Dr.

Majid albana

Sesmic Loads Manual

For

2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

Dr. Majid albana

Automatic Seismic Loads

1.0 2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

1.1 Options for 2016 ASCE 7-16 Building Period

Three options are provided for the building period used in calculating the
ASCE 7-16 automatic seismic loads. They are as follows:

 Approximate Period: Calculate the period based on (ASCE 7-16 Eqn.

12.8-7). The values used for Ct and x are user input, and hn is determined
by the programs from the input story level heights.

TA = Ct ( hn )
x
(ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-7)

Note that Ct is always input in English units, as specified in the code. A

typical range of values for Ct is 0.016 to 0.03, while x varies from 0.75 to
0.9. The height hn is measured from the elevation of the specified bottom
story/minimum level to the (top of the) specified top story/maximum
level.

 Program Calculated: The programs start with the period of the mode
calculated to have the largest participation factor in the direction that
loads are being calculated (X or Y). Call this period Tmode. A period is
also calculated based on (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-7). The values used for
Ct and x are user input, and hn is determined from the input story level
heights. Call this period TA.

The programs also calculate a coefficient for the upper limit on the calcu-
lated period, Cu. The building period, T, that the programs choose is de-
termined as follows:

2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

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Automatic Seismic Loads

– If Tmode ≤ CuTA, then T = Tmode.

– If Tmode > CuTA, then T = CuTA.

 User Defined: In this case, input a building period, which the programs
use in the calculations. They do not compare it against CuTA. It is as-
sumed that this comparison is performed before the period is specified.

1.2 Other Input Factors and Coefficients

The response modification factor, R, and the system overstrength factor, Ωο,
are direction dependent. Both are specified in ASCE 7-16 Table 12.2-1. A
typical range of values for R is 2 to 8. A typical range of values for Ω ο is 2 to
3.

The occupancy category can be input as I, II, III or IV. No other values are
allowed. See ASCE 7-16 Section 1.5-1 for information about the occupancy
category. The programs determine the occupancy importance factor, I, from
the input occupancy category and ASCE 7-16 Table 1.5-1 and 1.5-2.

The seismic coefficients can be input in accordance with the code or they can
be user defined. If the seismic coefficients are in accordance with code, spec-
ify a site class, Ss and S1, as well as a long-period transition period, TL. If
seismic coefficients are user defined, specify Ss, S1, TL, Fa and Fv.

The site class can be A, B, C, D, or E. Note that site class F is not allowed for
automatic ASCE 7-16 lateral seismic loads. See ASCE 7-16 Table 20.3-1 for
site class definitions.

Ss is the mapped Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER)

spectral acceleration for short periods as determined in ASCE 7-16 Section
11.4.2. A typical range of values for Ss is 0 to 3. Note that the seismic maps
show Ss in % g with a typical range of 0% to 300%. The input in the pro-
grams is in g. Thus the map values should be divided by 100 when they are
input. For example, if the map value is 125%g it should be input as 1.25g.

S1 is the mapped MCE spectral acceleration for a one second period as de-
termined in ASCE 7-16 Section 11.4.2. A typical range of values for S1 is 0
to 1. Note that the seismic maps show S1 in %g with a typical range of 0% to
100%. The input in the programs is in g. Thus the map values should be di-

2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

Dr. Majid albana

Automatic Seismic Loads

vided by 100 when they are input. For example, if the map value is 100%g, it
should be input as 1.0g.

Fa is a site coefficient. If the site coefficients are determined in accordance

with code, the software automatically determines Fa from the site class and Ss
based on ASCE 7-16 Table 11.4-1. If site coefficients are user defined, the Fa
is input directly by the user. A typical range of values for Fa is 0.8 to 2.4.

Fv is a site coefficient. If the site coefficients are determined in accordance

with code, the software automatically determines Fv from the site class and S1
based on ASCE 7-16 Table 11.4-2. If site coefficients are user defined, Fv is
input directly by the user. A typical range of values for Fv is 0.8 to 4.2.

TL is the long-period transition period as determined in ASCE 7-16 Section

11.4.6.

1.3 Algorithm for 2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

The algorithm for determining ASCE 7-16 seismic loads is based on ASCE
7-16 Section 12.8. A period is calculated as described in a preceding section
entitled "Options for ASCE 7-16 Building Period."

The programs begin by calculating the design spectral response acceleration

at short period, SDS, using (ASCE 7-16 Eqs. 11.4-1 and 11.4-3).

2
S DS = Fa Ss (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 11.4-1 and 11.4-3)
3

Next, the design spectral response acceleration is calculated at a one second

period, SD1, using (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 11.4-2 and 11.4-3).

2
S D1 = Fv S1 (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 11.4-2 and 11.4-3)
3

The programs determine a seismic design category (A, B, C, D, E, or F with

A being the least severe and F being the most severe) based on ASCE 7-16
Section 11.6. A seismic design category is determined based on SDS using
ASCE 7-16 Table 11.6-1. A seismic design category also is determined based
on SD1 using ASCE 7-16 Table 11.6-2. The more severe of the two seismic
categories is chosen as the seismic design category for the building.

2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

Dr. Majid albana
Automatic Seismic Loads

Initially a seismic response coefficient, Cs, is calculated using (ASCE 7-16

Eqn. 12.8-2). This base shear value is then checked against the limits speci-
fied in (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 12.8-3, 12.8-4, 2.8-5, and 12.8-6) and modified as
necessary to obtain the final base shear.

S DS
Cs = (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-2)
R
Ie

where,

SDS = The design spectral response acceleration at short periods.

R = Response modification factor specified in ASCE 7-16 Table 12.2-

1.

Ie = The occupancy importance factor determined in accordance with

ASCE 7-16 Table 1.5-2.

The seismic response coefficient, Cs, need not exceed that specified in
(ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 12.8-3 and 12.8-4). If the seismic response coefficient
calculated in accordance with (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 12.8-2) exceeds that calcu-
lated in accordance with (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 12.8-3 and 12.8-4), the programs
set the seismic response coefficient, Cs, equal to that calculated in accordance
with (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 12.8-3 and 12.8-4), as appropriate.

S D1
Cs = for T ≤ TL (ASCE 7-10 Eqn. 12.8-3)
R
 T
 Ie 

S D1 TL
Cs = for T > TL (ASCE 7-10 Eqn. 12.8-4)
R 2
 T
 Ie 

where,

SD1 = the design spectral response acceleration at a one second period

T = the building period used for calculating the base shear

2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

Dr. Majid albana

Automatic Seismic Loads

TL = the long-period transition period

and all other terms are as described for (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-2).

For Site Class D with S1 ≥ 0.20, Cs is calculated as follows (ASCE 7-16 sec-
tion 11.4.8, Exception 2).

When T ≤ TL

S DS
Cs = for T ≤ 1.5Ts (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-2)
R
Ie

1.5S D1
Cs = for T > 1.5Ts (ASCE 7-10 Eqn. 12.8-3)
R
 T
 Ie 

When T > TL

1.5S D1 TL
Cs = (ASCE 7-10 Eqn. 12.8-4)
R 2
 T
 Ie 

where,

S D1
Ts =
S DS

Cs shall not be less than that shown in (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-5).

Cs = 0.044SDSIe ≥ 0.01 (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-5)

Finally, for structures located where S1 is equal to or greater than 0.6g, Cs

shall not be less than that shown in (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-6).

0.5S1
Cs = (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-6)
R
 
 Ie 

where,

2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads

Dr. Majid albana
Automatic Seismic Loads

S1 = the mapped MCER spectral acceleration for a one second period

and all other terms are as described for (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-2).

The base shear, V, is calculated using (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-1):

V = Cs W (ASCE 7-16 Eqn. 12.8-1)

Cs = Seismic response coefficient as determined from one of (ASCE 7-

16 Eqns. 12.8-2 through 12.8-6) as appropriate.

W = Weight of the building (based on specified mass).

The base shear, V, is distributed over the height of the building in accordance
with (ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 12.8-11 and 12.8-12)
k
V wstory hstory
Fstory = n
(ASCE 7-16 Eqns. 12.8-11 and 12.8-12)
∑
story = 1
k
wstory h
story

where,

Fstory = Portion of base shear applied to a story level.

V = Building base shear.

wstory = Weight of story level (based on specified mass).

hstory = Story height, distance from base of structure to story level.

k = Exponent applied to building height. The value of k depends on

the value of the building period, T, used for determining the base
shear. If T ≤ 0.5 seconds, k = 1. If T ≥ 2.5 seconds, k = 2. If 0.5
seconds < T < 2.5 seconds, k is linearly interpolated between 1
and 2.

n = Number of story levels in the structure.

2016 ASCE 7-16 Seismic Loads