) 7 ‫ و‬6 ‫ و‬5 ‫ و‬4 ‫ و‬3 ‫حلول مسائل (شبتر‬

Chabter 3
Q- Consider a light truck weighing 3635 lb, performing a full stop from 60 mph on a level surface with a brake application that develops a
steady brake force of 2000 lb. Determine the deceleration, stopping distance, time to stop, energy dissipated and the brake horsepower
at initial application and averaged over the stop. Neglect aerodynamic and rolling resistance forces.

Given : 𝑊 = 3635 𝑙𝑏 , VO = 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ , 𝐹𝑏 = 2000 𝑙𝑏

Determine the deceleration (Dx), stopping distance (SD), time to stop (t s ), energy dissipated (Energy)and the brake horsepower at initial (Power (initial))application
and averaged over the stop(Power) and calculate the stopping distance taking aerodynamic drag into account.

Solution:
1) The deceleration:

𝐹𝑋 𝐹𝑏 2000 𝑙𝑏 X 32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑓𝑡 17.72 𝑚𝑝ℎ

Dx = = = = 17.72 2 → = = 12.08
𝑀 𝑀 3635 𝑙𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1.4667 𝑠𝑒𝑐

2) Stopping distance:

1st we convert the speed from 𝑚𝑝ℎ to 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐: 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ X (1.4667) = 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
VO 2 VO 2 (88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
SD = = = = 218.51 𝑓𝑡
F
2 MX 2 . Dx 2 (17.72 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 )

3) Time to stop:

VO VO 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
ts = = = = 4.966 𝑠𝑒𝑐
FX Dx 17.72 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2
M
4) Energy dissipated:

𝑀 3635 𝑙𝑏
Energy = (VO 2 − VF 2 ) = 𝑋(88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2 = 437103 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏
2 2 𝑋 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 )
5) The brake horsepower at initial application.:

▪ Power initial:

Power (initial) = 𝐹𝑏 𝑋 VO = 2000 𝑙𝑏 X 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 176000 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐

▪ HP initial:

1 ℎ𝑝 1 ℎ𝑝
HP (initial) = Power (initial) = (176000 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 320 ℎ𝑝
550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
5) Averaged over the stop, the power:
2
𝑀 VO 2 3635 𝑙𝑏 (88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐) 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏 1 ℎ𝑝
Power = . = 𝑋 = 88019 → 88019 = 160 ℎ𝑝
2 ts 2 𝑋 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
2 4.966 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑙𝑏−𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑓𝑡2
6) The aerodynamic drag force will be given by: F𝑎 = C . V 2 = 0.00935( 2
) . V 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ) = 0.00935𝑋(88)2 = 72.40 𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡

7) stopping distance taking aerodynamic drag into account:

𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑀 (𝐹𝑏 +𝐶.VO 2 ) 3635 𝑙𝑏 (2000 𝑙𝑏+(0.00935 )(88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 )
𝑓𝑡2
SD = ln [ ] = 𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑓𝑡
ln [ ] = 214.69 𝑓𝑡
2.C 𝐹𝑏 2.(0.00935 )(32.2 2) 2000 𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Given :

𝑊 = 3835 𝑙𝑏 , VO = 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ , 𝐹𝑏 = 2111 𝑙𝑏

Solution:

1) The deceleration:

𝐹𝑋 𝐹𝑏 2111 𝑙𝑏 X 32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑓𝑡 17.72 𝑚𝑝ℎ

Dx = = = = 17.72 2 → = = 12.08
𝑀 𝑀 3835 𝑙𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1.4667 𝑠𝑒𝑐

2) Stopping distance:

1st we convert the speed from 𝑚𝑝ℎ to 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐: 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ X (1.4667) = 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
VO 2 VO 2 (88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
SD = = = = 218.51 𝑓𝑡
F
2 MX 2 . Dx 2 (17.72 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 )

3) Time to stop:
VO VO 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
ts = = = = 4.966 𝑠𝑒𝑐
FX Dx 17.72 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2
M
4) Energy dissipated:
𝑀 3835 𝑙𝑏
Energy = (VO 2 − VF 2 ) = 𝑋(88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2 = 461152 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏
2 2 𝑋 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 )
5) The brake horsepower at initial application.:

▪ Power initial: Power (initial) = 𝐹𝑏 𝑋 VO = 2111 𝑙𝑏 X 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 185768 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐

1 ℎ𝑝 1 ℎ𝑝
▪ HP initial: HP (initial) = Power (initial)
550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
= (185768 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 337.76 ℎ𝑝

5) Averaged over the stop, the power:

2
𝑀 VO 2 3835 𝑙𝑏 (88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐) 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏 1 ℎ𝑝
Power = . = 𝑋 = 92862 → 92862 = 168.84 ℎ𝑝
2 ts 2 𝑋 (32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
2 4.966 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑙𝑏−𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑓𝑡2
6) The aerodynamic drag force will be given by: F𝑎 = C . V 2 = 0.00935( ) . V 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ) = 0.00935𝑋(88)2 = 72.40 𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡2

7) stopping distance taking aerodynamic drag into account:

𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑀 (𝐹𝑏 +𝐶.VO 2 ) 3835 𝑙𝑏 (2111 𝑙𝑏+(0.00935 )(88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 )2 )
𝑓𝑡2
SD = 2.C ln [ ] = 𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑓𝑡
ln [ ] = 214.78 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑏 2.(0.00935 )(32.2 2 ) 2111 𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Chabter 4
Q) A heavy truck weighing 72,500 lb rolls along170 in Denver at a speed of 67 mph. The air temperature is 55°F and the
barometric pressure is 26.01 in Hg. The truck is 8' wide by 13.5’ high, and has an aerodynamic drag coefficient of 0.65. The
truck has radial-ply tires. Calculate the aerodynamic drag, the rolling resistance (according to the SAEequations) and the road
load horsepower at these conditions.

Given :

𝑊 = 72500 𝑙𝑏 , V = 67 𝑚𝑝ℎ , 𝑇𝑟 = 55 ℉ , 𝑃𝑟 = 26.01 𝐻𝑔 , A = 8 𝑋 13.5 𝑓𝑡 , 𝐶𝐷 = 0.65 , radial-ply tires

Required : 1 - aerodynamic drag 2- the rolling resistance 3- load horsepower at these conditions

Solution

𝑃𝑟 519 26.01 519 𝐼𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝐼𝑏

𝜌 = 0.00236 . = 0.00236 . = 0.00207 4 → 0.00207𝑋32.2 = 0.0667 𝑓𝑡3
29.92 460+T𝑟 29.92 460+55 𝑓𝑡

1 Now the aerodynamic drag can be calculated:

2
1 𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 67 mph
D𝐴 = . 𝜌 . V2 . C𝐷 . A = 0.5 (0.00207 ) ( ) (0.65) (8𝑓𝑡) (13.5𝑓𝑡) = 702 𝑙𝑏
2 𝑓𝑡 4 0.682 mph/ ft/sec

2 The rolling resistance (according to the SAE equations) can be calculated as the following:

First from the SAE equation, we calculate the rolling resistance coefficient, assuming a surface coefficient of unity for radial-ply
tires:

f𝑟 = [0.0041 + 0.000041(𝑉)]. Cℎ = [0.0041 + 0.000041 (67mph)](1) = 0.00685

Now we can get the rolling resistance:

R𝑋 = R𝑋𝑓 + R𝑋𝑟 = f𝑟 . 𝑊 = 0.00685 𝑋 72500 𝑙𝑏 = 497 𝑙𝑏

3 the road load horsepower at these:

At the speed of 67 mph (67X1.4667 = 98.3 ft/sec) the horsepower required to overcome aerodynamic drag is:
1 ℎ𝑝 1 ℎ𝑝
HP𝐴 = (D𝐴 . 𝑉) 𝑋 = 702 𝑙𝑏 (98.3 ft/sec) = 125 ℎ𝑝
550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
And the horsepower to overcome rolling resistance is:
1 ℎ𝑝 1 ℎ𝑝
HP𝑅 = (R 𝑋 . 𝑉) 𝑋 = 497 𝑙𝑏 (98.3 ft/sec) = 88.8 ℎ𝑝
550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2) A passenger car has a frontal area of 21 square feet and a drag coefficient of 0.42. It is traveling along at 55 mph. Calculate
the aerodynamic drag and the associated horsepower requirements if it is driving into a 25 mph headwind and with a 25
mph tailwind

We will assume that the air temperature and pressure conditions are effectively near standard conditions so that the standard
𝐼𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
value for air density can be used. 𝜌 = 0.00236
𝑓𝑡 4

Given :

A = 21 𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝐶𝐷 = 0.42 , V = 55 𝑚𝑝ℎ , headwind = 25 mph , tailwind = 25 mph

Required : 1 - aerodynamic drag Headwind condition 2- aerodynamic drag Tailwind condition

Solution:

1 - aerodynamic drag Headwind condition :

2
1 𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 55 + 25 mph
D𝐴 = . 𝜌 . V2 . C𝐷 . A = 0.5 (0.00236 ) ( ) (0.42) (21 𝑓𝑡 2 ) = 143 𝑙𝑏
2 𝑓𝑡 4 0.682 mph/ ft/sec

2- aerodynamic drag Tailwind condition

1 𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 55 − 25 mph 2
D𝐴 = . 𝜌 . V2 . C𝐷 . A = 0.5 (0.00236 )( ) (0.42) (21 𝑓𝑡 2 ) = 20 𝑙𝑏
2 𝑓𝑡 4 0.682 mph/ ft/sec
Given :

𝑊 = 72500 𝑙𝑏 , V = 67 𝑚𝑝ℎ , 𝑇𝑟 = 51 ℉ , 𝑃𝑟 = 24.1 𝐻𝑔 , A = 8 𝑋 13.5 𝑓𝑡 , 𝐶𝐷 = 0.55 , Bias-ply tires

Required : 1 - aerodynamic drag 2- the rolling resistance 3- load horsepower at these conditions

Solution

𝑟 𝑃 519 24.1 519 𝐼𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐼𝑏

𝜌 = 0.00236 29.92 . 460+T = 0.00236 29.92 . 460+51 = 0.00193 → 0.00193𝑋32.2 = 0.062
𝑟 𝑓𝑡 4 𝑓𝑡 3

1 Now the aerodynamic drag can be calculated:

2
1 𝑙𝑏-𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 67 mph
D𝐴 = . 𝜌 . V2 . C𝐷 . A = 0.5 (0.00193 ) ( ) (0.55) (8𝑓𝑡) (13.5𝑓𝑡) = 553.21 𝑙𝑏
2 𝑓𝑡 4 0.682mph/ ft/sec

2 The rolling resistance (according to the SAE equations) can be calculated as the following:

First from the SAE equation, we calculate the rolling resistance coefficient, assuming a surface coefficient of unity for Bias-ply
tires : f𝑟 = [0.0066 + 0.000046(𝑉)]. Cℎ = [0.0066 + 0.000046 (67mph)](1) = 0.00968
Now we can get the rolling resistance:

R𝑋 = R𝑋𝑓 + R𝑋𝑟 = f𝑟 . 𝑊 = 0.00968 𝑋 72500 𝑙𝑏 = 701.8 𝑙𝑏

3 the road load horsepower at these:

At the speed of 67 mph (67X1.4667 = 98.3 ft/sec) the horsepower required to overcome aerodynamic drag is:
1 ℎ𝑝 1 ℎ𝑝
HP𝐴 = (D𝐴 . 𝑉) 𝑋 = 553.21 𝑙𝑏 (98.3 ft/sec) = 98.87 ℎ𝑝
550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
And the horsepower to overcome rolling resistance is:
1 ℎ𝑝 1 ℎ𝑝
HP𝑅 = (R 𝑋 . 𝑉) 𝑋 = 701.8 𝑙𝑏 (98.3 ft/sec) = 125.43 ℎ𝑝
550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑓𝑡-𝑙𝑏/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Chabter 5:

RRf = Ride rate front

RRr = Ride rate rear
Ks = Suspension stiffness
Kt = Tire stiffness
& where

Fnf = natural frequency front

--------------------------- Fnf = natural frequency rear
RRf = Ride rate front
& where RRr = Ride rate rear
Wf= front tires are loaded
Wr= rear tires are loaded
g= gravity

Q- Determine the front and rear suspension ride rates for a 5.0 L Mustang given that the tire spring rate is 1 198 lb/in. The
front suspension rate is 143 lb/in and the rear is 100 lb/in. Also estimate the natural frequencies of the two suspensions
when the front tires are loaded to 957 lb and the rear tires are at730 lb each.

Given :

𝐾𝑠𝑓 = 143 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝐾𝑠𝑟 = 100 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝐾𝑡 = 1198 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝑊𝑓 = 957 𝑙𝑏 , 𝑊𝑟 = 730

Required : 1 - Determine the front and rear suspension ride rates ( 𝑅𝑅𝑓 & 𝑅𝑅𝑟 ) 2- the natural frequencies of the two
suspensions (𝑓𝑛𝑓 & 𝑓𝑛𝑟 )

Solution

1 - Determine the front and rear suspension ride rates ( 𝑅𝑅𝑓 & 𝑅𝑅𝑟 )
𝐾𝑠𝑓 . 𝐾𝑡 (143 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛) (1198 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)
𝑅𝑅𝑓 = = = 126 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
(𝐾𝑠𝑓 + 𝐾𝑡) (143 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 + 1198 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)
𝐾𝑠𝑟 . 𝐾𝑡 (100 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛) (1198 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)
𝑅𝑅𝑟 = = = 92.3 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
(𝐾𝑠𝑟 + 𝐾𝑡) (100 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 + 1198 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)

2- the natural frequencies of the two suspensions (𝑓𝑛𝑓 & 𝑓𝑛𝑟 )

𝑅𝑅𝑓 . 𝑔 126 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 𝑋 386 𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑓𝑛𝑓 = 0.159√ = 0.159√ = 1.41 𝐻𝑧
𝑊𝑓 957 𝑙𝑏

𝑅𝑅𝑟 . 𝑔 92.3 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 𝑋 386 𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑓𝑛𝑓 = 0.159√ = 0.159√ = 1.11 𝐻𝑧
𝑊𝑟 730 𝑙𝑏
Given :

𝐾𝑠𝑓 = 151 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝐾𝑠𝑟 = 106 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝐾𝑡 = 2050 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝑊𝑓 = 967 𝑙𝑏 , 𝑊𝑟 = 750

Required : 1 - Determine the front and rear suspension ride rates ( 𝑅𝑅𝑓 & 𝑅𝑅𝑟 ) 2- the natural frequencies of the two
suspensions (𝑓𝑛𝑓 & 𝑓𝑛𝑟 )

Solution

1 - Determine the front and rear suspension ride rates ( 𝑅𝑅𝑓 & 𝑅𝑅𝑟 )
𝐾𝑠𝑓 . 𝐾𝑡 (151 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛) (2050 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)
𝑅𝑅𝑓 = = = 140.6 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
(𝐾𝑠𝑓 + 𝐾𝑡) (151 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 + 2050 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)
𝐾𝑠𝑟 . 𝐾𝑡 (106 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛) (2050 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)
𝑅𝑅𝑟 = = = 100.7 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛
(𝐾𝑠𝑟 + 𝐾𝑡) (106 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 + 2050 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛)

2- the natural frequencies of the two suspensions (𝑓𝑛𝑓 & 𝑓𝑛𝑟 )

𝑅𝑅𝑓 . 𝑔 140.6 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 𝑋 386 𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑓𝑛𝑓 = 0.159√ = 0.159√ = 1.19 𝐻𝑧
𝑊𝑓 967 𝑙𝑏

𝑅𝑅𝑟 . 𝑔 100.7 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 𝑋 386 𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑓𝑛𝑓 = 0.159√ = 0.159√ = 1.14 𝐻𝑧
𝑊𝑟 750 𝑙𝑏
Chabter 6:
Q) A car has a weight of 1901 lb front axle and 1552 lb on the rear with a wheelbase of 100.6 inches. The tires have the
following cornering stiffness values:
Determine the following cornering properties for the vehicle:
a) Ackerman steer angles for 500, 200, 100 and 50 ft turn radius
b) Understeer gradient
c) Characteristic speed
d) Lateral acceleration gains at 60 mph
e) Yaw velocity gain at 60 mph
f) Sideslip angle at the CG on an 800 ft radius turn at 60 mph
g) Static margin

Given :

𝐿 = 106 𝑖𝑛 , , 𝑊𝑓 = 1901 𝑙𝑏 , 𝑊𝑟 = 1552 𝑙𝑏

Solution

a) Ackerman steer angles for R=500 ft, R=200 ft, R=100 ft and R=50ft turn radius
Ackerman steer angles are only a function of the wheelbase and radius of turn, and can be found easily from Eq :
𝑳
𝜹=
𝑹
1 𝑓𝑡
𝐿 100.6 𝑖𝑛 ( )
• 𝛿 500 = = 12 𝑖𝑛
= 0.01677 𝑟𝑎𝑑 → = 0.01677 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (57.3) = 0.96 deg
𝑅 500 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝐿 100.6 𝑖𝑛 ( )
• 𝛿 200 = = 12 𝑖𝑛
= 0.0419 𝑟𝑎𝑑 → = 0.0419 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (57.3) = 2.4 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑅 200 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝐿 100.6 𝑖𝑛 ( )
• 𝛿 100 = = 12 𝑖𝑛
= 0.0838 𝑟𝑎𝑑 → = 0.0838 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (57.3) = 4.8 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑅 100 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑓𝑡
𝐿 100.6 𝑖𝑛 ( )
• 𝛿 50 = = 12 𝑖𝑛
= 0.1677 𝑟𝑎𝑑 → = 0.1677 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (57.3) = 9.6 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑅 50 𝑓𝑡
b) In order to find the understeer gradients, we must know the cornering stiffness of the tires at the prevailing
loads.
• On the front axle the both tires load is 1901 lb which for each tire = 950 lb per tire.
• On the Rear axle the both tires load is 1552 lb which for each tire = 776 lb per tire.
How we get the front tires stiffness and rear tires stiffness?
By the following equation utilizing the calculator for the front tires: By the following equation utilizing the calculator for the rear tires:

1125 − 900 257 − 225 900 − 675 225 − 171

= = 232 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔 = = 195 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔
950 − 900 𝑋 − 225 776 − 675 𝑋 − 171

Interpolating the cornering stiffness data between the loads of 900 and 1125 lb leads to a stiffness (𝐶𝛼𝑓 ) of 232 lb/deg at 950lb.

Again, interpolating between the appropriate loads in the tire data, we obtain a cornering stiffness (𝐶𝛼𝑟 )of 195 lb/deg.

Now from Eq we get Understeer gradient:

𝑊𝑓 𝑊𝑟 950 𝑙𝑏 776 𝑙𝑏
𝐾= − = − = 0.11 𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑔
𝐶𝛼𝑓 𝐶𝛼𝑟 232 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔 195 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔

c) The characteristic speed is determined from Eq. :

𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑔 1 𝑓𝑡 32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑉𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟 = √57.3 𝐿 . = √57.3 𝑋 100.6 𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑋 = 375 375 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑑 12 𝑖𝑛 0.11𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑔

375 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
= = 255.6 375 𝑚𝑝ℎ
(1.4667)

d) Lateral acceleration gains at 60 mph

1st we convert the speed from 𝑚𝑝ℎ to 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐: 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ X (1.4667) = 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒
2nd we convert the L to ft 100.6 𝑖𝑛 / 12 = 8.38 𝑓𝑡

𝑉2 (88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
𝑎𝑦 57.3 𝐿 . 𝑔 57.3 𝑑𝑒𝑔⁄𝑟𝑎𝑑 (8.38 𝑓𝑡)(32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 )
= = = 0.475 𝑔/𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝛿 𝑘 . 𝑉2 ( 0.11 𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑔)(88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
2
1+
57.3 𝐿 . 𝑔 1 + 57.3 𝑑𝑒𝑔⁄𝑟𝑎𝑑 (8.38 𝑓𝑡)(32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 )
e) Yaw velocity gains at 60 mph:

1st we convert the speed from 𝑚𝑝ℎ to 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐: 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ X (1.4667) = 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒
2nd we convert the L to ft 100.6 𝑖𝑛 / 12 = 8.38 𝑓𝑡
(88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
r 𝑉/𝐿 (8.38 𝑓𝑡) 𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐
= = = 9.95
𝛿 𝑘 . 𝑉2 ( 0.11 𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑔)(88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2 𝑑𝑒𝑔
1+ 1 +
57.3 𝐿 . 𝑔 57.3 𝑑𝑒𝑔⁄𝑟𝑎𝑑 (8.38 𝑓𝑡)(32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 )

f) Sideslip angle at the CG on an 800 ft radius turn at 60 mph

1st we must find the value for “ c ” the distance from the CG to the rear axle.
2nd we convert the L to ft 100.6 𝑖𝑛 / 12 = 8.38 𝑓𝑡

𝑊𝑓 1901 𝑙𝑏
𝑐 = 𝐿. = 8.38 𝑓𝑡 = 4.62 𝑓𝑡
(𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑓 ) (1901 𝑙𝑏 + 1552 𝑙𝑏 )

Now we can get the Sideslip angle:

1st we convert the speed from 𝑚𝑝ℎ to 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐: 60 𝑚𝑝ℎ X (1.4667) = 88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒
2nd we convert the L to ft 100.6 𝑖𝑛 / 12 = 8.38 𝑓𝑡
We get 𝐶𝛼𝑟 for both rear tires : 𝐶𝛼𝑟 = 195 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔 X 2 = 390 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔

𝐶 𝑊𝑟 . 𝑉2 4.62 𝑓𝑡 (1552 𝑙𝑏) (88 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐)2

𝛽 = 57.3 − = 57.3 𝑑𝑒𝑔⁄𝑟𝑎𝑑 − = − 0.865 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑅 𝐶𝛼𝑟 . 𝑅 . 𝑔 800 𝑓𝑡 (390 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔 )(800 𝑓𝑡)(32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 )

g) Static margin

we convert the L to ft 100.6 𝑖𝑛 / 12 = 8.38 𝑓𝑡

also, we get 𝐶𝛼𝑓 = 232 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔 & 𝐶𝛼𝑟 = 195 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔

𝐶𝛼𝑓 232 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔

𝐶̀ = 𝑊𝐵 . = 8.38 𝑓𝑡 − = 4.55 𝑓𝑡
𝐶𝛼𝑓+𝐶𝛼𝑟 232 𝑙𝑏/ deg + 195 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔
Q) A passenger car has an equal arm ( parallel ) independent front suspension and conventional solid rear axle
with leaf spring suspension. The front suspension has a roll stiffness, Kɸf, of 1500 in-lb/deg. The leaf springs
have a rate of 115 lb/in and a lateral separation of 40 inches. ( ‫)صعب ما أتوقع يجيبه‬
a) What is the rear suspension roll stiffness?
b) If the sprung mass is 2750lb at a CG height 8 inches above the roll axis, what is the roll rate?
c) Assuming a camber stiffness that is 10percent of the cornering stiffness, estimate the understeer gradient due to camber
effects.
d) The rear leaf springs have an effective trailing arm angle of -7 degrees (the negative sign means that the pivot of the arms
is below the wheel center). What is the understeer gradient due to rear roll steer?

Given :

, 𝐾𝑠 = 115 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , S = 40 𝑖𝑛 , KΦf = 1500 𝑖𝑛-𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔

Solution

a) The rear suspension roll stiffness can be computed from Eq:

92000 𝑖𝑛−𝑙𝑏/𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐾𝛷 = 0.5 . 𝐾𝑠 . 𝑆 2 = 0.5 (115 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛) (40 𝑖𝑛) = 92000 𝑖𝑛-𝑙𝑏/𝑟𝑎𝑑 → = 1606 𝑖𝑛-𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔
57.3 deg /rad

b) The roll rate can be calculated from Eq. :

𝑊 . ℎ1 2750 𝑙𝑏 (10𝑖𝑛)
𝑑𝛷/𝑑𝑎𝑦 = = = 10.5 deg /g
[KΦf + KΦr − 𝑊 . ℎ1] 2750 𝑙𝑏 (10𝑖𝑛)
[1500 𝑖𝑛-𝑙𝑏/ deg + 1606 𝑖𝑛-𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔 −
57.3 deg /rad ]

c) Assuming a camber stiffness that is 10percent of the cornering stiffness, estimate the understeer gradient due to camber
effects.

Kcambe =

Although we know the ratio of camber stiffness to cornering stiffness (given as 0.1), the camber gradients must be determined. For an
independent front suspension with parallel equal arms, the wheel does not incline with jounce and rebound. Therefore, the camber angle
will change exactly with the roll angle and the gradient for the front axle is 1. The rear axle is a solid axle which does not roll significantly.
Therefore, its gradient is zero. Finally, we know the roll gradient from part b, where it was calculated as 10.5 deg/g, and the equation can
now be solved.

Kcamber = (0.1x1.0 - 0.1 x 0) 10.5 deg/g = 1.05 deg/g

d) The understeer gradient due to roll steer on the rear axle comes from Eq.

Since we are concerned only with the rear axle, only the second term must be determined. A solid axle will exhibit roll steer dependent on
the effective angle of the imaginary trailing arms, which in this case is -7 degrees (- 0.122 radians). Then:
Chabter 7:
Q) Find the geometry that would be necessary to achieve 100% anti-squat in the rear suspension, and the geometry to
achieve full anti-pitch for the solid axle, rear-wheel-drive vehicle described below. Also, find the pitch rate (degrees pitch/g
acceleration) when the geometry is set for 100% anti-squat in the rear suspension. The front and rear suspension spring
rates are 285 and 169 lb/in, respectively (rates are combination of left and right sides). The CG height is 20.5 inches and
wheelbase is 108.5. wight 4074 lb
Given :

, 𝐾𝑓 = 285 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝐾𝑟 = 169 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , h = 20.5 𝑖𝑛 , L = 108.5 𝑖𝑛 , w = 4074 𝑙𝑏

Solution
Since the vehicle has a rear-drive solid axle, Eq. (7-15) applies.
𝑒 20.5 20.5 169
𝑑
= 108.5 + 𝑋
108.5 285
= 0.301

Full pitch compensation would be achieved with e/d = 0.301. Note; If the suspension is to achieve 100%anti-squat, then e/d must equal
0.189.

The acceleration pitch rate can be calculated using Eq.:

𝜃𝑝 1 4074 1 20.5 𝑖𝑛 1 1 20.5 𝑖𝑛

= 𝑋 ( 𝑋 − 𝑋0.189 + 𝑋 ) = 0.0000645 𝑟𝑎𝑑/(𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 )
𝑎𝑥 108.5 𝑖𝑛 386 𝑖𝑛 169
𝑙𝑏 108.5 𝑖𝑛
169
𝑙𝑏
285
𝑙𝑏 108.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛

= 0.0000645 𝑟𝑎𝑑/(𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) → = 0.0000645 𝑋386 = 0.0249 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ 𝑔 → = 0.0249𝑋57.3 = 1.43 𝑑𝑒𝑔/ 𝑔

2) Determine the acceleration pitch rate for the following front-drive vehicle with no anti-lift in the front suspension, and its value if full
anti-lift was designed into the suspension. Essential data are—CG height of 20.5", wheelbase of 108.5", design weight of 4549 lb, and
front and rear spring rates of 287 and 174 Ib/in, respectively.

Given :

, 𝐾𝑓 = 287 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , 𝐾𝑟 = 174 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 , h = 20.5 𝑖𝑛 , L = 108.5 𝑖𝑛 , w = 4549 𝑙𝑏

Solution:

St : The pitch equation for a front-wheel drive comes from Eq. (7-22). With no anti-lift the third term on the right side is zero.

𝜃𝑝 1 4549 𝑙𝑏 1 20.5 𝑖𝑛 1 20.5 𝑖𝑛

= 𝑋 ( 𝑋 )) + ( 𝑋 ) = 0.0001179𝑟𝑎𝑑/(𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ) + 0.000658𝑟𝑎𝑑/(𝑖𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐2 )
𝑎𝑥 108.5 𝑖𝑛 386 𝑖𝑛 174
𝑙𝑏 108.5 𝑖𝑛
287
𝑙𝑏 108.5 𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛

→ = (0.0001179 𝑋386) + (0.000658𝑋386) = 0.0455 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑔 + 0.253 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑔 = 0.2985𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑔 0.2985𝑋57.3 = 17.10 𝑑𝑒𝑔/ 𝑔

If anti-lift is designed into the suspension it would cancel the second term in this equation, in which case the acceleration pitch rate
would be:

= 0.0455 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑔 𝑋57.3 = 2.61 𝑑𝑒𝑔/ 𝑔