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102 views51 pages

(Ebook PDF) Canadian Democracy 9th Edition Instant Download

The document provides information on various editions of the eBook 'Canadian Democracy' and related titles available for download. It highlights the features of these digital products, including formats like PDF, ePub, and MOBI. Additionally, it outlines the contents of the book, including chapters on Indigenous politics, Canada's global role, and various political themes in Canadian society.

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Contents vii

16 Indigenous Politics 440


Indigenous Demography: Who and How Organizing for Political Influence 457
Many? 442 Sovereignty, Landownership, and
Labels and Their Significance: The Language Indigenous Rights: The Battle in the
of Indigenous Politics 443 Courts 458
The Reserve System 448 The Institutionalization of Indigenous
Assimilation, Integration, Self- Affairs 467
Determination: The Evolution of Indigenous The Politics of Protest 469
Policy in Canada 450 Summing Up 471
Stumbling towards Living Together and Starting Points for Research 473
Apart: Commissions and Inquiries 453 Review Exercises 473

17 Canada in the World 475


Globalization and Its Consequences for Engagement in the World: Canada in
Canada 479 Comparative Perspective 490
Canada’s Relations with the United Summing Up 495
States 483 Appendix: Timeline of Canada in the
Integration and Independence: Finding the World 496
Right Balance 487 Starting Points for Research 499
Review Exercises 499

Glossary 500
Notes 511
Index 538
Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Support for Sovereignty by Generation, 9.3 The Structure of Canada’s Court System 262
1968–2015 48 9.4 Federal Judicial Appointments, 2016–19 263
2.2 Support for Religious, Media, and Personal Freedom, 9.5 From Bill to Statute 266
Selected Countries 53 10.1 Where Does the Money Come from
2.3 Freedom and Morality, Canada and and Where Does It Go? 280
the United States, 2016 54 10.2 Women in the Public Service, 1993–2016 287
2.4 Attitudes towards Citizen–State Relations, Canada 10.3 Visible Minorities and Indigenous People in the Public
and the United States 61 Service, 1993–2016 287
3.1 Income Share and Share of Income Taxes Paid by Top 11.1 The Funnel of Causality Model of Voter Choice 322
1 Per Cent of Tax Filers, 1920–2016 69 12.1 Policy Community “Bubble Diagram” 343
3.2 Distribution of Income (Gini Coefficient) in Selected 14.1 Mother Tongues of the Canadian Population,
Countries, 2011–17 70 1931–2016 388
3.3 Police-Reported Crime Rates in Canada, 14.2 Mother Tongue and Language Spoken at Home,
1962–2016 74 2016 389
4.1 Visible Minorities in Canada and in Main 14.3 English–French Bilingualism in Canada,
Metropolitan Areas, 1991 and 2016 86 1961–2016 393
4.2 Region of Birth of Immigrants, 1871–2016 87 14.4 Anglophone and Francophone Representation in the
4.3 What Is at the Core of National Identity? 91 Federal Public Service as a Whole, in the Management
4.4 Representation of Women, Visible Minorities, and Category of the Public Service, and in the Canadian
Indigenous Canadians in the House of Commons, Population, 1965–2017 402
2015 and 2019, and in the Canadian Population 94 15.1 Gender of Candidates for the Five Main Parties in the
4.5 Distribution of Admission Categories by Year of 2019 Election 431
Immigration, 1980–2016 104 15.2 Women in the House of Commons, 1921–2019 431
5.1 Cross-Border Regions 119 15.3 Demand and Supply Factors Affecting the
6.1 The Structure of Parliament in Canada 145 Recruitment of Party Candidates 432
6.2 The Constitutional Roots of Ministerial 15.4 Gender Pay Ratio in Canada, 1976–2017 435
Responsibility 149 16.1 Indigenous Identity Population as Percentage of Total
8.1 Federalism in the World 200 Population, Provinces and Territories, 2016 442
8.2 First Ministers’ Conferences, 1906–2018 221 16.2 Canadian Public Opinion on Indigenous
8.3 Federal Per Capita Revenues and Expenditures Issues, 2018 472
by Province, 2017 223 17.1 Canada’s Most Positive Contribution to the World,
9.1 The Formal Organization of Canadian 1993–2018 478
Government 233 17.2 Exports of Goods and Services and Total Trade as
9.2 The Annual Financial Cycle 242 Percentage of GDP, 1961–2017 484

Tables
2.1 Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism: Classical 5.1 Selected Economic and Population Characteristics, by
and Contemporary Versions 40 Province 112
4.1 Models of Cultural Accommodation 97 6.1 Amending the Constitution 156
Figures and Tables ix

7.1 Human Rights and the Charter 172 11.1 Percentage of Vote and Seats Won by Each Party,
8.1 Factors Contributing to the Choice of Nationally and by Province, 2015 and 2019 312
Federalism 201 11.2 Three Models of Leadership Selection 315
8.2 The Federal Division of Powers under the 11.3 Hypothetical Outcomes of the 2015 Federal
Constitution Acts 207 Election under Proportional and Preferential
8.3 Federal Transfers to Provinces and Territories, Voting Systems 321
2010–11 to 2019–20 224 14.1 Bilingualism in Canada, 1961, 2001, 2016 392
Boxes
Politics in Focus

1.1 Some Important Definitions of Politics and 11.1 An Early Illustration of the Brokerage Theory
Power 5 of Canadian Politics 299
1.2 Alternative Definitions of the State 8 11.2 Prime Minister Mackenzie King: The Master of
1.5 What Is a Nation? 24 Brokerage Politics 301
5.3 The West as Canada’s Internal Colony 126 11.3 Developing a Winning “Brand”: Brokerage
6.3 Does Party Discipline Undermine Politics Today 302
Democracy? 147 11.4 Democratizing Leader Selection: What Could
6.4 The Evolution of Ministerial Possibly Go Wrong? 316
Responsibility 150 11.5 Who’s for What Sort of Electoral Reform? 321
6.7 Where’s the Door? Is There a Door? 162 12.1 The Limits on Reform in Capitalist
7.3 When the Charter and Crown Prerogatives Democracies: The Case of Alberta under the
Collide 186 NDP 337
7.5 Does the Ability to Spend Money during 12.3 Think-Tanks and Interest Group
an Election Campaign Jeopardize Influence 356
Democracy? 190 12.5 A Revolving Door? 358
7.7 Is Hate Speech Protected by Free 14.1 Another Model for Language Rights: The Case
Speech? 194 of Belgium 403
8.2 Language, Nationalism, and Federalism 203 16.2 The Integrationist Philosophy of the 1969
8.5 Equalization: Is It about Fairness and Sharing, White Paper 452
or Politics and Buying Votes? 225 16.4 The Vision of the Truth and Reconciliation
8.7 James Madison on the Democratic Virtues of Commission 457
Federalism 228 16.7 Two Very Different Perspectives on Historic
9.1 The Governor General Mocks the Beliefs of 40 Treaties 466
Per Cent of Canadians 237 17.1 We’re Not Always the Most Popular Kid in the
9.3 Is Parliament Broken? Can It Be Fixed? 252 Class 477

The Social Fabric


1.4 Identity Politics 22 14.2 Does Bilingualism Threaten Quebec’s
3.2 Why Are Danes the Happiest People in the Identity? 407
World? 75 14.3 Still Two Solitudes in Montreal? 408
3.3 Is Loneliness a Public Health 15.1 Nature, Nurture, and Politics 416
Problem? 76 15.3 How to Close the Gender Pay Gap? Make Dads
3.4 Vancouver Counts Its Homeless 79 Stay Home 436
4.5 Multiculturalism and Canadian 15.4 An Economist Offers a Labour Market Solution
Exceptionalism? 106 to the Gender Gap 438
6.5 Justice Rosalie Abella on Judicial Impartiality 16.1 Coming to Terms: Indian, Inuit, Métis 446
and Independence 152 17.2 Has Globalization Created Inequality in
7.4 Multiculturalism, Religious Freedom, and the Canada? 482
Justice System 188 17.3 Potholes in a Normally Smooth Road 489
7.6 Homelessness and the Charter’s Equality 17.4 The Rise and Fall of Canadian Studies Abroad
Guarantees 193 as a Tool of Foreign Policy 492
Boxes xi

Governing Realities

1.3 Measuring Democracy 20 8.6 Health Care and Federalism: Canada’s


4.1 The Kirpan, Religious Freedom, and Canadian Second Longest-Running Soap Opera 226
Multiculturalism 88 9.2 Checks on Prime Ministerial Rule: One Insider’s
4.2 Becoming Canadian 89 View 249
4.4 What Should Determine Who Gets In? 104 9.4 One Veteran MP Explains How He Organizes
5.1 Neighbours at Odds over Pipelines 114 His Time 258
5.2 Transboundary Environmental Governance 9.5 Thomas Axworthy on Claims That Canada
and the Reality of Cross-Border Regions 120 Has a Democratic Deficit 260
6.1 What Is a Constitutional Convention? 136 9.6 Former Chief Justice McLachlin Defends the
6.2 From the Classroom to the Front Pages: The Court’s Involvement with Questions of Social
SNC-Lavalin Affair and the Rule of Law 140 Policy 264
6.6 The Canada Clause of the Proposed 10.1 When Public Servants Express Themselves via
Charlottetown Accord 161 Social Media 274
7.1 Should Trees, Rivers, and Endangered Species 10.3 Targets versus Quotas: What Works? 288
Have Constitutionally Protected Rights? 171 11.6 How Much Influence Does $1,525 Buy? 330
7.2 Are Judges More Likely Than Elected Officials 12.4 The Potential Influence of Foreign Money,
to Make the Right Decisions Regarding Hospitality, and Lobbying 357
Scientific Evidence? 181 12.6 The Senate and the Law of Unexpected
8.1 Territory and Political Authority 199 Consequences 360
8.3 Who Has Authority over Water? 210 16.5 Major Organizations Representing Indigenous
8.4 Is Canada a Single Market? Within Limits, Says Canadians 460
the Supreme Court 213 16.6 From the Royal Proclamation of 1763 462

Media Spotlight
3.1 Generation Jobless? 67 13.4 Don’t Blame Political Polarization on Social
4.3 The Portrayal of Cultural Diversity through Media 377
Canadian Television 95 13.5 Tout le monde en parle (in Quebec, at
10.2 The Delegation of Discretion 285 least) 379
12.2 Do Boycotts Work? The Case of ForestEthics 13.6 Media Theorists on How Image-Based Media
versus the Alberta Oil Sands 355 May Affect the Presentation of Reality 382
13.1 The Bad News about the Online Spread of True 15.2 Feminist Icon or Fallen Hero? 429
and False Stories 366 16.3 The Lasting Legacy of Assimilation 454
13.2 Is Media Decline Old News? 370 16.8 Paddling onto the Front Pages 472
13.3 “Gatekeepers in a World in Which There May
Be No Gates” 374
Preface
One might excuse Canadians for feeling self-con- assess fairly and realistically the performance of
gratulatory. Every year Canada places towards the Canada’s political system.
top in the global rankings of democracy published The political landscape in Canada has changed
annually by the respected Economist Intelligence remarkably over the past couple of generations.
Unit (EIU). In the 2018 rankings Canada was sixth. Some of these changes have involved the country’s
Moreover, Canada was one of only 20 countries of system of government, most notably the Charter of
the 165 included in the EIU’s assessment to achieve Rights and Freedoms and its profound impacts on
the distinction of a full democracy. Indeed, in the the policy process. The Charter has also contributed
category of civil liberties Canada earned the high- to change in how Canadians think and talk about
est possible score. This was not a one-off result. politics. At the same time, some of the issues and
Canada has done very well for as long as the EIU has fault lines that mark the political landscape are rec-
published its widely cited annual ranking of how ognizably the same as in the past. Whether they are
democracy fares around the world. older or newer, all of the central issues in Canadian
Not everyone agrees with this glowing assess- political life raise questions of fairness, freedom,
ment. Indigenous spokespersons and advocates representation, justice, and dignity. These are values
regularly lament what they believe to be the con- we associate with democracy. We may not agree on
tinuing injustices suffered by Indigenous peoples. the concrete meaning of these values or on the bal-
Environmental groups in Canada, the United ance among them that best satisfies our ideal of
States, and Europe criticize Canadian governments democracy. But hardly anyone would disagree that
for what they charge is the country’s disproportion- whether what is at stake is the location of a landfill
ate contribution to global warming. And there is no or revisions to the Constitution, these values and
shortage of very prominent Canadians who argue trade-offs are fundamental to democratic politics.
that the country’s electoral system is fundamen- Instructors who have used previous editions of
tally undemocratic. Canadian Democracy will see that this ninth edi-
The title of this book—Canadian Democracy—is tion represents a rather major overhaul of what has
not a judgment or a conclusion. It is, rather, a focus. gone before. Some chapters, particularly those on
Over the previous eight editions of this textbook, Indigenous Canadians, Women and Politics, the
as in the present edition, I have tried to structure Media, and Canada in the World, have been largely
my treatment of the key components of Canada’s rewritten to reflect important changes that have
political system around such themes as equality, taken place in recent years in the subject matter, but
freedoms, rights, and access. This approach is nei- also in the ways in which we think about these issues.
ther an uncritical celebration of Canadian politics These chapters are the ones where the changes are
nor a lopsided condemnation of its shortcomings greatest, but all of the chapters have been very sub-
and failures. In using the complex and contested stantially revised and updated. Since the last edition,
concept of democracy as my touchstone I hope to several new podcasts have been added at the book’s
encourage readers to think about Canadian govern- ­companion website (www.oup.com/he/Brooks9e) and
ment and politics in ways that will enable them to more are planned for the next few years.
Highlights of the
Ninth Edition
While preparing this ninth edition of Canadian Democracy, one paramount goal was kept in mind: to pro-
duce the most accessible and interesting, yet comprehensive and authoritative introduction to Canadian
politics available.
This edition builds on the strengths of the market-leading previous editions, using approachable con-
tent and dynamic pedagogy to explore the characteristics and controversies associated with Canadian
politics. The following pages outline some of the most significant features of the new edition.

Comprehensive updates throughout Canadian Democracy, ninth edition, bring readers the latest
data, research, court rulings, and analysis of current events that come to bear on Canadian politics and
society. Some specific changes to note:

✔✔ Chapter 2, “Political Culture,” includes new content on conflict between Indigenous groups and the
Canadian government regarding Indigenous title and land rights.

✔✔ Chapter 3, “The Social and Economic Setting,” contains new data and considerations of precarious work
and the uncertain economic futures of millennials and Generation Z in Canada.

✔✔ Chapter 9, “The Machinery of Government,” includes new content on Canada’s “democratic deficit,”
48 PART II The Societal Context of Politics
including a new boxed feature.

✔✔
negotiated political independence for Quebec that greater popularity of the “Oui” option among those
Chapter 11, “Parties and Elections,” provides anwould
expanded exploration
maintain economic ties to Canada. ofwhothe electoral
entered system,
adulthood in the nationalist including
1960s and
early 1970s—Quebec’s “baby boomers”—reflected

new content on the popular vote, minority governments, and proportional


The Government of Quebec has made public
its proposal to negotiate a new arrange-
representation.
the exceptional politically formative experiences of
this generation, and that subsequent generations,
ment with the rest of Canada, based on not raised in the intensely nationalist ferment that

✔✔ Chapter 13, “The Media,” offers new content onthe issues of the media and
equality of nations; this arrangement
would enable Quebec to acquire the exclu-
democracy, including the de-
characterized the 1960s in Quebec, would find sep-
aratism less appealing.

cline of traditional media, the use of social media


taxes for news, new mediaence
sive power to make its laws, administer its
and establish relations abroad—in gatekeepers, anda much
updated
The second referendum on Quebec independ-
took place in 1995 and produced closer data
other words, sovereignty—and at the same outcome. Those voting “Non,” against independ-
on the media habits of Canadians. time to maintain with Canada an economic ence, surpassed those voting “Oui” by a margin
312 PART IV Participation in Politics
association including a common currency; of 50.6 per cent to 49.4 per cent, in a referendum

✔✔
no change in political status resulting from in which almost 94 per cent of eligible citizens
Chapter 16, “Indigenous Politics,” has been updated with will
these negotiations
Party, which formed a minority government, domin-
significant
be effected withoutnew material
voted. Quebec societyon political
was very
election seemed to confirm an old adage of Canadian
organiza-
clearly and deeply
approval by the people through another divided on its relationship to the Canadian polit-
tions within Indigenous communities in Canada, as well as new content on the United Nations Human
ated in Atlantic Canada and in Ontario, and edged politics: Elections are won in Ontario and majority
referendum;
out the BQ for the largest share of the popular vote on these terms, do you give ical community. Among
government status is won in Quebec. The Liberalsfrancophones, 55 per cent
the Government of Quebec the mandate to
and number of seats in Quebec. The Conservatives voted for independence compared to only 7 per
were denied that majority government status by the

Rights Council’s 2018 review of Canada’s treatment of Indigenous Peoples.


were the most popular party in the Prairie provinces, resurgence of support for the BQ. For its part, the
negotiate the proposed agreement between
the Liberals failing to win a single seat in Alberta and
cent among non-francophones. Younger Quebecers
NDP ’s share of the national popular vote dropped by
Quebec and Canada? Yes. No.
Saskatchewan. British Columbia was the most com- were considerably more likely than older citizens to
several percentage points, it fell to only one seat in
petitive of the provinces, but here too the Liberals Quebec, and it finished in fourth place in number of
vote for independence.25 Once again, the support-
lost ground and the Conservatives gained seats. The seats, behind the BQ (see Table 11.1).
Despite the PQ’s careful strategy, Quebec voters ers of Quebec independence, though disappointed
rejected the sovereignty-association option by a vote with the immediate result, took heart. Time, they
TABLE 11.1 Percentage of Vote and Seats Won by Each Party, Nationally and by
Province/Territory, 2015 and 2019
of 59.6 per cent (“Non”) to 40.4 per cent (“Oui”). believed, was on their side.
Even among francophones, a majority voted ag- But as Figure 2.1 shows, it seems that younger
A. Percentage of Vote and Candidates Elected by Party and Province/Territory, 2015
ainst Quebec independence.24 Advocates of Quebec Quebecers can no longer be counted on to be those
Total,
Bloc Province/ separatism were quick to point out that sovereignty- most enthusiastic about the vision of Quebec in-
Québécois Conservative Green Liberal NDP Others Territory
association was more popular among younger than dependence. The youngest cohort of voters had
Newfoundland 10.30% 1.10% 64.50% 21.10% 3.9%
and Labrador 0 0 7 0 0 7 older voters. Time, they argued, would turn the tide always been as strongly supportive of independ-
Prince Edward — 19.3% 6% 58.3% 16% 0.3% in favour of independence. Others argued that the ence as any age cohort until about a decade ago.
Island 0 0 4 0 0 4

Nova Scotia — 17.9% 3.4% 62% 16.3% 0.3%


0 0 11 0 0 11
80
New Brunswick — 25.4% 4.7% 51.6% 18.4% 0.1% Pre-baby boomers (before 1944) Generation X (1963–82)
12 0 10 0 0 10
72
70 Baby boomers (1945–62) Generation Y (after 1982)
Quebec 19.4% 16.7% 2.8% 35.7% 25.4% 0.6%
10 12 0 40 16 0 78
62 60
59
Ontario — 35.1% 2.8% 44.8% 16.6% 0.5%
60 56 57 54 53 54
33 0 80 8 0 121 51 49 5049
50 48
44 45
Per cent

Manitoba — 37.4% 3.2% 44.7% 13.6% 1.1%


5 0 7 2 0 14
42
40 37 38
Saskatchewan — 48.5% 2.1% 23.9% 25.1% 0.4% 35
30 32
10 0 1 3 0 14 29
30 25
Alberta — 59.6% 2.5% 24.5% 11 .6% 1.6%
29 0 4 1 0 34
20
British Columbia — 29.9% 8.2% 35.1% 26% 0.7% 13
10 1 17 14 0 42
10
Northwest — 18.3% 2.8% 48.3% 30.5% —
Territories 0 0 1 0 1
0
Nunavut — 24.8% 1.5% 47.1% 26.6% — 1968 1980 1988 1993 1997 2008 2011 2015
0 0 1 0 1

Yukon — 24.3% 2.8% 53.7% 19.4% — FIGURE 2 .1 Support for Sovereignty by Generation, 1968–2015
0 0 1 0 1
Source: Jean-Herman Guay, “Sovereignty at an Impasse: The Highs and Lows of Quebec Nationalism,” Institute for Research on Public Policy, 24 Oct. 2017, http://irpp
Canada 4.7% 31.9% 3.4% 39.5% 19.7% 0.8% .org/research-studies/sovereignty-at-an-impasse-the-highs-and-lows-of-quebec-nationalism/.
10 99 1 184 44 0 338

bro32501_ch11_291-332.indd 312 02/06/20 04:09 PM


bro32501_ch02_029-062.indd 48 02/06/20 02:48 PM

bro32501_fm_i-xviii.indd xiii 02/17/20 03:32 PM


xiv Highlights of the Ninth Edition

Updated feature boxes Canadian Democracy includes four recurring boxed features scattered throughout every
chapter to highlight current issues, show politics at work, and encourage students to think critically.
152 PART III The Structures of Governance

The Social Fabric

BOX 6.5 Justice Rosalie Abella on Judicial Impartiality and Independence

This is an excerpt from a lecture that Justice Rosalie I was born right after World War II. That was the dev-
Abella gave in London, England, in 2011: astating war that inspired the nations of the world to 88 PART II The Societal Context of Politics
Weighing values and taking public policy into ac- unite in democratic solidarity and commit themselves
count does not impair judicial neutrality or impar- conceptually, aspirationally, institutionally, and legally
tiality. Pretending we do not take them into account, to the promotion and protection of values designed to
and refusing to confront our personal views and be
open in spite of them, may be a bigger risk to impar-
prevent a repetition of the war’s unimaginable human
rights abuses.
Governing Realities
tiality. It is of course fundamental that judges be free Yet here we are in 2017, barely seven decades later,
from inappropriate or undue influence, independ- watching “never again” turn into “again and again,” and BOX 4.1 The Kirpan, Religious Freedom, and Canadian Multiculturalism
ent in fact and appearance, and intellectually willing watching that wonderful democratic consensus frag-
Beliefs and behaviours that are unfamiliar may or may unfair that G may wear his kirpan to school while
and able to hear the evidence and arguments with ment, shattered by narcissistic populism, an unhealthy
not generate controversy. The fact that many Canadians they are not allowed to have knives in their pos-
an open mind. But neutrality and impartiality do not tolerance for intolerance, a cavalier indifference to
of Ukrainian, Russian, and Serbian ancestry are mem- session, it is incumbent on the schools to dis-
and cannot mean that the judge has no prior concep- equality, a deliberate amnesia about the instruments bers of the Orthodox Church and celebrate Christmas charge their obligation to instil in their students
tions, opinions or sensibilities about society’s values. and values of democracy that are no less crucial than and Easter several days after the dates of these statu- this value that is at the very foundation of our
It means only that those preconceptions ought not to elections, and a shocking disrespect for the borders tory holidays is probably unknown to many Canadians. democracy. A total prohibition against wearing
close his or her mind to the evidence and arguments between power and its independent adjudicators like Once known, most people will be indifferent. They might a kirpan to school undermines the value of this
presented. the press and the courts. not be indifferent, however, if members of the Orthodox religious symbol and sends students the mes-
Church demanded forms of public recognition for their sage that some religious practices do not merit
Here is an excerpt from Justice Abella’s commence- Sources: Justice Rosalie Abella, “Constitutions and Judges: Changing Roles, religious holidays, such as the right to a paid holiday. the same protection as others. Accommodating
Rules and Expectations,” lecture given at University College London, 7 July
Something of the sort was at issue in 2001 when a young G and allowing him to wear his kirpan under
ment address to the graduating class at Brandeis 2011, 9, at www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/events/judicial-independence-
events/Justice_Abella_Lecture_to_JIP_07-07-11.pdf; Keynote address by Sikh male attending public school in Quebec was told certain conditions demonstrates the import-
University in 2017, several months after President Donald Justice Rosalie Abella, Brandeis University, Commencement 2017, http:// that he could not bring his kirpan to school. The kirpan is ance that our society attaches to protecting
Trump took office: www.brandeis.edu/commencement/2017/abella.html.
a metal ceremonial dagger that Sikh males are required freedom of religion and to showing respect for
to wear at all times after being baptized. It symbolizes its minorities. 7
religious loyalty. The parents of the boy in question were
As noted above and demonstrated in January 2011,
Relations between the House of even when the right to vote was much more limited told by the school authorities that he would be permitted
to wear a kirpan made of wood or plastic, some material this might be especially true in Quebec, where four
Commons and the Senate than it is today. This fact, along with the obvious
that would eliminate or at least reduce its capacity to members of the World Sikh Organization, who had been

“The When
Social Fabric”
the founders boxes
designed Canada’s Parliament, explore social issues that
patronage of most government appointments to
the Senate, undermined its legitimacy.
be used as a weapon. His parents refused, arguing that
their son’s religious freedom, guaranteed by the Charter,
invited to testify before a legislative committee exam-
ining a proposed law on reasonable accommodation

“Governing Realities” boxes analyze examples of


they took the bicameral structure of Britain’s legis- The superiority of the House of Commons was violated by the school board’s policy. Eventually the of ethnic minorities, were denied entry to Quebec’s
impact—and areAccordingly,
lature as their model. impacted by—political developments
the legislative over the Senate is reinforced by several constitu- dispute reached the Supreme Court. In March 2006 the National Assembly because they wore kirpans. As one
branch was comprised of two bodies, an elected tional conventions. Probably the most import- Court ruled that the wearing of a kirpan in schools for re- of the four, Balpreet Singh, said: “Unfortunately, we

and concerns.
House of Commons (the lower house) and an ap- ant of these involves the selection of the prime government at work as well as concepts related to the
ligious reasons is indeed protected by the Charter.
This case was about both religious freedom and
weren’t allowed to enter because we wear the kirpan,
which is a bit ironic because we were here to speak
pointed Senate (the upper house). A literal reading minister and other members of the government. multiculturalism. Indeed, the two values are intertwined, upon the issue of accommodation and we weren’t
of the Constitution suggests that their powers are
roughly equal. The major difference is that money
Constitutional law does not require that they be
drawn from the House of Commons, but it is un-
institutions and processes of government.
as the Court said in its ruling: accommodated.” 8 Within weeks, the members of
Quebec’s National Assembly voted unanimously to ban
bills must be introduced in the House of Commons. thinkable today that the prime minister not be Religious tolerance is a very important value of the wearing of the Sikh ceremonial dagger from the
In fact, however, the superiority of the elected an elected MP. Occasionally, one or two senators Canadian society. If some students consider it province’s legislative buildings.
252 PART III The Structures of Governance
House of Commons has been clear to most observ- have been appointed to cabinet, but this often has
ers (except for some senators) from day one. The been because the party in power had few (or no)
unelected character of the Senate has always sat MPs from a particular region of the country. The Canadians’ embrace of multiculturalism. Here are stimulating and I always learn something”
uneasily in Canada’s democratic political culture, appointment of Michael Fortier to the Senate after some of what might be characterized as pro-multi- (79 per cent in both Quebec and the ROC).
Politics in Focus cultural findings from the survey: • If ethnic groups keep their cultural identity
our country will only be more interesting (52
BOX 9.3 Is Parliament Broken? Can It Be Fixed? • The vast majority of Canadians agree that per cent agreeing in Quebec and 64 per cent
other cultures have a lot to contribute and in the ROC). 13 The Media 377
Michael Chong is a Conservative MP representing the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)—is effectively controlling
constituency of Wellington–Halton Hills in Ontario. For a standing committee of the legislative branch. This is their influences enrich us (78 per cent in • The fact of having a growing number of dif-
several years he has been perhaps the most outspoken at complete odds with the fundamental role of a com- Quebec, 84 per cent in the rest of Canada ferent ethnicities and nationalities makes
critic in the House of Commons of what he believes to mittee of the legislature, which is to hold the executive [ROC]) and agree with the statement “I like Canada a better place to live (more re-
bro32501_ch06_131-165.indd
be the dysfunctional 152 that pre-
features of Parliament branch of government to account. 02/08/20 02:45 PM
to have very different people around me; it’s spondents agreed than disagreed: 33 per
vent it from doing its job probably and that, in con- Committee reports are a good example of how the
sequence, have undermined Canadian democracy.
In a 2017 book entitled Turning Parliament Inside Out:
PMO exerts control over committees. Parliamentary
secretaries—who work closely with the minister’s
Media Spotlight
Practical Ideas for Reforming Canada’s Democracy, office—sit on committees. When a draft report is being
Chong argues that one of the things that needs to be considered, the parliamentary secretary often sends
fixed is the committee system. the report to the minister’s office. This means the min- BOX 13.4 Don’t Blame Political Polarization on Social Media
The committee system of the House of Commons ister’s office is frequently participating in drafting the
is one area that could be reformed to rebalance very reports that are supposed to hold the minister The argument against echo chambers is well docu- Whatever the causes of political polarisation
power between party leaders and MPs. The committee and department to account. It’s like putting the fox in mented: bro32501_ch04_082-108.indd
helped by social media88algorithms, we are 02/06/20
today, it is not social media or the internet. 02:59 PM
If any-
system is at the heart of the day-to-day functioning charge of the henhouse! increasingly choosing to interact in safe spaces, with thing, most people use the internet to broaden
of the Commons. Committees are made up of small Committees rarely make amendments to improve people who think and act like us—effectively preaching their media horizons. We found evidence that
groups of MPs (usually 10 members) and are created government legislation. In any given year, amend-
our opinions to the converted. As a result, this behav- people actively look to confirm the information
by the Commons, usually through standing orders. It’s ments made to government bills by standing com-
iour is distorting our world view and, in the process, our that they read online, in a multitude of ways.
where much of MPs’ work is done—where legislation is mittees usually number in the single digits. In contrast,
amended, and government spending and taxation are government bills in the British House of Commons are ability to compromise, which in turn stimulates political They mainly do this by using a search engine to
approved. amended dozens—if not hundreds—of times in any polarization. However, new Oxford University research find offline media and validate political informa-
In theory, standing committees have immense given year. suggests that social media and the Internet are not the tion. In the process they often encounter opin-
power to hold the government to account. They’re em- A reform that would go a long way toward rebal- root of today’s fragmented society, and echo cham- ions that differ from their own and as a result
powered to call witnesses, demand evidence and issue ancing power between party leaders and MPs would
bers may not be the threat they are perceived to be. whether they stumbled across the content pas-
reports. In practice, they rarely exercise these rights. be to remove the power of party leaders—including the
In fact, most people use multiple media outlets and sively or use their own initiative to search for an-
Why? Because party leaders exert substantial control prime minister—to decide the membership of commit-
over the chairs and membership of these committees. tees. Giving that power to MPs on a secret ballot vote social media platforms, meaning that only a small pro- swers while double checking their “facts,” some
In theory, parliamentary committees have immense at the beginning of a new Parliament would give com- portion of the population, at most, is influenced by echo changed their own opinion on certain issues.
power to hold the government to account. In practice, mittees much greater autonomy to hold the govern- chambers.
they rarely exercise these rights. ment to account. Using a random sample of adult Internet users in the Dr Elizabeth Dubois, co-author and assistant profes-
In a majority Parliament, for instance, at least six out UK, researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute and the sor at the University of Ottawa, said: “Our results show
of 10 members of a standing committee are appointed Source: From Michael Chong, “Rebalancing Power in Ottawa:
Committee Reform,” in Michael Chong, Scott Simms, and Kennedy University of Ottawa examined people’s media choices, that most people are not in a political echo chamber.
through the party whip by the prime minister. This Stewart, Turning Parliament Inside Out: Practical Ideas for Reforming
means that the executive branch of government—the Canada’s Democracy (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2017).
and how much they influenced their interaction with The people at risk are those who depend on only a
echo chambers, against six key variables: gender, single medium for political news and who are not pol-
income, ethnicity, age, breadth of media use, and itically interested: about 8 per cent of the population.
political interest. The findings reveal that rather than However, because of their lack of political engagement,

“Politics in Focus” boxes examine current


In law, the powers of the House of Commons and well established. For most of its history, the Senate encouraging the use and development of echo cham- their opinions are less formative and their influence on
Senate are roughly equal, and all bills must pass generally deferred to the will of the Commons on bers, the breadth of media available actually makes it others is likely to be comparatively small.”
through identical stages in both bodies before be- all but relatively minor matters. This changed after easier for people to avoid them.

issues and events through a critical lens.


coming law (see the Appendix at the end of this
chapter). But despite the similarity of their formal
the 1984 election of a Progressive Conservative ma-
jority in the House of Commons. On several occa-
Dr Grant Blank, co-author and research fellow at the
Oxford Internet Institute, said:
Source: “Social Media and Internet Not Cause of Political Polarization,
New Research Suggests,” 22 Feb. 2018, https://phys.org/news/2018-
02-social-media-internet-political-polarization.html#jCp.
powers, the superiority of the House of Commons is sions the Liberal-dominated Senate obstructed bills

“Media Spotlight”
by the other. It involves boxes
a failure to understand the may seem ahighlight
bit extreme. Nevertheless,key media
the idea that
identity, perspectives, concerns, and aspirations of misrecognition can get in the way of one group under-
bro32501_ch09_231-268.indd 252 02/10/20 07:32 AM
pieces and editorials and consider the media’s
the other. This failure, Taylor argues, may have ser- standing another, as has so often been true of French–
ious consequences for relations between groups and English relations over the span of Canadian history,
role
for politics: “[A] person or group of people can suffer is indisputable. This failure of mutual understanding
inrealpolitics.
damage, real distortion, if the people or society may be attributed to various causes, but among them
around them mirror back to them a confining or surely must be included the rift between the media
demeaning or contemptible picture of themselves. systems of French- and English-speaking Canada. A
Nonrecognition or misrecognition can inflict harm, study of news content on the French and English
can be a form of oppression, imprisoning someone television networks of the CBC in the 1970s found
in a false, distorted, and reduced mode of being.”37 that the overlap in terms of stories covered was often
Taylor’s argument that oppression and a “reduced below 20 per cent. The study’s author, Arthur Siegel,
mode of being” may result from improper recognition observed, “The pattern of content tends to reinforce
Highlights of the Ninth Edition xv

Revised aids to student learning A rich pedagogical program enhances students’ engagement with the material,
encouraging critical thinking and further exploration.

✔✔ Chapter overviews outline the main topics covered in each chapter and serve as a quick reference and study
tool for students.

9 The Machinery of Government 267

discussion, based on research by the bureaucracy details of the bill are considered clause by clause
(and sometimes the legislature as well), and serves and witnesses may be heard. At this committee
as a statement of the government’s legislative in- stage, amendments can be made but the principle
tentions. Major legislation may also follow from of the bill cannot be altered. The bill is then re-
the recommendations of a Royal Commission, a ported back to the House, where all aspects, in-
task force, or some other consultative body created cluding any amendments, are debated. At this
by the government to study and make recommen- report stage new amendments also can be intro-
dations on an issue. duced. If a bill passes this hurdle it then goes to
Once a bill has been drafted by government, third reading where a final vote is taken, sometimes
it is introduced in the Senate, or more usually, after further debate. Once a bill has been passed
in the House of Commons. Here, it is given first in the House, it is then sent to the Senate where a
reading, which is just a formality and involves no virtually identical process takes place. If a bill was
debate. Then the bill goes to second reading, when first introduced in the Senate, then it would now
the main principles of the bill are debated and a be sent to the House. Finally, a bill that has been
vote is taken. If the bill passes second reading it is passed in both the House and the Senate may be
sent to a smaller legislative committee, where the given royal assent and become law.

Starting Points for Research


Carleton University, MacOdrum Library, Donald Savoie, Governing from the Centre: The
The 12.9 kilometre Confederation Bridge—the longest in the world crossing ice water—was built in Canadian Government Policy Cycle: https:// Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics
1997, allowing year-round travel between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick and solidifying library.carleton.ca/research/subject-guides/ (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Here
the connection between the island province and the mainland. Canada’s enormous size and
canadian-government-policy-cycle-detailed- Savoie makes the case that the concentration of
diverse regions produce a wide range of political cultures, and create challenges for federal
guide. A step-by-step guide to the policy-making power in and around the Prime Minister’s Office had
policy-makers. (benedek/iStockphoto)
process that includes a wealth of useful weblinks. reached unprecedented and undemocratic levels.

5
This “must read” for those interested in the history
David Docherty, Mr. Smith Goes to Ottawa: Life of and current inner workings of the machinery of

Regionalism and
in the House of Commons (Vancouver: University government should be followed by Savoie’s Court
of British Columbia Press, 1997). This excellent Government and the Collapse of Accountability
analysis of legislative behaviour and influence in in Canada and the United Kingdom (Toronto:

Canadian Politics
the House of Commons is based largely on surveys University of Toronto Press, 2008) and, Power:
of MPs. It deserves an updated version. Where Is It? (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-

Regionalism and regionally based political conflict are enduring aspects of the
102 PART II The Societal Context of Politics Queen’s University Press, 2013).

Canadian political condition. This chapter looks at several important aspects of Review Exercises
regionalism in Canadian politics, including the following topics:
1. Who is the current chief of staff to the prime 2. Put together a list of the various governmental
• Mapping regionalism in Canada minister? Who is the current clerk of the organizations (federal, provincial, municipal)
• Economic regions Privy Council? What are their backgrounds you have been in contact with during your life
• Cultural regions (education, professional experience, partisan and the reasons for the contact(s). Think hard—
• Cross-border regions involvement, etc.). Find a story in the media the list is probably longer than you first imagine.


Factors that continue to fuel regionalism
Regional grievances and western alienation
the spirit of the Bouchard-Taylor Commission. In that discusses the influence of one of these
individuals.
3. Question Period is probably the activity of
Parliament that most Canadians have heard

2013 the PQ government introduced legislation


called the Charter of Quebec Values that would
bro32501_ch05_109-130.indd 109
have denied public employment and government
02/06/20 03:07 PM bro32501_ch09_231-268.indd 267 02/10/20 07:32 AM

✔✔ Lists of starting points for research provide readings that serve as a jumping-off point
services to women for students
wearing looking
face coverings such asto do
the burqa or the niqab. It went further than this to in October 2017.35
further research for assignments and papers. prohibit the wearing of religious attire and “con-
spicuous” symbols on the part of public employ-

✔✔ Review exercises encourage students to apply what they have learned and ees. Before the province’s National Assembly could
use practical research skills.
vote on the bill, the PQ was defeated by the Liberal
Party in Quebec in the April 2013 provincial elec-

✔✔ tion. Despite having been critical of the Charter


A glossary of key terms provides students with concise definitions for concepts that are, in many cases, unfamil-
of Quebec Values, the new the Liberal provincial
iar and perhaps a bit specialized for most laypersons. These terms are important
government proceededto an to understanding
introduce rather simi- of the
material covered in this book. lar legislation banning Muslim face veils in the
public sector, including schools, as well as the
chador, which exposes the face. It also proposed
✔✔ An engaging photo and political cartoon program—featuring an extensive to amendselection
the Quebecof bothofcontemporary
Charter Human Rights to and
include mention of the religious neutrality of the
historic photos as well as insightful and thought-provoking editorialstate cartoons from renowned artists such as
and to create a hierarchy of rights in which
Michael de Adder and Len Norris—brings a visual dimension to the discussion of Canadian politics.Whereas
gender equality would take precedence.
9 The Machinery of Government 245
the PQ’s Charter of Quebec Values was framed as

PQ

Neutrality. The CAQ


The Canadian Press/Nathan Denette

Michael de Adder/Artizans

The reading of a new budget is a ceremonial affair in Ottawa, and though no one knows its
origin, there is a long-standing tradition of the Finance minister purchasing and wearing a new
pair of shoes for the occasion. Jim Flaherty, Finance minister in the Harper government from
2006 until his sudden death in 2014, always wore new shoes. the CAQ

While proponents of the Charter for Quebec


therefore, on the support of large or otherwise submissions reflect the PCO’s guidance. The
influential groups that benefit from its spending. PCO often filters or summarizes information Values argued that the bill would promote the
Instead, its influence in Canada’s system of govern-
ment rests on its ability to speak on behalf of the
provided by departments to ensure that the
prime minister and Cabinet have adequate
secularism of the state, a majority of Canadians
prime minister and cabinet. As Alex Smith puts it: supporting information to make informed outside Quebec, including cartoonist Michael
decisions.18
The PCO does not have formal authority over de Adder, saw the bill as a violation of Canada’s
line departments, but its roles in assisting
the prime minister and Cabinet give it sub-
In terms of its organization, the PCO is divided
into a number of secretariats that provide support
Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
xvi Highlights of the Ninth Edition

Updated suite of online resources Canadian Democracy is part of a comprehensive package of learning and
teaching tools that includes ancillary resources for both instructors and students, all available on the book’s Ancil-
laries Resource Centre (ARC) at www.oup.com/he/Brooks9e.

For Instructors

✔✔ A robust Instructor’s Manual provides extensive pedagogical tools and suggestions for every chapter, including
objectives for student learning, classroom discussion and debate ideas, class activities, and lists of teaching aids.

✔✔ Classroom-ready PowerPoint Slides summarize key points from each chapter and incorporate graphics from the
book for ease of presentation.

✔✔ An extensive Test Generator provides instructors with hundreds of questions in multiple-choice, true/false,
short-answer, and essay formats.

For Students

✔✔ A Student Study Guide includes short-answer study questions; self-testing quizzes; an expanded glossary; an-
notated lists of relevant websites; and suggestions for books, articles, and media resources highlighting political
issues in Canada.

✔✔ Podcasts—many new for this edition—provide mini-lectures that hone in on current issues such as political cor-
ruption, the future of Quebec separatism, and Canada-US relations, allowing students to delve more deeply into
topics of interest and make further connections between the text and the real world.

✔✔ “Conversations on Canadian Politics” videos feature interviews with experts on various core concepts intro-
duced in the text, enabling students to go even deeper on key topics such as federalism, political participation,
and environmental politics.
Acknowledgements
Since the first edition of this book I have been Peter Graefe, McMaster University
privileged to work with truly exceptional people Royce Koop, University of Manitoba
at Oxford University Press. I see their fingerprints Andrea Lawlor, King’s University College and
throughout this latest edition, reaching back to Western University
Michael Harrison, who originally approached me J.P. Lewis, University of New Brunswick
about writing a text on Canadian government and Janice Newton, York University
politics, to the current team at Oxford. Every person Paul Prosperi, Langara College
with whom I have worked has helped make this a Kandace Terris, Dalhousie University
better book than it would have been without their Stephen Tomblin, Memorial University of
advice, guidance, and talents. I would like to make Newfoundland and Labrador
particular mention of Richard Tallman’s m ­ eticulous Kelly Saunders, Brandon University
copy-editing. His advice on points of style and John Soroski, MacEwan University
­substance has transformed the manuscript for each Nelson Wiseman, University of Toronto
edition of this book into a much better product. It
is always a privilege to work with him. Over the years I have taught Canadian politics to
I join the publisher in thanking the following re- several thousand students in Canada, the United
viewers, along with those who wish to remain an- States, France, and Belgium. I have come to realize
onymous, whose thoughtful remarks have helped what a privilege and responsibility it is to explain
to shape this edition: to others how politics works, and who it works for.
This book is dedicated to my students, past, present,
Ralph Ashford, Sir Sanford Fleming College and future.
Carey Doberstein, University of British Columbia

Stephen Brooks
Windsor, Ontario, and Lille, France
PART I
Introduction
We all have an idea of what politics involves. But explaining. But whereas genes may be spliced
the term political science may be less familiar and the weight-bearing capacity of a bridge
and, in some ways, rather puzzling. The problem may be tested through a computer simulation,
arises from the word “science.” Science evokes political scientists generally have to make do
images of laboratories, ideas of measurement, with observing behaviour and the functioning
and the domain of hard facts on which depend of institutions in less controlled circumstances.
the construction of bridges that do not collapse How they undertake their analysis of politics
and medications that cure rather than kill us. and the certitude of their observations may not
The study and understanding of politics, as is look very much like the activities and results
true of all forms of human behaviour and organ- of those in the natural and applied sciences.
ization, would seem to lack the hard edge and Nevertheless, the aspiration to produce object-
to rely on techniques quite different from those ive, empirical knowledge is the same.
characteristic of physics and genetic biology. Those who study Canadian politics and gov-
Can there be such a thing as political science? ernment rely on the same concepts and ana-
The answer is, “within limits.” Political science lytical methods used by those who wish to
expresses the aspiration among those who understand these subjects in France, China,
study politics to do so in an objective way. It in- Egypt, or any other society. Power, authority,
volves the attempt to understand why things identity, participation, bureaucracy, integra-
are the way they are and therefore how they tion, stability, and equality are just some of the
may be changed, rather than how they ought core concepts relevant to an understanding
to be. Political science rests on a bedrock of of politics in any country. In this first section of
empirical analysis—analysis that seeks to for- Canadian Democracy we will examine some
mulate laws about the world of politics and of the concepts that are crucial to an under-
government based on verifiable observation standing of politics and government in Canada.
and, in some cases, experimentation—and not This will provide the basis for the subsequent
on the ideological leanings and personal pref- chapters that focus on particular features of
erences of the person doing the observing and Canadian political life.
This book aims to explain how the political system works in Canada, and to give you the tools needed
to evaluate the processes and outcomes of Canadian politics. Whatever your conclusions, they
should include the belief that politics does matter and that your thoughts and actions hold political
significance. ChristopheLedent/iStockphoto

1 An Introduction
to Political Life
To understand politics and government, one requires a tool kit consisting of the
fundamental concepts and terms that are useful in analyzing political life. This chapter
aims to equip the reader with these tools by examining the following topics:

•• What is politics?
•• Power
•• State and government
•• Democracy
•• Who gets heard and why?
•• Consent and legitimacy
•• Political identities
•• Political fault lines: old and new
1 An Introduction to Political Life 3

If you want a job that earns you the trust and


respect of your fellow citizens, then become a
nurse, doctor, scientist, or farmer. Do not become
a politician. This, at least, is the conclusion that
emerges from a 2017 poll and from many similar
polls over the years. Politicians came in twenty-
seventh of the 27 professions that were ranked
according to the trust that Canadians place in
them, only 6 per cent of respondents saying that
they had a very positive opinion of them and an-
other 18 per cent saying that they had a some-
what positive opinion.1 Politicians and their craft
have what marketing people would call an image

Alfredo Martirena/Cartoon Gallery


problem.
This image of politicians as untrustworthy, and
of their calling as low and dishonest, is not entirely
fair. There is no hard evidence that politicians are
more likely to be dishonest or have low morals than
those in other occupations. Indeed, many if not
most people who run for and are elected to public
office are motivated by a desire to serve and to im-
prove the lives of those they represent. And popu- Most Canadians do not follow politics very
closely. Surveys show that younger voters
lar perceptions notwithstanding, many politicians
tend to be the least interested in politics and
make significant financial and personal sacrifices
less likely to participate than middle-aged
by holding public office.
and older citizens. A contributing factor to
But Canadians do not trust them. To understand
Canadians’ political apathy is their lack of
why, we need to think about the nature of the pol- trust in their politicians.
itician’s craft in societies such as Canada where not
everyone shares the same opinions or has identical
interests, and where the political system is such that characterize as reckless disregard for their truth or
the votes of about 40 per cent or more of those who prospects of achievement.
bother to cast their ballots will be needed for a pol- It is the messy activity of politics—including the
itical party to win a national election. In these cir- compromises, the occasional evasiveness, the fail-
cumstances, politicians and political parties—or at ure to deliver on promises made, and the resulting
least those serious about winning elections—need sense that those elected to public office do not faith-
to appeal to a range of interests and values. Once fully represent those who put them there—that
elected, they must do the same, balancing compet- leads to cynicism about politicians and political
ing demands and points of view. On top of this, parties. Canadians, however, are not alone in their
they may find that their ability to do certain things negativity. In fact, in no established democracy do
that may be popular or that they believe to be the a majority of people say that they have a great deal
right things to do, regardless of public opinion, is or quite a lot of confidence in political parties.2
limited by circumstances beyond their control. The A healthy dose of cynicism about politics is
promises they made cannot be kept, or perhaps probably a good thing, at least if it is cynicism
not quite in the form they were made or accord- fuelled by knowledge. Cynicism based on ignor-
ing to the timetable that was expected. And per- ance or coupled to apathy, however, can make no
haps they knew or suspected this all along, saying such claim. Whether you are a hardened cynic or
things and making promises with what some might an enthusiastic fan when it comes to Canadian
4 PART I Introduction

politics—in fact, if you are like most Canadians the state—to deal with them. Politics, then, is the
your age, you probably do not follow politics very activity by which rival claims are settled by public
closely and therefore do not feel strongly one way authorities. The boundaries of what is considered to
or the other—no judgment about how well the pol- be political are located where the state’s authority
itical system works and in whose interests should be reaches. Political philosophers sometimes call this
uninformed. This book aims to give you that infor- the public realm. Beyond this line is the private
mation and the analytical tools needed to evaluate realm, where the state’s authority does not extend.
the processes and outcomes of Canadian politics. As Box 1.1 shows, this definition does not have
The conclusions you draw and the judgments you the field all to itself. All of these contending def-
arrive at are, of course, up to you. Whatever your initions agree that politics is about the exercise of
conclusions, they should not include the belief that power. They disagree, however, about what power
politics does not matter in your life and that your relations count as political ones. Foucault, Marx,
thoughts and actions are somehow without polit- and the feminist movement define politics in ways
ical significance. The Polish poet and 1996 Nobel that would include the relations between bosses and
Prize laureate, Wislawa Szymborska, has this to say workers in a corporation, between parents and chil-
about such ideas: dren in a family, between teachers and students in
schools, and between spiritual shepherd and flock
All affairs, day and night, in a faith community. And in a sense they are right.
yours, ours, theirs, Lasswell and Easton both offer a more limited def-
are political affairs. inition of politics, one that goes back to Aristotle’s
conception of the Greek polis. They argue that what
Like it or not, is distinctive about politics is the association of this
your genes have a political past, activity with a system of settling disputes that is
your skin a political cast, both public and binding on the whole community.
your eyes a political aspect. At the centre of this system is the state, or govern-
ment, as those raised in the Anglo-American trad-
What you say has a resonance; ition are more likely to call it.
what you are silent about is telling. These definitions disagree in another import-
Either way, it’s political.3 ant way. Marxism, postmodernism (Foucault),
and feminism associate politics with a pervasive

What Is Politics? pattern of oppression. Politics is, for them, funda-


mentally about how inequalities are generated and
Politics arises from the fact of scarcity. In the real reinforced through the relations that exist between
world it is not possible for all of us to satisfy all of classes (Marxism), gender groups (feminism), or
our desires to the fullest extent. Limits on the stock these and other systemically unequal power rela-
of those things that people desire—wealth, privacy, tions between groups (postmodernism) at all levels
clean air and water, social recognition—ensure that of society.
conflicts will take place between rival claimants. Does it matter, in the end, how we define pol-
These conflicts explain why politics comes about. itics? Or is this mainly a harmless diversion for
But politics is about more than the fact of conflict. academic hair-splitters? Some argue that there is a
It is also about how rival claims are settled. What very practical reason for rejecting those definitions
distinguishes politics from the conflicts, struggles, of politics that confer on all power relations, wher-
and rivalries that take place in such settings as the ever they may be located and however limited they
family, the workplace, and the economic market- may be, the title “political.” If politics is viewed
place, and in social organizations like churches and as being everywhere and in all social interactions,
labour unions, is the public nature of political dis- we lose the ability to see the boundary that separ-
putes and the use of public authority—embodied in ates the public and private realms. This boundary
1 An Introduction to Political Life 5

may not be very distinct, but it is crucial for under- realm by males and the limitation of women to the
standing the politics of any society and, in par- private sphere. When women were finally admitted
ticular, that society’s ideas about the acceptable to the public realm it was on identical terms with
scope of state activity. Limits on the state’s legitim- men, a formal equality that failed to recognize the
ate authority are necessary in order to protect the substantive inequalities in the typical life condi-
freedoms that most of us believe to be important tions of males and females.
features of a democratic society. Political conflict But whatever sexist biases may have been em-
in democracies is often about where exactly this bedded in the public-versus-private distinction in
boundary between public and private should be traditional Western political thought, is it not the
drawn, what should be considered a proper matter case that the contemporary importance of this dis-
for public life and decisions by the state, and what tinction lies in the value it assigns to individual
should remain private matters. We can agree that freedom? This, too, says Vickers, is fundamentally
power relations are ubiquitous without going the sexist. “The concept of freedom,” she writes, “has
next step to claim that politics, therefore, has no become an almost totally masculinized idea in
bounds. Western political thought, meaning freedom from
Not everyone agrees. Political scientist Jill Vickers constraints—an autonomy in which no dependence
echoes many of her feminist colleagues when she on another is required or recognized.”4 According
argues that the public realm/private realm dis- to Vickers, this is a value with little appeal to most
tinction is fundamentally sexist. It is based, she women, who have as their goal “interdependence
maintains, on a tradition of political thinking that among equals” rather than the freedom to act with-
accepted as natural the domination of the public out constraint.

Politics in Focus

BOX 1.1 Some Important Definitions of Politics and Power


“[A] political system can be designated as those inter- question of government. This word must be allowed
actions through which values are authoritatively allo- the very broad meaning which it had in the sixteenth
cated for a society.” century. ‘Government’ did not refer only to political
structures or to the management of states; rather it
David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life
designated the way in which the conduct of individuals
or of groups might be directed: the government of chil-
“Politics: Who Gets What, When and How”
dren, of souls, of communities, of families, of the sick.
Harold Lasswell, Politics: Who Gets What, It did not cover only the legitimately constituted forms
When and How of political or economic subjection, but also modes of
action . . . which were destined to act upon the possibil-
“Political power, properly so called, is merely the or- ities of action of other people. To govern, in this sense, is
ganized power of one class for oppressing another.” to structure the possible field of action of others.”

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto Michel Foucault, The Subject and Power

“The personal is political.”


“Basically power is less a confrontation between two
adversaries or the linking of one to the other than a Slogan of the 1960s feminist movement
6 PART I Introduction

Power by invoking the War Measures Act. Critics chal-


lenged the government’s decision, arguing that
Power is the ability to influence what happens. It the use of the military on Canadian streets to deal
is found in all sorts of settings, not simply political with the threat of terrorist actions amounted to the
ones. When Facebook makes decisions about when imposition of a police state. Prime Minister Pierre
and under what conditions it will share the personal Trudeau rejected this view, stating that “it is more
information collected from billions of users, that important to keep law and order in society than to
is power. When the Vatican issues an official proc- be worried about weak-kneed people. . . . I think
lamation on same-sex marriage or the exclusion of the society must take every means at its disposal
women from the priesthood, elements within the to defend itself against the emergence of a parallel
Roman Catholic Church respond. The Vatican has power which defies the elected power in this coun-
power within the community of Roman Catholics. try, and I think that goes to any distance.”
When a person is persuaded to give up his wallet at Is Trudeau right? It is one of the great ironies
gunpoint, his attacker has power. Parents who are of democracy that, unlike other political systems,
able to compel their children’s obedience through it requires that dissenting points of view and op-
the threat or fact of punishment, or through per- position to those in power be respected. Arresting
suasive arguments and the offer of rewards, have people suspected of terrorist acts is, most would
power. A television network whose programs shape agree, necessary to protect democratic government.
the issues that viewers are thinking about has At some point, however, the protection of law and
power. And when a peaceful demonstration of cit- order may exact a high cost in terms of personal
izens outside the headquarters of a corporation or freedoms. In a democracy, those in power must
in front of the legislature changes the behaviour of justify their use of the state’s authority, including
the targeted institution, that, too, is power. In each resort to coercion, as being necessary to maintain
of these cases one party affects the behaviour of an- such values as freedom, equality, justice, and the
other, although the reasons for compliance differ. rule of law. Inevitably, however, people will dis-
Social scientists like to unpack the concept of agree over the meaning and relative importance
power, breaking it down into species that are dis- of these values, and over how much coercion, in
tinguished from one another according to the what circumstances, is acceptable. The practical
reason why the compliant party obeys. Compliance difficulties that can arise in an open society—a
may result from the threat or use of force (coer- ­society in which individuals are free to speak their
cion); from the ability of A to convince B that a minds, associate with whom they wish, and move
particular action is reasonable or otherwise in B’s freely about without having to notify or justify
best interests (influence); or from the recognition their movements to the public authorities—was
on the part of the compliant party that the person brought home to Canadians, and even more so to
or organization issuing a command has the right Americans, after the terrorist attacks on the World
to do so and should be obeyed (authority). Politics Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11 September
involves all of these faces of power—coercion, in- 2001. Access to public buildings became more
fluence, and authority—at various times and in restricted, border crossings became more time-
different circumstances. Democratic politics relies consuming and stressful, airport security was tight-
primarily on the two non-coercive species of power. ened, and measures were taken to curb the rights
But coercion is used, and no democracy is without of immigrants. Some of these changes proved to be
its system of courts, police, and prisons. temporary, but many—such as the air travel secur-
How far coercion and democracy are compat- ity tax that all Canadian travellers have been re-
ible, however, is an open question. It was posed in quired to pay since 2002, the Anti-Terrorism Act,
a stark manner in October 1970,5 a few days after which came into effect in December 2001,6 and a
the Canadian government responded to the terror- general increase in legal surveillance, both public
ist activities of the Front de libération du Québec and private—have been enduring. Among the most
Other documents randomly have
different content
Nuori maya sytytti tulitikulla tervaksisen männynsäleen, jonka
kolkko loimu valaisi vain lähimmän ympäristön.

Pablo näki luonnon muodostaman kallioluolan. Hänen jalkainsa


juuressa oli vesilätäkkö, jonka ääressä oli muutamia saviastioita.
Pimeä käytävä johti toisiin maanalaisiin kammioihin.

"Sano minulle, pelastajani ja ystäväni, missä olemme?" kysyi Pablo


hiljaa.

"Syvyyden lähteellä. Täältä noutivat vuosisatoja sitten


kansalaisemme vettä; katso, tuossa on vielä heidän ruukkujansa. Ei
kukaan ole sen koommin niihin koskenut."

"Ihmeellistä", sanoi Pablo kummastelevalla äänellä.

"He kävivät täällä luultavasti vain hädän hetkellä, kun viholliset


väijyivät ulkopuolella; tällaisia lähteitä on useissa paikoin
maatamme."

"Ja sen jälkeen kuin kansani kukistettiin, ei näitä maanalaisia


lähteitä ole käytetty. Ihmiset eivät enää uskalla lähestyä luolaa, he
luulevat pahojen henkien täällä majailevan. Paitsi kazikea olemme
ainoastaan isäni ja minä käyneet tässä luolassa. Vain harvat tuntevat
sisäänkäytävän, ja hekin kammoavat ja pakenevat sitä."

"Mitä kazike täällä tekee?"

"Tämä on hänen salainen piilopaikkansa. Isästä poikaan on aina


periytynyt ikivanhan kellarin salaisuus, jonka sinäkin nyt olet oppinut
tuntemaan. Minun isäni sai sen tietää Chamulpolta ja minä häneltä.
Tule, kuninkaitten jälkeläinen, tule katsomaan."
Hän kulki palava tervaslastu kädessään viereiseen luolaan.

Hämmästyksekseen Pablo huomasi, että se oli sisustettu


asuttavaksi. Oli kaappeja, arkkuja, vuode. Seinillä riippui vaatteita,
satuloita, suitsia, suopunkeja; kaikkialla oli aseita: pyssyjä, peitsiä,
miekkoja.

"Näet", sanoi Tenanga, "että kazike on laittanut itselleen asunnon


tänne. Sinun pitää nyt lainata häneltä pyssy ja metsästyspuku;
hänellä on mainioita aseita, joita hän on saanut amerikkalaisilta."

Pablo valitsi kaksipiippuisen luodikon, tarkasti sitä ja painoi sen


poskelleen. Se oli hyvää tekoa ja sopi hänelle mainiosti.

"Varusta itsesi ampumatarpeilla, Jungunan poika; tuolla on


luoteja, ruutia, sytyttimiä", puhui Tenanga osoittaen erästä arkkua.
"Minä haen sinulle vaatteita." Sillä aikaa kuin Pablo haki itselleen
ampumatarpeita, otti Tenanga hänelle seinältä metsästyspaidan ja
valitsi kevyet nahkakengät ja pehmeästä lehmännahasta tehdyt
korkeat säärystimet. "Vaihda vaatteita, valtias, ja laskeudu levolle.
Huomenna tarvitset voimia."

"Jäämmekö tänne yöksi?"

"Kunnes tähdet alkavat kalveta; meidän täytyy odottaa päivää


voidaksemme liikkua metsässä."

Pablo pukeutui upo uuteen, kauniiseen ja intiaanitapaan


koristeltuun metsästyspaitaan. Tenanga riisui häneltä saappaat, sitoi
toimeliaasti hänen jalkoihinsa paulakengät ja sääriin pitkät
säärystimet. Vyö, pieni lakki ja metsästyslaukku täydensivät puvun.

"Laskeudu nyt levolle, valtias, Tenanga valvoo vieressäsi."


Pablo oli todellakin sanomattoman väsynyt. Hän heittäytyi
vuoteelle ja vaipui pian uneen. Tenanga istui hänen pääpohjissaan
hyräillen kansansa ikivanhoja lauluja.

*****

Kun loistavat tähdet alkoivat vaaleta, herätti nuori maya


kuninkaitten jälkeläisen.

Pablo heräsi voimistuneena syvästä unestaan.

Hän katseli omituista, vain tervaspäreen valaisemaa ympäristöä


ikäänkuin unelmaa, ja hänen mieleensä kuvastui kaukainen koti,
hiljainen maakartano meren rannalla, don Antonio, lempeä señora,
suloinen Mariquita; mutta samalla hän tunsi uudelleen rautakäden,
joka oli tarttunut hänen nuoreen elämäänsä ja heittänyt hänet
kuolemanvaaroihin. Pyhimykset olivat häntä auttaneet, ja hän kiitti
heitä kaikesta sydämestään. Mutta kaikkia muita ajatuksia
kirkkaampana kajasti tietoisuus, että hän polveutui suvusta, joka
muinoin oli hallinnut maata ja jonka muistoa jälkipolvet yhä vielä
pitivät pyhänä.

Joskin pahat voimat koettivat tuhota häntä, kuninkaitten


jälkeläistä, tunsi hän vierellään kulkevan hyvän enkelin, joka
suojellen levitti siipensä hänen ylitseen. Sillä aikaa kuin Pablo nukkui,
oli Tenanga hävittänyt kaikki jäljet, joista olisi voinut päättää
vieraitten majailleen tässä Chamulpon piilopaikassa. Nyt hän ojensi
Pablolle suklaalevyn, jonka oli löytänyt Chamulpon varastosta, sekä
maissileipää omasta metsästyslaukustaan; vedellä he sammuttivat
janonsa. Tenanga täytti vielä ruutisarven ja luotipussin, otti palavan
päreen ja virkkoi: "Jos suvaitset, valtias, niin lähdemme."
Pablo, joka näytti hyvin sotaiselta metsästyspuvussaan,
kaksipiippuinen luodikko olallaan, mutta jonka luontaista soreutta ei
karkea pukukaan voinut peittää, taivutti päätään suostumuksen
merkiksi.

Tenanga astui portaita ylös ja sammutti päreen.

Oli vielä yö; pimeys ympäröi heitä heidän seisoessaan


jättiläiskokoisten setri-, chicazamote- ja mahonkipuitten alla.

He astuivat raikkaaseen aamuilmaan. Tenanga oli vaihtanut omat


jalkineensa Chamulpolta lainaamiinsa; hän oli kerrassaan mestari
keksimään keinoja jälkienhakijain pettämiseksi, olihan hän itsekin
taitava rastreador [= jälkienhakija] ja tiesi, kuinka oli meneteltävä,
jotta ei Huntoh-urkkija saisi heistä selkoa.

Hän kulki edellä pensaikkojen lävitse, jotka olivat miltei


läpipääsemättömät; mutta kokeneena metsänkävijänä hän ei
käyttänyt tietä raivatakseen terävää veistään, hyvin tietäen, että se
olisi herättänyt epäluuloja.

Päivä koitti, ja luonto heräsi unestaan. Papukaijat kirkuivat,


pitkähäntäiset apinat hyppelivät oksatta oksalle, aamun suloiset
laulajat kajahduttivat iloisia liverryksiään. Jättiläispuiden latvoja
punasi aamuauringon kultainen hohde, mutta niiden juurella vallitsi
hämärä, joka ei keskipäivälläkään väistynyt.

Tenanga astui eteenpäin rivakasti ja tottuneesti kuten ainakin


metsäneläjä, noudattaen koko ajan suurta valppautta; hänen
kintereillään seurasi notkein askelin Pablo, joka myöskin hyvin tunsi
aarniometsän salaisuudet.
Kauas kaikista ihmisasunnoista johti heidän tiensä. Lintujen laulu
oli jo kauan sitten vaiennut. Hämärän metsän syvää hiljaisuutta
häiritsi vain silloin tällöin jokin ohitse kiitävä iguana [= iso, syötävä
sisilisko] tai puuhun kiipeävä tlamototlis [= pieni orava].

Nuorukaiset, jotka kumpikin olivat poikkeuksellisen jänteviä ja


harjaantuneita, astuivat yhtä mittaa, kunnes helle kävi rasittavaksi;
silloin he istuivat lepäämään erään lähteen reunalle. Tenanga ei ollut
matkalla jättänyt käyttämättä mitään mahdollista varokeinoa
vaikeuttaakseen takaa ajoa, niin suuresti hän pelkäsi zapotekia.

*****

Sillä aikaa kuin nuorukaiset vielä olivat matkalla, saapui Chamulpo


vastoin palvelijainsa odotusta takaisin laaksoon; häntä seurasi
ratsastajaparvi, joka oli hänelle henkeen ja vereen uskollinen.

Abrahan-neekeri astui häntä vastaan ovelle matelevan nöyränä,


yksisilmäinen intiaani sitävastoin näytti vakavalta.

"Hei, musta lurjus", lausui kazike Abrahanille hyväntuulisena,


"kuinka holhokkisi jaksaa?"

"Pahat henget ovat liikkeellä, herra valtias, me emme voineet niille


mitään."

Silmänräpäyksessä muuttuivat maya-päällikön kasvot synkeiksi


kuin yö.

"Mitä tarkoitat? Jos olet laiminlyönyt velvollisuutesi, niin saat


pelätä pahinta."
"Ei mitään ole laiminlyöty, valtias, ei mitään, tunnethan
Abrahanin."

"Mitä on tapahtunut? Missä on hän, jonka uskoin huomaasi?"

Änkyttäen neekeri vastasi: "Pahat henget ovat hänet vieneet. Hän


on poissa."

Kazike päästi raivoisan kiljahduksen.

"Kurja orja, sinä olet päästänyt hänet pakoon."

Pitkä murhapuukko välähti vimmastuneen miehen kädessä.

Neekeri vapisi hallitsijansa raivoa, mutta seisoi hievahtamatta,


alistuvana.

Se pelasti hänen henkensä.

Kotvasen kuluttua Chamulpo käänsi raskaasti hengittäen


tiikerinsilmänsä intiaaniin ja lausui: "Puhu sinä, Chimal."

"Näkymättömät ovat hänet vieneet, kazike, me olemme vain


ihmisiä."

Kazike hillitsi kammonsekaisen vihansa ja sanoi levollisemmin:


"Puhu!"

"Minä vein hänet alas ja suljin hänet kiviholviin, joka on syvällä


maan alla; telkesin hänet sinne, hän ei voinut paeta; rangaiskoot
minua näkymättömät, ellen puhu totta. Kun menimme sinne,
Abrahan ja minä, tehdäksemme hänestä lopun, oli häkki tyhjä, hän
oli poissa."
"Entä mitä sitten teitte?" kysyi Chamulpo töin tuskin hilliten
itseään.

"Etsimme kellarin ristiin rastiin; muuri oli luja, kuten vuosisatoja on


ollut, ovi tarkasti suljettu."

Vaikka kazike tunsikin ikivanhan holvin salaisuuden, värisi hänen


ruumiinsa kuitenkin taikauskoisesta kauhusta. Paitsi häntä ei kukaan
muu kuin hänen entinen uskottunsa Azual tuntenut
rakennusmestarin älykästä keksintöä, niin taitavasti oli salainen
uloskäytävä sommiteltu. Mutta vaikkapa vanki, niin mahdottomalta
kuin se näyttikin, olisi tuntenut tämän salatien, kuinka olisi hän ilman
apua päässyt siitä kulkemaan? Voimakasta miestä puistatti kylmä
väristys. Olivatko ne sittenkin oikeassa, jotka uskoivat
suojelushenkiin?

Kolmannen kerran oli Jungunan poika, vanhan hallitsijasuvun


viimeinen vesa, päässyt kuoleman kourista!

Oliko tämä suojelushenki niin voimakas? Hän tiesi voivansa


täydellisesti luottaa kätyreihinsä, neekeriin ja intiaaniin, eikä epäillyt
heidän kertomustaan. Millä tavalla oli siis hänen uhrinsa päässyt
pujahtamaan?

Hän ajatteli silmänräpäyksen Tenangaa, uskottunsa Azualin


poikaa. Mutta jos tämä mahdollisesti olisikin tuntenut salatien,
kuinka hän saattoi tietää Pablon olevan maanalaisessa holvissa ja
mitä syytä hänellä olisi ollut auttaa tätä pakenemaan? Ei, sekin
otaksuma oli mahdoton.

Salaperäinen, selittämätön oli vangin katoaminen.


Mutta vaikka kazike olikin taikauskoinen kuten koko kansansa, oli
ahkera seurustelu valkoisten kanssa opettanut häntä kuitenkin
ajattelemaan järkevämmin kuin muut, alhaisella sivistystasolla olevat
heimolaisensa.

"Poika oli sidottu, Chimal? Vai kuinka?"

"Kädet olivat sidotut, kun jätin hänet kellariin; mutta hän on


hangannut köyden poikki kivensyrjää vasten; me löysimme sen."

Tämä aivan luonnollinen selitys Pablon siteistään vapautumiseen


palautti kaziken todellisuuteen.

"Tulkaa mukaani kellariin", hän sanoi lyhyesti, "valoa, Abrahan!"

Hetkisen kuluttua seisoivat nuo kolme miestä ison lyhdyn valossa


omituisesti rakennetussa holvissa. Chamulpo tutki lukon ja oven ja
huomasi molemmat ehjiksi.

Hänen katseensa mitteli koko huonetta, mutta hän ei keksinyt


mitään epäilyttävää. Hän loi silmänsä ylös, missä tiesi
savupiippumaisen torven alkavan; mahdotonta oli nähdä mitään,
josta olisi voinut päättää, että sitä kautta oli kuljettu.

Kiven vieressä oli vielä katkaistu köysi.

Kazike tiesi, että sen, joka oli kulkenut holvista ulos salatietä,
täytyi myöskin tuntea orjantappurapensaston salaisuus voidakseen
päästä edelleen.

Ihmeellistä!
"Ehkä olet kuitenkin unohtanut sulkea oven, Chimal? Tunnusta se
minulle, en tahdo soimata sinua."

"Mitä minusta luulet, kazike, kun otaksut minua niin tyhmäksi,


etten sulkisi vangittua pantterikissaa telkien taakse? Ei, ovi oli tarkoin
suljettu, usko minua."

Kazike uskoi.

Kellarista poistuessaan hän kysyi: "Ettekö muuten ole tehneet


mitään saadaksenne selkoa nuorukaisen salaperäisestä paosta?"

"Olen lähettänyt sanan Huntohille, zapotekille; hän on maan paras


jälkiennuuskija."

"Hyvä, lähetä hänet minun luokseni, kun hän saapuu."

Chamulpo viittasi kätyrinsä poistumaan ja lähti tutkimaan


orjantappurapensastoa, joka kätki torven ulkosuun.

Hän ei huomannut mitään epäilyttävää. Huntoh oli tosin hänelle


uskollinen ja valmis mihin rikokseen tahansa sekä sitäpaitsi
erinomainen rastreador; mutta Chamulpo ei halunnut uskoa hänelle
salaisuuttaan, vaan tahtoi yksin säilyttää tiedon kätköpaikoistaan,
jotka joskus ehkä saattoivat olla tarpeen hädän hetkenä.

Hänen vielä miettiessään, kuinka saattaisi käyttää hyväkseen


zapotekin palvelusta ilmaisematta hänelle salaisuuttaan, astui
metsästyspukuinen intiaani hänen luokseen.

Tulija, jonka ihonväri oli tummempi kuin intiaanien tavallisesti, oli


harteva ja vahvalihaksinen. Kasvoissa kavala ilme, joka teki ne
vastenmielisiksi; muuten hän oli älykkään näköinen.
"Sinä halusit minua puhutella, kazike Chamulpo?" hän kysyi
espanjankielellä, koska ei osannut mayojen kieltä.

"Niin, minulla on sinulle tehtävä, josta saat hyvän palkan."

"Olen käytettävissäsi, señor."

"Abrahan-hölmö on päästänyt sangen vaarallisen vangin


pakenemaan; sinun pitää löytää hänet ja tuoda hänet elävänä tai
kuolleena."

"Anna minulle jäljen alku, don Chamulpo", vastasi synkkä mies,


"lopun hankin kyllä itse".

"Onko sinulla käytettävänäsi tarmokasta, luotettavaa väkeä?"

"On."

"Tule mukaani, minä selitän sinulle tehtäväsi."

He astuivat yhdessä pieneen huoneeseen, josta zapoteki hetken


kuluttua astui yksin ulos ja lähti metsään päin. Suuri parvi ratsastajia
nelisti pian sen jälkeen eri tahoille seutua.

*****

Sitten kun Pablo ja Tenanga olivat syöneet, sanoi ensinmainittu:


"Minne aiot minut viedä, pelastajani?"

"Ensiksi, oi valtias, tahdon viedä sinut pois Chamulpon vallasta.


Näissä laaksoissa asuu ihmisiä, jotka ovat hänen puolellaan, he ovat
ketchien heimoa, ja Chamulpo on heidän kazikensa; mutta sitäpaitsi
he luulevat, että hänen suonissaan virtaa kuninkaallista verta."
"Hyvä, entä sitten?"

"Sitten aion viedä sinut kenraali Aranan, isäsi ystävän luo."

"Onko Arana intiaani?"

"Sinä sen sanoit. Hän on Meksikon tasavallan kenraali, mutta siitä


huolimatta hän kahdesti on voittanut meksikolaiset mayojen
johtajana ja siten pelastanut kansamme itsenäisyyden Yucatanissa."

"Hänenkö luokseen aiot siis minut viedä?"

"Niin, hän ei ole ainoastaan isäsi ystävä, vaan myöskin mahtava


mies, ja hän saapui noutamaan sinua del Rocasta, vaikka
valitettavasti liian myöhään."

"Minuako?"

Tenanga kertoi nyt kenraalin käynnistä del Rocassa ja hänen


keskustelustaan don Antonion ja naisten kanssa.

Pablo kuunteli äänetönnä. Hetkisen kuluttua hän sanoi: "Sinä olet


Chamulpon väkeä; sanopas minulle, amigo, miksi tahdot minut
pelastaa hänen käsistään?"

"Oi Hualpa, kuningas, minä kerron sen sinulle; älä kuitenkaan


heitä kivellä isäni varjoa. — Azual, isäni, oli Chamulpon soturi ja
tigrero ja totteli häntä sokeasti. Kun isäsi Junguna oli kohonnut
aurinkoon, ryösti Azual sinut Chamulpon käskystä. Mutta hän ei
tahtonut tappaa sinua, vaan heitti sinut puuman eteen. Puuma on
suojelusenkelisi, jo syntymästäsi sinulle määrätty. Chamulpo ja Azual
luulivat sinun kuolleen, ja isäni kärsi kauheasti ajatellessaan
rikostaan. Vuodet vierivät. Isäni oli jo kovin sairas ja valmistautui
lähtemään tästä maailmasta. Silloin lähetti Tamay sanan
Chamulpolle, että poika, jonka rinnassa oli kuninkaanmerkki, eli del
Rocan kartanossa; meri oli heittänyt hänet rannikolle. Kun kazike
kertoi sen isälleni, pelästyi tämä sielunsa syvyyteen asti. Hän oli vain
ulkonaisesti kristitty, hänen sydämensä kuului vanhoille jumalille.
Kuultuaan nyt, että puuma oli sinut pelastanut miltei varmasta
kuolemasta, valtasi hänet sanomaton kauhu. Hän pelkäsi, ettei
hänen sielunsa kuoleman jälkeen kohoaisikaan aurinkoa kohti,
autuaitten asuntoon, koska hän oli tehnyt rikoksen kuninkaitten
jälkeläistä kohtaan, vaan vaipuisi ikuiseen yöhön näkymättömäin
kiroamana. Silloin hän käski minun rientää kenraali Aranan luo ja
kertoa hänelle, että sinä olit elossa sekä missä oleskelit. Minun täytyi
vannoa hänelle tekeväni kaikki pelastaakseni sinut verivihollisesi
käsistä. Siksi olen nyt palvelijasi, valtias. Minun täytyy sovittaa, mitä
isäni on rikkonut, jotta Azualin henki ei vaipuisi yön pimeyteen. Minä
annan vaikka henkeni, jotta hän saisi asua auringon majoissa."

Intiaanin uskonnolliset käsitteet olivat vieraat hurskaan papin


kasvattamalle Pablolle, mutta hän saattoi hyvin verrata sielujen
asuntoa auringossa taivaaseen ja ikuista yötä kadotukseen. Hän
antoi isän rikoksen empimättä anteeksi pojan tähden, joka oli hänet
pelastanut varmasta kuolemasta, ja sovittaen puheensa Tenangan
käsityskannan mukaan hän sanoi: "Asukoon isäsi sielu ikuisessa
valossa, sinun tähtesi annan hänelle anteeksi kaikesta sydämestäni."

"Valtias, valtias, kuninkaittemme jälkeläinen", huudahti nuori maya


syvästi liikuttuneena, "minulla on vain yksi elämä antaa sinun
puolestasi; mutta vaikka minulla olisi niitä kymmenen, uhraisin ne
kaikki mielelläni sinun tähtesi. — Kohoa aurinkoon, isäni henki,
kuningas on antanut sinulle anteeksi."
Tätä sanoessaan hän taivutti päänsä itää kohti.

Pablo oli liikuttunut nähdessään nuorukaisen kiihkeän


tunteenpurkauksen.

Vasta jonkin ajan kuluttua hän katkaisi hiljaisuuden kysyen: "Sano,


Tenanga, minkä vuoksi Tamay, tigrero, joka muuten oli minulle
ystävällinen, joka minulle opetti kansani kielen ja kertoi sen
menneisyydestä niin paljon, kavalsi minut Chamulpolle?"

"Tamay on kansansa kavaltaja; hän meni meksikolaisten puolelle


kullan tähden, kun mayat taistelivat heitä vastaan, ja silloin hänet
syöstiin pois kansansa yhteydestä ja julistettiin henkipatoksi.
Nähtyään kuninkaanmerkkisi hän kavalsi sinut Chamulpolle siinä
toivossa, että siten saisi takaisin kadotetun kunniansa ja
tunnustettaisiin taas mayaksi."

"Olen pahoillani tämän kuullessani; hän oli minulle ystävällinen.


Tiesikö Tamay, mikä kohtalo minua Chamulpon käsissä kohtaisi,
kavaltaessaan minut?"

"Epäilemättä, sillä hän tuntee Chamulpon ja tietää, kuinka suuresti


tämä pelkää sinun kauttasi kadottavansa vaikutusvaltansa maya-
kansaan."

Pablo vaipui mietteisiin. Hetken kuluttua hän kysyi: "Eivätkö


zapotekit ole mayojen vihamiehiä? Tamay sanoi niin. Meren rannalla,
missä minä asuin, ei ollut lainkaan zapotekeja, ainoastaan orjamaisia
xinkoja."

"Totta puhuit, zapotekit ovat mayojen verivihollisia. He ovat


voimakkaat Chiapassa ja Oaxacassa, ja täällä Guatemalassa he ovat
tunkeutuneet keskellemme vahingoksemme. Me olemme monta
kertaa taistelleet heitä vastaan ja voittaneet heidät; sitä
raivokkaammin he sen vuoksi meitä vihaavat."

"Mutta zapoteki, jota sinä pelkäät, palvelee Chamulpoa?"

"Niin. Chamulpo, ketchien kazike, on vaitelias mies, josta ei


kukaan pääse selville. Sen jälkeen kuin maassa on syttynyt sota, hän
on entistään vaiteliaampi."

"Onko maassa sota?"

"Etkö sitä tiedä?"

"Me emme etelässä saaneet tietää mitään siitä, mitä maassa


tapahtui."

"Sarmiento on tehnyt kapinan kaupunkeja vastaan, hän on


koonnut suuren armeijan ja tunkeutuu voitokkaana eteenpäin."

Pablo kuunteli hämmästyneenä.

Ensi kerran hänen muistinsa aikana raivosi maassa kansalaissota.


Hän oli kyllä kuullut don Antonion kertovan entisistä kapinoista ja
tiesi tämä taistelleen hallituksen puolesta.

"Onko Chamulpo kapinallisten puolella?"

"Sitä ei tiedetä. Hän kokoaa väkensä sanoakseen sanansa


aikanaan. Hän on myöskin hieronut sovintoa zapotekien kanssa, ja
nämä tulevat luultavasti toimimaan yhdessä hänen kanssaan.
Huntoh on sitäpaitsi valmis palvelemaan ketä tahansa kullasta;
luulenpa, että hän voisi myydä oman kansansakin."
Silmänräpäyksen tunsi Pablo halua rientää del Rocaan ollakseen
Marian suojelijana, jos sota leviäisi rannikolle asti, mutta hän
karkoitti halunsa päättävästi.

Tenanga keskeytti hänen mietteensä sanoen: "Meidän täytyy


asiain näin ollen toimia hyvin varovasti; vasta Yucatanissa sinä olet
täydelleen turvassa. Onneksi Chamulpo oli poissa, kun sinut
vapautin; molemmat ukot luulevat varmaan sinun lentäneen ilmaan."

"Kuinka sinun onnistui seurata jälkiäni?"

"Kun vaquerot, jotka don Antonio oli lähettänyt sinua etsimään,


kertoivat maya-joukon jakautuneen kolmeen osaan, joista yksi kulki
pohjoista kohti, arvasin heti, että heidän aikomuksensa oli kuljettaa
sinut kuilujen kautta syöstäkseen sinut muka tapaturmaisesti
syvyyteen. Olin kyllä kuiskannut salaa monelle sukuperäsi, muuta en
voinut tehdä, ja he siis tiesivät sen. Mutta aina on sellaisiakin, jotka
eivät häikäile vuodattaa kuninkaallistakaan verta. Otaksuin, että jos
sinä vielä olit elävien ilmoilla, tapaisin sinut Chamulpon pienessä
talossa, jonne hän oli vetäytynyt voidakseen seurata taistelun kulkua
laaksossa. Sain don Antonion parhaan hevosen ja riensin jälkeesi
lyhyintä tietä; onneksi saavuin oikeaan aikaan, näkymättömille
olkoon kiitos."

Pablon mieli oli kovin kiihtynyt, vaikka hän ulkonaisesti näyttikin


aivan tyyneltä. Vielä pari päivää sitten hän oli vain mitätön poika,
jota töin tuskin oli siedetty don Antonion talossa; muutamassa
hetkessä hänestä oli tullut vaikutusvaltainen henkilö, muutenhan
Chamulpo ei niin kiihkeästi olisi halunnut hänen henkeään. Eikä
kenraali Arana olisi niin osaaottavasti hänen kohtalostaan
huolehtinut.
"Hyvä, Tenanga", hän sanoi, "vie minut isäni ystävän kenraali
Aranan luo, pyhimykset olkoot kanssamme!"

He ottivat pyssynsä ja jatkoivat matkaa. Vaikeata oli päästä


eteenpäin tiheässä metsässä. Tenanga uskalsi kuitenkin jo raivata
tietä heille katkoen puukollaan köynnöskasveja. Illansuussa he
saapuivat alastoman kallioryhmän luo ja päättivät yöpyä pieneen
luolaan, johon he valmistivat itselleen vuoteen kuivista ruohoista.
Onneksi oli Tenangan metsästyslaukussa vielä maissileipää ja
suklaalevyjä, niin että he saivat niukan illallisen.

Pablo nukkui kauan ja sikeästi.

Kun lintujen suloiset äänet ilmoittivat aamun tulon, hän heräsi.

Tenangaa ei näkynyt. Kun hän astui luolasta kultaiseen


päivänpaisteeseen, hän hämmästyi kauneutta, joka hänen silmiänsä
kohtasi. Hän näki ihanan seudun: kukoistavia laaksoja, viheriäisiä
metsiä, korkeita, jylhiä vuoria, joiden omituisesti muodostuneita
huippuja auringon kultaiset säteet punasivat. Etäällä näkyi sumun
keskeltä savuavien tulivuorten huippuja.

Liikuttuneena nuorukainen katseli isänmaansa ihanaa luontoa.

"Kuinka suurenmoista, ihanaa", hän kuiskasi. "Tämä on mayojen


maa, jossa esi-isäni kantoivat valtikkaa, ennenkuin valkoiset tulivat,
tämä on kotimaani!"

Ihailuun vaipuneena hän seisoi kauan ääneti katsellen


kaukaisuuteen. Kepeät askelet herättivät hänet unelmistaan.
Nopeasti astui Tenanga hänen luokseen ja tervehti häntä.

"Mitä mietit, Jungunan poika?"


"Uneksijan lailla katselen isäini maata, en ollut tietänyt sitä näin
kauniiksi."

"Totta puhut; mutta minä olen katsellut niin usein näitä seutuja,
etten enää joudu ihastuksiin niitä nähdessäni. Kas tässä on ruokaa,
syö." Hän otti metsästyslaukustaan munia, maissileipää ja paistetun
kanan.

Pablon kysyvään silmäykseen hän vastasi: "Lähistöllä on kyliä,


seutu on minulle tuttua, ja kävin ostamassa meille ruokaa. Virkistä
itseäsi, valtias, meillä on vielä pitkä matka."

Pablo, jonka katse yhä vielä oli kiinnittynyt maisemaan, totteli


häntä.

"Lähtekäämme, valtias", kehoitti Tenanga viimein. Pablo loi vielä


silmäyksen viehättävään kuvaan ja seurasi sitten mayaa kallioiden
välitse.

He kulkivat kukoistavien laaksojen läpi, joissa kaikenväriset kukat


kilpailivat keskenään kauneudesta. Viimein he saapuivat tiheään,
troopilliseen metsään. Äkkiä Tenanga, joka metsästäjän ja
rastreadorin tottuneella silmällä oli tutkinut maata, säpsähti ja tuijotti
silmät kankeina eteensä.

"Mikä hätänä?"

"Tule!" Mayan silmät tähystivät leimuten lähintä ympäristöä, sitten


hän kuiskasi: "St! Tule!"

Hän hiipi kyyrysillään kuin petoeläin pensaisiin, ja Pablo seurasi


häntä kummastellen hänen omituista käytöstään. Erään paksun
zeiba-puun taakse Tenanga pysähtyi yhä levotonna tarkastaen
ympäristöä.

"Mikä hätänä?"

"Zapoteki on täällä."

"Mistä sen tiedät?"

"Tuossa ovat hänen jälkensä."

"Ja sinä tunnet ne?"

Itsetietoisesti Tenanga selitti: "Minä tunnen hevosenjäljen, jonka


vuosikausia sitten olen nähnyt."

"Silloin olet paljon tarkkavaistoisempi kuin kaikki meikäläiset


vaquerot."

"Minut on lapsuudesta asti kasvatettu rastreadoriksi; maa


merkkeineen on ainoa kirja, jota osaan lukea."

"Eikö zapoteki olisi voinut joutua tänne vain sattumalta?"

"Ei. Hänet on lähetetty jälkeemme, pahat henget ovat liikkeellä.


Kyyristy tuonne sanajalkojen väliin, kuninkaitten jälkeläinen, lataa
pyssysi ja kuuntele silmin ja korvin; ei kuguaarikaan [= puuma] ole
zapotekia kavalampi ja viekkaampi. Minä tutkin jälkiä."

Sillä aikaa kuin Pablo totellen nuoren mayan neuvoa istuutui


sanajalikkoon molemmat pyssynpiiput ladattuina, ryömi Tenanga
varovasti kuin saalista väijyvä petoeläin pois.

Pablo jäi yksin valppaasti kuunnellen.


Kesti hyvän aikaa, ennenkuin Tenanga palasi.

Hiljainen sihinä ilmaisi hänen tulonsa, jotta Pablo ei luulisi häntä


viholliseksi.

Hän kyyristyi alas Pablon viereen.

"No, amigo?"

"Zapoteki on siellä", kuiskasi maya, "viisi, kuusi tai useampia


kumppaneita mukanaan. Ne ovat hajautuneet metsään jälkiämme
hakemaan, ne luulevat olevansa meidän kintereillämme."

"Minä en voi sitä uskoa; kuinka he olisivat niin nopeasti päässeet


meidän jäljillemme?"

"Usko minua, se on totisesti totta. En tiedä, mitä Chamulpon


asunnossa lienee tapahtunut; mutta zapoteki — näkymättömät
häneen iskekööt — on takanamme."

"Ja mikä meillä on nyt neuvona?"

"Meidän on etsittävä vesi, se ei jätä mitään jälkeä."

"Onko lähettyvillä mitään virtaa?"

"Ei, mutta Tepaneca-järvi."

"Sano, mitä minun on tehtävä."

"Kulje minun takanani, mutta astu hiljaa ja ääneti. Jos minä


sihisen kuin käärme, niin heittäydy maahan. Jos kohtaamme jonkun
noista rosvoista, saamme käyttää vain machetea [= tikaria], ei
pyssyä. Jos kadotat minut näkyvistäsi, juokse keskipäivää kohti, ja
saavut järvelle, siellä kohtaat minutkin jälleen. Oletko ymmärtänyt,
Jungunan poika?"

"Olen ymmärtänyt."

"Sitten kaikki hyvin!"

Tenanga kuunteli henkeä pidättäen ja kohottautui sitten varovasti.


Empimättä hän painautui kulkemaan sivulle päin, ja aivan hänen
jäljissään astui Pablo, terävä, turkkilaisen jataganin näköinen ase
machete kädessään.

Mahdollisimman varovaisesti Tenanga pujottelihen metsässä


nuoren viidakon läpi. Ja aivan hänen jäljissään seurasi Pablo askelen
risahtamatta. Tuon tuostakin Tenanga kohotti kätensä ja jäi
seisomaan; silloin pysähtyi myös Pablo. Vasta saatuaan varmuuden,
ettei mikään vaara uhannut, maya lähti edelleen. Aarniometsän
hämärässä, ylt'ympäri vallitsevassa syvässä hiljaisuudessa, heidän
äänettömästi tunkeutuessaan pensasten ja köynnöskasvien läpi
tiheikköön, josta minä hetkenä tahansa saattoi ilmestyä verivihollisen
kasvot, oli jotakin kammottavaa.

Erehtymättömän varmasti maya-metsästäjä kulki edelleen.

Yht'äkkiä kuului hiljainen sihinä, kuin säikytetyn käärmeen,


Tenanga heittäytyi maahan, Pablo hänen jälkeensä. Hän näki mayan
makaavan edessään kuin hämärän varjon. Hitaasti tämä kohotti
päätään, tähysti kiihkeästi ja viittasi sitten Pablon luokseen. Varovasti
hän ryömi sinne. Tenanga osoitti sormellaan, ja pienestä pensaikon
aukosta Pablo näki intiaanin, joka pyssy kädessä verkalleen liikkui
edelleen maaperää tarkastellen.
"Zapoteki", kuiskasi metsästäjä. — "Jos hän kulkee pitemmältä
tuohon suuntaan, hän tapaa meidän jälkemme. Jää tähän,
kuningasten jälkeläinen. Jollen palaa, niin mene järvelle ja yhä
edelleen länteen päin, ja näkymättömät olkoot kanssasi."

"Mitä aiot tehdä?"

"Minun täytyy hävittää jälkemme."

Tenanga jätti pyssynsä ja metsästyslaukkunsa ja oli samassa


kadonnut.

Pablo, luodikko vieressään, machete kädessä, makasi


liikahtamatta, silmät suunnattuina zapotekiin, joka verkalleen, katse
maahan luotuna, astui eteenpäin. Tenanga oli oikeassa: jos mies,
joka metsänjyleikössä ikäänkuin varjo liikkui edelleen, pysyi
ottamassaan suunnassa, täytyi hänen kulkea heidän jälkiensä poikki.

Tenangasta ei näkynyt merkkiäkään. Pablon mielenjännitys yhä


kiihtyi.

Yhä vielä mies käveli hitaasti edelleen.

Nyt hän pysähtyi ja näytti kuuntelevan.

Puuman tavoin harppasi Tenanga zeiba-puun takaa, machete


välähti hänen kädessään, ja zapoteki vaipui maahan äännähtämättä,
kuin salaman lyömänä. Tämä tapahtui niin nopeasti, niin
varjomaisesti, niin äänettömästi Pablon silmien edessä; niin äkisti
hävisi tuolla ihmiselämä. Nuorukaista kammotti.

Heti sen jälkeen Tenanga ilmestyi hänen rinnalleen pensaikosta ja


sanoi kasvoillaan hurja voitonriemu: "Hän ei enää kohtaa meidän
jälkiämme, kuningasten jälkeläinen. Tule, meillä on kiire. Jos nuo
muut eivät jo ole päässeet jäljillemme, niin ne sen pian tekevät.
Huntoh on suuri rastreador, mutta Tenanga on Azualin poika. Tule!"

Kiireesti, varoen vähemmän kuin ennen, hän riensi yhä edelleen


entiseen suuntaan.

Heidän tarvottuaan raskaasti ponnistellen tuntikauden hän


pysähtyi kaislikkoreunaisen puron rantaan.

"Järvi on lähellä. Jos Huntoh tietää minun olevan sinun oppaanasi,


ja minä pelkään hänen sen tietävän, niin hän tietää myös, että minä
valitsen jäljettömän veden. Jos hän juuri on rannalla, niin sieltä
uhkaa vaara. Lähettäkööt näkymättömät meille kanootin. Osaatko
käyttää airoa?"

"Osaan", vastasi Pablo, "airoa ja purjetta, minä olen kasvanut


meren rannalla".

"Hyvä."

"Jää tähän, minä menen etsimään kanoottia. Kalastajat kätkevät


veneensä usein kaislikkoon. Ole varuillasi."

Niin sanoen hän astui matalaksi kuivuneeseen, mutta jotenkin


leveään puroon.

Pablo jäi seisomaan kaisla- ja bamburunkojen väliin, jotka


hiljaisessa tuulessa huojuivat sinne tänne.

Huolimatta kaislikon kahinasta sattui hänen korvaansa hiljainen


ääni, joka tuli ylempää. Hän oli kuullut airon loiskahtavan veteen.
Hän kyyristyi ja tähysti kaislojen lomitse siihen suuntaan, mistä ääni
tuli; lujasti hän tarttui pyssyynsä ja nosti sen eteensä valmiina
laukaisemaan.

Nyt hän erotti epäselvästi veneen, jossa istui kaksi miestä.

Olivatko he huomanneet hänet? Eikö hän ollut kyllin hyvin


kätkeytynyt? Miehet tarttuivat pyssyihinsä ja katsoivat sitä paikkaa
kohti, missä hän seisoi.

Matala huuto kantautui hänen luokseen, mutta hän ei ymmärtänyt


zapotekinkielisiä sanoja. Miehet kohottivat aseensa; varmaan hänet
oli huomattu.

Pitäisikö hänen juosta takaisin ja turvautua pakoon?

Vielä kerran kulkeutui hiljainen huuto hänen korviinsa.

Salamannopeasti hän kyykistihe alas, kaksi laukausta pamahti, ja


luodit vingahtivat hänen ylitseen kaislojen ja bambujen lävitse.

Mutta peloton, päättäväinen nuorukainen nosti, pystyyn


ponnahtaen, kaksipiippuisen luodikkonsa poskelleen; vielä kahdesti
herätti laukausten ukkonen metsien kaiun, ja molemmat miehet
kaatuivat. Toinen vaipui takaisin veneeseen, toinen suistui sen laidan
yli veteen.

Pablo oli siksi harjaantunut ja kokenut metsästäjä, että hän


kiireesti latasi pyssynsä, ennenkuin uskaltautui eteenpäin. Sitten hän
kuunteli. Kaikki oli hiljaista.

Rohkeasti hän astui nyt veteen. Hitaasti lipui vene häntä vastaan.
Hän meni sitä kohti pyssy vireessä.
Veneessä virui intiaani kasvoillaan hengittäen vaikeasti. Pablo
käänsi hänet ympäri. Luoti oli lävistänyt hänen rintansa, mutta hän
eli vielä; myöskään ei luodinreiän suunta näyttänyt nuorukaisesta
ehdottomasti kuolettavalta. Mies katsoi häneen ja näytti odottavan
kuoliniskua.

"Nouse pois veneestä", sanoi Pablo espanjaksi hänelle, "en tahdo


henkeäsi, mene".

Mies nousi vaivalloisesti, pusertaen oikealla kädellään rintaansa


läheltä olkapäätä. Pablo auttoi hänet yli veneenlaidan, ja hän
hoippuroi veden poikki ja katosi kaislikkoon. Pablo katsahti virralle
päin; toisesta ei näkynyt merkkiäkään. "Taivaalle kiitos", hän mutisi,
laski pyssyn veneeseen, tarttui airoon ja kiidätti kanoottia
voimakkaasti ja taitavasti puroa alas.

Muutamia satoja metrejä vinhasti viileteltyään hän kohtasi


Tenangan, jonka synkkä hahmo iloisesti kirkastui, kun hän tunsi
Pablon.

"Oi kuningasten jälkeläinen, oletko taistellut?"

"Nouse veneeseen, ne ovat jäljessämme."

Nopeasti metsästäjä nousi veneeseen, tarttui toiseen airoon, ja


molemmat jouduttivat nyt veneen kulkua.

"Sinä ammuit kahdesti", sanoi Tenanga, jonka kasvot säteilivät


uljasta ylpeyttä.

"Meillä on kahta vihollista vähemmän."


"Jungunan poika on näkevä ne kaikki jalkojensa juuressa,
näkymättömät ovat hänen kanssaan."

Kun Pablo sitten mainitsi laskeneensa haavoitetun menemään,


sanoi Tenanga: "Oi, sitä sinun ei olisi pitänyt tehdä, myrkkykäärme
täytyy tappaa."

"Minä en tapa haavoittuneita."

Korkeain kaislikkojen ja bamburuokojen välitse liukuen he


lähestyivät puron suuta.

"Onko meidän järvelle tullessa varottava hyökkäystä?"

"En luule; maa on rannalla suoperäistä, ja Huntohin miehet ovat


hajallaan. Vaaraksi voi meille olla vain nopea kanootti, mutta meillä
on pyssymme, ja sinä osaat niitä käyttää, herra."

Kaislikkoseinän läpi, joka ulottui poikki virransuun, he tulivat


päivänpaisteessa välkkyvälle vedenpinnalle, jota tummat metsät
ympäröivät. Tyynenä ja juhlallisena lepäsi järvi heidän edessään, niin
yksinäisenä ja koskemattomana, kuin se juuri ikään olisi Luojan
kädestä lähtenyt.

Mitään elollista ei ollut näkyvissä, paitsi muutamia uiskentelevia


vesilintuja.

"Me soudamme ulommaksi selälle, pois pyssyn kantamalta, ja


sitten meidän täytyy kääntyä länteen; siellä on järven laskujoki."

Molemmat nuorukaiset olivat osoittautuneet tottuneiksi soutajiksi


ja käsittelivät taitavasti kevyttä, tuohesta tehtyä alustaan.
Mitään epäilyttävää ei näkynyt rannalla, josta he etenivät.

Kun Tenanga arveli kanootin olevan kyllin kaukana maasta, poissa


kauas kantavan pyssyn ulottuvilta, hän käänsi sen kokan länttä
kohti.

He laskivat aironsa maltillisemmin veteen.

Heidän soudettuaan kauan ohi tiheiden, synkkien metsien näytti


heistä kaunis, kimalteleva vedenkalvo sitä viehättävämmältä.

Pablolle, jolle oli ominaista ylhäisen intiaanin koko ylpeys, yhtä


tinkimätön kuin minkä kastilialaisen hidalgon [= alempi esp.
aatelismies] tahansa, joka oli rohkea ja päättäväinen, oli myös
ominaista tuo luonteen kovuus, joka kuuluu hänen rodulleen
samoinkuin intiaanille luonteenomainen itsehillintä.

Ensi kerran hän oli laukaissut kuolettavan aseen ihmistä kohti,


tosin vain henkensä pelastamiseksi; mutta sellaisessakaan tilassa ei
ihmisen surmaaminen ole pikkuseikka.

Mutta mitään voimatonta suvustaan heikentymistä ei maya-


kuningasten jälkeläisessä ollut. Se, että hän oli päästänyt
haavoittuneen menemään antamatta tälle surmaniskua, johtui hänen
kasvatuksestaan ritarillisesti tuntevien valkoihoisten parissa ja
kristinopin vaikutuksesta hänen nuoreen sieluunsa.

Hänen ylpeässä ja kiivaassa luonteessaan oli vain yksi ainoa hellä


kohta: sydämellinen, veljellinen rakkaus vienoon kasvinsisareen.
Säästääkseen Mariquitalta pienimmänkin tuskan hän olisi empimättä
antanut henkensä.
Siten ei hänellä verisestä yhteentörmäyksestään murhanhimoisten
vihollisten kanssa ollut sitä kiihottavaa jälkivaikutusta, mikä sillä olisi
ollut eurooppalaisen sieluun.

Uhkamielin hän katsoi tulevaa kohtaloa silmiin, valmiina


puolustautumaan viimeiseen hengenvetoon saakka.

Tenanga, jonka ajatukset olivat toista laatua, joka tunsi sen


viekkaan ja tarmokkaan vihollisen, mikä oli usutettu heidän jäljilleen
tuhoamaan kuningassuvun viimeistä vesaa, ja joka varhaisesta
nuoruudesta oli tottunut erämaan vaaroihin ja sodankäyntiin
metsässä, vakoili lakkaamatta terävin katsein sivulla olevaa
rannikkoa.

"Emmekö voi soutaa suoraan järven poikki, ystäväni?" kysyi Pablo,


joka huomasi saattajansa huolehtimisen.

"Siellä pohjastuisimme kyliin, joiden asukkaat ovat kokonaan


Chamulpon puolella. Ne vangitsisivat meidät ja jättäisivät kaziken
käsiin. Ei, meidän täytyy päästä virralle, se vie meidät nopeasti alas,
ja sitten sellaisessa paikassa, missä voimme salata jälkemme, painua
metsiin. Jos zapoteki ei löydä mitään kanoottia, täytyy hänen tehdä
pitkä kierros järven ympäri päästäkseen joelle."

"Ja jos hän löytää?"

"Silloin saamme soutaa henkemme edestä ja viime hetkessä antaa


pyssyjen puhua."

Rasittamatta voimiaan he viilsivät solakalla aluksellaan hiljaa


karehtivaa vedenkalvoa. Toiselta siinä olleista zapotekeista oli siihen

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