NAME: TUSHAR GUPTA
ID:2023UME1689
ASSIGNMENT:8
1. Advantages of Fluid Power over Mechanical
Power:
# High Power-to-Weight Ratio: Smaller and lighter
components deliver large power.
# Ease of Control: Precise control of speed,
direction, and force using valves.
# Smooth Operation: Fluid power provides
uniform motion without jerks.
# Overload Protection: Relief valves prevent
system damage.
# Flexibility: Power can be transmitted over long
distances with minimal loss.
# Multiplication of Force: Small inputs can control
large outputs.
2. Hydraulic Generation and Accumulation
System
Explanation:
Pump: Converts mechanical power to hydraulic
power.
Check Valve: Prevents reverse flow.
Accumulator: Stores hydraulic energy for peak
demands or emergency.
Actuator: Uses the fluid power to perform work.
3. Hydraulic Cylinders: Design, Interface &
Mountings:
Types:
Single Acting: Force in one direction.
Double Acting: Force in both directions.
Design Aspects: Material, seals, pressure rating,
bore size, stroke length.
Mountings:
Clevis, Trunnion, Flange, Foot Mount.
Mechanical Linkages: Used to transmit motion to
loads (e.g., levers, arms).
4. Pumps in Automation (Symbols Included):
Gear Pump (Symbol: Two intermeshing gears)
Vane Pump (Symbol: Circle with arrows and
vanes)
Piston Pump (Symbol: Circle with piston arrows)
Screw Pump (Symbol: Spiral arrows inside a
circle)
5. Positive vs Non-Positive Displacement Pumps:
Sketch Comparison:
Positive: Fixed volume per cycle (e.g., piston,
gear).
Non-Positive: Variable flow, affected by resistance
(e.g., centrifugal).
Key Differences:
Feature Positive Displacement Non-Positive
Displacement
Flow consistency Constant Variable
Pressure High Low
Priming Self-priming Not self-priming
6. Mechatronics System Example – Fluid Tank
System:
Explanation (with sketch):
Sensor → Controller → Actuator → Process →
Feedback
Example: Level sensor → PLC → Valve → Tank →
Level signal feedback.
7. Case Study: Fluid Pressure Measurement
Sensor: Strain gauge-based pressure sensor.
Signal Conditioning: Wheatstone bridge →
Amplifier → ADC.
Arrangement: Sensor on pipe → signal to PLC →
display or control logic.
8. Flow Diagram for Pump Selection:
pgsql
Copy code
Start → Determine System Requirements →
Select Pump Type →
Check Compatibility (fluid, pressure, flow) →
Select Drive →
Evaluate Efficiency → Finalize Pump
9. Cavitation in Pumps:
Definition: Formation and collapse of vapor
bubbles.
Causes: Low inlet pressure.
Elimination: Maintain NPSH, use correct suction
piping, avoid high temperature.
10. Symbols:
(a) Pressure Relief Valve: →┴
(b) 2/2 Valve (PB + Spring): [—(PB)]—O—[Spring]
(c) 4/2 Valve: 4 ports, 2 positions — arrow
diagrams
(d) Directional Valve: Multiple boxes with flow
paths
11. D-CVs vs P-CVs:
Directional Control Valves (DCVs): Control
direction of fluid.
Pressure Control Valves (PCVs): Regulate system
pressure.
12. Fluid Power Actuators:
Linear Actuators (Cylinders): For pressing, lifting.
Rotary Actuators (Motors): For drilling, rotating
tables.
Applications: Robotics, automation, presses,
lifting jacks.
13. Justification of Statement:
Mechanical linkages + cylinder mounting
determine how force is applied.
Proper integration ensures reliable actuation in
machines.
14. Control of Single-Acting Cylinder with
Solenoid:
Sketch:
Solenoid-controlled 3/2 DCV → Cylinder.
Explanation:
Energizing solenoid extends cylinder.
Spring-return retracts it.
15. Double-Acting Cylinder Construction:
Components: Piston, rod, seals, end caps, ports.
Working: Fluid alternately pressurized on both
sides.
16. Basic Electrical Devices:
Sensors (proximity, pressure)
Actuators (relays, solenoids)
PLC, Timers, Switches
Amplifiers, ADC/DAC
17. Role of 3/2 DCV in Double-Acting Cylinder:
Used in tandem with another valve to pilot-
control main DCV or drain pilot port.
18. Poppet vs Shuttle Valve:
Poppet Valve: Direct sealing, simple, quick
operation.
Shuttle Valve: Allows one of two inputs to pass to
output.
19. Pilot-Operated Valve Principle:
Small pilot pressure opens main valve. Used to
control high flow/pressure.
20. Direct Control of SAHC using DCV (Sketch):
Pump → 3/2 DCV → SAHC
Spring return retracts, solenoid extends.
21. Hydraulic Generation & Accumulation (Sketch
Repetition of Q2):
Includes pump, filter, check valve, accumulator,
pressure relief, actuator.
22. Normally Open vs Closed Pressure Valves:
Normally Closed: Open when pressure > set
point.
Normally Open: Close when pressure > set point.
Symbols vary by arrow placement and spring
direction.
23. Single Solenoid with Spring Return Control:
Working: Energized solenoid moves valve to
extend cylinder.
Spring: Returns valve to retract cylinder when de-
energized.
24. Proportional Control Valve Use and Sketch:
Use: Where variable flow/position is needed
(robotics, throttle).
Sketch: Servo + feedback loop adjusts spool
position proportionally.
25. Flow Characteristics of PCVs:
Linear: Flow increases proportionally.
Equal %: Flow increases exponentially.
Quick Opening: Fast flow increase initially.
26. Cylinder Sequencing:
Definition: Ensuring actuators operate in order.
Used In: Industrial automation, packaging,
machining.
27. Sequential Valve Function:
Mechanism: Delays next operation until pressure
in first cylinder builds up, opens valve.
28. PCVs in Electro-Hydraulics:
Used for variable control of actuators, e.g., in
motion control, robotics, aircraft systems.
29. Direct vs Indirect Cylinder Control:
Direct: DCV directly controls cylinder.
Indirect: Pilot pressure controls main valve, which
controls cylinder.
30. Cylinder Sequencing – Conventional vs
Cascading:
Need: Ensure safe and correct sequence.
Conventional: Mechanical/valve-based.
Cascading: Uses groups and memory valves (fluid
logic).
Let me know if you’d like this in a printable PDF
or with labeled sketches.
