the Following are ‘some popular Indian buildings and 1. Ajanta Caves * It is located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. About 30 rock-cut Buddhist caves are found in it, * These caves include Mi ting and rock-cut . tughal paint 2. Agra Fort * It is built by Akbar in 1573 on the remains of ancient site. It is made up of red sandstone * The Agra fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The fort can be more accurately described us a walled city. 3. Akbar’s Tomb * The tomb is an important Mughal Architectural masterpiece. It was built in 1605-1613 and is situated in 119 acres of grounds in Sikandra, Agra The tomb building is enclosed in a garden with a square of 320 feet and total height of 100 feet. * The gateways typical in character are imposing and form minor monuments in themselves Ornamentation is provided by the four graceful white marble minarets rising from each comer. * This is the first time a minaret has been introduced in the Northern Indian architecture. The shape of the tomb is that of low truncated Pyramid built up in three storeys, first a terrace, second an arrangement of red sandstone pavillions in three tiers and the open court surrounded by a marble screen forming the uppermost storey. * This gateway is magnificent in its j structure-height is 134 feet, the 42 feet high so that the entire a total height of 176 feet. + It was built by Akbar in the year 1576 main entrance to the palace at 5. Charminar * Itis constructed in 1591, is a monument and: located in Hyderabad, Telangana. The landmat become a global icon of Hyderabad, listed among most recognised structures of India, * It is believed that Charminar was built to hon promise Quli Qutb Shah made to the markets af Golkonda with the port city of Machilipatnam, * The old city of Hyderabad was designed with Charminar as its centerpiece. * The city was spread around the Charminar inf different quadrants and chambers, segregated according to the established settlements 6. Elephanta * A beautiful architecture, named Elephanta loa about 11km off Mumbai is famous for its rode caves. * The Elephanta cave is a Shiva shrine. These are carved out in the Deccan trap basalt. TI ‘These monuments can be grouped as (i) Monolithic temples (ii) Rock-cut caves temples (ili) Masonry temples/Bas relief (ly) Sculptured scenes«Fatehpur Sikr i a city in Agra district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India The historical city was constructed by Mughal ‘emperor Akbar beginning in 1570. + Fatehpur Sikri sits on rocky ridge, 3 kilometers in length and 1 km wide and palace city is surrounded by a 6 km wall on three sides with the fourth bordered by a lake. Its architects were R Roy and Dhruv Chawla, + The easy availabilty of sandstone in the neighbouring areas of Fatehpur Sikri, also meant that all the buildings here were made of the red stone. 4, Golden Temple Golden temple located at ‘Amritsar in Punjab. Founded in 1577 by fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das 10. Golghar * Tis a large granary located to the West of the Gandhi Maidan in Patna, Bihar. It was built on the ordered by Warren Hastings in 1784 and designed by Captain John Garstin of the Bengal Engineers. I's construction was completed on 20th July, 1786, * tis builtin the Stupa architecture, the building hhas a width of 125 mand a height of 29 m. Ht Sarde th wal of thickness of M6 m6 “Adil Shab (1627 known as the “Gol Gumbaz’ or ‘Round Dome’. It is ‘one of the largest and single buildings in India with the diameter of 124 feet. Its based on the simplest architectural Externally, the body of the building is a cube with & turret or tower attached to each angle. The excellent proportions between the square above all add to the ‘over all composition. + The fine projection of the cornice provides a deep shadow which is further enriched by the closely set brackets. Above this is an arcade of small arches and finally are the bold foliation at the base of the dome. It has special galery known as whisper gallery Gallery is spread all round inner peripheral of dome. 12, Hawa Mahal + Hawa Mahal located at Jaipur (in Rajasthan). It was built in 1799 by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. + Architect inspired by Khetri Mahal structure and was designed by Ustad Lal Chand’. Red and pink sandstones are used in the construction. 13. Hampt (Hampe) «+ It is a historic temple town recognised as a UNESCO ‘World Heritage Site, listed as the Group of ‘Monuments at Hampi. + Its located in Northern Karnataka, India close to the ‘Andhra Pradesh border and near the city of Hosapete. ‘Hampi was established as the capital of the Hindu ‘ijayanagara Empire in the 14th-century.Te was built by Ali Adil Shah I during the ‘second half of the 16th century. It is one of etre ‘religious place in the present Bijapur Karnataka. os An entrance gateway was added later by the ‘Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Other features such as the ornamental merlons above the parapet of the courtyard are also missing. The structure covers a rectangle 450.225 feet and the courtyard is @ square of 155 feet side, contained on three sides by seven arches on each side. The arches intersect at the top to form an ‘octagonal cornice for supporting the base of the dome. A part of this huge structure has been left incomplete because of unknown Teasons. The mosque is also called in the name Jumma Masjid in Bijapur. 15, Jama Masjid ‘* Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan was ‘commissioned his huge mosque in Delhi. Its construction was started in 1644 and completed in 1656 under the supervision of architect Ustad Khalil. * It has two, 40 meter high minarets made of pure red stone and white marble, It has three gates and four towers in the complex of the Masjid. The roof of the mosque is capped with three marble domes with alternating striping in black and white marble. The domes are in turn capped with gold adornments. = The mosque measures 80 m in length and 27 m in breadth and houses the main Prayer hall with seven arched entrances facing the West (facing Mecca) with the traditional mihrab (altar) for the prayer 16, Jantar Mantar 17, Konark Sun Temple * Jantar Mantar was constructed during the 1735 by Maharaja Jai Singh 11. = There are total 5 Jantar Mantars which were bul Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur. The locations of Jantar Mantar are New Delhi, Mathura, Jaipug, and Varanasi. + The Janatar Mantar of Jaipur is the largest one, houses world’s largest stone Sun dial and is ala, as a World Heritage site. These Jantar Mantaraw basically astronomical observatory containing of number of scientific instruments related to * These instruments measure the time of day as pert Position of sun in Sky. * It is located in Odisha. Entire temple is planned 3" with twelve pairs of exquisitely decorated stone Three kinds of stone were used in temple (i) Khondalite (ii) Chlorite and (iii) Laterite stones + Is an excellent example of Nagara style of 18, Lotus Temple + Js located in Delhi. 1¢ is @ Baha‘! House of WON was dedicated in Dec. 1986, It has become attraction in the city. + ‘The Lotus Temple has won numerous sence and been featured in hundreds of newspapet #95 ‘magazine articles.ybute thee (F ‘Temples The monuments of ‘are situated near the sea about ‘south of Chennai in district Kanchipuram, Sat ere ult during the region of Narasimbavarman I and 11 (AD 630-728) of the dynasty. {i) Monolithic temples (a) Rock-cut caves temples (ii) Masonry temples/Bas relief (i) Sculptured scenes 20, Parliament House + parliament House is one of the most magnificent buildings in New Delhi which has one of the brightest clusters of architectural gems possessed by any country in the world. *+ The entire Parliament House Estate is enclosed by an omamental red sand stone wall or iron gills with iron gates that can closed when occasions demand. * The building was designed by two famous architects — Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker, who were responsible for the planning and construction of New Delhi * The Foundation Stone of Parliament House was laid on the 12th February, 1921 by H. R.H. The Duke of Connaught. 21, Rashtrapati Bhavan * Its formerly known as Viceroy’s House, is the official home of the President of India, located atthe Western end of Rajpath in New Delhi, India, * Rashtrapati Bhavan was designed by British architect Edwin Landscer Lutyens. * Its construction was started in 1912 and ‘completed in 1929. It consists of 4 floors and 340 rooms, with a floor area of 200000 square feet it was built using 700 million bricks and 3000000 cu ft of stone with litle steel. ‘The design of the building fell into the time Period of the Edwardian Baroque, a time at Which emphasis was placed on the use of heavy 22, Red Fort (Lal Quila) + Red Fortis yet another masterpiece delivered by ‘Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1639. It was designed by Ustad Ahmad Lahouri who also designed ‘Taj Mahal. Likewise Taj Mahal, Red Fort is also situated on the banks of river Yamuna. «In addition to residence, it also served as political and administrative center of Mughal Empire. As the name suggest, the fortis made up of red sandstones and reflects a blend of Persian and Timurid architecture styles + Itwas also declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 2007. The importance of this monument can be understood by the fact that Prime Minister of India hoists the tricolor and detiver speech 23, Somnath Temple + Somnath temple (among the 12 jyotslinga) located in Gujarat. Seven storied structure (155 feet) Chalukya Style achitecture, Reconstructed in May, 1951. + Ic is an important pilgrimage and tourist spot of Gujarat 24, Sanchi Stupa + The great Stupa of Sanchi is a hemispherical on a 91m high block, situated near Vidiobe i ‘Madhya Pradesh the biggest and best stupa25. Taj Mahal * In the evolution of architecture during the Mughal period, the Taj Mahal appears to be the ‘perfect monument’, located on the banks of the river Yamuna at Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Shah Jahan and Ustad Isa Shirazi and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri were Chief architect of the Taj Mahal. It is the mausoleum of the emperor Shah Jahan’s well-beloved consort Mumtaz Mahal * The plan of the whole construction is in a rectangle. A raised terrace comprises of the white marble tomb building with certain supplementary structures overlooking the river below the height of the centre tower is 187 fe and the marble cupolas above each corner rise to a height of 108 feet. * In general it is a simple composition with simple proportions. The entire width is equal to the height and the height of the facade in the centre is equal to the height of the dome. 26. Tomb of Humayun * Humayun’s tomb is the tomb of Mughal emperor Humayun in Delhi, India. This monument Tepresents an Indian interpretation of Persian conception. The Tomb was commissioned by seit study Guide for B Arch Humayun's wife Bega Begum in 1569.- designed by Mirak Mizra Ghiyas, a . The central building stands on a wide ang Sandstone terrace 22 feet in height the ng arcaded, each archway opening into a for visitors. Occupying the centre of the is the tomb structure 150 feet side and ‘Square plan except for certain projections caused design and slope of the sides. be: * Building material used in Humayun’s Tomp red sandstone marble and quarzite.It has be recognised as world heritage sit. | an so eer H2@las 27. Tomb of Salim Chisti * A white marble encased tomb of the Sufl Sait Salim Chisti (1478-1572), within the Jama Mass sahn courtyard * The single-storey structure is built around a cen square chamber, within which is the grave ofthe saint, under an ornate wooden canopy encrustel with mother-of-pearl mosaic * Other striking features of the tomb are white marble serpentine brackets, which support sloping caves around the parapet * The tomb is topped by a dome and thirty-six smal domed chattris and contains a number of graves some unnamed, all male descendants of Shaikh Salim Chist 28. Qutub Minar * It is a minaret that forms part of the Quib complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of Delhi, India. * Its design is though to have been based of the Minaret of Jam, in Western Afghanistan. It D8 diameter of 14.32 m at the base and about 2 ‘on the top with a height of 72.5 m. * Qutub Ud-Din Aibak, founder of the Delhi, Sultanate, started construction of the Qutl Minar’s first storey around 1192. + In 1220, Aibak’s successor and son-in-laW ge Mitutmish completed a further three StOfEYS ey the top floor was destroyed by thunderbolt 1369, two more storeys were built by FIM! ‘Tughiag,16th Century 8th to 14th Century 8th Century ‘Chalukya Dynasty ‘Sanchi Buddhist Monuments, Madhya 22nd to Ist Century BC Built by Buddhists in Ist to sim 2 2nd BC, later developed by ‘Ashoka in 3rd Century BC. Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, Madhya —Pre-historic, 30000 years ago - Pradesh ‘Khajuraho Temples, Madhya Pradesh _AD 950-1050 Chandela Kings Flephanta Caves, Mumbai, Maharashtra AD 5-8th Century Rashtrakuta Kings Great Living Chola Temples 1th to 12th Century Chola Empire (j) Gangikonda Cholapuram, (i Darasuram, (ii) Tanjavur Tamil Nadu Group of Monuments at ‘7th to 8th Century Pallav Kings ‘Mababalipuram, Tamil Nadu Hill Forts of Rajasthan 7th to 16th Century Rajput kings of Rajasthan (i) Chittorgarh, (ii) Kumbhalgarh, (ii) Ranthambhorem (iv) Amber, () Jaisalmer, (vi) Gagron Rani ki vay, Patan Gujarat ith Century Udaymati of Solanki dynasty Nalanda, Bihar 3rd Century BC to AD 12th Century Gupta Empire Some Other Important Historical Places and Monuments of India ‘Important historical forts, places, tombs, mosques etc., are enlisted below Monument Location Built by Belur Math Kolkata Swami Vivekanand Chennakesava Temple ‘Belur, Hasan, Karnataka Vishnu Vardhan Dhamekh Stupa ‘Sarnath, Varanasi Ashoka Dilwada Jain Temples Mount Abu, Raj Vimal Shab Gommateshwar Temple Shravanbelagola, Hasan, Kamataka Chavunadaraya, Ganga Dynasty Takhat Shri Harmandir Sahib Patna, Bihar Maharaja Ranjit Singh Jagannath Temple Puri, Odisha Chola Gang Dev Dakshineswar Kali Temple Kolkata Rani RashmoniKonark, Odisha Narsingh Dev 1 Gaya, Bihar Rani Ahilya Bai Aram Bagh Bharatpur fort___Agra, UP Bharatpur, Raj Babur Raja Surajmal Singh ‘Bund Fort Bundi. Raj Raja Nagar Singh ‘Char Minar Hyderabad, Telangana Quli Qutub Shah ‘Chasm-e-Shahi Sri Nagar, J6K Ali Mardan Khan Chhattra Mahal Bundi Fort, Raj Rani Chhatrasal Cochin Fort Kerala Portuguese Dhar Fort Dhar, MP ‘Md Bin Tughlaq Fort William Kolkata, West Bengal Lord Clive Golconda Fort Hyderabad, Telangana Qutubshahi ‘Hauz Khas Delhi Qutub-ud-Din Aibak ‘i Jodhpur Fort Jodhpur, Raj Rao Jodha Ji Madan Palace Jabalpur, MP Raja Madan Singh : ‘Mrignayani Palace Gwalior, MP Raja Man Singh Tomar Nishat Bagh Sri Nagar, J6K. Asaf Ali Old Fort Delhi Sher Shah Suri_ President House Delhi British Government Prince of Wales Museum ‘Mumbai, Maharashtra George V 2 Shalimar Bagh Sri Nagar, J6K Jahangir as Bada Imambada Luknow, UP Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula a Bibi ka Maqbara Aurangabad Aurangzeb (Charar-e-Sharif Sri Nagar, J6K Jainul Abedin Chhota Imambada Lucknow, UP. ‘Md Ali Shah Etmad-ud-Daula Tomb Agra, UP ____Noor Jahan Gol Ghar Patna, Bihar __British Government ‘Mecca Masjid Hyderabad Quli Qutub Shah ‘Moti Masjid Agra ‘Agra Fort, UP Shah Jahan Pandari Ki Haveli Patna, Bihar Father Capuchin Patthar Ki Masjid Patna, Bihar Parvez Shah. Safderjung Tomb Delhi Shuja-ud-Daula Sheesh Mahal ‘Agra, UP Shah Jahan ‘Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram, Bihar Son of Sher Shah Ser Shah Masjid Patna, Bihar Parvez. Shah. eeeis heated in USA and established in 1937. The “ie ‘two buildings namely; west jing (2041) and East buildings (1978) linked py a spacious underground passage, ‘+ The West building was designed by architect John. Fosse Fope and the East building was designed anhitect EMLPeL. 4, Eiffel Tower + This located in Paris (France), constructed on 15 March, 1889. + 1t was designed by engineer Gustave Eiffel. 2. Guggenheim Museum + These museums are a group of museums in different parts of the world, established by the Solomon R.Guggenheim Foundation in 1937. + The Soloman R.Guggenheim Museum located in Manhattam, New York City. In 1959, the Museum moved to the landmark work. IN 1959, the museum moved to a landmark work of 20th CCentuary architecture building, designed by Frank Lyoyd Wright. * The building is a shape of Cylindrical, wider at the _5. Place of Versailes top than the bottom was conceived as a temple of + It is formal French royal residence and located in the spirit. the city of versailles, France. It was first built by Louis-XII in 1623, as a hunting lodge of brick and stone, later on it was enlarged into a royal palace by Louis XIV + It was designed and superivised by various architects during its fist phase of expansion (1611-1678) to last phase, important one were Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardovin-Mansart, Ange Jacques Galbriel, ete Its architectural style in french Baroque. » == 3 Doge's Palace * Itis a palace built in Venetian Gothic style and ne of the main landmark of the city of Venice in i" aly. Its also known as Palazzo Ducale which was ‘tablish in 1340, " SY* It is a Temple dedicated to the Goddess Aten Greece. Construction began in 447 BC and completed in 438 BC although decoration ofthe Et building continue untill 432 BC. * It was designed by Tktinos, Callicrates and Phid 7. Hagia Sophia * It is located in Istanbul and constructed between 532 to 537 AD. * It was built in three different period the final that is seen today, was built by Justinian in 532 AD, 11, Colosseum (also known as flavoan Ampithet) * Ivis the largest Roman amphitheater which ws built between 70 and 72 AD and was finaly finished in 80 AD. * The Colosseum was imagined by Emperor Vespasian, the final structure was construction Burj Al Arab his son. Titus and inagurated it is 80 AD. * It is located in Dubai (UAE) and constructed between 1994 to 1999, * It was designed by Tom Wright and bilt by Atkins for Jumeirah Hotels and Resorts. 12, Burj Khalifa 2 + 1s located in Dubai (UAE) and is cuTeti tallest structure in the world. ConstUcht jag Burj began in 2004, with the exterior COM 5 years in 2009. Burj Khalifa was designed ‘Adrian Smith me a. g13, Great Wall of China + The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brack, rammed earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an ‘east-to-west line across the China. + The wall was built between 220 to 206 BCE, by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Later. ithhas been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced by the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) 14 Sydney Opera House * Rising out of the Sydney Harbour, the Sydney Opera House is not only the center of the arts scene in Australia but also stands out as a must see to anyone visiting the area. * tt was designed by Jorn Utzon, an architect from Denmark. When Cahill insisted on radical changes to the degisn, Utzon resigned mid-construction and the project was finished without him. 15. The Statue of Liberty New York * The statue of liberty designed by Frederic Bartholdt and completed on 28th, October, 1886, is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on liberty Island in New York. Harber. It was a gift from the people of France to the United States. Ba 16, Taipei 101-Taiwan, China * Taipei 101 was constructed between 1999 and 2004 by Taipei Financial Center Corporation. * It ranked officially as the worlds tallest building from 2004 until the opening of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai in 2010. + The name of the tower reflects its floor count as it ‘comprises 101 floors above ground and 5 floors under ground, 17. Sphinx, Giza Egypt * Sphinx is the oldest know monumental sculpture in Egypt and is believed to have been built by ancient Egyptions of the old kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh khafre (C.2258-2532°BC) * It is a mythological creature that is depicted as a recumbent feline with a human head.‘Fidai Khan Pinjore Garden 1903 ‘Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya Hotel Taj Mahal Palace ae Ns “Bhawan (1929), New Delhi — = i a, os (1933), Rasherapat ae FW Benjamin Parliament Annex, New Delhi & Eero Saarein Dilles Aiport, Washington DC. Memorial Arch, USA, The Auditorium, MIT, Mass a Chussests, The Chapel, JFK Airport Ny. - ‘Le Corbusier Chandigarh City e ‘BY Dhoshi Gity of Ahmedabad a ‘Hussain Dashi Gufa 11M Bengaluru are ‘Achyut Kanvinde UT Kanpur 1958 Habib Rehman ‘New Secretariat, Kolkata 1954 Joseph A Stein India International Centre (1960), World Habitat Centre (1993) a ‘Louis T Kahn TIM, Ahmedabad 1961 ‘Minoru Yamasaki ‘World Trade Centre 2001 ‘Charles Correa Bharat Bhawan, Bhopal Hotel Cidade de Goa, Panaji, LIC building, = ‘Tara apartment oP Kukera Jawaharlal Nehru University 1969) Fariborz Sahiba Lotus Temple ee IM el ‘Louvre Pyramid oan ale Contractor DEF Centre, Connaught place 3 q TET Ravindran Rajiv Gandhi, Memorial, Sriperambudur J MM Rana Buddha Jayanti Gardens ‘Kulp Singh NOME Building S Ravindra Bhan ‘Shakti Shala = ; PN Mathur Chanakya Temple - aoe oe Hoa denial Uns, Wall of Nations, Praga ‘Ranjeet Sabhiki Yamuna Apartment = seu Gujral Belgian Embassy, New Delhi = Das Indira Gandhi S Shivnath Prasad ee z Melton Bekker Hotel Taj Mahal Tower, Mumbai = ‘The Design Group Hotel Mughal Sheraton, agra =William Emerson ‘Victoria Memorial, Kolkata ‘Via C Jain Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (Mumbai), Universal Harmony hall, University of Jodhpur, Prema sthala, Aga Khan School, ‘Umaid Heritage (Rajasthan). ‘Ashish Gunju Dolma Ling Ninnery and institute, Dr Kubbr House (New Delhi. Foreign Architects ‘Some famous foreign architects and their work Foreign Architect Work Completion Year James Hoban The White House Washington DC 1792 Fedric Auguste Banmold Statue of Liberty 1875 Gustav Eiffel Eiffel Tower 1887 EW Stevens Victoria Terminus 1878 rank Loyd Wright Falling Waters, USA 1937 ‘Mies Vander Rohe Farmsworth House, USA iS Jorn Utzon Sydney Opera House ro) ‘Moshe Safdie Habitat, Monetreas : Norman Foster Hong Kong Bank 3 ‘Alvar Aalto Helsinki City Centre a ‘Alvero Siza There Comargo Foundation Serralves New Orleens Building = Philip Johnson. Glass House Seagram Building, Crystal Cathedral : Charles Moore Hons School of Business - Jane Drew Building in Jaclyn (Nigeria) Craft House, Womens Teacher Training — — College (Kono) Dr Buckminister Fuller ‘Montreal Biosphere, Dymanion House a Knzo Tange Hiroshima Peace Memorial Tokyo, Olympic Arena Tauri Baker Centre for Development Studies (Thirwvananthapuram). Salim Ali — Centre for Ornithology and Natural History. Zoseph A Stein Indian Habitat Centre express towers. <the m amorphous solid material which is produced by the cooling of viscous molten ‘Components of Glass The basic components of glass is consist of pure silica, sodium carbonate, lime, magnesium oxide, ‘oxide, lead oxide, barium, lanthanum oxide, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride and thorium oxide. All these ‘component help the glass to become one of the common materials in modern society. ‘Types of Glass Property se lela ee It is heat resistant. It can withstand impact breakage. It is stronger and flexible. Tinting glass It reduces the amount of light passing through liself Insulated glass Tt provides good acoustics. Laminated glass Te acts as a safety glazing material, Diffused reflection glass It helps in glazing of pictures. Solar control glass It reduces light transmission, Glass is widely used in the following activities (1) Engraving (2) Grinding (3) Sand blasting (4) Gilding (5) Acid etching (6) Silvering ‘Wood Wood is one of the most environmentally sensitive building material for home construction. It uses less overall than other products, causes fewer air and water impacts and does a better job of the carbon *Sequestration’ that can help in addressing the global warming There are mainly two types of wood 1. Hard wood This is obtained from deciduous variety of exogenous trees. It is dense, close grained, strong, heavy in weight, dark in colour and resistant to fire. 2. Soft wood This is obtained from coniferous variety of exogenous trees. It is weak, light in weight ‘Wired glass ‘Tem ss and colour. Timber Trees of India There are over 150 species of timber, which are produced in India. Following are the chief varieties of timber 18 which are used for engineering purpose in India. Name colour __Location Characteristics and Uses ‘Aini or Yellowish Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, last, close-grained and strong. Tt can be wsed undertais ‘Aangili brown ‘Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala Its used for ordinary building construction, stactal work, paving, furniture and so forth. a “Axjun Dark brown Central India Ttis heavy and strong. It is used as beams, rafters ; posts. oscabinets. “amboo——~—~—~—“Throughout India, expecially Assam’ Not actually @ use, but a woody grass. Tt flexible, very India, especially Assam Not actually @ tee, but and West Bengal ‘anyan Brown ‘Throughout india Benteak —— ‘Kerala, Chennai, Maharashtra, Kamataka ‘Deodar Yellowish Himalayas, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh brown ‘Mahogany Reddish = brown ‘Mango Deep grey Throughout india strong and durable. It is used for scaffoldings, thatched roofs, rafters, temporary bridges and so forth. i Tris strong and durable only underwater. The aerial roots of it are utilised as tent poles and well curbs. Tis strong and takes up a smooth surface. Te may Be used for building constructions, boat building and furniture Deodar is the most important timber tree providing soft ‘wood. It is moderately strong, It possesses distinct annual rings. It is used for making cheap furniture, ralway ‘arrages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, structural work and so forth. Te takes a good polish and is easily worked, It is durable underwater, Tt is most commonly used for furniture, pattern ‘making and cabinet work. “The mango tree is well-known for its fruits. It is easy 10 ‘work and it maintains its shape well. It is moderately strong. It is most often used for cheap furniture, toys, packing boxes, cabinet work, panels for doors and for windows. Oak Yellowish = Oak is strong and durable, with straight silvery grain. It i brown sed for preparing sporting goods. Palm Dark brown Throughout india TT contains ripe wood in the outer Gust. The colour of this ripened wood is dark brown. tis strong, durable and fibrous. Palm is used for furniture, roof covering, rafters and joss, ed cedar Red ‘Assam, Nagpur iris soft and even grained. It is used for making furniture door panels and well curbs. Rosewood Dark Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, It is strong, tough and close-grained. Its a handsome Brown Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, wood that takes up a high polish. 1t maintains its shape alisha ‘well and is avallable in large sizes. It is used for furniture of superior quality, cabinet work, omamental carvings and $0 forth Sal Brown Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, This hard, fibrous and dove-grained. Tr docs not take up @ Maharashtra, Ulta Pradesh, Bihar, good polish. It requites slow and careful seasoning. It is Madhya Pradesh, Odisha durable under ground and water. It is used for ralway sleepers, ship building and bridges. ‘3iso0 Dark brown” Karnataka, Maharashira, Assam, Its also known as shisham or tai. This wood Is strong and ‘West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha tough. I is durable and handsome and i can maintains is shape well 1 can be easly seasoned. But itis dificult to proces but i takes fine polish. Te is used for igh quality furniture, pywoods, bridge piles, sports goods, allway sleepers and so forth. It is a very good material for decorative works and carvings.os sere study Gace ™ Bricks ae iin until hard. It is used as a ane paked by the sun oF In # Dulin ng Brick is a molded rectangular block of lah er paving material. Constituents of Bricks Seer Ree contain about 20% 10 30% of alumina. It imparts plasticity to the Earth yy . Alumina brick should iis Rae Seen + 50% to 60% of silica. It prevents cracking, shrinking and wrapig, 2. Silica A good brick should contain abou ‘Straw backs. Ie thus, imparts uniform shape 1° 3. Lime ar gpod brick should contain maximum of 5% Im bricks. 44, Oxide of tron ‘A good brick should contain sbou brick. gnesia in brick imparts yellow tn! the bricks. «This constituent prevents shrinkage of raw 15% to 6% of iron oxide. Tt imparts red colour to the 5. Magnesia A small quantity of ma to the bricks and decreases shrinkage Classification of Bricks There are mainly four types of bricks, which are as follows 1. First Class Brick These are table-moulded and o} fare used for superior work of permanent nature >. second Class Brick These are ground-moulded and they 21° bumt in kilns. 7! places, where brick work is to be provided with 2 coat of plaster. 5, Third Class Brick These bricks are ground-moulded and they are in clamps. They are used for tnimportant and temporary structures and at places, where rainfall is not heavy. 44. Fourth Class Brick These bricks are overburnt with irregular shape and dark colour aggregate for concrete in foundation floors, roads etc. f standard shape and they are burnt in kilns: Thess Ba ‘ey are commonly used at and are used as Cement Cement is a building material made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to a fine powder, which can be mixed with water and poured to set as a solid mass. Cement is usually grey in colour, but white cement cal be obtained. Composition of Cement Portland cement gets its strength from chemical reactions between the cement and wate! as hydration. x, this process is knows ASTM Type and ‘Composition (%)* Characteristics Applications Manes GS__ SGA CAF 1. Ordinary JS 1030 0-17 6.18 No special requirements, General construction — = moderate sulfate (eg. sidewalks) ‘Modified 35:60 1535 0-8 6-18 Resistance, moderate heat Drainage systems, sea walls, floor of hydration slabs, foundations SRG SE Reg AST TOI OS CIE her scngth soon Coldweatherconsrucion after pouring i Low heat if = eases tae en of pea Maire nin ams) Sulfate-resistani 400-5 10-18 High-sulfate resistance Foundations in high-sulfate sols IAppraximate Composition of Portland Cement (ASTM types 1-V) ‘Soures: Americen Concrete Institute, Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements (1988)Manufacturing of Cement «ir starts with limestone, the basic raw material, being ‘ransported to the cement plant, + The limestone is combined with clay ground in a crusher and fed into the additive soils. Sand, iron ‘and bottom ash sand, iron and bottom ash in a controlled ratio limestone and clay in which is thin grind into a fine powder. + Nest, the fine powder is heated creating a new product called Clinker + The clinker is combined with small amounts of gypsum and limestone and finally ground in a finishing mil, Stones Stone is a rock or a piece of rock, shaped or finished for a particular purpose, especially 1. a piece of rock that is used in construction, 2. a gravestone or tombstone. 3. a grindstone, millstone or whetstone. Classification of Stones There are mainly three classes of stones that are as follows 1, Igneous Stone It is formed, when molten ‘magma cools and it is divided into two main categories, which are as follows (i) Plutonic Stone It results when magma cools and crystallises slowly within the Earth’s crust (e.g. granite) (ii) Voleanic Stone It results from magma reaching the surface as lava (e.g. basalt). 2. Sedimentary Stone It is formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter or chemical precipitates, followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis. 3, Metamorphic Stone I is formed by subjecting any stone type to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original stone was formed, Uses of Stones Five main groups of use of stones can be summarised as given teow 1. Building and Decorative Stone These stones are used for their resistance to weather or theit aesthetic appeal. 2. Aggregates These stones are used for their strong physical properties, i 3. Industrial Purposes Limestone can be used for its chemical properties as calcium carbonate (CaCO, in forming and manufacturing industry. 4, Lime Burning It can be used as a more powerful alkali than limestone or used as a cement with sand to make mortar, or as a soil improver in agriculture. 5. Cement If limestone is mixed with clay or sandstone before firing, it can produce portland cement, which when mixed with aggregate makes concrete. Metals Metallurgy is a domain of material science that studies the physical and chemical behaviour of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Alloys * An alloy is a substance made by melting two or more elements together, atleast one of them a metal. An alloy crystallises upon cooling into a solid solution, mixture or inter-metallic compound. The components of alloys cannot be separated using a physical means. ‘An alloy is homogeneous and retains the properties of a metal, even though it may include metalloids or nnon-metals in its composition. Examples of alloys include stainless steel, brass, bronze, white gold, 14k gold and sterling silver. Although exceptions exist, most alloys are named for their primary or base metal, with an indication of other elements in order of mass per cent. Fire Resistant Rock wool, gypsum board, asbestos cement, perlite board, proplex sheet, calcium silicate, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, (i) Heat Insulating Material Perlite, cement, concrete, glass fibre, cork board, (ii) Sound Reflective Material Thermocol, wood, Blass, bricks, tiles. (iii) Sound Absorbtive Material Cavity walls, fabric, foam, perlite, cement Paints Paints are the fluid materials that are applied over the surfaces of timbet, metal and masonary to protect their surface from the damaging impact while serving the purpose of decoration,Pigment It gives the paint its colour and 2, Binder It holds the pigment and other additives ‘together, 3. Solvent It gives the paint its ability t0 be spread ‘over a surface. Types of Paints The various types of paints are as follows 1. Primer It is a preparatory coating, put on ‘Materials before painting. Acrylic Paint It is a fast drying paint, ‘containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion. 3. Oil Paint It is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil. 4. Distemper The major constituents of distemper are chalk, lime, water and some colouring agents. It is a water based paint. satstay cute ory 5. Emulsions It is also water based rich and matt finish to interior wally, Mes, 6. Solvent Based Paints (Lusture/Enamey) paints, enamel paints and oil patna a) tye under the category of solvent based san 2 Paints, The last long and produce rich and desired eff, the wall. tects Types of Finishes Paints, when dried on the surface, produce fms wig varying degree of shine. This ranges from matt fn, which have no shine, to high gloss finishes, The various types of finishes are as follows 1. Matt A matt finish has the lowest level of glo 2. Egg Shell or Satin This type of finish has silk like gloss explaining the name satin finish, 3. Semi-Gloss This finish has more gloss than a satin finish, 4. Glossy This is the finish with highest level of gloss, 4. Colour Theory * Colour theory is a body of practical guidance to colour mixing and the visual impacts of specific colour combination. It was originally formulated in terms of three “primary’ or ‘primitive’ colours— Red, Yellow and Blue (RYB), because these colours were believed to be capable of mixing all other colours. colour is the perceptual characteristic of light described by a colour A colour is described in three ways : by its name, how much pure or desaturated it is, and its value or lightness. There are few terms that gave the description about the colour are as follows 1. Chroma How pure a hue is in relation to grey. 2. Saturation The degree of purity of a hue. 3. Intensity The brightness or dullness of a hue. 4. Luminance A measure of the amount of light reflected from a hue. 5. Shade A hue produced by the addition of black. 6. Tint A hue produced by the addition of white. Colour Scheme In colour theory, a colour scheme is the choice of colours used in design for a range of media. Colour schemes are used to create style and appeal. A basic colour scheme will use two colours that look appealing together. More advanced colour schemes involve several colours in combination, usually based around a single colout €.g. text with such colours as red, yellow, orange and light blue arranged together on a black background itt a magazine article. WV is Colour Scheme‘Orange Black Colour Wheel ‘+ A colour circle, based on red, yellow and blue, is traditional in the field of art. Sir Isaac Newton developed the first circular diagram of colours in 1666. Since then scientists and artists have studied and designed numerous variations of this concept. + Differences of opinion about the validity of one format over another continue to provoke debate. In reality, any colour circle or colour wheel which presents a logically arranged sequence of pure hues ‘has merit + tn traditional colour theory, primary colours are the three pigment colours that cannot be mixed or formed by any combination of other colours. All others are derived from these three hues. Yetow Primary Colours (Red, Yellow and Blue) * Secondary colours are the colours formed by ‘mixing the primary colours. Purple, ‘Groen (Green, Orange and Purple) Colour Triangle A Colour Triangle is an arrangement of colours within a triangle, based on the additive combination of three primary colours at its comers. Primary Colours are yellow, red and blue, These are considered the foundation of colour because when mixed together and in different combinations, all other colours can be created from using these three primaries, Secondary colours or Complementary colours are created when equal amounts of any two primary colours are mixed together. ‘The secondary colours orange, violet and green are s of the colour triangle, located on the ‘Tertiary or Intermediate colours are created when mixing one secondary and one primary colour, ie. blue + violet = blue violet. Three or more separate colours are mixed (one primary and one secondary ~ the ‘combination of two primaries), and in our colour triangle each tertiary colour being created will be equal ‘combination of two colours, left and right, surrounding ‘an open segment,tertiary colours are: yellow-orange, red-orange, blue violet, blue-green and yellow-green. Ted-violet, Colour Harmony Colour Harmony is the theory of combining colours in a fashion that is harmonious to the eye. Types of Harmony ‘There are 5 types of colour harmony 1. Direct Harmony This is the most basic harmony. It is point opposite to the key colour ‘on the wheel. This ‘opposite’ colour is referred to as the complementary colour and thus the direct harmony can also be called the ‘complementary harmony. Virtually all colour harmonies (except Analogous) are a variation of the direct harmony. Split Complementary Rather than the point ‘opposite the key colour on the wheel, the split complementary takes the two colours directly on either side of the complementary colour. This allows for a nicer range of colours while still not deviating from the basic harmony between the key colour and the complementary colour. . Triadic Harmony Also called Triadies or Triads. This refers to the colour two spaces to cither side of the key colour’s complement. Essentially, with the triadic harmony, you are using three equally distanced colours on the colour wheel. As such, you're stretching the basic idea of colour harmony and thus this harmony is best ‘with only touches of colour. Analogous Harmony Also referred to as related ‘colours, these are the colours directly on the left ‘and right of your key colour. They usually match ‘up quite well and create a serene and comfortable design. While this colour harmony ‘can be pleasing to the eye, it can also come ‘across as monotone. If you are going for a design that’s primarily one colour, this is a good choice. . Tetradic Harmony Similar to the Triadic, expect that there are four points, all equally distanced on the colour wheel. This is a colour harmony I’ve only seen mentioned in more QSelf Study Guide for B.Arch Entrance, recent texts on the subject of colour harmony my earlier post on this subject. I didn’t even’ |” include it. My personal opinion is that a design using this isn’t really using colour hai is instead using every colour on the colour Or, where done more subtly, it is a design simply using two sets of complementary colours. Colour Psychology Colour psychology is the study of colour as a factor in human behaviour. This includes very diverse studies, ranging from quantifying individual colour preference tg investigating the relationship between shirt colour ang ‘match outcome in English football Psychological Effect of Colours Following are the ten main psychological effects of colours 1, Red This colour has been shown to increase blood pressure and stimulate the adrenal glands, While red has been proved to be a colour of Vitality and ambition. It has been shown to be associated with anger. 2. Orange This colour relieves feclings of self-pity, lack of self-worth and unwillingness to forgive. 3. Yellow This colour is happy and uplifting colour, It can also be associated with intellectual thinking 4. Green This colour creates feelings of comfort, laziness, relaxation and calmness. 5. Blue Lighter blues make us feel quiet and away from the rush of the day. These colours can be helpful in eliminating insomnia. 6. Purple This colour has been used in the care of mental or nervous disorders because they have shown to help in balancing the mind and transform obsessions and fears 7. Brown This colour brings the feclings of stablit and security. 8, Black It is passive and can prevent us from growing and changing. 9. White It is the colour of ultimate purity. 7 colour brings feelings of peace and comfort ™ it dispels shock and despair. ile #a colour is “diluted” by mixing white or ‘black into it, the colour loses saturation. The colour Everything between oer 2 2 Seo a Atip of make the lightest tnt. * If you want to make the lightest tint of a colour, you should consider starting with the White paint first A Tone is when grey is added to a colour we get tones of that colour. aan Soe A a¢ top part of a column capital. ‘may be a square slab or a molded Tis aflat and grainy surface texture. ‘To touch, or join at its end; as in a beam where ‘the end is planted against another member of Acanthus leaves are the stylised leaves of the acanthus plant, used in decoration on column capitals of the corinthian and composite ‘An omamental treatment of the archivolt or ‘hood molding of an arch or of the moldings of ‘an apparent arch or of a form resembling an arch, as in late gothic work. Acoustics is the science concerned with the control, transmission, reception and the effect of sound. From the Greek word ‘acroterion’, the ‘summit or extremity’. Acroterion may be a palmate, a statue or a pedestal Anchor types for GFRC include dowels, weld plates, straps, dovetails, threaded inserts, screws and Z clips. Angle capital is sometimes used for the ‘column on the outside comers with ionic ‘capitals. It is not always available in standard molds. ‘The pediment having slanting sides and a horizontal cornice. 1t is also known as triangular pediment. ‘Atank or vessel which is filled with water for ‘keeping live fish or other water dwelling creatures. This term is used in classical column architecture for having columns separated by a clear space of four or more column diameters. An ornamental molding or band, above or around a door or window opening. In the classical orders, the architrave was the lowest ‘member of the entablature or beam that spans from column to column, Awedge shaped GFRC, architectural fibre ‘glass or masonry unit in an arch. Sometimes ‘called a voussoit. ‘A decorative style characterised by angulat, ribbon, zig-zag or other geometric ‘ornamentation in low relief on buildings facades. Art Deco is sometimes referred to as Balustrade Band or Band Molding Banded Barrel Roof Barrel Vault Bas Relief Battered Beam Beaux Arts Architecture Bed Molding Belfry Bell Tower Back Hearth is the part of the hearth the fireplace. For wood burning GFRC ‘hearths typically end with front hearth and the back hearth is made ny firebrick, Fok {tis a false balcony infront of a window. and GFRP balconets may include suppor, brackets and balustrade. Balcony is a platform projecting out from building enclosed with a railing or ‘GFRC and GFRP balcony components include brackets, balustrade, face molding and soft, The complete railing system consisting ofthe Baluster, top rail and sometimes bottom ral is typically used at the edge of a patio, porch balcony or roof. ‘The horizontal molding, projecting from the surface that wraps around a building. It is also known as a belt coursear watertable. Masonary style stone work were adjacent courses are of two different sizes, textures types. Itis an arched, semi cylindrical roof, Barrel roof in GFRC and GFRP are generally madeis segments, withstanding seam joints and ralsed ribs. Barrel vault is a semi-cylindrical, arched ceiling element. GFRP barrel vaults may be smooth or coffered. Base is the lower part of a column, piet pedestal or plaster. Iisa sculpted or carved work that extends slightly from the plane of its background. GFRC and GERP bas-reliefs, include plagues ‘monuments and medallions. A term used to describe a surface that inclined or tilted, wider at the bottom and narrower at the top, e.g. a battered wall ‘The term for a horizontal member when wt in architectural fibre glass or GERP refers to a beam cover Architecture taught at end associated wit. the Ecole des Beaux Arts. ‘A molding or moldings on the comice of entablature, below the corona. a The part of a tower or steeple where bells hung, Its also called a bell towel ‘Tower like structure for supporting oM*Circular Window GFRP cast in panels with a brick texture and pattern and used instead of brick. GFRP brick panels are lighter, thinner and faster to install. Stone used in building construction such as limestone, marble, granite or sandstone. ‘Window that has a slight arch atthe top. ‘An outside comer ofa building decorated with 4 projecting masonary course pilasters or similar elements. ‘The uppermost clement ofa column or pilaster. ‘An ornamented tablet or shield often framed by elaborate carving. Around concave molding or comice Continuing at least a quarter circle. ‘A dome used forthe interior ceiling that may be par of a double dome system with interior and exterior domes, ‘A.comice or coping that crowns the top of the chimney. 'Non-combustible covering that protects the opening at the top ofthe chimney from snow and rain but allows smoke to escape: ‘Around decorative shape on top of the chimney, used to increase its height and as a decorative element ‘Awindow having the shape ofa full circle. Often with keystones set at four points ina radial manner. In lasical architecture consists of the capital, the shaft and a base shaft may be either ‘monolithic built up of a number of cylinders ‘or may be split vertically, to wrap a structural column, ‘Aroman modification ofthe corinthian capital thas volutes similar to an lonic capita. Abracket, inthe form of the scroll which ‘projects from a wall and supports a door head, ‘cornice, fireplace mantel, shelf et. Ii also Jknown as an ancan, (Cushion Capital yma Date Stone Denti Double Lancet Window Dowel Eaves ‘Bag and Dart Exyptian Gorge lizabethan architecture Structure located on a roof or a dome, with a circular polygon with base. A cupola that is lighted is sometimes referred to as a lantern. Capital of the Romanesque style and Gothic style that somewhat resembles a cushion. ‘A molding with the double curved shape of an ‘in section. oo {panel or ‘stone’ of GFR, inscribed with the date of completion ofthe Building and sometimes other information. ‘One ofa row of tooth lke’ block, set ina molding or comice. These are part of the dlassical omamentation of the onic, Composite, Corinthian and Doric orders ‘A roof structure generally shaped like a segment of a sphere, but may also be polygon or oval in plan. ieee ‘Avwindow surround with two pointed lancet windows side-by-side. Cylindrical metal rod often used to secure two Pieces of GFRC together or to secure GFRC to another material, ‘a ‘The underside of the part of the roof that projects beyond the exterior wall. ‘An ornamental molding with a repeating patter of egg shaped omaments alternating with dart shaped omaments. {tis also known as Egyptian comice, Cavetto cornice, Gorge-and-roll commice. Consisting of 4 large cavetto molding sometimes decorated with vertical leaves anda roll molding below, ‘An English style of architecture, {was the transitional style between Gothic architecture and Renaissance architecture.‘Bmuasis Fireplace Mantes Flat Keystone Arch ‘A slight convex curve added to the tapered profile ‘of classical columns. Entasis is used to overcome the optical illusion of concavity of straight sided. ‘A door surround at the main entry to a home or A pointed, centered arch whose radius of curvature is equal to the width of the opening. lintel over a door or window, with a slight arch toit, a) ‘The exterior skin of a building which is considered to be the architectural face or front. Style architecture that developed in the postcolonial era in America. It was greatly influenced by the work of Robert Adam. The decoration of suspended flower, fruit, foliage, ribbons etc found in the Beaux Arts style, colonial Revival, Adam style and federal style. It is also known as Garland or Swag. ‘An omament that tops a gate pier, pinnacle, spire or pediment. A shelf or entablature over a fireplace opening. Stromberg GFRC offers a selection of stock ‘moldings and corbels that are used as fireplace mantles. A flat arch or lintel with a keystone at the centre. A term of endearment for a structure that is functionally useless but designed for visual interest or effect. A type of running ornament consisting of repeated and symmetrical figures, often in relief, contained within a band or border. ‘The middle section of the entablature lying above the architrave and below the cornice. ‘The Gable is the triangular portion of the wall, between the enclosing lines of a sloping roof. It is also known as the pediment in classical architecture. A triangular window top that is shaped like a gable (or pediment, A grotesque figure, projecting from a building. A gargoyle may function as a waterspout or be purely decorative. ‘A-small garden house, normally round or polygonal in plan, designed for providing a view. Gazebos are ‘sometimes referred to as a garden house or summer- house. ‘The dominant style of architecture in England during the 18th century, named Georgian after the reigns of the three king Georges from 1714 to 1820. 40 Self Study Guide for B.Arch Gothic ‘The architectural style of the Architecture high mide ages in Western Eugop, Grille ‘A grating or pierced panel, Cover decorate o protean opi Half Baluster When a balustrade connects to a weerpions cua basse aera cones a baluster. is ‘Half Column Columnn that is engaged to wal proj from the wall by about one half its diameter. Head The head is the top horizontal cross member of a door, window fireplace surround or other opening. Hearth Stone The stone or stone like part of the fireplace floor that extends into the Hood Horizontal element or covering aboves door or window that provides shader shelter or a decorative element Hood Molding _Protecting molding over a door or window, usually intended to direct rainwater from the face of the wall. Impost A decorative element found at the spring point of an arch, Inter-columiation The clear span between two adjacent columns in a row of columns. Measured at the base of the column shafts, Ionic Order One of the five orders of classical architecture. Tonic Capital The column capital of the ionic ordet The volutes on this column capital resemble a stylised form of ram's hors or nautilus shells. Ualianate Style Style architecture influenced by Talis villas. lian Architectural style influenced. Renaissance Revival by the Renaissance palazzi of Ital Jack Arch The Jack arch is the same as a lat Jamb Jamb is the name for one of the members on either side of a doot window or fireplace surround. Jeffersonian tis a style architecture based Om Architecture of Thomas Jeferso8 1 also known as Jeffersonian Classo® or the Jeffersonian Style.eo-lassical Style Palladian Window alm Capital Ly ‘The wedge shaped black atthe top centre of anarch. ‘An exterior horizontal ‘generally above a window or a door, used to direct rainwater from the face ofthe wall and the ‘opening below. A pointed, Gothic style arch, ‘Anarrow window shaped like a lancet arch. ‘Armolding witha reces for concealed Ughing. ‘Atborizontal shape above the dor or window opening. ‘An elaborate gallery or porch that is either connected to or contained inside a lager Structure. Its elthercolonnaded or arcaded and usually placed in a prominent locaton. reinterpretation of classical Greek and Roman architecture. It includes Classical Revival style, Greek Revival style and Federal = 10} {In classical Greek architecture the orders are Doric, lonic and Corinthian, Style of window that consists of three parts: A large arched top central window with two smaller rectangular windows on either side usually toped by lintels, A type of column capital that resembles the ‘crown of a palm tree. ‘A triangular shaped gable consisting of a tympanum with raked cornices on either side. ‘A suspended carved element. ‘The curved transition wall surface between @ dome or a dome drum and the wall below. ‘A portico with five columns. ‘An open garden structure designed for the support of climbing planus, ‘A-colonnaded walkway surrounding the exterior of the building or an open area. Pinnacle Plinth Portico Prairie Style Quatreoit Quoin ain Screen after Tal Return Reveal Rope Molding Rosette Rotunda ‘Rustcaed Stone Scallop Scroll ‘The carved element that resembles a pineapple or a pine cone. It is ‘used as finials for gates or pier caps or over doorways. a ‘Atapered upright structure rising from roof ofa building or used asa finial. Inscribed tablet fixed tothe surface ofa wall ‘The bottom most square or rectangular base ‘ofa column, pilaster pedestal or pier Covered entrance with a roof supported by columns and usually with a pediment above. A ‘American architectural style, ‘sated nthe work frank Loyd ‘Wright and Louis Sullivan. ‘A four lobed, clover shaped pattern, most ‘common in Gothic, Venetian and Gothic revival architecture ‘Stone set at the external comer of a building, used to accentuate corner. ' Bi) ‘A clang method designed to minimise ‘ainwater intrusion intowal The afer tall sthe external part ofthe after that overhangs the wall ofthe eve The righ-angletum ofa molding The exposed edge portion of molding between it outer face and a groove or opening. sch sa window or doo The molding carved or shaped to resemble Piste rope Square or round patter with a central oral ml Te cular space in a building. especialy then covered by a dome ‘Type of stone masonry with strongly ‘emphasised recessed joints. Series with continuous curves, made up of semi-circular segments and resembling the shell f the scallop Deep concave shaped molding. Especially refers to the concave shape of a classical column base spiral formed omamental shape, either as part ofa running omament or as part of Volute as on an joni capital or bracket.Shell-headed Sill Course ‘Spanish Colonial Architecture Spiral Stair ‘Stair Bracket ‘Standing Seam ‘Stepped Gable ‘Sun Disk A dormer with an arched roof. The name thas been derived from the dormers roof being a segment of a circle. ‘An arch with a semi-circular head. A fanlight, semi-circular in shape, usually over the main entry door. ‘A window with a semi-circular hhead or a window having the shape of a ‘semi-circle. ‘An arch in the shape of half of ‘an ellipse. ‘An architectural element that resembles half a scallop shell, used as the head of a niche or as a decorative clement. ‘A banding that wraps a building horizontally at the height of the window Spanish missions and settlements of the American South-West. It is also known as Mission Architecture. A stairway with approximately wedge-shaped treads, circular in plan Any tall slender pointed roof element spires or steeples may be architectural fibre glass or GFRC. ‘The decorative detail at the end of step ina stairway. ‘A raised rib at roofing panels or dome segments. A tall slender structure, generally above a church tower or a cupola, ‘A gable with the stepped edge. ‘The Egyptian emblem of the sun, a disk with wings. Frame or decorative element around a doorway, a window or a fireplace. ApiBai Bes Oniderver Shc ‘Tongue.and- ‘art Molding Torus Tracery Trefil Trellis Vault Voussvir Wainscot Wheel Window Window Crown Window Surround (a Architectural terracotta i a clay which Ras, ‘molded and shape, fired in a kiln glazed. tused as a facing on buildings. ‘A decorative molding that features alternating tongue like shapes and day like shapes. [A projecting convex molding, which forms the ‘ring’ at the base of a column. A tall, horizontal structure or building, Lace like shapes, most often found in Gothic architecture, that create a pattern in windows and other openings. A three lobed pattern in a fol. ‘An open lattice or grate for the support of vine, and other climbing plants. A structure composed of an arrangement of arches that form covering over a space. A spiral shape, as on an Tonic Column Capital Volutes are also used on the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite Column. The term for one of the blocks or units that make up an arch. (al ‘The covering for the lower part of a wall Circular window divided by tracery similart® the spokes of a wheel, The upper part of a window such as a pediett ‘or hood. ‘The molding that surrounds a window,4) Famous Buildings and Its Architecture 4. The first Pyramid was built by (@) Pharaoh (b) Khufu (Ramesses (@) Orymandias 2, Architect Louis Kahn is associated with (a) ITM Bengaluru (b) ITM Kolkata (OMT Delai (@) TIM Ahmedabad 3. Who was the architect of Taj Mahal at Agra? (a) Shah Jahan (b) Habib Rehman (Ustad lan (@) Fidai Khan 4, Who designed Rashtrapati Bhawan at Delhi? (a) H Kakar (b) Baward Lutyens (©) Russell (@) William Emerson 5. Name the Indian singer who is also known as an architect. (eo) Abhijit (®) Sharon Prabhakar (©)Remo Fernandez (@) Alisha 6. Sydney Opera House was designed by () Jorn Utzon (b) FL Wright (©)Eero Saarinen (@) Louis Khan 7. Jantar Mantar was created by (a) Jai Singh (b) Fidai Khan, (Man Singh (@) None of these 8 Banaras Hindu University was founded by () Madan Moban Malaviya (b) Gopal Krishna Gokhale (©) Motilal Nehru (@ Jawaharlal Nehru 9. Who built Moti Masjid in Agra? (6) Akbar (©) Shah Jahan (©) Jahangir (@) Aurangzeb 10. Jama Masjid in Delhi was built by (@) Rezia Sultan (b) Aurangzeb (©)Dara Shikoh (@) Shab Jahan 11. Who completed the work of Qutub Minar? (a) Titutmish (b) Alauddin Khil (© Mohammad bin-Tughlag (4) Razia Sultan 12, Which town plan may be related to Lutyens? (8) Chennai () New Delhi (Kolkata (@) Mysore 13. Bhakra dam is built on which river? (a) Sutlej ) Ravi (©) Damodar (@) Mahanadi 14, One of the seven wonders of the world, the Great ‘Pyramid is in (a)iraq —(b) Egypt (c)Gresee (a) Rome EXERCISE ’ 15. Lingraj temple is situated in which city? (a) Bhubaneshwar (b) Konark (© Puri (@) Chennai 16, Chaitya cave at Karle is known for one of the finest specimens of (a) sculpture () painting (©) quality of rocks (@ techniques of construction 17. Where is Hawa Mahal located? (9) Jaipur () Udaipur (©) Bijapur (@ Delhi 18. Where is the National Gallery of Modern Art located? (a) Mumbai (b) New Delhi () Kolkata (@) Chennai 19, ‘The dome of Rashtrapati Bhawan was designed in. which style? (@) Gothie (0) Roman (©) Classical (@) Neo-classical 20. Which of the following city has Char Minar? (0) Hyderabad () Allahabad (©) Cochin (@) Chennai 21. Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh is famous for () Lingraj temple () Jain temples (@) Buddhist stupas (@) Iron steel industries 22, The diameter of Gol Gumbaz of Bizapur is. (a) 1208 (1248 (144 (@ 108% 23. In Madhya Pradesh, Jahangir Mahal at Orchha was built by Raja Vir Singh Deo during the period of (@) AD 1005-1226 (b) AD 1296-1405 (©) AD 1405-1605 (@) AD 1605-1626 24, Khajuraho temples of Madhya Pradesh belong to the age group of about (a) AD 350-450 (&) AD 650-750 () AD 950-1050 (@ AD 1160-1250 ‘Jahaz Mahal of Mandu belongs to (a) Ancient age (b) Medioval age (©) Renaissance age (@ Industrial age 26, ‘Talkatora Swimming Poo! built for Asiad has (a) fibre glass domed roof () RCC shell roof (RCC flat root (@ elliptical aluminium roof 25.(@ Kushans 30. Sun temple is located at (@) Bhubaneshwar () Pune (©) Madurai (@) Konark 31. The Groat wall of China was built by (a) Qin Shi Huang (b) Chin Shi Huang (@Tin Lee (@) None of the above 32. Eiffel Tower's architect was (a) Auston Eiffel (b) Gustav Eiffel (@) Jestinn Eiffel (@) Aswan 33. Fatehpur Sikri was built by (a) Babur (b) Humayun (©) Akbar (@) Jahangir 94, The use of Kharoshti in ancient Indian architecture is the result of India’s contact with (a) Central Asia () Greece © Iran (@ China 35. Who was built Charminar of Hyderabad? (@) Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah () Qutub-ud-din Aibak (©) Sher Shah Suri (@) Muhammad Ghazni 36, Bibi ka Maqbara is a mausoleum of the wife of (a) Akbar () Jahangir (© Shab Jahan (@) Aurangzeb 37, Saint Peter Cathedral (Rome) was built during (a) 1341-1361 (b) 1441-1461 (©) 1641-1561 (a) 1506-1626 38, Taj Mahal is the typical example of (a) Indo-Greek Architecture (b) Indo-British Architecture (€) Indo-Persian Architecture (@) Indo-Chinese Architecture (39. Where is Sun io temple (Black Pagoda) is located? (b) Part (©) Madurai (@) Konark rok, (c) Vijayanagar a 42. Buland Darwaza was built to commemorate (a) Akbar’s victory over ‘Gujarat: (b) birth of Shah Jahan (©) death of Humayun's wife (d) Shah Jahan's victory over local chiefs 43. The style of Mughal architecture found in India ang (a) Afghanistan () Bangladesh E (©) Pakistan, (@) All of these 44, The outline of the plan of Qutub Minar is floors (b) different on each floor (a) identical on all (a) None of these (@ cirele on each floor 45, Which foreign influence is seen in the rock cut architecture of India? (a) Arabic (©) Indo-Buropean 46, Salar Jung museum is situated at (a) Hyderabad (b) New Delhi (©) Bengaluru (@) Mysore 47, Ellora in Aurangabad (Maharashtra) is famous for ancient caves representing Buddhism, Hinduism and ‘Jainism of these, the largest number pertains £0. (a) Buddhism (b) Hinduism (©) Jainism (@) Zorastrianism 48. In which Indian city would you find the mosque wilt Shaking Minarets? (a) Hyderabad (®) Lucknow (©) Ahmedabad (@) Allahabad 49. Chandigarh was designed by Le Corbusier. He war (@) French (b) German (©) Swiss-French (@) American 50. Everyone knows ‘The Taj Mahal’ It was built iy Emperor Shah Jahan, but for whom? (@) Jahani Mahal (b) Farida Mahal (©) Mumtaz Mahal a (@) Toba Begum : 51. The Sculptor of Statue of Liberty was (a) Alberto (b) Leonardo (c) Frederick Auguste Bartholdi (a) Michelangelo (b) Persian (@) Greek(@) Gol Gumbaz (©) Aurangzeb's Tomb __(d) None of these (@)Pyramids of Giza ——(b) Sphinx 59. (@Mummies of Egypt (4) None of these 54 () Mahakal (a)Statue of Wealth __(b) Statue of Liberty () Konark Temple (© Statue of Justice (@ None of these (©) Mahabaleshwar Temple 55, (@) None of the above (a) Bhaja Gufa () Ellora Caves (a) Golden Bridge (b) Howrah Bridge (©) London Bridge (@) None of these