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 CHRISTOPHER COCHRANE KELLY BLIDOOK RAND DYCK

DYCK
BLIDOOK
COCHRANE
C A N A D I A N

POLITICS

CANADIAN POLITICS APPROACHES

CRITICAL APPROACHES EIGHTH EDITION

CRITICAL
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ISBN-13: 978-0-17-658295-1
ISBN-10: 0-17-658295-9

9 780176 582951
www.nelson.com

Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300

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Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
 BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface xxi
About the Authors xxv

PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1 Approaching the Study of Politics 3
Chapter 2 Institutional Foundations and the Evolution of the State 19

PART 2 THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT:

CLEAVAGES AND IDENTITIES 39
Chapter 3 Regionalism 41
Chapter 4 Aboriginal Peoples 67
Chapter 5 French Canada and the Quebec Question 93
Chapter 6 Ethnocultural Minorities 119
Chapter 7 Gender 137
Chapter 8 Class 159
Chapter 9 Urban/Rural Location, Religion, and Age 183
Chapter 10 Canada’s External Environment:
The United States and the World 203

PART 3 LINKING PEOPLE TO GOVERNMENT 233

Chapter 11 The Canadian Political Culture 235
Chapter 12 Political Socialization, the Mass Media,
and Public Opinion Polls 257
Chapter 13 Elections and the Electoral System 283
Chapter 14 Political Parties and the Party System 307
Chapter 15 The Election Campaign, Voting,
and Political Participation 337
Chapter 16 Advocacy Groups, Social Movements, and Lobbying 365

PART 4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 391

Chapter 17 The Canadian Constitution and Constitutional Change 393
Chapter 18 The Federal System 421
Chapter 19 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 453

PART 5 GOVERNING 485

Chapter 20 The Policymaking Process and Policy Instruments 487
Chapter 21 The Executive: Crown, Prime Minister,
and Cabinet 507
Chapter 22 The Bureaucracy 543
Chapter 23 Parliament 569
Chapter 24 The Judiciary 611

Appendix A Constitution Act, 1867 (excerpts) 635

Appendix B Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B 643
Glossary 657
Index 683

NEL vii
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Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
 CONTENTS
Preface xxi
About the Authors xxv

PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1 Approaching the Study of Politics 3
The Political System 3
Approaches to the Study of Politics 9
Institutional Approaches 10
State-Based Approaches 11
Political Sociology Approaches 12
Political Psychology and Political Behaviour Approaches 14
The Rational Choice Approach 14
Conclusion 15
Discussion Questions 16
Notes 16
Further Reading 17

Chapter 2 Institutional Foundations and the Evolution

of the State 19
Early Institutional Developments 20
The Road to Confederation 24
The British Parliamentary System Compared With
the American Congressional System 26
Canadian and American Federalism 29
The Road to Canadian Sovereignty 32
Principles of the Canadian Constitution 35
Conclusion 37
Discussion Questions 37
Notes 37
Further Reading 38

PART 2 THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT:

CLEAVAGES AND IDENTITIES 39
Chapter 3 Regionalism 41
Theoretical Considerations 41
Geography 43
Physiographic Regions 43
Transportation and Communications Systems 44
Population Distribution 47
Economy 48
The Atlantic Region 49
Quebec 50
Ontario 50

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 The Prairie Region 51
British Columbia 52
The North 52
Historic Regional Conflicts 53
Ownership of Natural Resources 53
Tariffs 54
Transportation 54
Banking 55
The Atlantic Provinces 56
Recent Regional Conflicts 56
Taxation and Regulation of Natural Resources 56
Other Regional Economic Conflicts 56
Regional Economic Disparities 58
Regional Identities 61
Conclusion 64
Discussion Questions 65
Notes 65
Further Reading 66

Chapter 4 Aboriginal Peoples 67

Aboriginal Demographic Profile Today 67
Historical Evolution 69
Setting the Stage for Change 74
From the White Paper to the Charlottetown Accord 75
Early Land Claims 75
The Constitution Act, 1982 and the Meech Lake Accord 76
Land Issues in 1990 78
The Charlottetown Accord, 1992 79
Aboriginal Issues in the Chrétien Era, 1993–2003 79
Aboriginal Self-Government 80
Ipperwash, Caledonia, and Aboriginal Injustice 81
Nunavut and the Nisga’a Treaty 82
Contemporary Aboriginal Issues 83
Political Activity 83
“On-Reserve” and “Off-Reserve” Aboriginal Peoples 84
The Kelowna Accord and Court Cases 85
The Harper Government 85
Theoretical Considerations 87
Conclusion 88
Discussion Questions 88
Notes 89
Further Reading 91

Chapter 5 French Canada and the Quebec Question 93

The French–English Demographic Profile Today 94
Different Conceptions of French Canada 95
Historical Overview of French–English Relations 96
Pre-Confederation Developments 96
Ethnic/Linguistic Conflicts, 1867–1960 98

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 Pre-1960 Quebec Nationalism 100
The Quiet Revolution: Quebec in the 1960s 101
Quebec and French Canada Since 1970 104
The 1970s 104
The 1980s 106
The 1990s 107
Party Support in Quebec 109
Developments in Other Provinces and Territories 110
Contemporary Issues 111
Conclusion 114
Discussion Questions 115
Notes 115
Further Reading 117

Chapter 6 Ethnocultural Minorities 119

A Profile of Ethnocultural Minorities Today 119
Theoretical Considerations 121
History of Canadian Immigration 121
Racial Discrimination 124
Overcoming Discrimination: Multiculturalism,
Equity, and Inclusiveness 126
Current Ethnocultural Issues 129
Conclusion 133
Discussion Questions 133
Notes 134
Further Reading 135

Chapter 7 Gender 137

Theoretical Considerations 137
Evolution of Women’s Rights to 1970 138
The Women’s Movement After 1970 143
Representation in Politics and Government 143
Employment Issues 145
Constitutional, Legal, and Aboriginal Women’s Issues 147
Reproduction, Sexuality, Health, and Violence Issues 148
The Feminization of Poverty and Child Care 149
Women’s Centres and Women’s Groups 150
Contemporary Issues 151
Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Issues and Identities 153
Conclusion 155
Discussion Questions 156
Notes 156
Further Reading 158

Chapter 8 Class 159

Theoretical Considerations 159
A Profile of Class Divisions in Canada Today 161
The Upper Class 163
Identifying the Corporate Elite 163

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 Demands of the Corporate Elite and Results 164
The Middle Class 166
The Working Class 168
The Poor 172
The Rise and Decline of the Social Safety Net 174
The Rise 174
The Decline 176
Conclusion 178
Discussion Questions 179
Notes 179
Further Reading 181

Chapter 9 Urban/Rural Location, Religion, and Age 183

Theoretical Considerations 183
Urban/Rural Location 184
Religion 189
Separate Schools 189
Other Religious Issues 191
Current Religious Issues 193
Age 195
Earlier Struggles 196
Population Projections 196
Future Issues 198
Conclusion 200
Discussion Questions 200
Notes 201
Further Reading 202

Chapter 10 Canada’s External Environment:

The United States and the World 203
The Global Setting 204
Foreign Governments 204
International Organizations 204
International Agreements 206
Transnational Corporations and Globalization 206
International Terrorism 207
U.S. Influences in Defence, Foreign, and Border Policies 208
Canadian Defence Policy 208
Canadian Foreign Policy 210
Canadian Border Policy 211
U.S. Economic Influences on Canada 211
Foreign Investment 212
Trade 216
The Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement 217
North American Free Trade Agreement 219
Other Trade Issues 220
The Environment 221
Energy 222
Trade Unions 222
The Canadian Economy in an Age of Globalization 223

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 U.S. Influences on Canadian Culture 224
Television 224
Magazines 225
Film and Video 226
Publishing 227
Newspapers, Radio, and Sound Recordings 227
Other Cultural Industries 228
Canadian Cultural Industries in an Age of Globalization 228
U.S. Influences on Other Aspects of Canadian Life 228
Conclusion 229
Discussion Questions 229
Notes 230
Further Reading 232

PART 3 LINKING PEOPLE TO GOVERNMENT 233

Chapter 11 The Canadian Political Culture 235
Theoretical Considerations 236
Democracy 237
Popular Sovereignty 238
Political Equality 238
Political Freedom 239
Majority Rule and Minority Rights 241
Distinguishing Between Canadian and American Values 241
Balance Between Individualism and Collectivism 242
Particularism, Diversity, and Tolerance 244
Deference to Authority 245
Egalitarianism 246
Caution, Diffidence, Dependence, Idealism, and Nonviolence 247
Other Statements of Basic Values 248
Is Canada’s Political Culture Changing? 248
“Limited Identities”: Subcultures in Canada 249
Regional and Provincial/Territorial Subcultures 250
Ethnic Subcultures 250
Class Subcultures 251
Conclusion 252
Discussion Questions 252
Notes 253
Further Reading 254

Chapter 12 Political Socialization, the Mass Media,

and Public Opinion Polls 257
Theoretical Considerations 257
Political Socialization 258
The Family 258
The School 258
Peers 259
Other Agents of Political Socialization 260
The Mass Media 261
Media Ownership and Control in Canada 262
The Changing Media World 267

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 The Internet 268
The Media and the Public 269
The Media and the Politicians 271
Public Opinion Polls 273
Measuring Public Opinion 273
The Importance of Polls in Elections 275
Impact of Polls on the Authorities 277
Conclusion 278
Discussion Questions 278
Notes 279
Further Reading 281

Chapter 13 Elections and the Electoral System 283

Theoretical Considerations 283
Drawing the Electoral Map 284
Distribution of Seats among Provinces 284
Drawing Constituency Boundaries 285
The Official Election Machinery 287
Setting the Date 287
Election Officials 287
The Voters’ List 288
Nomination 289
Election Day 289
The Ballot 290
The Franchise 290
Controversies during the 2011 and 2015 Elections 291
The Proportionality of the Electoral System 292
Discrepancies between Seats and Votes: National Level 292
Discrepancies between Seats and Votes: By Province 294
Remedies 296
Financing Elections 298
Pre-1974 298
Federal Election Finance Law and Its Results, 1974–2003 299
Federal Election Finance Law after 2003 299
Third-Party Advertising and the Royal Commission
on Electoral Reform and Party Financing 301
Conclusion 302
Discussion Questions 303
Notes 303
Further Reading 305

Chapter 14 Political Parties and the Party System 307

Theoretical Considerations 307
Historical Evolution of Canadian Parties 309
The First Party System, 1867–1921 309
The Second Party System, 1921–1957 310
The Third Party System, 1957–1993 312
The Fourth Party System, 1993–2015 313
Interpretations of the Canadian Party System 315
The Broker System 316

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 Ideological or Class-Based Parties 317
Party Ideology 318
Party Organization 322
Party Membership 322
Party Leadership 323
Party Policymaking 326
General Structures and Operations 327
Conclusion 331
Discussion Questions 332
Notes 332
Further Reading 335

Chapter 15 The Election Campaign, Voting,

and Political Participation 337
The National Party Campaign 337
Party Headquarters and Pre-Writ Preparations 337
Election Strategy 339
The Election Platform 339
The Leader’s Tour 340
Media Coverage 340
National Media Advertising 341
Political Marketing 343
The Leaders’ Debates 344
The 2015 Election Campaign 345
The Local Candidate Campaign 346
Nomination 346
The Local Campaign 348
The Voter Choice 349
Sociodemographic Bases of Party Support 349
Core Values and Beliefs 352
Party Identification 352
The Issues, the Economy, and the Government’s Performance 353
Leadership 354
Strategic Voting 354
Political Participation 356
Electoral Participation 356
Non-electoral Participation 358
Conclusion 360
Discussion Questions 360
Notes 360
Further Reading 363

Chapter 16 Advocacy Groups, Social Movements, and Lobbying 365

Theoretical Considerations 366
The Array of Canadian Advocacy Groups 366
Business Groups 368
Nonbusiness Groups 369
Other Categorizations of Advocacy Groups 370
Social Movements 371
Advocacy Group Structures 373

NEL CONTENTS xv
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 Targets and Methods of Advocacy Group Activity 373
Policy Communities and Policy Networks 374
The Bureaucracy 374
The Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and Ministers 377
Parliament 378
Other Targets 378
Group Resources and Determinants of Success 380
Lobbying in Canada 381
Emergence of Modern Lobbying 382
Legalizing Lobbying: The Registration System 382
Lobbying under the Chrétien, Martin, and Harper Governments 383
Conclusion 386
Discussion Questions 386
Notes 387
Further Reading 389

PART 4 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 391

Chapter 17 The Canadian Constitution and Constitutional Change 393
Components of the Canadian Constitution 394
The Constitution Act, 1867 394
Amendments to the Constitution Act, 1867 395
British Statutes and Orders in Council 395
Organic Canadian Statutes 396
Constitution Act, 1982 396
Judicial Decisions 397
Constitutional Conventions 398
The Pre-1960 Quest for Constitutional Change 399
A Domestic Constitutional Amending Formula 399
A Constitutional Charter of Rights 401
Mega-Constitutional Change, 1960–2000 402
The Victoria Charter 403
The Constitution Act, 1982 403
The Meech Lake Accord 406
The Charlottetown Accord 408
The 1992 Referendum 409
Post-Charlottetown Constitutional Developments 411
Single-Issue Constitutional Change 415
Post-1982 Formal Constitutional Amendments 415
Constitutional Change relating to Aboriginal Canadians 416
Instruments of Constitutional Change other than Formal Amendments 416
Conclusion 417
Discussion Questions 418
Notes 418
Further Reading 420

Chapter 18 The Federal System 421

The Confederation Settlement 423
Evolution of Canadian Federalism to 2000 426
Division of Powers 426

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 Federal–Provincial Finance 430
Federal Controls 435
Phases of Canadian Federalism 436
Canadian Federalism, 1867–1945 436
Canadian Federalism, 1945–2000 437
Canadian Federalism in the 21st Century 441
Conclusion 448
Discussion Questions 448
Notes 449
Further Reading 452

Chapter 19 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 453

Defining and Protecting Rights and Freedoms 454
En Route to the Charter 455
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms 457
The Reasonable Limits Clause 458
Fundamental Freedoms 458
Democratic Rights 461
Mobility Rights 462
Legal Rights 462
Equality Rights 465
Official Languages of Canada 469
Minority-Language Education Rights 469
Other Provisions 470
Application of the Charter 471
The Notwithstanding Clause 472
Implications of Constitutionalizing the Charter of Rights 473
Criticism from Right and Left 475
Dialogue between Legislatures and Courts 477
Conclusion 477
Discussion Questions 478
Notes 478
Further Reading 483

PART 5 GOVERNING 485

Chapter 20 The Policymaking Process and Policy Instruments 487
The Changing Role of the State 487
The Policymaking Process 491
Initiation 491
Priority Setting 493
Policy Formulation 493
Legitimation 494
Implementation 494
Interpretation 495
Policy Communities Revisited 495
Policy Instruments 497
Privatization 497
Symbolic Response 497
Exhortation 498

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 Tax Expenditures 498
Public Expenditures 499
Regulation 500
Taxation 500
Public Ownership 501
State of Emergency 501
The Environment as a Case Study 502
Conclusion 504
Discussion Questions 504
Notes 504
Further Reading 506

Chapter 21 The Executive: Crown, Prime Minister,

and Cabinet 507
The Crown 507
The Governor General 509
Powers of the Crown 509
Other Functions of the Crown 513
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Monarchy 513
The Prime Minister and Cabinet 515
Powers of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 515
The Prime Minister 517
Prime Ministerial Tenure and Style 522
Composition of the Cabinet 523
Operation of the Cabinet 527
Central Agencies 533
Conclusion 537
Discussion Questions 537
Notes 537
Further Reading 542

Chapter 22 The Bureaucracy 543

Functions and Powers of the Bureaucracy 543
Government Departments 546
Number, Structure, and Size 546
Responsibility and Accountability at the Top of the Department 547
Exempt Staff 549
The Rest of the Department 549
Relations with Other Departments and Central Agencies 550
The Merit Principle and a Representative Bureaucracy 551
The Estimates System 554
Departmental Interaction with Provinces and the Public 554
Crown Corporations 556
Administrative Agencies 558
Controlling the Bureaucracy 561
Prime Minister, Ministers, and Cabinet 561
Bureaucrats Controlling Bureaucrats 561
House of Commons 561
The Judiciary 562

xviii CONTENTS NEL

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 Watchdog Agencies 563
Bureaucratic Accountability 564
Conclusion 565
Discussion Questions 566
Notes 566
Further Reading 568

Chapter 23 Parliament 569

Functions and Powers of the House of Commons 570
Composition of the House of Commons 571
The Parliamentary Timetable 573
The Typical Session 573
The Typical Week 574
Party Discipline 576
Caucus Meetings 579
Stages and Kinds of Legislation 579
Organization and Officers of the Commons 583
The Speaker 583
House Leaders, Party Whips, and Clerk 585
Voting 585
Speeches 586
The Committee System 586
Members’ Services and Ethics 589
Roles of Members of Parliament 590
The Government–Opposition Balance 592
Minority Government 593
Reform of the House of Commons 596
Purposes and Powers of the Senate 596
Composition of the Senate 597
Operation of the Senate 599
Senate Reform 603
The Harper Proposals 605
Conclusion 606
Discussion Questions 606
Notes 607
Further Reading 610

Chapter 24 The Judiciary 611

The Function of Adjudication 611
Access to and Costs of Justice 613
Categories of Laws 614
Structure of the Courts 616
Provincial and Territorial Courts of Appeal 617
The Federal Court of Canada 618
The Supreme Court of Canada 618
The Appointment of Judges 624

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 Retirement, Removal, and Independence of Judges 629
Conclusion 631
Discussion Questions 631
Notes 631
Further Reading 634

Appendix A Constitution Act, 1867 (excerpts) 635

Appendix B Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B 643
Glossary 657
Index 683

xxCopyrightCONTENTS NEL
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 PREFACE
This book now enters its third decade of introducing readers to the fascinating field of Canadian
politics. The year in which the first edition of this book appeared marked a turning point in
Canadian politics. Nearly a decade of Conservative government came to an end with the
ascension of Jean Chrétien and the Liberal party in the election of 1993. Now, 22 years later, a
new Liberal government takes office after nearly a decade of government by Prime Minister
Stephen Harper and the Conservative party. “It’s like déjà vu all over again.”
The country has changed a great deal over the past couple of decades; however, Canada’s
political institutions have not. The relative stability of political institutions in the face of rap-
idly changing social, economic, and international environments is an enduring theme of
Canadian politics and of this book. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his new Liberal govern-
ment have laid out an ambitious agenda of political reform. Among other changes, the new
government has pledged to reform the House of Commons, the Senate, and the way votes are
counted and seats are allocated in elections. We hope to provide our readers with tools and
background knowledge to help them think seriously about these and many other questions that
Canada now faces.
This eighth edition of Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches seeks to preserve the merits of
its predecessor editions. It continues to present the reality of Canadian government and poli-
tics in a comprehensive yet lean and readable manner. Although it is principally designed as a
textbook, we hope it is also useful and enjoyable for general readers.
This text is divided almost equally between the two parts of the Canadian political system:
its “environment” and its institutions. It can thus be used for courses in either half of the sub-
ject or for full courses that cover both parts. In the former case, the book gives much emphasis
to the societal setting of the political system, with discussions of regionalism, Aboriginal peo-
ples, the French–English cleavage, ethnocultural groups, gender, class, age, religion, urban/
rural location, and the global environment. Student interest in the subject is therefore stimu-
lated by observing the clash of interests from which political activity stems. In the latter case,
it includes chapters on all the institutions of Canadian government, including the Constitution,
federalism, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the executive, bureaucracy, Parliament, and
the judiciary—institutions which also feature exciting daily happenings. Part 3, which deals
with equally fascinating topics—political culture, the mass media, public opinion polls, elec-
tions, parties, and advocacy groups—can be fit into either half of the subject.
In this edition, we concentrate on the following critical approaches: Institutionalism,
including historical-institutionalism; State-based analysis, including policy communities, elite
accommodation, and political economy; Political Sociology, including pluralism and class
analysis; Political Behaviour and Political Psychology; and Rational Choice. Rather than list
these critical approaches at the end of each chapter, we have integrated the approaches in each
chapter alongside discussions of relevant research problems.
Although the Canadian political system functions better than most others around the
world, it is far from perfect and embodies a huge “democratic deficit” such that no account
could be completely satisfied with the status quo. This book therefore points out the many

NEL xxi
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aspects of political and governmental operations of the country that are not working as well as
they might, and suggests possible reforms and alternative arrangements. Without being ideo-
logical, the book is a critical account and seeks to make informed critics of its readers.
For those familiar with previous editions of the book, let us briefly outline what is different
about this new edition:
1. Updated data and graphs to the end of 2015;
2. The 2015 federal election campaign and results;
3. A focus on “path dependence” and the increasing calls for institutional reform, espe-
cially to the House of Commons, Senate, and the electoral system;
4. A revised chapter on Aboriginal peoples which embeds non-Aboriginal peoples in the
New World within the timescales of Aboriginal people, rather than the reverse;
5. A discussion of the debates surrounding “religious accommodation,” including the
debates in the 2015 election about the wearing of the niqab during citizenship
ceremonies;
6. Explications of data and statistics that foster an intuitive grasp of what they reveal;
7. The redistribution of seats in the House of Commons;
8. The volatile nature of public opinion in Quebec regarding nationalism, federalism,
party preference, and religious tolerance, as well as the re-election of a Liberal majority
government;
9. References to various controversial bills passed in Parliament, and their potential
consequences;
10. Updated information on media ownership, with the new addition of community
newspapers;
11. The evolving relations and notable tensions between provinces and the federal
government;
12. The new Charter decisions of the Supreme Court, including those on religious free-
doms, prostitution, and doctor-assisted suicide;
13. The Harper government’s approach to reforming the Senate, and the alternative pro-
posed by Justin Trudeau as Liberal leader.

INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
The Nelson Education Teaching Advantage (NETA) program delivers
research-based instructor resources that promote student engagement and
higher-order thinking to enable the success of Canadian students and
educators. Visit Nelson Education’s Inspired Instruction website at http://www.nelson.com/
inspired/ to find out more about NETA.
The following instructor resources have been created for Canadian Politics: Critical
Approaches, Eighth Edition. Access these ultimate tools for customizing lectures and presenta-
tions at www.nelson.com/instructor.

xxii PREFACE NEL

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 NETA Test Bank
This resource was written by Nanita Mohan of University of Guelph. It includes 240 multiple-
choice questions written according to NETA guidelines for effective construction and develop-
ment of higher-order questions. Also included are 240 true/false and 120 essay questions.

NETA PowerPoint
Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides for every chapter have been created by Jordan Taft of Carlton
University. There is an average of 15 slides per chapter, many featuring key figures, tables, and pho-
tographs from Canadian Politics. NETA principles of clear design and engaging content have been
incorporated throughout, making it simple for instructors to customize the deck for their courses.

Image Library
This resource consists of digital copies of figures, short tables, and photographs used in the
book. Instructors may use these jpegs to customize the NETA PowerPoint or create their own
PowerPoint presentations.

MindTap
Offering personalized paths of dynamic assignments and applications,
MindTap is a digital learning solution that turns cookie-cutter into
cutting-edge, apathy into engagement, and memorizers into higher-level thinkers. MindTap
enables students to analyze and apply chapter concepts within relevant assignments, and allows
instructors to measure skills and promote better outcomes with ease. A fully online learning
solution, MindTap combines all student learning tools—readings, multimedia, activities, and
assessments—into a single Learning Path that guides the student through the curriculum.
Instructors personalize the experience by customizing the presentation of these learning tools
to their students, even seamlessly introducing their own content into the Learning Path. The
MindTap content for Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches, Eighth Edition, was prepared by
Rand Dyck, Carleton University, and Logan Masilamani, Simon Fraser University.

STUDENT ANCILLARIES
MindTap
Stay organized and efficient with MindTap—a single destination with
all the course material and study aids you need to succeed. Built-in apps
leverage social media and the latest learning technology. For example:
• ReadSpeaker will read the text to you.
• Flashcards are pre-populated to provide you with a jump-start for review—or you can
create your own.

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Keys of the Gathering Restored.—Moses held the keys of Israel's
gathering, and he committed them to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery, in
the Kirtland Temple, April 3, 1836. (D. and C. 110:11.) The record says:
"Moses appeared before us, and committed unto us the keys of the
gathering of Israel from the four parts of the earth, and the leading of the
ten tribes from the land of the North."

Query.—Why this explicit reference to the ten tribes, following a general

allusion to "the gathering of Israel from the four parts of the earth," if the
ten tribes are no longer a distinct people?

Joseph Smith.—"And they who are in the north countries shall come in
remembrance before the Lord, and their prophets shall hear his voice, and
shall no longer stay themselves, and they shall smite the rocks, and the ice
shall flow down at their presence.

"And an highway shall be cast up in the midst of the great deep.

"Their enemies shall become a prey unto them,

"And in the barren deserts there shall come forth pools of living water; and
the parched ground shall no longer be a thirsty land.

"And they shall bring forth their rich treasures unto the children of Ephraim
my servants.

"And the boundaries of the everlasting hills shall tremble at their presence.

"And there shall they fall down and be crowned with glory, even in Zion, by
the hands of the servants of the Lord, even the children of Ephraim:

"And they shall be filled with songs of everlasting joy.

"Behold, this is the blessing of the everlasting God upon the tribes of Israel,
and the richer blessing upon the head of Ephraim and his fellows.

"And they also of the tribe of Judah, after their pain, shall be sanctified in
holiness before the Lord to dwell in his presence, day and night, for ever
and ever."—(D. and C. 133:26-35.)
Book of Mormon Predictions.—The Book of Mormon contains many
predictions of the gathering of Israel; the more notable being those of Ether
the Jaredite, and of first, second, and third Nephi. We learn from them that
the City of Zion, New Jerusalem, to which, as well as to Old Jerusalem, the
children of Israel will gather, is to be built upon this continent; the precise
place, as pointed out by the Prophet Joseph, being Jackson County,
Missouri. There, in the summer of 1831, a site for the New Jerusalem was
consecrated. There shall yet stand the City of God, the central point for the
gathering of the tribes of Israel, all except Judah, which tribe, with its
fellows, are to reinhabit the land of Palestine. Until Zion is redeemed and
the city built at the place appointed, the gathering will continue unto the
Stakes of Zion.

Jesus to the Nephites.—"Verily, I say unto you, I give unto you a sign, that
ye may know the time when these things shall be about to take place, that I
shall gather in from their long dispersion, my people, O house of Israel, and
shall establish again among them my Zion."—(III Nephi 21:1.)

"Therefore, when these works, and the works which shall be wrought
among you hereafter, shall come forth from the Gentiles, unto your seed,
which shall dwindle in unbelief because of iniquity:

"For thus it behoveth the Father that it should come forth from the Gentiles,
that he may shew forth his power unto the Gentiles, for this cause, that the
Gentiles, if they will not harden their hearts, that they may repent and come
unto me, and be baptized in my name, and know of the true points of my
doctrine, that they may be numbered among my people, O house of Israel;

"And when these things come to pass, that thy seed shall begin to know
these things, it shall be a sign unto them, that they may know that the work
of the Father hath already commenced unto the fulfiling of the covenant
which he hath made unto the people who are of the house of Israel.

"And when that day shall come, it shall come to pass that kings shall shut
their mouths; for that which had not been told them shall they see; and that
which they had not heard shall they consider.
"For in that day, for my sake, shall the Father work a work, which shall be a
great and marvelous work among them; and there shall be among them who
will not believe it, although a man shall declare it unto them.

"But behold, the life of my servant shall be in my hand; therefore they shall
not hurt him, although he shall be marred because of them. Yet I will heal
him, for I will show unto them that my wisdom is greater than the cunning
of the devil.

"Therefore it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not believe in my

words, who am Jesus Christ, whom the Father shall cause him to bring forth
unto the Gentiles, and shall give unto him power that he shall bring them
forth unto the Gentiles, (it shall be done even as Moses said,) they shall be
cut off from among my people who are of the covenant.

"And my people who are a remnant of Jacob, shall be among the Gentiles,
yea, in the midst of them as a lion among the beasts of the forest, as a young
lion among the flocks of sheep, who, if he go through both treadeth down
and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver.

***********

"But if they will repent, and hearken unto my words, and harden not their
hearts, I will establish my church among them, and they shall come in unto
the covenant, and be numbered among this the remnant of Jacob, unto
whom I have given this land for their inheritance.

"And they shall assist my people, the remnant of Jacob, and also, as many
of the house of Israel as shall come, that they may build a city, which shall
be called the New Jerusalem;

"And then shall they assist my people that they may be gathered in, who are
scattered upon all the face of the land, in unto the New Jerusalem.

"And then shall the power of heaven come down among them; and I also
will be in the midst;
"And then shall the work of the Father commence at that day, even when
this gospel shall be preached among the remnant of this people. Verily I say
unto you, at that day shall the work of the Father commence among all the
dispersed of my people; yea, even the tribes which have been lost, which
the Father hath led away out of Jerusalem.

"Yea, the work shall commence among all the dispersed of my people, with
the Father, to prepare the way whereby they come unto me, that they may
call on the Father in my name;

"Yea, and then shall the work commence, with the Father, among all
nations, in preparing the way whereby his people may be gathered home to
the land of their inheritance."—(III Nephi 21:5-12, 22-28.)
 CHAPTER V.
The Author to the Reader.

And now, a word to the brethren—particularly the young brethren—who

will read this book. I have endeavored to impress upon you the relationship
that you bear to heaven and to earth, the duty that you owe to God and to
your fellow men. You are among the chosen spirits that constitute the house
of Israel. You are of the seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and
consequently lawful heirs to all the promises made to your great
progenitors. You are of Ephraim, most of you—Ephraim, "the first born,"
the first branch of the Israelitish tree to bear the fruits of faith and
obedience in modern days; the first to receive the Gospel, and to officiate as
its ministers in the Dispensation of the Fulness of Times. Your lineage is
noble—I care not how obscure your earthly origin, how meager your
possessions, how limited your opportunities for education and
advancement. You are of a royal race, and your conduct should be royal to
comport with it.

This does not mean that you should be proud and arrogant. Pride and
arrogance are no proofs of gentility; they betoken the upstart; they are the
badges of the base-born. Faith and humility must be your watchwords, and
the insignia of your mission, as saviors of mankind. Much is required of
you, for much has been committed to you. As children of Abraham, you
must do the works of Abraham, and keep yourselves unspotted from the
sins and follies of a sordid, pleasure-loving, money-worshiping generation.
You must not bow down to the gods of the Gentiles, nor pander to the lusts
of the flesh. It is not given unto you to live after the manner of the world.
Whenever tempted to intermarry with those not of your faith, and to wander
away from the fold, think of the great purpose for which you were placed
upon the earth; remember that you are children of the covenant, and that
these are the days of the gathering, not the scattering, of the blood of Israel.
The same general obligations now resting upon you, rested up on your
ancestors; and neglect and disobedience brought upon them all the
calamities that befell them as a nation. The salt, sent to preserve, lost its
savor, and was therefore cast out and trodden under foot of men. Invite not
a repetition of those evils. What was done in the green tree, must not be
done in the dry. There is no time, no necessity, for another dispersion of
Israel. It would be as inappropriate and superfluous as the flooding of soil
already soaked by the waters of irrigation, or the sowing of a field already
"white unto the harvest," waiting for the reaper's sickle. No good could
come of it—nothing but waste and destruction. The children of the covenant
have been called home, and the blood that believes must now flow back to
its fountain.

"Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek the Lord:
look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye
are digged.

"Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you: for I called
him alone, and blessed him, and increased him.

"For the Lord shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste places; and
he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the
Lord; joy and gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice
of melody."—(Isaiah 51:1-3.)

The night of dispersion is past; the day of gathering has dawned. The
tempests that broke above the heads of our ancestors have spent their fury,
and the clouds have parted and rolled away. The barren ground, refreshed
by the fearful visitation, is clothed with verdure and covered with flowers.
The freshening and revivifying rains, having fulfiled their mission, must
now return to the ocean whence they came. This is the meaning, the
symbolism, of the dispersion and gathering of Israel.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOSPEL THEMES: A
TREATISE ON SALIENT FEATURES OF "MORMONISM" ***

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