Biology Form 5 CHAPTER 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues & Growth

1.1 The organisation of tissues in plants

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1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth

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PRIMARY GROWTH (pg 10) Label: Leaf primordia, Bud primodium and root cap

• Def:

• Starts when the meristem cells in the zone of cell

…………… of apical meristems are actively dividing.
• followed by ……………. and ………………….. of the
cells.
• At the shoot tips, leaf primordia and shoot primordia
will grow to form new ……… and shoots → plants
increase in height.
• At the root tips, the root ……… will become
exhausted when they …………………… the soil. This
causes the cells of the root cap to be replaced by the
meristem cells.

SECONDARY GROWTH (STEM)

Complete the drawings, label and fill in the blanks.(pg11)

1.

Starts when the ……………. …………… divides actively through mitosis.

2.
Cells in the ……………….. ring
➢ divide ………. to form new xylem & become secondary …………….
➢ divide …………. to form new phloem and become ……………………
phloem

3. • Primary xylem is pushed towards the ………… whereas primary

phloem is pushed to ……………..
• Primary xylem tissues are compressed → stronger wood layer
because walls of xylem are thickened with …………. → provides
…………………. support to plants.

4. • Secondary xylem layer is compressed, ………….. circumference of the

stem …………….…….of the stem to stretch & …….………….
• Cork …………actively divides to form cork cells on the outer side &
…………….. on the inner side.
• The cork layer protects the stem from……………………………………………

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SECONDARY GROWTH (ROOT)

1. • Vascular cambium cells ………… ………………… and combine to form a

……………..

2.
• The cells in the cambium ring divide …………….. to form secondary xylem
and ………….. to form secondary phloem.

3.
• Due to the vascular cambium activity, the root becomes
…………………

4.
• The …….…. cambium located under the epidermis divides
actively to form …………

• The cork cells provide ………………….. to the root tissues.

(similarities & differences) → Comparison between primary and secondary growth in plants. (6 marks)

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Annual Ring

a) In spring to early summer, there is ………….. water & sunlight.

➢ Vascular cambium is most active due to humid environment
➢ Secondary xylem is ………., Cell wall ………….
➢ To transport more water to the leaves
➢ It is also …………. in colour

b) In late summer and autumn (fall), secondary xylem is ……………

with thicker wall
➢ ………………. in colour
➢ vascular cambium less active

c) Secondary growth does not occur during winter /cold season

because the vascular cambium is dormant.
d) Light & dark rings is annual ring which show the ………… of the
tree.
e) In tropics, there are no seasons and the annual rings are not
distinct.

PBL 1: (i) the necessity of primary growth in terms of height, support and transportation (ii) the need of secondary growth to increase support and transportation (iii) the importance of plants
undergoing secondary growth economically

1.3 Growth curves

Types of Plants Based on Life Cycles

Aspect Annual plants Biennial plants Perennial plants
Definition Plants that have only Plants which take …………. years with
………….. life cycle for a two seasons of growth to complete
…………… or a year their life cycle.

Explanation • The first growth season is the • have longer ………… depending on
………………. growth which is the the species & conditions.
growth of roots, leaves and stem • Can be classified into two
structures whereas the second growth categories ;
season is re…………….. ➢ …………… perennial plants
• Most of the biennial plants grow in ➢ …………….. perennial plants.
t…………….. regions. • Most of these plants are able to
• After going through vegetative growth, flower and bear fruits ……….. times
these plants briefly …………. the throughout their lives.
growth process during ………….. • Have structures that are adaptable
• During spring and summer, the growth to their surroundings and
continues as preparation for temperature change.
reproduction by …………..
• The plants produce ……………. and
………….. and eventually the plants will
………
Examples

Sketching
Of growth
curve
(graph) -
page 19
textbook

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Comparison between primary and secondary growth in plants. (6 marks)

[TIP: Must list SIMILARITIES as well as DIFFERENCES]

Answer:

Both growths involve meristem tissue which actively dividing by………………….. to produce new cell.

Primary growth Secondary growth

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