.1 General

Based upon the review of previous documented stormwater events, the user should identify and assess
the risks and vulnerabilities of the current system to determine current system opportunities for
risk/vulnerability reduction. Risks and vulnerabilities will vary depending on combined or separated
stormwater and sewer systems, asset conditions, local geography and development legacy.

7.4.2 Governance

The user of this document should identify and document the risks and vulnerabilities that arise as a
result of the current governance of the stormwater system. This should include the following aspects:
— which organisation(s) is (are) responsible for managing stormwater?
— if shared, how is the responsibility shared?
— what are the risks/vulnerabilities related to this?
— is the interface with asset owners well identified?
— is (are) the stormwater management organisation(s) setup and funded properly to manage
stormwater?
— what is the program of asset maintenance/upgrade?
— what are the trends for nutrient pollution, stormwater volumes going to receiving waterways, and
stormwater reuse – increasing, decreasing or stable?
— what is the trend in urban growth, densification and the presence of impervious surfaces?
— are there legislative/regulatory/policy changes anticipated or planed impacting how stormwater
is funded and managed (such as Integrated Water Management programs, WSUD programs/
incentives, or imperviousness charges, etc,)?
Existing governance arrangements should be reviewed with a view towards understanding whether
climate adaptation planning can be integrated into the current governance structure. If not, governance
related adaptation responses can be found in section 10.3.2.

7.4.3 Strategies

7.4.3.1 General

The strategies already in place in the organization (or other organisations that have a role in managing
stormwater) to address the risks and the vulnerabilities should be identified and evaluated. Such
strategies can include:

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7.4.3.2 Hazard identification and risk assessment studies

Such studies should include:

— regularly conducting and documenting hazard identification and risk assessments of climate change
effects (particularly those identified in section 7.3),
— reviewing past hazard analyses and risk assessments against events that have occurred and
identifying key system failure points,
— identifying vulnerabilities,
— involving stakeholders in such activities, and
— publishing for public review hazard identification and risk assessment documents.

7.4.3.3 Response planning activities

The purpose of these strategies is to identify current risks and vulnerabilities with the view to reducing
them through the identification and implementation of response activities that can be based on either
infrastructural or operational changes.
The strategies should include assessment of risks to stormwater as a resource if it is being used for
alternative water supply (potable/non-potable) or environmental water (e.g., to maintain wetlands or
augment low river flows) (see Annex A – A1 and A2).

7.4.3.4 Related issues

In the conduct of these strategies, the user should take into account the likelihood of:
— increased urban densification,
— reduction or increases in impervious surfaces,
— changes to land use planning, and
— development policies such as mandating green roofs, rain gardens or other blue-green infrastructures.

7.4.4 Risk management

Users should identify and document how climate-related risks to stormwater management are currently
managed. Such management activities can include:
— all stormwater management studies being documented and published for stakeholder review,
— key staff participating in regional consultation and planning forums, and conference events,
— exercises being performed at regular intervals to sensitize staff and the public, and test and improve
current practices, and
— continuously researching climate change and stormwater management practices.

7.4.5 Operation and asset management

7.4.5.1 Operations management

Managers of storm water services should be aware of the objectives of waste water systems (including
those combined with storm water systems} as set out in ISO 24511:2019, Guidelines for the management

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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

of wastewater utilities[12] and operate the service in a manner that allows the achievement of those
objectives:
— protection of public health,
— meeting users’ needs and expectations,
— provision of services under normal and emergency situations,
— sustainability of the wastewater utility,
— promotion of sustainable development of the community, and
— protection of the environment.
This includes the following management practices:
— activities and process management,
— resource management,
— asset management,
— customer relations management,
— information management,
— environmental management, and
— risk management.

7.4.5.2 Asset management

Managers of stormwater systems have a responsibility to identify, inventory, and manage the assets of
the systems which often are principally public domain assets such as:
— stormwater drainage assets (e.g., feeder and main line drain assets – e.g., pipe networks, generally
located within roads and public parking areas),
— stormwater storage reservoirs (e.g., retention ponds, underground tanks, by-pass infrastructure,
etc.)
— ancillary facilities (e.g., pumping stations and electro-mechanical controllers like motorized weirs
and gates)
— WSUD assets (e.g., green roofs on public buildings, constructed wetlands, rain gardens, rainwater
tanks on public land, swales).
Managers should establish a full inventory of the assets related to stormwater including:
— the length, location, type of materials of construction, age and condition for all drainage assets,
— the size, location, materials of construction, age and condition for all storage reservoirs, and
— the size, location, materials of construction and age and condition for all WSUD assets.
Critical assets based on previous studies or past hazard analyses should be clearly identified.
Asset management assistance could be provided to WSUD assets on private, commercial and
institutional properties.
Where possible, information on any WSUD assets on private, commercial and institutional properties
should be collected and kept up to date.
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All asset information should be held digitally and at least, within an asset management framework and
ideally in a Digital Twin[13] or similar digital modelling software, in order for climate scenarios to be
more easily applied to model and to stress-test the stormwater system for vulnerabilities.

7.4.6 Metrics and targets

Users should consider the risks and vulnerabilities of current metrics:

— do they measure what needs to be measured?
— are there gaps in the current metrics?
— how accurate and reliable is the data, or are they just estimates?
Targets should be set using current data as the baseline, and could include:
— stormwater flows (volumetric),
— stormwater floodings (critical areas, flooded volumes, depths, etc.),
— stormwater quality: e.g., BOD, TN, TP, TSS, and litter (concentration or load-based),
— current flows and quality of receiving bodies, and
— number of critical stormwater assets.
The goal/outcome of the targets should be defined and documented: what are they trying to achieve?
It is important to determine the vulnerabilities of current targets:
— are they sufficient to meet defined objectives?
— is there a target for each climate change situation?
— how do the targets compare to other similar jurisdictions?
If the flooding event is not-local in nature, then the governance issues listed above remain, but are
compounded by the issue of interjurisdictional collaboration and coordination:
— have coordination and collaborative arrangements been established with neighbouring jurisdictions?
— have coordination and collaborative arrangements been established with senior jurisdictions?
— have those arrangements been tested by actual events or simulated through desk-top exercises?

7.5 Assess current system opportunities

Having completed the inventory of system assets in Section 7.4.6.1 and assessed the current climate
hazards in Section 7.3 and assessed current system risks and vulnerabilities in Section 7.4, managers
of stormwater systems should assess opportunities for expanding or adapting current stormwater
system elements against potential future climate risk hazards and risks.
That assessment should take into account opportunities for financial assistance or investment and
cooperation with or from neighbouring jurisdictions or senior levels of government.
Collaborative response agreements within the region may achieve better outcomes for lower total
investments.
Examples of current opportunities could include:
— centralising stormwater governance into one organisation if currently spread across multiple
organizations,
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

— working towards a shared vision for stormwater management across responsible agencies if
centralising governance is not possible,
— seeking opportunities to manage (or partner with other organisations to manage) stormwater more
holistically using WSUD at a catchment level, for example in new urban greenfield growth areas, as
well as in brownfield redevelopments. This could include influencing urban development typologies
that minimise stormwater generation and maximise reuse opportunities at source,
— identifying opportunities to capture and reuse stormwater, either for non-potable uses such as
irrigation of open spaces and trees, or opportunities to bring stormwater into the potable network,
— leveraging funding opportunities to upgrade assets or reduce pollution levels,
— understanding whether stormwater offsets (e.g., collecting fees to invest in stormwater elsewhere)
can play a role in better management now and under climate change, and
— identifying opportunities to improve the robustness of the stormwater conveyance system through
new interconnections and redundancies.

8 Assessment of future situation, vulnerabilities and opportunities

8.1 Identify and assess future climate change hazards

Climate change causes global hydro-meteorological variations of several kinds: heat or cold waves,
droughts, intense rains and storms, rise in sea level, or even modification of rainfall patterns with excess
or lack of water. The entire water cycle is concerned (precipitation, snow cover, rivers, groundwater,
lakes and wetlands), from both a quantitative (depletion of water resources or excess sudden during
heavy rainfall), and a qualitative view (concentration of pollution, turbidity, eutrophication). These
variations have different dynamics, being either progressive (chronic) or extreme (acute) climatic
events becoming more frequent and intense:
— Chronic:
— increase in average temperatures,
— scarcity of water resources, and
— sea level rise, coastal erosion and slow submersion;
— Acute:
— heat waves, droughts,
— cold spells / frost, and
— extreme precipitations and storms, floodings and submersions.
These considerations are presented more extensively in ISO 24566-1, Assessment Principles[1].
The objective of this section is to determine which climate hazards are relevant to the stormwater
system, and what are the trends and the uncertainties? The following have to be considered:
— establish climate horizons of interest 2030, 2040, 2050, etc.
— start assessment with climate hazards previously encountered as listed in section 7.3, as they are
likely to occur more frequently in the future, due to climate change, and
— build climate hazard scenarios using meteorological services, including prominently trends and
uncertainties.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines a climate change scenario as "a
plausible and often simplified description
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internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces and key relationships”[14]. Climate futures
are uncertain and robust adaptation to climate change should rely on solutions that remain valid for a
wide range of future scenarios.
The complex nature of the climate system, climate models and human factors makes it difficult to
determine exactly what the changes will be at any given location or time. Considering uncertainty is key
to make more informed decisions. There are three main sources of uncertainty in climate projections:
natural climate variability, greenhouse gas emission scenarios, and the climate models themselves. The
relative importance of the three sources of uncertainty changes over time. For instance, when it comes
to projection of global temperature, the contribution of uncertainty from natural climate variability
dominates in the shorter term, model uncertainty is more important over the first half of the century,
and greenhouse gas emission scenarios become the dominant source of uncertainty afterwards.
Assessors need to work with these uncertainties and should consider local past climate events, multiple
climate models and emission scenarios for future planning.
Meteorological services provide climate change information to assist decision making. They make
the best climate science available to all, with climate projections (temperature, precipitation. etc.,)
available according to different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, different time horizons and
different climate models. Many services exist in many regions of the globe, at more or less fine spatial
scales. The Interactive Atlas of the IPCC https://​interactive​-atlas​.ipcc​.ch/​[15] which gives projections
for major regions of the globe. Finer resolutions are recommended when available. National weather
services or environmental authorities may provide local data to better assess vulnerabilities and the
various impacts on a finer scale.
The climate scenarios chosen should be agreed upon by a group of experts, as they are the basis of
the utility’s climate change adaptation approach. Once defined, future climate scenarios should be
consistently applied across the adaptation planning process, until the need to review and amend them
arises. Other key variables, such as human factors (population trends and water use projections, location
of settlements, etc.) should be assessed by the group of experts to be included in future planning.

8.2 Identify and assess future vulnerabilities to stormwater system

8.2.1 Governance

A focus at this stage should be to determine the following:

— what are the key governance related risks arising as climate change hazards increase over time
(e.g., financing costs for renewals/retrofits may increase beyond serviceability)?
— what are the opportunities to adapt governance to suit changing climate hazards?
— what are the risks and vulnerabilities for the stormwater managing organisation(s), such as at the
interface of asset owners?
— is (are) the stormwater management organisation(s) setup and funded properly to manage
stormwater system adaptation?
— are there local policy, plans and documents related to climate change and stormwater management?

8.2.2 Strategies

The user should also identify what strategies are in place that impact on how stormwater will be
managed in the future.

8.2.3 Risk management

The user should give cconsideration to:

— possible alternative management practices for potential future climate-related risks to stormwater,
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— whether or not the risk management framework needs to be changed to incorporate that possibility.
This should include assessment of risks if stormwater is being planned or is being used as a resource
for alternative water supply either as potable or non-potable water or as environmental water (i.e., to
restore wetlands or augment low river flows), and if there are risks arising from potential or actual
competing uses.

8.2.4 Operation and asset management

The following questions need to be examined:

— whether and to what extent climate hazards may change the risks to assets and operations in the
future,
— where are the key vulnerabilities? These can include for example:
— new flooding areas due to both climate hazards and urban growth,
— inability to maintain gravity discharges due to increased sea level,
— increased pollution impact on surface receiving water bodies due to increased stormwater
overflows, reduced river flows and increased river temperature,
— long lasting winter flooding,
— increased runoff due to soil drying/compaction,
— failures in pumping stations and electro-mechanical controllers like motorized weirs and gates
due to energy loss because of flooding event,
— breaks of pipes due to low temperature or drought,
— reduced intervention time for workers due to extreme temperature events, and
— interdependencies and cascading effect;
— How will climate hazards change the risks to assets in the future?
— What are the likely system failure points in the future?

8.2.5 Metrics and targets

The user should assess whether the current metric data set defined in section 7.4.5 will be sufficient
in the future with projected climate changes and define as necessary new metrics for any areas where
gaps identified previously have been found (see 7.4.6.3), for instance:
— water resources diversification > network interconnections, and
— modelled stormwater runoff in 2030, 2040, 2050, etc.
The user should assess:
— any vulnerabilities in the current targets – e.g., whether they are sufficient to meet defined objectives,
and
— define new targets if necessary (e.g., stormwater reuse volume at various time horizons, pollutant
load targets, etc.).

8.3 Assess future opportunities

The user should provide a summary of the potential strengths and weaknesses of the metrics and
targets for 2030, 2040, 2050, etc. …
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.... to support identification of opportunities to adjust plans.

Adaptation of the stormwater system may involve short- and long-term responses, with for example:
— new asset design rules, based on the modelling of expected future rainfall events or 2D flood
modelling,
— changes in drainage assets (both main drain and small line assets), to be increased in length or size
or location,
— WSUD assets (e.g., constructed wetlands, rain gardens, rainwater tanks, etc.), in which locations
and types of assets,
— Gross Pollutant Traps and screens, and where they should be located,
— removable barriers or walls to either divert or contain stormwater runoff, and
— opportunities that stormwater management provides for reducing stormwater impacts on waterway
health and liveability in the face of climate change (such as maintaining the right balance between
consumptive harvesting approaches and soil infiltration, that in turn supports appropriate flow
regimes to waterways, and urban vegetation).
In assessing these adaptation opportunities, consideration should be given to prioritization in the use
of available funding.
More significant stormwater system transformation may also be considered to:
— develop a city-wide global water strategy to solve complex challenges,
— co-design solutions and combine ideas from stakeholders, including local communities and experts,
— design solutions for multiple functions and benefits, for instance:
— dewatering of urban surfaces through porous surfaces to reduce stormwater runoff,
— extensive implementation of Nature Based Solutions [16], [17], [18] and [19].

9 Financial assessments

9.1 General
All responses should be assessed for their long-term economic viability over the expected lifetime of
the response. Such assessments should take into account both the initial investment and the continuing
operational costs. There are two aspects to the financial assessments:
— financing adaptation, and
— conducting a cost-benefit analysis.

9.2 Financing adaptation

Climate change may affect operations, alter the stormwater service or damage assets. Financing
adaptation may seem too big to handle, but many experts underline that inaction will be more expensive
in the long run [20] and [21]. This is referred to as the “cost of inaction”.
Water utilities need to ensure that resources are allocated and supported to deliver successful
adaptation responses. Ensuring the availability of funds will be a long-term consideration and will
require ongoing decisions and adjustments.

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The following aspects should be investigated:

— cost of adaptation strategy (CAPEX and OPEX),
— cost of inaction:
— for the service (damages, staff, regulatory), and
— for the territory (damages, human, regulatory, health, economic),
— is the funding for the project assured? Opportunities and sources of financing exist to finance
climate change adaptation (through public subsidies, private funds, etc.), and
— what are the local consequences or benefits of the adaptation project (economic, health, social)?
The evaluation should be for value, and not just cost.
Assessment of uncertainties surrounding the proposed response may support implementation:
— are there potential side-effects that will have to be remedied and at what cost?
— does the project meet all regulatory requirements or are waivers required and obtainable?
— what is the likelihood of the project going over-budget?
— is the project sustainable in terms of greenhouse gas emissions?
— which risks remain?
Conducting a cost-benefit analysis will help in providing economic information and value for the project.

9.3 Cost-benefit analysis

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is an analysis contributing to decision-making on whether to adopt a
project or a plan by quantifying and comparing its costs and benefits. CBA estimates the value against
the cost of the project in terms of a cost–benefit ratio (CBR) and allows for ranking of alternatives. CBA
is largely used to support decision making about investments in projects, also for water management
projects. There are many sources for conducting CBA such as [22], [23] [24], [25] and particularly The
Flood Plain Manual [26] which is specific to water projects.
CBA relies on at least two scenarios, with-project and without-project scenarios; additional scenarios
with alternative projects may also be analyzed. The without-project scenario is used as the baseline.
Benefits are calculated by comparing with-project(s) and without-project scenarios on the set time
horizon, rather than on a before and after-project scale.
Difficulties with the conduct of benefit-cost analyses is the fact that benefits and costs are not:
— capable of being readily identified and numerically valued,
— easily represented in monetary terms, especially environmental and social benefits (also called
co‑benefits or non-market values) and should be monetized as far as possible see ISO 14007:2019[27],
— the valuation will depend on the recipients of the benefits and the bearers of the costs,
— benefits may be for society collectively as well as individuals (e.g., public or private), and
— costs may be borne by society collectively e.g., governments or individually or corporately.
Correctly identifying and expressing these variables is important and should be documented in the
report of the Analysis. Uncertainty should also be addressed, including providing a sensitivity analysis.
In many cases, the process of assessing a project using CBA is inherently complex. Simplified
methodologies exist, as suggested in the US Federal Emergency Measures Agency’s CBA Streamlined
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Tool Kit [22]. Conducting a simplified CBA may be valuable in the first instance, and useful to have a
first-level analysis of a project.
Users calculating cost-benefit ratios must consider that not all costs can always be monetized. The
New South Wales (NSW) Floodplain Development Manual discusses flood damage cost which include
tangible and intangible costs (direct and indirect for both) [26]. For most flood studies, only tangible
direct costs are calculated, hence when benefit cost assessment is carried out, BCRs lower than 1 can be
included in the recommendations to proceed for flood mitigation works. It could be advisable to accept
a BCR of 0,5 instead of 1.

10 Development of adaptation strategy

10.1 General
It is likely that there are adaptation options within the control of the stormwater service organization
as well as ones that are not, or that are related to land-use policy/governance rather than stormwater
asset management specifically. So, adaptation options chosen by the user of this document will need to
account for that, e.g., a land use policy mandating maximum imperviousness of a property of say 60 %
or something like a mandated green roof to reduce stormwater problems downstream and help climate
adaptation of the service.

10.2 Adaptation strategies

10.2.1 General

In developing an adaption strategy, the user should:

— define short-term and long-term responses or system transformations,
— formulate and set out a systematic approach to documentation (this could include a table such as
that shown in section 11.1),
— include reporting on the elements of governance, strategies, risk management, operation and asset
management and relevant metrics and targets,
— develop a communication plan with its stakeholders covering the following sub-sets of information:
— building an understanding on climate change-related stormwater issues within the stormwater
utility,
— identifying the adaptation strategies available and why the chosen one has been selected,
— setting out training requirements (if any), and
— ensuring the stormwater adaptation strategy is part of an Integrated Water Management
approach (see WSAA guidelines [28]).

10.2.2 Governance

Governance activities should:

— defining changes to governance to improve adaptation to climate change and to maximise new
opportunities,
— encouraging creation of policy approaches to define stated levels/ambitions of adaptation, and
— considering the Water Sensitive Cities Transitions Framework (Annex A, A1 and A2[29] and[30]) to
assess what governance adaptation response may best suit the circumstances and desired objectives
for the stormwater system.
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

10.2.3 Strategies

Strategies required for development include:

— defining a prioritisation/decision making framework for adaptation options,
— quantifying the previous qualitative indicators: CAPEX & OPEX, expected impacts, GES emissions,
and
— providing for staff training, and promoting climate literacy of clients/stakeholders/customers.
The development of a workable adaptation plan for stormwater services depends on continued
momentum, resourcing, as well as understanding the limitations and successes of previous strategies,
if any exist. Once the user has reviewed current strategies (7.2.3), assessed the risks and vulnerabilities
arising from them (7.4.3), as well as having reviewed the future risks, vulnerabilities and opportunities
arising through their application under the impact of climate change (8.2.2), an informed strategy and
response can be developed.
This could include:
— defining a prioritisation/decision making framework for adaptation options,
— undertaking scenario planning and detailed risk assessments,
— agreeing on priority areas, including source control,
— developing, documenting, quantifying and prioritising adaptation options,
— determining roles, responsibilities and measures of success, and
— embedding adaptation options into investment decisions and relevant business planning frameworks
and plans.

10.2.4 Risk management

Changes to risk management processes and frameworks may have to be considered. Users will need
to understand how climate risk will or should be integrated within (or not) existing risk management
practices. If there already defined risk tolerances for stormwater systems, it is about integrating climate
change into their mode of assessment.
Stormwater service providers will already be managing risk, but climate change may test the adequate
integration of complex risks with multiple time horizons. Therefore, the user should critically analyse
risk assessment systems.
Users of this document should be aware of and review AS 5534-2013, Climate Change Adaptation for
settlements and infrastructure - a risk-based approach[29].
Elements from this approach that require careful attention include:
— Consultation: More than for non-climate risks, engagement with external stakeholders – customers,
local government, emergency response agencies and other community support agencies – is critical
as they may bear part of the risk or be part of the response.
— Continuous improvement: Climatic events, crossing of trigger points or warning thresholds must
trigger reviews of risk estimations and adaptation responses; this is essential as the organisation
will still be in a learning process and uncertainty around impacts and interdependencies is high.
— Risk context: Climate risks have specific characteristics, in terms of time-lag, uncertainty, and
cumulative factors (climate events of different nature occurring in rapid succession). This should
be explored to support the risk analysis and prioritisation. Useful elements for the risk context will
have been defined during the vulnerability assessment.
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 ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

— Risk analysis: Climate trends are a key input into the analysis. Scenario planning techniques can
be used to avoid being locked into one specific climatic future. It is essential to recognise the
inadequacy of using past climatic data to predict future trends without integrating any correction
factor for climate change.
— Screening and evaluation: This step can be more complex than for other risks, due to the complex
cumulative and interdependent relationships between risks and the various time horizons to
consider.
While not specific to climate change adaptation or stormwater services, the standard ISO 31000:2018,
Risk management — Principles and guidelines, provides more general guidance on risk management [32]

10.2.5 Operation and Asset management

The user will need to define how asset management practices and frameworks will change in response
to expected climate change taking into account:
— investment profiles for the system,
— design events, and
— exceedance tolerances.
Some of the management practices will include:
— drain clean-out frequency,
— drain daylighting; waterway naturalisation,
— street cleaning frequency,
— pervious surface improvements (through land use policy change, etc.),
— retention basin construction program, and
— other WSUD asset construction programs.

10.2.6 Metrics and targets

The user should define new or revised metrics and targets, based upon the understanding of risks and
vulnerabilities gained in earlier sections of this document.

10.3 Assess revised system

At this stage of implementing the guidelines in this document, the same assessment process as
previously set out in sections 7 and 8 should be repeated in order to identify the trend (assumed to be a
reduction of risks and vulnerabilities) and confirm the maximisation of opportunities, within expected
or planned time horizons.
The assessment should allow replies to the following questions:
— asset management: Is it necessary to review stormwater/wastewater collection network renewal
rates?
— stormwater generation: has the pattern changed, increased or decreased?
— stormwater as a resource – what is the pattern of availability and diversification: What are the
alternatives and possible interconnections?

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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

— water resources pollution or eutrophication: How may water resources be protected? Has there
been any contribution to climate change mitigation > Balance of GRG emissions (under Scope 1, 2,
and 31)),
— Management of natural risks (fire, flood, water stress, geology, etc.): Which risk plans need to be
constructed?

10.4 Assessment protocols

At this stage of implementing this document, the same assessment process as previously set out
in sections 7 and 8 should be repeated in order to identify the trend (assumed to be a reduction of
vulnerabilities) and confirm the maximisation of opportunities, within expected or planned time
horizons.
All contemplated adaptation responses should be assessed in accordance with the provisions of
ISO DIS 24566-1, Assessment Principles.[1] These include, whether and to what extent the adaptation
response:
— integrates with urban and regional planning activities,
— contribute to sustainability of the community and the environment,
— contributes to the resilience of the community and the region,
— follows a whole of business approach,
— takes into account the principles of asset management for both existing and planned assets,
— lends itself to a long-term economic viability1 assessment, and
— can be readily and accurately monitored.

10.5 Implementation
In order to implement the adaptations, the following requirements must be met:
— the business planning and funding must be completed and confirmed,
— governance options, roles and responsibilities must be confirmed, satisfactory and documented,
and
performance indicators (assets, services, economic, social, regulatory, contractual, and customer
satisfaction (e.g., complaints)) must be established and calculated.
Once the adaption strategy has been assessed and evaluated, the assessment protocols determined, and
the funding, governance and performance indicators established, the strategies should be implemented.

11 Proposed templates

11.1 Template for response options and actions

The following Table, Table 1 (11.1), is a proposed generic template for recording and reporting response
options and actions. The contents relate to the examples shown in Annex B (Annex B1), but with a
different format.

1) Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from
the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating and cooling consumed by the reporting company. Scope 3
includes all other indirect emissions thatto:
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Table 1 — (11.1) Templates for recording and reporting response options and actions Table
Part A Climate Hazards and Impacts, and Response Options
Type of measure:
asset, service, eco-
Short term meas-
nomic, social, regula-
Physical cli- ure, or long-term
Part A Potential impact tory, contractual Description
mate hazard measure or system
TCFD: Governance, Stra-
transformation
tegic, Risk management,
Metrics/Targets
1 Temperature Outdoor employee Social Long term Adapt working
changes discomfort; yielding hours when air
Governance
sick leaves temperature > x
°C. For example,
working day be-
comes 5 to 12 am
during the event.
2a Intense pre- Stormwater over- Asset System transforma- Disconnect all
cipitations flows polluting and tion networks and re-
Strategic and Risk man-
eroding receiving tain all precipita-
agement
waters, network tion at the source
flooding causing by implementing
human and urban SUDS/WSUD
damages, road largely
closures/building
inundation
2b Water level Inflow of water Asset Can be short-term Build or elevate
rise through stormwa- but is likely to be sills or dykes
Strategic, Risk man-
ter/ combined sewer long-term with gen-
agement, and Metrics/
overflows that have eral global warming.
Targets
become lower than
ambient adjacent
water levels – rivers,
lakes or sea.
3 Severe winds Loss of power, severe Asset Short and long term Clean up dam-
terrestrial damage aged area and
Strategic and Risk man-
replant forests if
agement
appropriate
NOTE to Part A Other impacts could be assessed, such as impacts on biodiversity, pollution, circular economy according to
the needs of the user.

Table 2 — (Part B) Assumed responsible Organizations, Impacts and Side Effects

Impact in terms
of climate
Phasing: Expected impact change miti-
before the CAPEX & OPEX gation during
Part B Governance and side effects
event, dur- + / ++ / +++ implementation
ing, after + / ++ / +++ & operation Neg-
ative/neutral/
positive
1 Before: de- CAPEX: + Utility Impact: + Implementation:
fine plan Neutral
OPEX: ++ Side effect: no half
During: apply day break Operation: Neu-
tral
2 Before CAPEX: ++ Municipality Impact: +++ Implementation:
Negative
OPEX: + Side effect: stronger
flow in m3/s Operation: Neu-
tral
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Table 2 (continued)
Impact in terms
of climate
Phasing: Expected impact change miti-
before the CAPEX & OPEX gation during
Part B Governance and side effects
event, dur- + / ++ / +++ implementation
ing, after + / ++ / +++ & operation Neg-
ative/neutral/
positive
3 Before CAPEX: +++ Municipality Impact: ++ Implementation:
Negative
OPEX: + Side effect: major
events will not be Operation: Neg-
fully retained ative

11.2 Template for response categorisations

The user may also wish to record how adaptation options (based on Table A) reflect local considerations,
new design criteria, additional literature (e.g., the WSC Transitions Framework in Annex A (Annex A1)).
The classification of the city types (column 1) is based on descriptions found in Annex A (Annex A2).
This is set out in Table 2.
Annex B sets out examples of responses to climate change, and particular examples are given in
Annex ??Annex B1 to B5 have been cross-referenced in the following template. Please note, the examples
Annex ?? Annex B1 to B5, could be applied under governance discretion to any of the city types.

Table 3 — (Table 11.2) Allocation of Responses Made

Operation and
WSC Transition Risk Manage- Metrics & tar-
Governance Strategic Asset Manage-
Framework state ment gets
ment
Water supply city – B1–green roofs B1–green roofs B1–green roofs B1–green roofs B1–green roofs
has water supply and B3-flood proof B3-flood proof B3-flood proof B3-flood proof
distribution systems buildings buildings buildings buildings
in place
Sewered City - has B3-flood proof B3-flood proof B3-flood proof B3-flood proof
waste water collec- buildings buildings buildings buildings
tion and treatment
systems in place
Drained City – has B1–green roofs B1–green roofs B1-green roofs B1–green roofs
storm water collec- B3-flood proof B3-flood proof B3-flood proof B3-flood proof
tion and treatment buildings buildings buildings buildings
systems (including
wetlands) in place B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention
ponds ponds ponds ponds ponds
Waterway City - B2-tree pits B2-tree pits B2-tree pits B2-tree pits B2-tree pits
has natural water B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention
ways (rivers, lakes, ponds ponds ponds ponds
etc.) fully integrat-
ed with drinking B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable
water, waste water paving paving paving paving paving
and storm water
systems.

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 ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Table 3 (continued)
Operation and
WSC Transition Risk Manage- Metrics & tar-
Governance Strategic Asset Manage-
Framework state ment gets
ment
Water Cycle City - B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable
has natural water paving paving paving paving paving
ways (rivers, lakes,
etc.) fully integrat-
ed with drinking
water, waste water
and storm water
systems.
Water Sensitive B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention B4-retention
City – has natural ponds ponds ponds ponds ponds
water ways (rivers, B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable B5-permeable
lakes, etc.) fully inte- paving paving paving paving paving
grated with drinking
water, waste water
and storm water sys-
tems and provides
for water reuse and
recycling with the
objective of mini-
mizing fresh water
use while meeting
customer needs and
preserving or im-
proving the natural
aquatic environment

12 Monitor, review and update

Climate change adaptation requires an adaptive approach because of its nature; thus, review based
on relevant monitoring should be conducted as frequently as necessary, including after extreme
stormwater events. Monitoring and review help to identify when key trigger points are approaching,
to measure overall planning or adaptation success, and to provide a benchmark for assessing the
effectiveness of adaptation responses [20]. Monitoring and review should be in accordance with the
provisions of ISO 24566-1, Assessment Principles[1].
Monitoring is a fundamental on-going process to assess changes in the environment and risk context,
and can trigger or form a basis for the review of adaptation responses. Besides the metrics of stormwater
management, it is important to monitor stormwater service standards such as:
— the annual frequency of stormwater flood events,
— the projected duration of a stormwater flood event, and
— the maximum population evacuation caused by a stormwater flood event.
It is also important to monitor other key relevant variables to climate change including ocean and lake
body temperatures, wind speeds and directions, etc. Climate science and climate understanding is
changing, as may government and non-government regulations and policies and the organization’s own
governance structures.
Stormwater utilities should periodically review adaptation strategies and performance of adaptation
responses, including after stormwater extreme events. This is because the effectiveness of some
adaptation responses can only be evaluated after stormwater events. The review should confirm
that the adaptation strategies are being effectively implemented and that adaptation responses in
place are being successful. After review, adaptation strategies should be updated as necessary. see
ISO/DIS 24566-1 (Section [1].
9.8)to:
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Water Sensitive Cities

The water sensitives cities program[8] was developed in Australia to help the cities understand the
situation they faced or might face and how they could transition from a city that simply supplied water
to its residents and went through a series of transition to a city that maximizes the benefits of water
management in the city to achieve an optimal condition.
Figure A.1 illustrates the transitional stages of the Water-Sensitive Cities Framework.
Dimensions in millimetres

Source: Based on T. Wong and R. R. Brown. 2009. The Water Sensitive City: Principles for Practice. Water
Science and Technology 60(3):673-682.

Figure A.1 — Water-Sensitive Cities Framework

Figure A.2 provides suggested characteristics on the city types in the framework[29]. and[30].

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Figure A.2 — Urban Water Transitions Framework (adapted from (Brown et al., 2009)

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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Annex B
(informative)

Examples of Stormwater Management Responses

B.1 Green roofs – City of Toronto, Canada

Table B.1
Topic Response
Nature of response A longer-term response of an infrastructural nature imposed by the municipal
authority as a requirement of obtaining a building permit. It is applied to develop-
ers of new industrial, commercial and institutional projects within the urban area.
Response approach This is a whole of business approach by the urban authority as it seeks to minimize
municipal investments in stormwater management and consequent insurance
pay-outs to flooded properties. For the developer concerned, it can be a whole of
business response with opportunities for other benefits to offset the investment
costs (such as reduced air conditioning requirements in the building, or offering
employees recreational areas, including roof-top gardens).
Is it a risk-based ap- Yes: the impacts of climate change, in particular changes in intensity and frequency
proach? of precipitation events are well projected. Introducing green roofs has an ability
to absorb precipitation and at the same time to withstand droughts, thus reducing
risks.
Is it integrated with Yes: consultations were taken with environmental groups, conservation author-
urban/regional planning ities, building developers and city and other engineering firms within the urban
activities? area. There was no need to consult or take into account regional planning activities,
but regional authorities were aware of the consultations.
Does it contribute to sus- Yes: green roofs promote energy reduction within buildings by lowering needs for
tainability? air conditioning, promoting air quality in the urban area through the absorption of
Carbon Dioxide and the release of Oxygen, reducing stormwater runoff and helping
manage stormwater treatment to improve receiving body water quality.
Does it contribute to Yes: but of a minor nature. Lowered demands for urban water services infrastruc-
resilience? ture and operations can benefit interdependencies such as consumption of power,
reduced use of chemicals for stormwater treatment.
What key elements of the There are several elements of the whole business approach that apply to adaptive
response apply? responses. These include:
— embedding climate adaptation needs into asset strategies and plans,

— understanding the community including their willingness to pay for various

adaptive options/responses

— embedding regulatory obligations within the climate change context,

— using consistent risk assessment frameworks, methodologies and climate

scenarios, and

— noting that assets need to be overdesigned or re-designed to account for future

climate conditions.

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Table B.1 (continued)

Topic Response
Is it economically viable Green roof requirements have been determined in a number of studies to have long
in the long-term? term benefits for the property owner, largely due to reduced operating costs within
the building, and social benefits arising for both the employees (access to a roof
garden) and the community from cleaner air.
These studies have determined the application of the requirement to new ICI pro-
jects and have led some existing ICI projects to retrofit their roofing systems where
possible.
The City of Toronto also has an incentive plan to encourage the installation of green
roofs.
Can the outcomes of the Yes. Studies can measure the reflectivity of green roofs compared to conventional
response be measured? roofs; localized air quality measurements can determine higher oxygen and lower
carbon dioxide levels in the immediate area of larger roofs. In addition, projected
cooling costs within the building compared to comparable buildings indicate lower
operating costs.
Does the response Yes. The lower reflectivity of heat patterns and lower carbon dioxide generation
support climate change both help to mitigate climate change.
mitigation?
Implementation agency City of Toronto, Canada:
and contact.
The Green Roof Bylaw sets out a graduated green roof requirement for new devel-
opment or additions greater than 2,000 m2 gross floor area, as well as governing
the construction standards of green roofs.
— https://​w ww​.toronto​.ca/​city​-government/​planning​-development/​official​-plan​
-guidelines/​g reen​-roofs/​g reen​-roof​-bylaw/​

— https://​w ww​.toronto​.ca/​city​-government/​planning​-development/​official​-plan​
-guidelines/​g reen​-roofs/​
Shayna Stott, Environmental Planner
City Planning Division
Metro Hall, 55 John St., 22nd Floor
Toronto, ON M5V 3C6
Email: sustainablecity@​toronto​.ca

B.2 Tree pit installation - Charles River Watershed Association, Boston MA, USA

Table B.2
Topic Response
Nature of response The response involves the planting of trees (normally on sidewalks) in deep pits,
and surrounding the trees at surface level with porous surfaces that allow water to
enter the pit and nourish the tree, with excess water being drained into the water
table.
This is a longer-term response of an infrastructural nature implemented by
municipal authorities as response to increased flows of stormwater from sidewalks
and adjacent buildings.
The long-term planning horizon is due to rate of growth of the trees and their life
span (up to 200 years).
Response approach This is a long-term adaptive response which has a whole of business approach by
the urban authority (seeking to minimize municipal investments in stormwater
management and consequent insurance pay-outs to flooded properties. The whole
business approach takes into account the major social and environmental benefits
of greening urban areas (cooling, air quality, and social amenities).
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ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Table B.2 (continued)

Topic Response
Is it a risk-based ap- Yes: the impacts of climate change, in particular changes in intensity and frequen-
proach? cy of precipitation events are well projected. Introducing urban tree planting
programs has an ability to absorb precipitation and at the same time to providing
shade from sun and providing transpiration of ground water to cool air tempera-
tures.
Is it integrated with Yes: consultations were taken with environmental groups, conservation author-
urban/regional planning ities, community associations, land developers and landscaping firms and tree
activities? nurseries within the urban area. There was no need to consult or take into account
regional planning activities, although regional authorities were aware of the pro-
gram.
Does it contribute to sus- Yes: tree pit installations:
tainability?
— reduce stormwater runoff, volume, flow rate and temperature,

— increase groundwater infiltration and recharge,

— provide some local flood control,

— treat stormwater runoff,

— improve quality of local surface waterways,

— improve aesthetic appeal of streets and neighbourhoods, and provide wildlife

habitat,

— provide shade to nearby buildings to reduce energy costs,

— require limited space, and are

— simple to install and available in multiple sizes and configurations.

Does it contribute to Yes: but of a minor nature individually; however, if there is a community-wide pro-
resilience? gram the lowered demands for urban water services infrastructure and operations
can benefit interdependencies such as consumption of power, reduced use of chemi-
cals if stormwater treatment takes place.
What key elements of the There are several elements of the whole business approach that apply to adaptive
response apply? responses. These include:
— embedding climate adaptation needs into municipal infrastructure asset
strategies and plans,

— understanding the community including their willingness to pay for various —

adaptive options/responses through municipal tax levies,

— embedding urban design objectives within the climate change context,

— using consistent risk assessment frameworks, methodologies and climate

scenarios, and

— noting that assets need to be maintained throughout their life spans to account
for future climate conditions.
Is it economically viable Tree pit installations have been determined in a number of studies to have long
in the long-term? term benefits for the community through social benefits of beautification, the pro-
vision of shade, and cleaner air as indicated above.
Can the outcomes of the Yes. Localized air quality measurements can determine higher oxygen and lower
response be measured? carbon dioxide levels in the immediate area of urban trees. Measurement of storm-
water drainage flows can demonstrate reduced flows for known storm events (the
US EPA estimates, depending on their size, that a tree and its tree pit can absorb up
to 400 l of water from a 5 cm rain event).

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 ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Table B.2 (continued)

Topic Response
Does the response Yes. The impact of urban trees on heat patterns and lower reflectivity and carbon
support climate change dioxide generation all help to mitigate climate change.
mitigation?
Implementation agency Charles River Watershed Association
and contact.
Suite 800, 41 West St.,
Boston, MA,
02111, US
www​.charlesriver​.org
Low Impact Best Management Practice (BMP) Information Sheet

B.3 Flood-proofing buildings - Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation,

Ottawa, Canada

Table B.3
Topic Response
Nature of response The response involves adapting existing buildings to withstand or easily recov-
er from floods, or requiring new buildings in flood prone areas to be built with
flood-proofing designs and features.
This is a longer-term response of an infrastructural nature with requirements
or guidelines being implemented by municipal authorities as response to increased
flows of stormwater within urban areas.
The long-term planning horizon is due the expected life-span of the buildings (can
be decades).
Response approach This is a long-term adaptive response which has a whole of business approach by
the urban authority (seeking to minimize municipal investments in stormwater
management and consequent insurance pay-outs to flooded properties). The whole
business approach takes into account the impact on the insurance industries, local
construction and renovation enterprises, disruptions to the neighbourhoods and
industries, commerce and institutional facilities.
Some municipalities will subsidize the installation of back flow devices to reduce
potential insurance claims against the municipality.
Is it a risk-based ap- Yes: the impacts of climate change, in particular changes in intensity and frequency
proach? of precipitation events are well projected. Introducing flood protection require-
ments for existing and new buildings reflects the intention to minimize risk (conse-
quences) in the face of known and increasing probabilities of the hazard.
Is it integrated with Yes: consultations were taken with home and building owners, insurance compa-
urban/regional planning nies, community associations, and municipalities. There was no need to consult or
activities? take into account regional planning activities, but regional authorities are aware of
the policy.
Does it contribute to sus- Yes: flood proofing existing and future buildings assist in creating functional, cli-
tainability? mate resilient cities.
Does it contribute to Yes: but in the sense of the resilience of the community. Flood proofing existing
resilience? and future buildings will enable the community to continue to function without
interruption, will reduce the cost of ownership and operation by the avoidance of
flood damage reparations, provide fewer interruptions to community and social
living conditions. Interdependencies such as consumption of power, neighbourhood
maintenance and repairs particularly of infrastructure all apply.
What key elements of the There are several elements of the whole business approach that apply to adaptive
response apply? responses. These include:

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Table B.3 (continued)

Topic Response
— embedding climate adaptation needs into municipal and ICI infrastructure
asset strategies and plans,

— understanding the community including their willingness to pay for various

adaptive options/responses withrespect to improvements to their properties
(even if subsidy support is provided by the municipality),

— embedding building design objectives within the climate change context,

— using consistent risk assessment frameworks, methodologies and climate

scenarios, and

— noting that assets may need to be maintained throughout their life spans to
account for future climate conditions.
Is it economically viable Retrofitting buildings and designing new flood proof buildings has been deter-
in the long-term? mined in a number of studies to have long term benefits for the property owners
and the community through social benefits of fewer or lesser flood interruptions.
The cost of restoring flooded buildings is generally high due to the likelihood,
amongst other things of significant decontamination and mold reduction.
Can the outcomes of the Yes. The immediate and direct outcome can be measured in the form of insurance
response be measured? coverage indices (or the fact that insurance coverage can even be obtained by the
property owner. For the municipality, again there can be a reduced insurance cost
(although many municipalities are self-insured for the first $X millions.
Does the response No, not directly. Indirectly from reduced clean up and renovation activities.
support climate change
mitigation?
Implementation agency Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation,
and contact.
700 Montreal Road.
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0P7, CA
“Flood-proofing of buildings” by Williams, G. P.
Publisher’s version/Version de l'éditeur:
https://​doi​.org/​10​.4224/​20328553
Canadian Building Digest, 1978-10

B.4 Creation of retention basins – City of Barrie, Canada

Table B.4
Topic Response
Nature of response The response required the establishment of surface retention basins in appropri-
ate areas of the municipality so that stormwater can be diverted from stormwater
drainage systems above predetermined peak flows into the basin. Such basins are
below grade, grassed and can be used as for recreational purposes, i.e., if large
enough they can be used as sport facilities such as tennis courts, basketball courts,
etc.). Some may be formed as wetlands to assist treatment.
This is a longer-term response of an infrastructural nature implemented by the
municipal authority as response to increased flows of stormwater within urban
areas.

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Table B.4 (continued)

Topic Response
Response approach This is a long-term adaptive response which has a whole of business approach by
the urban authority (seeking to minimize municipal investments in stormwater
management and consequent insurance pay-outs to flooded properties. The whole
business approach takes into account the impact on the insurance industries, local
construction and renovation enterprises, disruptions to the neighbourhoods and
industries, commerce and institutional facilities.
This requires coordination with land use planning and urban development activi-
ties, with appropriate spaces being set aside in suburban areas.
Is it a risk-based ap- Yes: the impacts of climate change, in particular changes in intensity and frequency
proach? of precipitation events are well projected. Introducing flood protection require-
ments for existing and new urban areas reflects the intention to minimize risk
(consequences) in the face of known and increasing probabilities of the hazard.
Is it integrated with Yes: consultations were taken with home and building owners, insurance compa-
urban/regional planning nies, community associations, within the urban area. There was no need to consult
activities? or take into account regional planning activities although they were aware of the
approach being taken.
Does it contribute to sus- Yes: installing or creating retention basins assists in creating functional, climate
tainability? resilient cities.
Does it contribute to Yes: in the sense of the resilience of the community. Creating retention basins not
resilience? only protects the adjacent urban areas by providing a storage area of unusual rain
events, it also provides potential recreational areas for community enjoyment. In
addition, sediments in the run-off from roads (sand, oils, rubbers particles, etc.) are
taken into the retention basins for treatment or disposal.
What key elements of the There are several elements of the whole business approach that apply to adaptive
response apply? responses. These include:
— embedding climate adaptation needs into municipal infrastructure asset
strategies and plans,

— understanding the community including their desire to have additional green

spaces within their areas,

— embedding land use planning objectives within the climate change context,

— using consistent risk assessment frameworks, methodologies and climate

scenarios, and

— noting that assets may need to be maintained throughout their life spans to
account for future climate conditions.
Is it economically viable Maintenance costs of such retention basins may involve some landscaping activ-
in the long-term? ities (such as mowing) which is a seasonal and occasional cost. The capital costs
are minor since the land is municipal land in the first instance. Social benefits from
extra green space (recreational, visual pleasures, etc.) are not quantifiable, but real.
Can the outcomes of the Yes. The immediate and direct outcome can be measured in the form of insurance
response be measured? coverage indices (or the fact that insurance coverage can even be obtained by adja-
cent property owners. For the municipality, again there can be a reduced insurance
cost (although many municipalities are self-insured for the first $X millions.
Does the response No, not directly. Indirectly from reduced clean up and renovation activities, and
support climate change also if the areas are partially forested with the trees absorbing carbon dioxide.
mitigation?

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Table B.4 (continued)

Topic Response
Implementation agency City of Barrie, Ontario, Canada.
and contact.
https://​w ww​.barrie​.ca/​Living/​Environment/​Wastewater​-And​-Sewers/​Pages/​
Stormwater​-Ponds​. aspx​#
Service Barrie
(705) 726-4242
ServiceBarrie@​barrie​.ca

B.5 Permeable paving - City of Ottawa, Ontario Canada

Table B.5
Topic Response
Nature of response The response requires the surfacing of some travelled areas (driveways, parking
lots, patios) with permeable surfaces. These may include bricks, blocks, plastic
grids) and is designed to allow penetration of surface water between the bricks,
blocks or through the plastic grids which are filled with appropriate materials such
as soil or gravel. These can be installed on both private and commercial property
and are designed to reduce run-off to the roadways.
This is a longer-term response of an infrastructural nature implemented by
municipal authorities as response to increased flows of stormwater within urban
areas.
Response approach This is a long-term adaptive response which has a whole of business approach by
the urban authority (seeking to minimize municipal investments in stormwater
management and consequent insurance pay-outs to flooded properties.) The whole
business approach takes into account the impact on the insurance industries, local
construction and renovation enterprises, disruptions to the neighbourhoods and
industries, commerce and institutional facilities.
Is it a risk-based ap- Yes: the impacts of climate change, in particular changes in intensity and frequency
proach? of precipitation events are well projected. Introducing flood protection require-
ments for existing and new urban areas reflects the intention to minimize risk
(consequences) in the face of known and increasing probabilities of the hazard.
Is it integrated with Yes: consultations were taken with insurance companies, community associations,
urban/regional planning within the urban area. There was no need to consult or take into account regional
activities? planning activities, again regional planning agencies were aware of the approach.
Does it contribute to sus- Yes: installing or creating permeable paving solutions assists in creating functional,
tainability? climate resilient cities.
Does it contribute to Yes: in the sense of the resilience of the community. Creating permeable paving
resilience? solutions not only protects the adjacent urban areas by providing a storage area of
unusual rain events, it also provides means for sediments in the run-off from roads
(sand, oils, rubbers particles, etc.) are taken into the bioswale for treatment or
disposal.
What key elements of the There are several elements of the whole business approach that apply to adaptive
response apply? responses. These include:

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 ISO/DIS 24566-2:2023(E)

Table B.5 (continued)

Topic Response
— embedding climate adaptation needs into municipal and private infrastructure
asset strategies and plans,

— understanding the community including their desire to have less engineered

solutions (curbs and drains) to their neighbourhoods,

— embedding land use planning objectives within the climate change context,

— using consistent risk assessment frameworks, methodologies and climate

scenarios, and

— noting that assets may need to be maintained throughout their life spans to
account for future climate conditions.
Is it economically viable There is some extra cost in the construction of such areas but these are private
in the long-term? costs, unless applied to municipal areas. Municipal costs for curbing, drainage
systems are likely to be reduced. Maintenance costs of such permeable paving solu-
tions similar to non-permeable paving cost.
Can the outcomes of the Yes. The immediate and direct outcome can be measured in the form of reduced
response be measured? indices of runoff from the area. For the municipality, again there can be a reduced
insurance cost (although many municipalities are self-insured for the first $X mil-
lions.
Does the response No, not directly. Indirectly from reduced clean up and renovation activities.
support climate change
mitigation?
Implementation agency City of Ottawa, Ontario Canada.
and contact.
https://​ottawa​.ca/​en/​living​-ottawa/​environment​-conservation​-and​-climate/​
protecting​-ottawas​-waterways/​rain​-ready​-ottawa

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Bibliography

Publications
[1] ISO 24566-1, Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of
water services to climate change impacts — Part 1: Assessment principles
[2] ISO 24566-3, Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of
water services to climate change impacts — Part 3 Drinking Water Systems
[3] ISO 24566-4, Drinking water, wastewater and storm water systems and services — Adaptation of
water services to climate change impacts — Part 4 Waste Water Systems [3]
[4] ISO 24536:2019, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater
systems — Stormwater management — Guidelines for stormwater management in urban areas
[5] ISO 24539:2019, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater
systems — Examples of good practices for stormwater management
[6] ISO 14091:2021, Adaptation to climate change — Guidelines on vulnerability, impacts and risk
assessment
[7] ISO 24513:2019, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater
systems — Vocabulary
[8] Water Sensitive Cities Australia, 2022). WSC Transition Tools Manual Version 1. Melbourne,
Australia: Water Sensitive Cities Australia, August 2022.
[9] ISO 24516-3, Service activities relating to drinking water supply, wastewater and stormwater
systems — Part 3: Wastewater Collection Networks
[11] ISO 24591-1, Smart water systems Smart water management — Part 1: General guidelines and
governance and ISO DIS 24591-2 - Part 2: Data management guidelines. General information
[12] ISO 24511:2019, Guidelines for the management of wastewater utilities.
[27] ISO 14007:2019, Environmental management — Guidelines for determining environmental costs
and benefits
[29] AS 5534-2013Climate Change Adaptation for settlements and infrastructure - a risk-based
approach, Published 2013-06-05, Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney NSW 2001.
[30] ISO 31000:2018, Risk management – Principles and guidelines
Internet URLS
[10] https://​w ww​.mayoclinic​.org/​diseases​-conditions/​post​-traumatic​-stress​-disorder/​s ymptoms​
-causes/​syc​-20355967
[13] Embracing digital twin technology for engineering assets, https://​discover​.aveva​.com/​paid​
-search​-eadt/​whitepaper​-digital​-twin​-engineering
[14] https://​w ww​.ipcc​.ch/​
[15] https://​interactive​-atlas​.ipcc​.ch/​
[16] Getting the message right on nature-based solutions to climate change, Natalie Seldon, Global
Climate Biology, Riley, 2020, https://​onlinelibrary​.wiley​.com/​doi/​pdf/​10​.1111/​gcb​.15513

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