Krrish Girotra BBA E3 14421101723

Practical File
on

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB (BBA -213)

Submitted for partial fulfilment for the award of the

degree of

Bachelor of Business Administration Batch:

2023-26

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha university

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Rohit Kumar Krrish Girotra
Assistant Professor Enroll. No. 14421101723
Class: BBA III E3

Institute of Information Technology &

Management Accredited Grade "A" by NAAC &
Approved By AICTE, Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University, Delhi
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SOULUTION – 1
1. a) Brief History

 1968: SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is developed by Norman H. Nie

and colleagues.

 1980s: SPSS gains popularity and expands its features for broader use.

 2009: IBM acquires SPSS Inc., rebranding it as IBM SPSS Statistics.

 2010s–2020s: SPSS evolves with enhancements in analytics and data visualization.

Meaning and Use:

SPSS is used for statistical analysis and data management, allowing users to

manipulate data, run statistical tests, and generate graphs and tables. It is known for

its user-friendly interface and robust capabilities in:

o Descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation)

o Inferential statistics (regression, ANOVA, chi-square tests)

o Data manipulation (sorting, merging datasets)

o Survey analysis, hypothesis testing, and more.

SPSS has become a vital tool in research and industry for data analysis and decision making.

b)
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c) In SPSS, the Variable View is where users define and modify the properties of
variables in their dataset. Here’s an overview of the various options related

to the data in the Variable View:

1. Data Type

The Type column in the Variable View specifies the format of data that a

variable will hold. SPSS supports several data types:

• Numeric: Default type, used for numbers. Can be used for calculations.

• String: Alphanumeric characters, used for categorical data like names or labels.

• Date: Holds date values in various formats (e.g., DD-MM-

YYYY, MM- DDYYYY).

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• Dollar/Comma: Used to store monetary values, including symbols like $.

• Scientific Notation: Used to display very large or very small numbers

in scientific notation (e.g., 2.5E10).

2. Values
The Values column in the Variable View allows users to assign labels to

specific numeric values for categorical variables. This is particularly useful

when you’re dealing with coded data. For example:

A variable Gender may have the values 1

and 2, where: 1 = Male

2 = Female

Similarly, a Satisfaction level variable

might have: 1 = Very Dissatisfied

2 = Dissatisfied

3 = Neutral
4 = Satisfied

5 = Very Satisfied

These value labels make the data easier to interpret during analysis and reporting.

3. Nature of Data
The Measure column in SPSS Variable View helps to specify the level or nature of data

measurement. SPSS recognizes three main types:

• Nominal: Used for categorical variables where the categories have

no inherent order. E.g., Gender (Male/Female), Blood Type (A, B,

AB, O).

• Ordinal: Used for variables where the categories have a clear order
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but the intervals between categories are not equal. E.g., Likert Scale

• responses (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly

Agree).

• Scale (also called Interval/Ratio): Used for continuous variables

where intervals between values are equal, and calculations like

mean and standard deviation are meaningful. E.g., Age, Weight,

Income.

By defining these properties in the Variable View, SPSS can more

accurately handle and analyze the data during statistical procedures.

4. Advantages of SPSS

• Inferential Statistics: SPSS allows users to conduct hypothesis testing, regression

analysis, ANOVA, chi-square tests, and more. These tools help

researchers make predictions and infer conclusions about a population

from sample data.

• Survey and Questionnaire Analysis: SPSS is popular for analyzing survey data. It
allows researchers to import data from various formats, assign value

labels, and run detailed statistical analyses to interpret responses.

• Visualization: SPSS provides options to create charts, graphs, histograms, box plots,
and scatterplots, which help in visualizing data and presenting

findings in a clear, professional manner.

5. Disadvantages of SPSS:

• Cost: SPSS is a proprietary software, and its licenses can be expensive, particularly
for small businesses or individual researchers. Although it offers student

licenses at a discounted rate, the cost can still be prohibitive.

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• Limited Flexibility: Compared to open-source alternatives like R or Python, SPSS

lacks flexibility for advanced statistical modeling or machine learning

algorithms. It is more suited for standard statistical procedures.

• Learning Curve: While SPSS has a user-friendly interface, mastering its wide range
of

statistical procedures can still be difficult for beginners. Complex

analyses may require a deep understanding of statistics and the software

itself.

• Resource Intensive: SPSS requires significant computer resources, especially when

working with large datasets. This can lead to slower performance and

potential crashes on computers with limited memory or processing

power.

2. Introduction to Excel

Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet application that is widely used for

organizing, analyzing, and storing data. It was first introduced by Microsoft in 1985

and has since become one of the most popular tools in offices, educational

institutions, and for personal use around the world. Excel is part of the Microsoft

Office suite and is used for data entry, calculations, graphing, and much more. Excel

provides users with a grid of cells organized in columns (labeled with letters) and

rows (labeled with numbers), forming a matrix where data can be entered and

manipulated. Each cell can contain text, numbers, or formulas, making it a versatile
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tool for many tasks.

Characteristics of Excel

• Grid-Based Interface: Excel organizes data in a tabular format using rows and columns.

This allows users to organize large datasets efficiently, with each cell able to hold a

distinct piece of data.

• Data Types Support: Excel allows various data types such as: Text (for words,

sentences, labels),Numbers (for calculations),Date/Time (for time-based

data),Currency (for financial data),Logical (TRUE/FALSE) values.

• Formula and Function Support: Excel’s ability to compute values based on

formulas makes it ideal for data analysis. Users can perform simple arithmetic

operations

(addition, subtraction) or complex statistical functions with ease.

• Charting and Graphing: Excel offers numerous chart types (bar charts, pie

charts, line charts, scatter plots, etc.) for visualizing data. Users can create

dynamic charts that update automatically when the underlying data changes.

• Conditional Formatting: Excel allows users to format cells based on their

values. For example, you can highlight cells that meet certain criteria (e.g.,

values above a specific threshold) to enhance data interpretation.

• Pivot Tables: One of Excel’s most powerful features is the Pivot Table, which

allows users to summarize large datasets quickly. Pivot Tables are helpful for

sorting, counting, and organizing data dynamically.

• Data Sorting and Filtering: Excel offers sorting (ascending, descending)

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and filtering options for rows of data, enabling users to focus on relevant

• data points or trends.

Functions of Excel

• Mathematical Functions:
SUM: Adds a range of values (e.g., =SUM(A1:A10)).

AVERAGE: Calculates the average of a range (e.g.,

=AVERAGE(B1:B5)). MIN/MAX: Finds the

minimum/maximum value in a range (e.g., =MIN(C1:C20)).

• Logical Functions:

IF: Checks a condition and returns one value if true, and another if false

(e.g., =IF(A1>100, "Pass", "Fail")).

AND/OR: Combines multiple logical conditions (e.g., =AND(A1>0, B1<100)).

• Text Functions:

CONCATENATE: Joins two or more text strings (e.g., =CONCATENATE(A1, " ",

B1)). LEFT/RIGHT/MID: Extracts specific parts of text from a cell (e.g.,

=LEFT(A1, 4) to extract the first 4 characters).

• Date and Time Functions:

TODAY: Returns the current date (e.g., =TODAY()).

DATE: Creates a date from year, month, and day values (e.g., =DATE(2024, 10, 5)).

• Lookup and Reference Functions:

VLOOKUP: Looks for a value in a vertical column and returns a value from

another column (e.g., =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num,

[range_lookup])).

HLOOKUP: Similar to VLOOKUP but searches horizontally.

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INDEX/MATCH: A combination of functions used for advanced data lookup

and reference tasks.

• Financial Functions:

PMT: Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and interest rates (e.g.,

=PMT(rate, nper, pv)).

FV: Returns the future value of an investment (e.g., =FV(rate, nper, pmt)).

• Data Analysis Functions:

CORREL: Calculates the correlation coefficient between two data ranges (e.g.,

=CORREL(A1:A10, B1:B10)).

LINEST: Performs linear regression on two data sets (e.g., =LINEST(Y-

values, X-values)). Error Handling Functions:

IFERROR: Returns a custom value if a formula generates an error (e.g.,

=IFERROR(A1/B1, "Error")).

• Database Functions:

DSUM: Adds numbers in a database that meet a specific condition (e.g.,

=DSUM(database, field, criteria)).

DCOUNT: Counts cells in a database that meet a condition (e.g.,

=DCOUNT(database, field, criteria)).

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SOULUTION – 2
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Steps:
1. Open spss

2. Enter the data given in question in variable view

3. Go to data view sheet and click on value labels

4. Add the data in data view sheet

 SOULUTION – 3
1. Steps to Import Data into SPSS from Excel

Prepare Your Excel File:

• Ensure the first row of your Excel sheet contains the variable names (column headers).

• Make sure there are no blank rows or columns in your data.

• Save the Excel file in a supported format, such as .xls or .xlsx.

Open SPSS:

• Launch the SPSS software on your computer.

Start the Import Process:

• Go to the File menu in SPSS.

• Click on Open and select Data.

Select Excel File:

• In the Open Data dialog box that appears, navigate to the location of your Excel file.

• In the "Files of Type" dropdown menu, select Excel (.xls, .xlsx) to display Excel files.

• Choose the Excel file you want to import, then click Open.

Select Worksheet:

• SPSS will open the Opening Excel Data Source dialog box.

• If your Excel file contains multiple worksheets, choose the worksheet you want to

import from the list.

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• Ensure the checkbox for Read variable names from the first row of data is selected

if your data has headers.

Click OK:

• After confirming the worksheet and any other settings, click OK.

• SPSS will import the data from the Excel file.

Review Imported Data:

• Once the import is complete, the data will appear in the Data View tab in SPSS.

• The variable names will be visible in the Variable View tab, and you can adjust

any variable settings if needed.

Save the SPSS Dataset:

• After the data is imported, save your dataset by going to File > Save As.

• Choose a location and save the file in SPSS format (.sav).

2. Steps to Import Data into Excel from SPSS

1. Open SPSS:

o Launch SPSS on your computer and open the dataset you want to export to Excel.

The dataset should be in the Data View window.

2. Select the Save As Option:

o Go to the File menu at the top.

o Click on Save As from the dropdown menu.

3. Choose Excel as File Type:

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o In the Save Data As dialog box that appears, select the location where you want to

save the file.

o In the Save as Type dropdown menu, select Excel (.xls, .xlsx).

4. Name the File:

o Enter a name for your Excel file in the File Name box.

5. Specify Worksheet Options:

o You can choose to save the entire dataset or specific variables to the Excel

sheet by selecting/deselecting variables in the Variables button, if needed.

o Check the option to Write Variable Names to the Excel File, so that the

variable names in SPSS are included as the column headers in the Excel file.

6. Click Save:

o After selecting all necessary options, click Save. o SPSS will convert the

dataset into an Excel file and save it in the location you specified.

7. Verify the Excel File:

o Navigate to the saved location on your computer. o Open the Excel file to

ensure that the data has been successfully exported from

SPSS with variable names and data values correctly represented.

 SOULUTION – 4
1. Excel

1. MEAN =AVERAGE (B2:B26)

2. MEDIAN =MEDIAN(B2:B26)
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3. MODE =MODE.SNGL(B2:B26)
4. MAXIMUM =MAX(B2:B26)

5. MINIMUM =MIN(B2:B26)
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6. RANGE =MAX(B2:B26)-MIN(B2:B26)

7. SKEWNESS =SKEW(B2:B26)
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8. KURTOSIS =KURT(B2:B26)

9. VARIANCE =VAR.S(B2:B26)
10. STANDARD DEVIATION =STDEV.S(B2:B26)

11. STANDARD ERROR =STDEV.S(B2:B26)/SQRT(25)

Steps to use the Toolpak:

 Click on the Data tab.

 Select Data Analysis from the Analysis group.
 Choose Descriptive Statistics and click OK.
 Select your data range for Input Range.
 Check Summary statistics.
 Choose an Output Range or select New Worksheet.
 Click OK to get the descriptive statistics.
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2. USING SPSS

• Open spss

• Click on file menu

• Import excel file

• Go to analyse and then on descriptive and select marks of both

• Go to analyse and then on frequencies and then median and mode

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Krrish Girotra BBA E3 14421101723

SOULUTION – 5
1. USING SPSS:

 Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives.

 Select your variable and click on Options.
 Check the boxes for Mean, Standard Deviation, Variance, Minimum, Maximum, Skewness, Kurtosis.
 Click OK.
 After you have the Standard Deviation, you can compute Standard Error in a separate column:
 Use the Compute Variable option to create a new variable for Standard Error: Standard Error =
Standard Deviation / SQRT(N) where N is the number of observations.
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2. USING EXCEL

 Mean:

Use the formula: =AVERAGE(A:A) (assuming your data is in Column A).

 Range:

Use the formula: =MAX(A:A) - MIN(A:A).

 Kurtosis:

Use the formula: =KURT(A:A).

 Skewness:

Use the formula: =SKEW(A:A).

 Variance:

Use the formula: =VAR.S(A:A) for sample variance or =VAR.P(A:A) for population variance.

 Standard Deviation:

Use the formula: =STDEV.S(A:A) for sample standard deviation or =STDEV.P(A:A) for population
standard deviation.

 Standard Error:

Use the formula: =STDEV.S(A:A)/SQRT(COUNT(A:A)) (for sample standard error)

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In the above Descriptive Statistics table, the key statistical measures are Variance,

Standard Deviation, and Standard Error for both height (in cm) and weight (in kg) for

a sample of 20 observations. Here's what each signifies:

1. Variance:

Variance is a measure of how much the values in a dataset differ from the mean

(average) of the dataset. It is the average of the squared differences between each data

point and the mean.

Height Variance: 420.555

Weight Variance: 209.484

This means the height values in the dataset vary more widely (more spread out) from the
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mean compared to the weight values, which have a smaller variance.

2. Standard Deviation:

Standard Deviation is the square root of the variance and provides a measure of the

spread of data in the same units as the data itself. It tells us how much the individual

data points deviate from the mean, on average.

Height Standard Deviation: 20.507

Weight Standard Deviation:

14.474

A larger standard deviation (20.507 for height) indicates more variability in height

measurements compared to weight (14.474).

3. Standard Error:

Standard Error (SE) measures the accuracy with which a sample represents a

population. It is calculated as the standard deviation of the sample divided by the square

root of the

sample size. The smaller the SE, the more accurate the sample mean is likely to be as

an estimate of the population mean. Height Standard Error: 4.586

Weight Standard Error: 3.236

The smaller standard error for weight (3.236) suggests that the weight data has a more

precise sample mean compared to the height data (SE = 4.586).

Krrish Girotra BBA E3 14421101723

SOULUTION – 6

Steps in SPSS
 Open SPSS and enter your data in the Data View.
 For example:

 Column A: Gender (Female, Male)

 Column B: Course (BBA, BCA, B.Com)
 Column C: Satisfaction (Very Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral, Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied)

Create Cross Tabulation:

 Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs.

 Move the Course variable to the Row(s) box and the Satisfaction variable to the Column(s) box.
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• Out of 20 students there are 6 students in bcom,8 in bba and 6 in bca.

• Out of 6 students in bcom there are 2 people who are highly satisfied

with teaching while 2 are highly dissatisfied.

• Out of 8 in bba,3 students are neutral about methodologies

while 2 are highly satisfied.

• Out of 6 in bca 2 are highly satisfied and 2 are dissatisfied.

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SOULUTION – 7
Steps in SPSS
 Open SPSS and enter your data in the Data View.
 Go to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs.
 Move the Course variable to the Row(s) box and the Satisfaction variable to the Column(s) box.
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SOLUTION: 8
Pearson's correlation coefficient is the test statistics that measures the statistical relationship,
or association, between two continuous variables. It is known as the best method of
measuring the association between variables of interest because it is based on the method of
covariance.
We can find Pearson’s Correlation value manually by using formula:

Step1

We can find Pearson’s Correlation value by Data Analysis tool-pack:

Step1

Go to data and select the Data tool-pack.

Step2

Data analysis box will appear, now select correlation and click on OK.

OUTPUT
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Since the value of Pearson’s Correlation is 0.98, that means there is a

very high positive correlation between the weekly family expenditure
and weekly family income.

We can also interpret the above data with the help of scatter chart.

Step1

 Select all the data in the question and then click on insert.
 Then go to scatter and select scatter with only markers.

Step2

 After that, such type of Scatter chart will appear:

weekly family income

300

250
Axis Title

200
weekly family income

50

0 50 100 150 200

Axis Title
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 Now go to chart design and click on change layout and select the 3rd layout.

 Trend line will appear in the scatter chart.

300

250

200 weekly family income

100 Linear (weekly family

income)
50

0 50 100 150 200

Axis Title

Interpretation
In the given question, Since the dots are closer to each other and slope of trend
line is in upward direction, therefore there is Positive Very High degree of
Correlation between family’s weekly Income and Expenditure.
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IN SPSS:
STEP 1:
 Go to Analyze and select the correlate option.

 Then select the Bivariate option, a bivariate correlation box will appear.STEP 2:

STEP2:

 Now move both the variable to variables box and click OK.
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OUTPUT:

Correlations:

Since the value of Pearson’s Correlation is 0.98, that means there is a very
high positive correlation between the weekly family expenditure and
weekly family income.

We can also interpret the above data with the help of scatter chart as well in SPSS:

Step1
 Click on Graph go to legacy dialogs and then go to Scatter/dots.

Step2
 Then select simple scatter and then click on Define.
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Step3: Then Drag the Independent Variable on X- axis and

Dependent Variable on Y-axis. In the given question,

 Income is Independent variable therefore drag it to X axis

 Expenditure is Dependent variable therefore drag it to Y axis and click OK.

 After click on ok, Scatter chart will appear in the SPSS output.

For trend line in Scatter chart in SPSS:

Step1
 Double click on scatter chart graph, chart editor will appear.
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 Click on element and then select Fit line at total.

 After that Trend line will appear in the Chart Editor and a
properties box will appear Close the properties box.

OUTPUT:

Interpretation

In the given question, Since the dots are closer to each other and
slope of trend line is in upward direction, therefore there is Positive
Very High degree of Correlation between family’s weekly Income
and Expenditure.
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