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Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and
Optical Materials: Number 85

Fundamentals and
Applications of
Nanophotonics

Edited by

Joseph W. Haus

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List of contributors

D. de Ceglia National Research Council, AMRDEC, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA

J.W. Haus University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
N.M. Litchinitser University at Buffalo, The State University of New York,
NY, USA
A. Sarangan University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
M. Scalora Charles M. Bowden Research Center, AMRDEC, RDECOM, AL, USA
J. Sun University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA
M.A. Vincenti National Research Council, AMRDEC, Redstone Arsenal, AL, USA
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Preface

Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you have to keep moving.
Albert Einstein Letter to his son Eduard (February 5, 1930)

ή gὰr noy ἐnέrεia zuή

The energy or active exercise of the mind constitutes life.

From The Metaphysic, translated from the Greek by Rev. John H. M’Mahon in The
Metaphysics of Aristotle (1857), Book XI, p. 332

The genesis of this book, Fundamentals and Applications of Nanophotonics, was a

graduate course that was taught for several years at the University of Dayton. It was
once taught at Harbin Institute of Technology in China and reconstituted as a short
course at many professional meetings. My colleagues at the University of Dayton,
Andrew Sarangan and Qiwen Zhan, who are experts in the field of nanophotonics, orig-
inally co-taught and brought to the course their complementary knowledge and expertise
in subfields of nanophotonics. The reception that we had with our courses persuaded me
that a book incorporating the basic concepts of nanophotonics would be a valuable guide
for students seeking to understand the field. This book is the product of my deliberations
on the essential topics. Unfortunately, completing the book was delayed by a myriad of
distractions over the past decade. It was only when I let go of all administrative duties
that I was able to really devote my time and energy to completing this book.
Even so, writing this book in a reasonable time frame turned out to be a task that
required more effort than I could provide, so I solicited support from experts in the
field. I am grateful that my colleagues have produced chapters that add to the essential
subject matter in the field and will contribute to students’ understanding of the subject.
Each chapter is written in a tutorial fashion and the concepts are treated in depth.
Therefore, we do not try to cover everything in the field to keep the material confined
to a subset of topics.
The book is written for engineers and scientists at a first-year graduate student level.
It contains adequate mathematical detail to give the reader an understanding of how
specific physical concepts are applied to nanotechnology and more detailed references
are provided for the reader interested in delving into the real depths of the subject. The
chapters contain problems that can be assigned for homework.
The field we call nanophotonics (i.e., the study of optical devices with nanometer-scale
features) is driven by developments in three different areas: fabrication, characterization,
and materials. It is a vast field that cuts across many disciplines: biology, chemistry,
xviii Preface

physics, materials science, electrical and mechanical engineering, and many other disci-
plines not mentioned. The story behind the development of nanophotonics is a fascinating
one with many contributors across the globe reporting novel results and sometimes the
ideas have remained nascent for decades before a researcher has a keen new insight
that propels the field into the limelight. For instance, this is the case with photonic crystals
and metamaterials.
This book provides the reader with the background knowledge of the foundation of
nanophotonics and then it applies the basic principles to advance new concepts in
designing materials with desired physical properties. The book will prepare the dili-
gent reader with the tools to read and understand the research literature. The field is
still emerging with advancements in research tools that are rapidly developing. It is
the hope of the nanophotonics community that this initial development phase will
evolve one day to useful technological applications that harness the unique physical
phenomena at the nanoscale. Of course, applications can come from any field applying
photonics devices, such as medical and environmental sensors, energy harvesting, and
information technology.
The reader should not be afraid to break out of the traditional mold and follow their
own instincts to discover an unexplored path. All contributors to this book share a deep
conviction that students should learn skills in all subfields and become facile enough
with the concepts to contribute their own ideas as they embark on their journey of dis-
covery. Each author is an expert who has made significant research contributions to
progress in the field. Together we are attempting to meet the requirement of a broad
base of knowledge and experiences with a mathematical foundation to understand
physical phenomena on the nanoscale.
In our approach to the subject, there is a balance of the two requirements of math-
ematical rigor with physical understanding of the phenomena; moreover, the student
will have exposure to experimental fabrication tools and characterization instrumenta-
tion and techniques. I generally believe that real progress in the field demands knowl-
edge of widely different skills; the student should have the capability to perform
simulations and have knowledge of the suite of fabrication tools available with their
limitations and be aware of techniques to characterize the materials and devices.
I want to thank my colleagues, Domenico de Ceglia, Natalia M. Litchinitser,
Andrew Sarangan, Michael Scalora, Jingbo Sun, and Maria Antonietta Vincenti,
who kindly gave of their time and talent to write chapters and work together to
make the book an organic whole. I am indebted to the many students who have taken
the nanophotonics course over the years and who have given feedback about their
judgment on various lectures and topics.
Because of the constraints on my time, there are undoubtedly errors in the text. This
occurs despite readings of the chapters by colleagues. The reader who finds errors or
misconceptions is encouraged to email me so that I can publish amendments to the
book. The amendments can be obtained by emailing a request to me. My email address
is widely available on the Web.
J.W. Haus
Dayton, OH, USA
August 2015
Introduction to nanophotonics
J.W. Haus
1
University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA

If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.

Isaac Newton, from the Correspondence of Isaac Newton.

Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to

understand more, so that we may fear less.
Marie Skłodowska-Curie, quoted in Our Precarious Habitat (1973) by
Melvin A. Benarde, p. v.

1.1 Introduction
We are embarking on a journey across the broad subject of nanophotonics. Nanopho-
tonics activities engage researchers in many disciplines: optics; physics; chemistry;
electrical, chemical, and mechanical engineering; materials science; biology; and
mathematics. The range of activities is far too large to be captured by a single tome.
Therefore, the number of topics covered in this book is narrowed by our personal
choices. We divide the field of nanophotonics into three broad categories, which are
distinguished by their functionality: materials, fabrication, and characterization. Of
course, the prefix nano can be inserted in front of all three words for emphasis, but
let us not overuse the term at the outset. The three aspects of nanophotonics are anal-
ogous to the legs of a three-legged stool with nanophotonics resting on top of them, as
illustrated in Figure 1.1. Researchers and engineers apply all three of these areas to
solve technological challenges. The image conveys our bias that removing one of
the topics would leave out essential knowledge that we believe every student of nano-
photonics should be familiar with.
The required breadth of the field is also conducive to the formation of collaborations
within and across institutions; the members of the collaboration contribute their exper-
tise in a specific field to the completion of the project. The student or new researcher in
the field will find it advantageous to possess knowledge of the basic principles for all
three aspects to effectively communicate with colleagues and to understand the main
issues from different perspectives. A solid foundation in all three aspects provides
access to a broader range of literature and gives deeper insights into physical limita-
tions. This book was conceived to provide readers with a working knowledge of the
principles in several fields.

Fundamentals and Applications of Nanophotonics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-464-2.00001-4

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 Fundamentals and Applications of Nanophotonics

Nanophotonics

Characterization

Ma
tion

teri
rica

als
Fab

Figure 1.1 Three legs of a stool illustration to emphasize the three aspects of nanophotonics.

1.2 Materials
Technological progress is often based on the development of new materials. To high-
light that point in a historical context, recall that two of the three named archaeological
periods of man’s ascent are named after materials technology—the bronze and iron
ages. The further development of new materials has proceeded through the millennia
and today, we are guided by a deeper quantitative understanding of materials’ compo-
sition and properties.
Modern-age materials are much more sophisticated, but the main technology
drivers are the same. In the modern era, silicon has emerged as one of the most impor-
tant materials with applications ranging from electronics to micro-electro-mechanical
systems (MEMS) to electronic sensors to photonics. There is market pressure to fabri-
cate devices that have new functionality and can be produced using materials that are
widely available and inexpensive. Silicon is one of the most abundant elements on
Earth, second only to oxygen, making it an ideal material for many technological
applications.
Today nanophotonics research is devoted to creating new materials with function-
ality that is not ordinarily available by processing natural elements, alloys, or com-
pounds. The elements of the periodic table are cast into a form that is not normally
found in nature. The purpose is to elicit a new response to electronic current or optical
waves. The new response may be potentially useful for fabricating new devices or for
making a new instrument with improved resolution.
The abundance of the elements is another important consideration in pursuing new
technologies. Figure 1.2 is a plot of the elements’ relative abundance found in the
earth. The high abundance of elements such as hydrogen, silicon, oxygen, iron, carbon,
and nitrogen (abundant in the atmosphere) make them inexpensive and easy to
procure. Other in-demand elements may have a supply that is controlled by a single
country; thus, they are subject to political crises or pressures. For instance, the
rare-earth metals have found important uses in electronics, lighting, displays, and
communications technologies. Fortunately, the amount of rare-earth elements used
Introduction to nanophotonics 3

100
O Si
Fe

10–2
H
C
10–4
Abundance

10–6 Ar

10–8
He Ne

–10
10
20 40 60 80
Atomic number
Figure 1.2 Abundance (by mass) of the elements in the Earth’s upper continental crust up to
element 82.
Plotted from data available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_
elements.

in many of these applications is tiny, and global-scale use is not affected by their mar-
ket availability. In developing new materials with desired functionality, one may be
driven by the need to reduce or eliminate expensive or geopolitical elements. A com-
mercial product that uses scarce, expensive, or geographically concentrated elements
will not be sustainable on a massive scale over a long period of time.
Chemical and physical properties of materials are deeply connected to the quantum
mechanics of the hydrogen atom. The framework for understanding atomic spectra is
based on the Bohr model of electrons in orbits around a small, positively charged
nucleus. His quantization of the angular momentum of the electrons prevented them
from collapsing to the nucleus, as would be expected from classical Newtonian dy-
namics. The essence of the Bohr model was captured in quantum mechanics, which
describes electrons in their orbital states. For the quantum solution of the hydrogen
atom, the Coulomb attraction of the electron to the proton yields a set of states that
are labeled by a set of quantum numbers describing the energy, angular momentum,
and the spin momentum of the electrons. Surprisingly, the simple model of the
hydrogen atom extends to the electronic states of multielectron atoms; the occupation
of electronic states conforms to state designations that are identical to the hydrogen
atom.
The treatment of molecules and solids is organized around the atomic orbital states
of constituent atoms. However, to understand the electron bonding energies and geom-
etry, such as bond angles and lattice symmetry, multiple electronic states are com-
bined. The bonding length and direction between atoms, although closely connected
to the atomic states, are based on simple electronic principles; namely, paired electrons
with opposite intrinsic spin are shared between atoms to form a covalent bond.
4 Fundamentals and Applications of Nanophotonics

The covalent bond angles are based on electron pairs shared between atoms and can be
understood by using a linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAOs). In chemistry,
the LCAO is termed hybridization and is discussed in Chapter 4. The LCAO is a
simplification that uses valence electron wave functions as a set of basis states to calcu-
late a wide range of physical properties. The technique provides a simple physical
description of the bond angles in molecular and lattice systems.
Electron interactions manifest different bonding mechanisms that may be identified
from their electronic density distributions. Metallic bonding has electron density delo-
calized throughout the solid, whereas covalent bonds have valence electron density
largely localized between the atomic nearest-neighbor pairs. The malleability of
many metals is an indication that the metallic bonds are relatively weak. Similar to co-
valent bonding, ionic bonding is based on electron density displacement between the
pair of atoms to form a cohesive crystal; the atoms called cations give up the electrons,
leaving a net-positive charge and the electron has a density displaced more to the other
atoms called anions. Ionic and covalent bonds can both be present to some degree in
solids. The covalent bonds are highly dependent on orientation because of the bonding
orbitals, whereas the ionic bonds depend on the difference in affinity of the atoms to
attract an electron, so-called electronegativity. Finally, there is a fourth type of bonding
that is commonly mentioned called van der Waals bonds, which is dominant for atoms
with closed electron shells (e.g., inert gas atoms). The electrons in inert gas atoms are
tightly bound to the nuclei and they are not shared with neighboring atoms. For inert
atoms, their bonding in the solid state is promoted by induced atomic dipoles on the
atoms due to quantum fluctuations, which are van der Waals interactions. This
form of bonding is weak.
Scientists and researchers refuse to be confined by the materials refined from natu-
rally occurring compounds. Chemists and materials scientists have tweaked the growth
and synthesis processes to create new materials or nanostructured materials that exhibit
unusual electronic and optical properties. For instance, there has been enormous prog-
ress made in designing and fabricating quantum-confined structures that are now
commercially available in semiconductor lasers and photodetectors. Recent activities
have led to the development of novel, fabricated materials’ classifications—called
photonic crystals, plasmonics, and metamaterials—that are designed to accentuate spe-
cific properties of light. These specific materials are introduced and discussed in sub-
sequent chapters of this book. Because each class of new materials have exposed the
community to novel physical concepts, they have spawned worldwide research efforts
to discover new applications for the novel laboratory materials. For instance, metals,
also called plasmonic materials, have taken center stage with traditional applications
in biosensing and potential applications in energy harvesting and photonic surfaces.

1.3 Fabrication and characterization

The techniques to create new photonic devices and optical materials have been divided
into two areas—top-down and bottom-up approaches—and their general features are
illustrated in Figure 1.3. The top-down approach is exemplified by the fabrication
Introduction to nanophotonics 5

Top-down Functional device

Wafer

Dicing

Processing

Self-assembly
Dicing

Packaging Molecular soup

Bottom-up
Figure 1.3 Top-down and bottom-up approaches.

techniques used to make electronic circuitry and MEMS devices, which have become
ubiquitous elements in commercial devices from phones and iPads to automobiles. The
starting point is a wafer substrate material that is a building block with required char-
acteristics. The wafer has material removed, added, or doped using the available suite
of fabrication tools. A high yield of devices demands that the environment be
controlled using a cleanroom. After completing the fabrication process, the wafer
may contain thousands of functional chips. By dicing the wafer, the chips are available
for packaging to produce the final product. The available processing tools have seen
several generations of improvements because of the electronics industry’s relentless
drive to make smaller and smaller devices.
Bottom-up approaches are characterized by controlled chemical synthesis or by
physically directing growth of an initial “molecular soup” with all of the ingredients
to build the final structure. The processes that organize the constituents into a final
product are broadly called self-assembly techniques. Many of the approaches are bio-
inspired following nature’s ability to build complex systems from molecular building
blocks. In self-assembly, the molecules are collected into nanosized structures that can
be termed superatoms. An example of nature’s self-assembled bottom-up approach is
found in opaline materials. The beautiful colors of opals are the result of light interfer-
ence and diffraction from a periodic arrangement of silica spheres. In modern terminol-
ogy, the structures would be called photonic crystals. Chemists and materials scientists
have harnessed nature’s ability to form opals and have improved on it using methods to
synthesize complex one-, two-, and three-dimensional photonic crystals using block
copolymers. The bottom-up creation of inverse opals (i.e., synthesizing a scaffolding
around the silica spheres before removing the spheres by chemical etching) is an
example of stepping beyond nature to create a material with properties not naturally
found.
6 Fundamentals and Applications of Nanophotonics

We mention as a historical reference a 1959 lecture by the iconic Nobel Laureate

Richard Feynman. The talk went largely unnoticed for several decades, but it was
recently popularized in several publications. In December 1959, Feynman presented
a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” As the title suggests, he
saw no physical limitations to writing information on a much smaller scale (e.g.,
writing the entire Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin). In Feynman’s words,
“there is plenty of room to make them (computers) smaller. There is nothing that I can
see in the physical laws that says the computer elements cannot be made enormously
smaller than they are now. In fact, there may be certain advantages.” Although this
article does not have a historical position in the development of nanotechnology, it still
is relevant for the physical foresight Feynman showed as sizes are scaled down.
The top-down fabrication techniques used to make nanophotonic devices and mate-
rials leverage on decades of progress and investments made in the electronics industry to
develop higher precision tools and control of nanometer-sized critical dimensions sus-
tained over wafer-sized areas. The drive toward nanofabrication is most evident in the
electronics industry. After the initial ideas for designing and fabricating integrated cir-
cuitry (IC) were conceived, the technology was continually refined and improved in
continuous cycles to reduce the dimensions of electronic devices on a chip. A process
that continues to the present day and a comprehensive, industry-driven is found in the
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Its origins go back to the
mid-1960s and the prognostication by Gordon Moore that the number of components
integrated on a chip would grow exponentially (i.e., double approximately every
2 years). This prediction has been dubbed Moore’s law, and it is remarkable that expo-
nential growth has been adhered to for more than 4 decades.
To keep pace with Moore’s law, the industry developed new techniques and tools
that improved the production and yield of the products. Modern nanotechnology
requires a suite of instruments performing specific tasks that are needed to make the
final product. In general, making high-performance devices requires lithography
and patterning, materials etching techniques, and materials deposition to fabricate.
Table 1.1 lists the major nanofabrication technology steps. Semiconductor lithography
is defined by several techniques to write a pattern on a wafer surface. Knowledge about
each fabrication step is invaluable for understanding the obstacles that need to be over-
come in fabricating a new material or device.

Table 1.1 Major fabrication technology processes

Process Examples

Lithography and patterning Ultraviolet or extreme ultraviolet light, X rays, electron

beams, dip-pen, and nanoimprint lithographies
Deposition techniques Physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition,
molecular beam epitaxy
Etching Wet and dry (plasma) techniques
Introduction to nanophotonics 7

As the origin of the name suggests, lithography is the process of transferring a

pattern onto a substrate. The pattern was traditionally made on a mask, and the pattern
was transferred to a photoresist by optical illumination using ultraviolet (UV) light. As
feature sizes were reduced, new processing techniques were worked out and new tools,
such as extreme UV and electron beam writing, were developed. Additional tools
deposited materials with nanometer accuracy or embossed a nanometer feature in a
thermoplastic polymer. The pattern once transferred to a thin film is used to either
add material to the substrate by deposition techniques or remove material using etching
techniques. The fabrication processes and techniques are treated in detail in the fabri-
cation chapter. There are also instances in which the fabrication of new devices is a
blend of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Intermediate steps in the process of
making a final device can incorporate new bottom-up techniques that are compatible
with traditional cleanroom fabrication requirements.
In Feynman’s 1959 lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” he also chal-
lenged the community to improve metrology by developing higher resolution instru-
ments to image the written features. Writing the Encyclopedia Britannica on the
head of a pin is a simple fabrication challenge demonstration that Feynman proposed;
however, writing information is only one part of the process. To be complete and use-
ful, an instrument is needed that can faithfully read the written content, for example, on
the head of a pin. Without the reader, the fabrication process would be incomplete
without a process to verify the faithful writing of the data.
The same need carries over to the design of functional nanostructures on substrates.
After designing, fabricating, or chemically synthesizing the nanostructures, the sam-
ples need to be characterized with an instrument that resolves to a scale less than
the critical dimensions of the nanostructures. Thus, the development of nanoresolution
imaging instrumentation is indispensable for examining the features created during the
fabrication process. Fabrication is not complete until the process has been monitored
and verified at all stages. Characterization is a necessary and important step in the
development of our understanding of nanostructured materials and the processing
steps so that the fabrication can be cyclically improved.
The list of characterization techniques in Table 1.2 reflects traditional and recent
metrology developments. Optical microscopes are well understood and have been
developed over several centuries with new techniques to increase resolution
discovered mainly in the twentieth century. Added to traditional optical microscopy

Table 1.2 Characterization techniques

Imaging technique Examples

Optical techniques Optical microscopy, ellipsometry, optical spectroscopies,

laser pulse-probe techniques
Electron microscopes Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy
Scanning probe techniques Atomic force, scanning tunneling and near-field optical
microscopies, etc.
8 Fundamentals and Applications of Nanophotonics

is a slew of other techniques as a result of the development of coherent sources and of

our understanding of incoherence. Nonlinear optical techniques have also added to our
repertoire of instruments that enable submicron-feature resolution. The 2014 Nobel
Prize in Chemistry shared by Stefan Hell, William Moerner, and Eric Betzig acknowl-
edged the remarkable resolution improvements that can be achieved by developing
novel applications of advanced laser technology. Electron imaging techniques based
on the quantum wave nature of the electron (i.e., its de Broglie wavelength) were first
demonstrated in the 1930s, and the technology was greatly advanced after World War
II. There is a plethora of modern scanning techniques that have appeared since the
invention of the scanning tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
in 1981 (1986 Nobel Prize in Physics); the tunneling instrument has a resolution
extending to the scale of Angstroms or less. Since then, the list of scanning probe
methods has expanded, which adds to the list of extremely high-resolution techniques.
Many of the metrology breakthroughs have also been internationally acknowledged by
conferring of Nobel Prizes.

1.4 Devices
Although the pursuit of new knowledge that confers deeper insights into atomephoton
interactions on the nanoscale is an important quest that shapes our fundamental under-
standing of nature, it is the development of new photonic devices applying the new
principles that is affecting rapid change in our world. The pace of technological
advancement has accelerated on a scale that was scarcely comprehensible only a cen-
tury ago. The march of technology is apparent in the constant evolution of electronic
devices developed for entertainment. For example, recorded music is widely enjoyed
by everyone, and the electronics technology we use to enjoy it has gone through a
rapid evolution over the past six decades. The storage of music saw a progression
from analog technology using vinyl records; then tapes gave way to digital technology
with CDs, which were used in compact players largely because of the introduction of
semiconductor lasers; and, subsequently, to electronic as electronic memory technol-
ogy (e.g., flash memory storage) matured and they were incorporated into music de-
vices. The need to lug around dozens of CDs to play in a bulky player on long
flights was obviated after solid-state storage devices were introduced in the market-
place; the devices are so compact that they fit in the palm of our hands and contain
hundreds of albums (try carrying that many CDs on a long flight!).
The Nobel Laureate and nanotechnologist Richard Smalley was a passionate advo-
cate for science education and used his talents to espouse a list of the top global prob-
lems facing humanity in the next half century. Smalley’s list in Table 1.3 (modified
from the original by combining environment and poverty) includes challenging
problems that are open ended and closely interrelated. Incremental technology
improvements make the problems more manageable. Nanotechnology researchers
continue working toward solutions to Smalley’s challenges, especially if it has special
potential applications to the fields of energy, water, disease, food, and environment.
Introduction to nanophotonics 9

Smalley’s list of top global problems

Table 1.3
facing humanity in the next half century
Humanities top problems

Energy
Water
Food
Environment and poverty
Terrorism and war
Disease
Education
Democracy
Population

Tackling problems in these fields engages engineers and scientists from across the
globe who practice the concept of “science without borders.” They not only attend in-
ternational conferences, but they develop collaborative research partnerships with
personnel exchange and division of labor among fabrication, characterization, and de-
vice testing to advance photonics technology.
To illustrate the complexity and connectivity of the problems, consider the energy
challenge. It is a problem with many facets that can be addressed. An energy solution
should be sustainable and use renewable resources, suggesting alternative approaches
that also affect water, environment, poverty, and disease. Among several approaches,
there are solar cells or photovoltaics. They are a clean source of energy production, but
they have relatively low energy harvesting efficiency. Photovoltaic device research is
spurred to discover continual improvements by incorporating novel materials, such as
perovskites and nanoparticles, and designing tandem layers to enhance their energy
conversion efficiency. Furthermore, solid-state lighting, such as light-emitting diodes,
and electronics have substantially improved humans’ standard of living, and optical
communication has enabled the dissemination of information with unprecedented
speed around the globe. Both technologies impact Smalley’s education and democracy
challenges, while at the same time managing energy consumption. Other areas of the
energy challenge in which nanotechnology can play a role are reducing energy losses
in transmission and improving energy storage devices.
In the field of telecommunications, the development of low-loss optical fibers and
photonics technology with its enormous bandwidth has outpaced other means of
communication and ushered in a new era of the information age in which photonics
is the dominant technology. Driving these systems are photonic devices, semicon-
ductor lasers, and photodetectors that are products of nanophotonics research. There
are also breakthroughs in the channel carrying the information. For example, the intro-
duction of optical amplifiers in long-haul fiber-optic systems sustained the optical
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
And with the shadow people be.

IN BARRACKS

AN OLD DESIRE

I searched thro' memory's lumber-room

And there I found an old desire,
I took it gently from the gloom
To cherish by my scanty tire.

And all the night a sweet-voiced one,

Sang of the place my loves abide,
Til Earth leaned over from the dawn
And hid the last star in her side.

And often since, when most alone,

I ponder on my old desire,
But never hear the sweet-voiced one,
And there are ruins in my fire.

THOMAS McDONAGH

He shall not hear the bittern cry

In the wild sky, where he is lain,
Nor voices of the sweeter birds
Above the wailing of the rain.

Nor shall he know when loud March blows

Thro' slanting snows her fanfare shrill,
Blowing to flame the golden cup
Of many an upset daffodil.

But when the Dark Cow leaves the moor,

And pastures poor with greedy weeds,
Perhaps he'll hear her low at morn
Lifting her horn in pleasant meads.

THE WEDDING MORNING

Spread the feast, and let there be

Such music heard as best beseems
A king's son coming from the sea
To wed a maiden of the streams.

Poets, pale for long ago,

Bring sweet sounds from rock and flood,
You by echo's accent know
Where the water is and wood.

Harpers whom the moths of Time

Bent and wrinkled dusty brown,
Her chains are falling with a chime,
Sweet as bells in Heaven town.

But, harpers, leave your harps aside,

And, poets, leave awhile your dreams.
The storm has come upon the tide
And Cathleen weeps among her streams.

THE BLACKBIRDS

I heard the Poor Old Woman say:

"At break of day the fowler came,
And took my blackbirds from their songs
Who loved me well thro shame and blame.

No more from lovely distances

Their songs shall bless me mile by mile,
Nor to white Ashbourne call me down
To wear my crown another while.

With bended flowers the angels mark

For the skylark the place they lie,
From there its little family
Shall dip their wings first in the sky.

And when the first surprise of flight

Sweet songs excite, from the far dawn
Shall there come blackbirds loud with love,
Sweet echoes of the singers gone.

But in the lonely hush of eve

Weeping I grieve the silent bills."
I heard the Poor Old Woman say
In Derry of the little hills.
THE LURE

I saw night leave her halos down

On Mitylene's dark mountain isle,
The silhouette of one fair town
Like broken shadows in a pile.
And in the farther dawn I heard
The music of a foreign bird.

In fields of shady angles now

I stand and dream in the half dark:
The thrush is on the blossomed bough,
Above the echoes sings the lark,
And little rivers drop between
Hills fairer than dark Mitylene.

Yet something calls me with no voice

And wakes sweet echoes in my mind;
In the fair country of my choice
Nor Peace nor Love again I find,
Nor anything of rest I know
When south-east winds are blowing low.

THRO' BOGAC BAN

I met the Silent Wandering Man,

Thro' Bogac Ban he made his way,
Humming a slow old Irish tune,
On Joseph Plunkett's wedding day.
And all the little whispering things
That love the springs of Bogac Ban,
Spread some new rumour round the dark
And turned their faces from the dawn.

* * * * *

My hand upon my harp I lay,

I cannot say what things I know;
To meet the Silent Wandering Man
Of Bogac Ban once more I go.

FATE

Lugh made a stir in the air

With his sword of cries,
And fairies thro' hidden ways
Came from the skies,
And their spells withered up the fair
And vanquished the wise.

And old lame Balor came down

With his gorgon eye
Hidden behind its lid,
Old, withered and dry.
He looked on the wattle town,
And the town passed by.

These things I know in my dreams,

The crying sword of Lugh,
And Balor's ancient eye
Searching me through,
Withering up my songs
And my pipe yet new.

EVENING CLOUDS

A little flock of clouds go down to rest

In some blue corner off the moon's highway,
With shepherd winds that shook them in the West
To borrowed shapes of earth, in bright array,
Perhaps to weave a rainbow's gay festoons
Around the lonesome isle which Brooke has made
A little England full of lovely noons,
Or dot it with his country's mountain shade.

Ah, little wanderers, when you reach that isle

Tell him, with dripping dew, they have not failed,
What he loved most; for late I roamed awhile
Thro' English fields and down her rivers sailed;
And they remember him with beauty caught
From old desires of Oriental Spring
Heard in his heart with singing overwrought;
And still on Purley Common gooseboys sing.

SONG

The winds are scented with woods after rain,

And a raindrop shines in the daisy's eye.
Shall we follow the swallow again, again,
Ah! little yearning thing, you and I?

You and I to the South again,

And heart! Oh, heart, how you shall sigh,
For the kind soft wind that follows the rain,
And the raindrop shed from the daisy's eye.

THE HERONS

As I was climbing Ardan Mor

From the shore of Sheelan lake,
I met the herons coming down
Before the water's wake.

And they were talking in their flight

Of dreamy ways the herons go
When all the hills are withered up
Nor any waters flow.

IN THE SHADOWS

The silent music of the flowers

Wind-mingled shall not fail to cheer
The lonely hours
When I no more am here.

Then in some shady willow place

Take up the book my heart has made,
And hide your face
Against my name which was a shade.

THE SHIPS OF ARCADY

Thro' the faintest filigree

Over the dim waters go
Little ships of Arcady
When the morning moon is low.

I can hear the sailors' song

From the blue edge of the sea,
Passing like the lights along
Thro' the dusky filigree.

Then where moon and waters meet

Sail by sail they pass away,
With little friendly winds replete
Blowing from the breaking day.

And when the little ships have flown,

Dreaming still of Arcady
I look across the waves, alone
In the misty filigree.

AFTER

And in the after silences

Of flower-lit distances I'll be,
And who would find me travels far
In lands unsung of minstrelsy.
Strong winds shall cross my secret way,
And planet mountains hide my goal,
I shall go on from pass to pass,
By monstrous rocks, a lonely soul.

TO ONE WEEPING

Maiden, these are sacred tears,

Let me not disturb your grief!
Had I but your bosom's fears
I should weep, nor seek relief.

My woe is a silent woe

'Til I give it measured rhyme,
When the blackbird's flute is low
In my heart at singing time.

A DREAM DANCE

Maeve held a ball on the dún,

Cuculain and Eimer were there,
In the light of an old broken moon
I was dancing with Deirdre the fair.

How loud was the laughter of Finn

As he blundered about thro' a reel,
Tripping up Caoilte the thin,
Or jostling the dreamy Aleel.

And when the dance ceased for a song,

How sweet was the singing of Fand,
We could hear her far, wandering along,
My hand in that beautiful hand.

BY FAUGHAN

For hills and woods and streams unsung

I pipe above a rippled cove.
And here the weaver autumn hung
Between the hills a wind she wove
From sounds the hills remember yet
Of purple days and violet.

The hills stand up to trip the sky,

Sea-misted, and along the tops
Wing after wing goes summer by,
And many a little roadway stops
And starts, and struggles to the sea,
Cutting them up in filigree.

Twixt wind and silence Faughan flows,

In music broken over rocks,
Like mingled bells the poet knows
Ring in the fields of Eastern flocks.
And here this song for you I find
Between the silence and the wind.
IN SEPTEMBER

Still are the meadowlands, and still

Ripens the upland corn,
And over the brown gradual hill
The moon has dipped a horn.

The voices of the dear unknown

With silent hearts now call,
My rose of youth is overblown
And trembles to the fall.

My song forsakes me like the birds

That leave the rain and grey,
I hear the music of the words
My lute can never say.

LAST SONGS

TO AN OLD QUILL OF LORD DUNSANY'S

Before you leave my hands' abuses

To lie where many odd things meet you,
Neglected darkling of the Muses,
I, the last of singers, greet you.
Snug in some white wing they found you,
On the Common bleak and muddy,
Noisy goslings gobbling round you
In the pools of sunset, ruddy.

Have you sighed in wings untravelled

For the heights where others view the
Bluer widths of heaven, and marvelled
At the utmost top of Beauty?

No! it cannot be; the soul you

Sigh with craves nor begs of us.
From such heights a poet stole you
From a wing of Pegasus.

You have been where gods were sleeping

In the dawn of new creations,
Ere they woke to woman's weeping
At the broken thrones of nations.

You have seen this old world shattered

By old gods it disappointed,
Lying up in darkness, battered
By wild comets, unanointed.

But for Beauty unmolested

Have you still the sighing olden?
I know mountains heather-crested,
Waters white, and waters golden.

There I'd keep you, in the lowly

Beauty-haunts of bird and poet,
Sailing in a wing, the holy
Silences of lakes below it.
But I leave you by where no man
Finds you, when I too be gone
From the puddles on this common
Over the dark Rubicon.

Londonderry,
September 18th, 1916.

TO A SPARROW

Because you have no fear to mingle

Wings with those of greater part,
So like me, with song I single
Your sweet impudence of heart.

And when prouder feathers go where

Summer holds her leafy show,
You still come to us from nowhere
Like grey leaves across the snow.

In back ways where odd and end go

To your meals you drop down sure,
Knowing every broken window
Of the hospitable poor.

There is no bird half so harmless,

None so sweetly rude as you,
None so common and so charmless,
None of virtues nude as you.

But for all your faults I love you,

For you linger with us still,
Though the wintry winds reprove you
And the snow is on the hill.

Londonderry,
September 20th, 1916.

OLD CLO'

I was just coming in from the garden,

Or about to go fishing for eels,
And, smiling, I asked you to pardon
My boots very low at the heels.
And I thought that you never would go,
As you stood in the doorway ajar,
For my heart would keep saying, "Old Clo',
You're found out at last as you are."

I was almost ashamed to acknowledge

That I was the quarry you sought,
For was I not bred in a college
And reared in a mansion, you thought.
And now in the latest style cut
With fortune more kinder I go
To welcome you half-ways. Ah! but
I was nearer the gods when "Old Clo'."

YOUTH
She paved the way with perfume sweet
Of flowers that moved like winds alight,
And never weary grew my feet
Wandering through the spring's delight.

She dropped her sweet fife to her lips

And lured me with her melodies,
To where the great big wandering ships
Put out into the peaceful seas.

But when the year grew chill and brown,

And all the wings of Summer flown,
Within the tumult of a town
She left me to grow old alone.

THE LITTLE CHILDREN

Hunger points a bony finger

To the workhouse on the hill,
But the little children linger
While there's flowers to gather still
For my sunny window sill.

In my hands I take their faces,

Smiling to my smiles they run.
Would that I could take their places
Where the murky bye-ways shun
The benedictions of the sun.

How they laugh and sing returning

Lightly on their secret way.
While I listen in my yearning
Their laughter fills the windy day
With gladness, youth and May.

AUTUMN

Now leafy winds are blowing cold,

And South by West the sun goes down,
A quiet huddles up the fold
In sheltered corners of the brown.

Like scattered fire the wild fruit strews

The ground beneath the blowing tree,
And there the busy squirrel hews
His deep and secret granary.

And when the night comes starry clear,

The lonely quail complains beside
The glistening waters on the mere
Where widowed Beauties yet abide.

And I, too, make my own complaint

Upon a reed I plucked in June,
And love to hear it echoed faint
Upon another heart in tune.

Londonderry,
September 29th, 1916.
IRELAND

I called you by sweet names by wood and linn,

You answered not because my voice was new,
And you were listening for the hounds of Finn
And the long hosts of Lugh.

And so, I came unto a windy height

And cried my sorrow, but you heard no wind,
For you were listening to small ships in flight,
And the wail on hills behind.

And then I left you, wandering the war

Armed with will, from distant goal to goal,
To find you at the last free as of yore,
Or die to save your soul.

And then you called to us from far and near

To bring your crown from out the deeps of time,
It is my grief your voice I couldn't hear
In such a distant clime.

LADY FAIR

Lady fair, have we not met

In our lives elsewhere?
Darkling in my mind to-night
Faint fair faces dare
Memory's old unfaithfulness
To what was true and fair.
Long of memory is Regret,
But what Regret has taken flight
Through my memory's silences?
Lo! I turn it to the light.
'Twas but a pleasure in distress,
Too faint and far off for redress.
But some light glancing in your hair
And in the liquid of your eyes
Seem to murmur old good-byes
In our lives elsewhere.
Have we not met, Lady fair?

Londonderry,
October 27th, 1916.

AT A POET'S GRAVE

When I leave down this pipe my friend

And sleep with flowers I loved, apart,
My songs shall rise in wilding things
Whose roots are in my heart.

And here where that sweet poet sleeps

I hear the songs he left unsung,
When winds are fluttering the flowers
And summer-bells are rung.

November, 1916.
AFTER COURT MARTIAL

My mind is not my mind, therefore

I take no heed of what men say,
I lived ten thousand years before
God cursed the town of Nineveh.

The Present is a dream I see

Of horror and loud sufferings,
At dawn a bird will waken me
Unto my place among the kings.

And though men called me a vile name,

And all my dream companions gone,
'Tis I the soldier bears the shame.
Not I the king of Babylon.

A MOTHER'S SONG

Little ships of whitest pearl

With sailors who were ancient kings,
Come over the sea when my little girl
Sings.

And if my little girl should weep,

Little ships with torn sails
Go headlong down among the deep
Whales.
November, 1916.

AT CURRABWEE

Every night at Currabwee

Little men with leather hats
Mend the boots of Faery
From the tough wings of the bats.
So my mother told to me,
And she is wise you will agree.

Louder than a cricket's wing

All night long their hammer's glee
Times the merry songs they sing
Of Ireland glorious and free.
So I heard Joseph Plunkett say,
You know he heard them but last May.

And when the night is very cold

They warm their hands against the light
Of stars that make the waters gold
Where they are labouring all the night.
So Pearse said, and he knew the truth,
Among the stars he spent his youth.

And I, myself, have often heard

Their singing as the stars went by,
For am I not of those who reared
The banner of old Ireland high,
From Dublin town to Turkey's shores,
And where the Vardar loudly roars?
December, 1916.

SONG-TIME IS OVER

I will come no more awhile,

O Song-time is over.
A fire is burning in my heart,
I was ever a rover.

You will hear me no more awhile,

The birds are dumb,
And a voice in the distance calls
"Come," and "Come,"

December 13th, 1916.

UNA BAWN

Una Bawn, the days are long,

And the seas I cross are wide,
I must go when Ireland needs,
And you must bide.

And should I not return to you

When the sails are on the tide,
'Tis you will find the days so long,
Una Bawn, and I must bide.
December 13th, 1916.

SPRING LOVE

I saw her coming through the flowery grass,

Round her swift ankles butterfly and bee
Blent loud and silent wings; I saw her pass
Where foam-bows shivered on the sunny sea.

Then came the swallow crowding up the dawn,

And cuckoo-echoes filled the dewy South.
I left my love upon the hill, alone,
My last kiss burning on her lovely mouth.

B.E.F.—December 26th, 1916.

SOLILOQUY

When I was young I had a care

Lest I should cheat me of my share
Of that which makes it sweet to strive
For life, and dying still survive,
A name in sunshine written higher
Than lark or poet dare aspire.

But I grew weary doing well,

Besides, 'twas sweeter in that hell,
Down with the loud banditti people
Who robbed the orchards, climbed the steeple
For jackdaws' eggs and made the cock
Crow ere 'twas daylight on the clock.
I was so very bad the neighbours
Spoke of me at their daily labours.

And now I'm drinking wine in France,

The helpless child of circumstance.
To-morrow will be loud with war,
How will I be accounted for?

It is too late now to retrieve

A fallen dream, too late to grieve
A name unmade, but not too late
To thank the gods for what is great;
A keen-edged sword, a soldier's heart,
Is greater than a poet's art.
And greater than a poet's fame
A little grave that has no name.

DAWN

Quiet miles of golden sky,

And in my heart a sudden flower.
I want to clap my hands and cry
For Beauty in her secret bower.

Quiet golden miles of dawn—Smiling

all the East along;
And in my heart nigh fully blown
A little rose-bud of a song.
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