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Andrew Jones Leiv Rieger
Jim Joyce Joel C. Rife, P.E.
John C. Kabouris, Ph.D., P.E. Adam Rogensues, P.E.
Dimitri Katehis A. Robert Rubin, Ph.D.
Morgan Knighton Andrew Salveson, P.E.
Kyle Kubista, P.E. Domenico Santoro
Satej Kulkarni Patricia A. Scanlan
Louis Lefebvre Kimberly Schlauch
Wayne Lem Harold E. Schmidt, Jr., P.E., BCEE
Kevin S. Leung, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Kenneth Schnaars, P.E.
F. Michael Lewis Megan Yoo Schneider
Peter Loomis, P.E. Sandra Schuler
Dusti F. Lowndes Matt Seib, Ph.D.
Lee A. Lundberg, P.E. Douglas Sherman, P.E.
Jose Christiano Machado Jr., Ph.D., P.E. Toshio Shimada, Ph.D., P.E.
Laura Marcolini, P.E. Jim E. Smith, Jr, D.Sc, MASCE, BCEEM
Samir Mathur, P.E., BCEE Eric Spargimino, P.E., LEED AP
William C. McConnell Eric T. Staunton, Ph.D.
Lauren McDaniel, MPH Jennifer L. Strehler, P.E., MBA, BCEE,
Charles M. McGinley, P.E. ENV-SP
Michael A. McGinley, P.E. Timothy H. Sullivan, P.E.
Anna Mehrotra, Ph.D., P.E. Steven Swanback
Henryk Melcer Jay L. Swift, P.E.
Baoxia Mi (ASCE Blue Ribbon Review Alex Szerwinski, P.E.
Panel) Alex Tabb
Mark W. Miller, Ph.D. Berrin Tansel, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, F.ASCE,
Elizabeth Miner F.EWRI (ASCE Blue Ribbon Review
Richard 0. Mines, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. (ASCE Panel)
Blue Ribbon Review Panel) Anthony Tartaglione, P.E., BCEE
Indra N. Mitra, Ph.D., P.E., MBA, BCEE George Tchobanoglous (ASCE Blue
Manny Moncholi Ribbon Review Panel)
Ray P. Montoya, P.E. Matt Tebow, P.E.
Steve Mustard, P.E., CAP, GICSP Rachelle Tippetts
Garrison W. Myer David Tomowich
Vincent Nazareth K. Richard Tsang, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE
Maureen D. Neville, P.E. Jason Turgeon
Robert A. (Randy) Nixon David Ubert
Ing. Daniel Nolasco David Valero
Helena Ochoa Don Vandertulip, P.E., BCEE
David W. Oerke, P.E. Ales Volcansek, P.E.
Tim Page-Bottorff, CSP, CET Tanush Wadhawan, Ph.D.
Ana J. Pena-Tijerina, Ph.D., P.E. Trevor Wagenmaker, P.E.
Heather M. Phillips, P.E. Kristen Waksman
Ashley Pifer, Ph.D., P.E. Steve Waters, P.E., P. Eng
Marcel Pomerleau David G. Weissbrodt, Asst. Prof., Ph.D.,
Ray Porter M.Sc., Dipl.-Ing.
Coenraad Pretorius, P.E. Jianfeng Wen
Pusker Regmi, Ph.D., P.E. Curt Wendt, P.E., CAP
Claes Westring Paul Wood
Andrea Turriciano White, P.E. Wade Wood, P.E.
Jason J. Williams, P.E. Thomas Worley-Morse, Ph.D.
Matthew J. Williams, P.E. Usama Z aher, Ph.D., P.E.
Hannah T. Wilner, P.E., PMP Tian C. Zhang, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, F.ASCE
Melissa K. Woo, P.E. (ASCE Blue Ribbon Review Panel)

Under the Direction of the Municipal Subcommittee of the Technical Practice

Committee

2018

Water Environment Federation American Society of Civil

601 Wythe Street Engineers/Environmental and
Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 USA Water Resources Institute
http://www.wef.org 1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, VA 20191-4400
http://www.asce.org
This page intentionally left blank
Manuals of Practice of the Water Environment Federation
The WEF Technical Practice Committee (formerly the Committee on Sewage and Indus­
trial Wastes Practice of the Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations)
was created by the Federation Board of Control on October 11, 1941. The primary func­
tion of the Committee is to originate and produce, through appropriate subcommittees,
special publications dealing with technical aspects of the broad interests of the Federa­
tion. These publications are intended to provide background information through a
review of technical practices and detailed procedures that research and experience have
shown to be functional and practical.

Water Environment Federation

Technical Practice Committee
Control Group

Eric Rothstein, C.P.A., Chair

D. Medina, Vice-Chair
Jeanette Brown, P.E., BCEE, D. WRE, F.WEF, Past Chair

H. Azam
G. Baldwin
Katherine (Kati) Y. Bell, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE
C.-C. Chang
J. Davis
C. deBarbadillo, P.E.
S. Fitzgerald
T. Gellner
S. Gluck
Michael Hines, P.E.
J. Loudon
C. Maher
S. Metzler
F. Pasquel
C. Peot
R. Pope
R. Porter
L. Pugh
J. Reeves
S. Schwartz
A. Schwerman
Andrew R. Shaw, P.E.
A. Tangirala
R. Tsuchihashi
N. Wheatley
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice
(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930, and revised
March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)

A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a par­

ticular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations and applications of these
facts. It contains information useful to the average engineer in his or her everyday
work, rather than findings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any
sense a "standard," however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a
"rule of thumb" for nonengineers.
Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which expresses
only one person's observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group
selected to assemble and express information on a specific topic. As often as practicable,
the committee is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and
Councils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Com­
mittee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed
manuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and
Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When pub­
lished, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was compiled and
indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passed in review, in order
that its merit may be definitely understood.
In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction voted to estab­
lish a series entitled "Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice," to include the
Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice,
and Reports on Engineering Practice.
All such Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a
manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with
applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecu­
tive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In some cases of reports
of joint committees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.
 Contents
Preface xiii

1 Introduction Marie S. Burbano, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE;

Andres F. Onate Calderon; Manny Moncholi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Principles of Integrated Design Maureen D. Neville, P.E.;

Misti Burkman; Alexandra Doody, P.E.; William Dana Green, P.E.;
William Hotz; Anna Mehrotra, Ph.D., P.E.;
Don Vandertulip, P.E., BCEE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 Site Selection and Facility Layout Timothy H. Sullivan, P.E.;

Drew Hansen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4 Modeling for Design and Operation of Biological

Water Resource Recovery Processes Jose Jimenez; Chris Bye;
Ing. Daniel Nolasco; Leiv Rieger; Tanush Wadhawan, Ph.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5 Facility Hydraulics and Pumping Bently Green, P.E.;

John P. Brito, P.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

6 Odor and Air Emissions Management Charles M. McGinley, P.E.;

Michael A. McGinley, P.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

7 Support Systems Hannah T. Wilner, P.E., PMP; Daniel Freedman, P.E.;

Matthew Goss, P.E, CEM, CEA, CDSM, LEED® AP (BD+C);
Steve Mustard, P.E., CAB GICSP; Kenneth Schnaars, P.E.;
David Ubert; Ales Volcansek, P.E.; Curt Wendt, P.E., CAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

8 Materials of Construction and Corrosion Control

Robert A. (Randy) Nixon; Douglas Sherman, P.E.; Jim Joyce;
Christopher Hunniford, P.E.; Brian Huang.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

9 Preliminary Treatment Lucas Botero, P.E., BCEE, ENV SP;

Joel C. Rife, P.E.; Kendra D. Sveum, P.E.; Alex Szerwinski, P.E. . . . . . . . . . 513

10 Primary Treatment Akram Botrous, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE;

Onder Caliskaner, Ph.D., P.E.; Jeff Hauser; Mark W. Miller, Ph.D. . . . . . . . 595

11 Biofilm Reactor Technology and Design Pusker Regmi, Ph.D., P.E.;

Chris deBarbadillo, P.E.; David G. Weissbrodt, Asst. Prof, Ph.D.,
M.Sc., Dipl.-Ing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

12 Suspended-Growth Treatment Processes Timur Deniz, P h.D., P.E.,

BCEE; John R. Bratby, Ph.D., P.E.; Eric T. Staunton, Ph.D.;
Claes Westring; Andrea Turriciano White, P.E........................ 845

XI
XII Contents

13 Integrated Biological Treatment William C. McConnell;

Leon Downing; Satej Kulkarni; Laura Marcolini, P.E.;
Coenraad Pretorius, P.E.......................................... 1129

14 Physical and Chemical Processes for Advanced

Wastewater Treatment Val S. Frenkel, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE;
Onder Caliskaner, Ph.D., P.E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169

15 Sidestream Treatment Dimitri Katehis; Timothy A. Constantine;

Anthonie Hogendoorn, MSc.; Jose Christiano Machado Jr., Ph.D., P.E.;
Samir Mathur, P.E., BCEE .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311

16 Natural Systems A. Robert Rubin, Ph.D.; Michael Hines, P.E.. . . . . . . . 1343

17 Disinfection Gary L. Hunter, P.E., BCEE, ENV SP;

Naomi Eva Anderson; Keith Bourgeous, Ph.D, P.E.;
Leonard W. Casson, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE; Ludwig Dinkloh;
Kristin Frederickson; Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE;
Morgan Knighton; Garrison W. Myer; Andrew Salveson, P.E.;
Jay L. Swift, P.E. ............................................... 1391

18 Introduction to Solids Management K. Richard Tsang, Ph.D.,

P.E., BCEE; Amber Batson, P.E.; Matt Seib, Ph.D.;
Eric Spargimino, P.E., LEED AP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1471

19 Storage and Transport Bruce DiFrancisco, P.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509

20 Chemical Conditioning Peter Loomis, P.E.; Samir Mathur, P.E., BCEE;

Eric Spargimino, P.E., LEED AP; Anthony Tartaglione, P.E., BCEE;
Tanush Wadhawan, Ph.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1579

21 Solids Thickening Steven Swanback; Hany Gerges, Ph.D., P.E., P. Eng;

Rashi Gupta, P.E.; Anthony Tartaglione, P.E., BCEE; Adam Evans, P.E.... 1627

22 Dewatering Angela Hintz, P.E.; Jeovanni Ayala-Lugo, P.E.;

Harold E. Schmidt, Jr., P.E., BCEE; Kristen Waksman;
Jason f. Williams, P.E... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721

23 Stabilization Matthew f. Williams, P.E.;

Paul Bizier, P.E., F.ASCE, D. WRE; Jim Groman; Rachelle Tippetts. . . . . . . 1807

24 Thermal Processing Lee A. Lundberg, P.E.; Eric Auerbach;

Stan Chilson; Emma Cooney; Greg Homoki, P.E.; Andrew Jones;
F. Michael Lewis; Ashley Pifer, Ph.D., P.E.; Marcel Pomerleau;
Ray Porter; Kimberly Schlauch; Steve Waters, P.E., P. Eng.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051

25 Use and Disposal of Residuals and Biosolids Kari Fitzmorris

Brisolara, SeD, MSPH, QEP; Lisa Boudeman; Lauren McDaniel, MPH;
Helena Ochoa; A. Robert Rubin, P.E... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149

Index 2197
 Preface

T
his manual, updated from the 5th edition, continues its goal to be one of the prin­
cipal references of contemporary practice for the design of municipal water
resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). The manual was written for design profes­
sionals familiar with wastewater treatment concepts, the design process, and the regu­
latory basis of water pollution control. It is not intended to be a primer for the
inexperienced or the generalist. The manual is intended to reflect current facility design
practices of wastewater engineering professionals, augmented by performance infor­
mation from operating facilities. The design approaches and practices presented in the
manual reflect the experiences of more than 1 75 authors and reviewers.
This manual consists of 25 chapters, with each chapter focusing on a particular
subject or treatment objective. The successful design of a municipal WRRF is based
on consideration of each unit process and the upstream and downstream effects of
that unit's place and performance in the overall scheme of the treatment works.
Chapters 1 to 8 generally cover design concepts and principles that apply to the
overall WRRF. Chapters 9 to 1 7 discuss liquid-train-treatment operations or pro­
cesses. Finally, Chapters 18 to 25 address the management of solids generated during
wastewater treatment. Since the publication of the 5th edition of this manual, key
technical advances in wastewater treatment have included the following:

• Trend toward resource recovery and hence the revised name for the manual;
• Increasing goals toward energy neutrality and driving net zero;
• Use and application of modeling wastewater treatment processes for the basis
of design and evaluations of alternatives, which resulted in incorporation of a
new chapter summarizing Manual of Practice No. 31, Wastewater Treatment
Process Modeling;
• Further advances with membrane bioreactors applications;
• Advancements within integrated fixed-film/ activated sludge (IFAS) systems
and moving-bed biological-reactors systems;
• Sidestream nutrient removal to reduce the loading on the main nutrient­
removal process; and
• Advances in biosolids handling, including energy recovery and thermal
hydrolysis.

In response to these advancements, this edition includes some significant changes

from the 5th edition. As with prior editions, technologies that are no longer considered
current industry practice have been deleted or their content minimized.
Additionally, the focus of the manual has been sharpened. Like earlier editions, this
manual presents current design guidelines and practices of wastewater engineering
professionals. Design examples also are provided, in some instances, to show how the
guidelines and practice can be applied. However, information on process fundamentals

XI I I
XIV Preface

is covered to a lesser extent than in the previous edition. Readers are referred to other
publications for information on those topics.

Authors' and reviewers' efforts were supported by the following organizations:

AECOM, Piscataway, New Jersey; Buffalo, New York

American Water, Voorhees, New Jersey
Arcadis U.S., Inc., Highlands Ranch, Colorado; Buffalo, New York; White Plains,
New York
Arvos Schmidtsche Schack LLC, Wexford, Pennsylvania
Automation Federation, Raleigh, North Carolina
Barge, Waggoner, Sumner and Cannon, Nashville, Tennessee
Bedrock Enterprises, Inc., Baden, Pennsylvania
Black & Veatch, Coral Springs, Florida; Indianapolis, Indiana; Overland Park, Kansas;
Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Memphis, Tennessee
Brown and Caldwell, Maitland, Florida; Orlando, Florida; Charlotte, North Carolina;
Nashville, Tennessee; Alexandria, Virginia; Seattle, Washington
Carollo Engineers, Costa Mesa, California; Walnut Creek, California; Littleton,
Colorado; Tampa, Florida; Dallas, Texas
CDM Smith, Carlsbad, California; Irvine, California; Los Angeles, California; Denver,
Colorado; Bogota, Colombia; Maitland, Florida; Miami, Florida; Orlando, Florida;
Boston, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Albany, New York; Raleigh,
North Carolina; Providence, Rhode Island; Houston, Texas; Austin, Texas; Dallas, Texas;
Fairfax, Virginia; Leesburg, Virginia; Bellevue, Washington
CH2M, Tampa, Florida; Chicago, Illinois; Albuquerque, New Mexico; Herndon,
Virginia; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Corrosion Probe, Inc., Centerbrook, Connecticut
DC Water, Washington, D.C.
Donohue & Associates, Inc, Chicago, Illinois
Dynamita, Toronto, Canada
Dynamita S.A.R.L., Nyons, France
EnviroSim Associates Ltd., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Evoqua Water Technologies LLC, Bradenton, Florida
Garver, Dallas, Texas; Frisco, Texas
Gray and Osborne, Seattle, Washington
GREELEY and HANSEN, Chicago, Illinois; San Francisco, California
Hazen and Sawyer, Raleigh, North Carolina
HDR Engineering, Inc., Walnut Creek, California; Calverton, Maryland; Cleveland,
Ohio; Nashville, Tennessee
Hubbell, Roth & Clark, Inc., Detroit, Michigan
 Preface XV

inCTRL Solutions Inc., Oakville, Ontario, Canada

Intera, Richland, Washington
Johnson County Wastewater, Olathe, Kansas
Kennedy /Jenks Consultants, San Francisco, California
Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc., Mesa, Arizona; Ocala, Florida; Tampa, Florida;
West Palm Beach, Florida; Ft. Worth, Texas
Laura Marcolini & Associates, Inc., Cumberland, Rhode Island
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District, Madison, Wisconsin
Manhattan College, Bronx, New York
Material Matters, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania
National Automation, Inc., Spring, Texas
NOLASCO y Asociados. S. A., Buenos Aires, Argentina
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
SafeStart, Belleville, Ontario, Canada
Short Elliott Hendrickson Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota
Smith and Loveless, Inc., Lenexa, Kansas
Southeast Environmental Engineering, LLC, Knoxville, Tennessee
St. Croix Sensory, Inc., Stillwater, Minnesota
Stantec Consulting Services, Rocklin, California; Denver, Colorado; Tampa, Florida;
Portland, Oregon
Tesco Controls, Inc., Sacramento, California
Total Safety Compliance, Mesa, Arizona
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
URS Corporation, Buffalo, New York
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, Massachusetts
V&A Consulting Engineers, Houston, Texas
Vandertulip WateReusEngineers, San Antonio, Texas
Varec Biogas, Stafford, Texas
Veolia North America, Chicago, Illinois
Washington State Department of Ecology, Bellevue, Washington
WesTech Engineering, Salt Lake City, Utah
Xylem Inc., White Plains, New York
This page intentionally left blank
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Marie S. B u rbano, P h . D., P. E., BC EE;
Andres F. Onate Calderon; and Manny Moncho l i

1.0 Backgro u n d 1 3.0 Scope a n d O rga n ization o f

1.1 Ove rview 1 Manual 6

1.2 Evolution of M u n i c i p a l Water 3.1 Mod ifications i n the Latest

Resou rce Recove ry Fa c i l ities 2 Edition 6

2.0 The Designer's Role 5 3.2 O rga n ization 7

2.1 Role 5 4.0 Refe rences 10

2.2 Water Resou rce Recovery Fa c i l ity 5.0 Suggested Readi ngs 10
Adva nces 5

1.0 Background

1.1 Overview
This manual is the Design of Municipal Water Resource Recovery Facilities, MOP 8,
6th edition, included as WEF Manual of Practice 8 and ASCE Manuals and Reports on
Engineering Practice, No. 76. This 6th edition continues its goal to be one of the princi­
pal references of contemporary practice for the design of water resource recovery
facilities (WRRFs) . The 6th edition is an update to the 5th edition, published in 2010.
This manual was written for design professionals familiar with WRRFs, the design pro­
cess, treatment technologies, and the regulatory basis of water pollution control. It is
not intended to be a primer for the inexperienced or the generalist.
The term WRRF is an evolution in the industry to consider wastewater as a resource
with the potential to obtain valuable products (i.e., phosphorus and biogas) using treat­
ment technologies. WRRFs as described in this MOP are used to treat municipal waste­
water, which is intended to refer to those wastes treated by publicly owned WRRFs, as
opposed to sanitary waste, which refers primarily to toilet wastes, and domestic
wastewater, which largely encompasses household wastes without a commercial or

1
2 Design of Water Resource Recovery Facilities

institutional component. In addition to commercial and institutional wastes, municipal

wastewater often contains significant flows from manufacturing and other industrial
sources. In this manual, industrial and institutional wastes are discussed only to the
extent that they affect the design of municipal WRRFs.

1.2 Evolution of Municipal Water Resource Recovery Facilities

The need for community wastewater collection and treatment systems globally has
evolved over a period of more than 200 years, initially being driven by the need to
reduce human disease; then to eliminate gross water pollution effects, allowing native
marine organisms to return to normal growth patterns and allowing full human recre­
ational use; and, finally, to redefine wastewater as a resource with valuable products to
be extracted through treatment.
In this section, a brief overview is provided of the evolution of WRRFs, which
focuses on the future of municipal wastewater treatment in the United States. While
this discussion reflects U.S. trends, these trends have global applications in varying
degrees, and examples from other parts of the world are also cited.
According to the Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2012, by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (Washington, D.C.) (U.S. EPA, 2016), 238.2 million people are
serviced by publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in the United States. Of those
serviced by POTWs, 127.7 million people are served by advanced wastewater treat­
ment, 90.4 million people are served by secondary treatment, and 4.1 million are served
by less-than-secondary treatment. Additionally, there are 2281 nondischarging facilities
serving 16.0 million people in the United States.
According to global records available from AQUASTAT, 298.5 km3 of municipal
wastewater are produced annually in the world, taking only into account the shares of
those countries with 87.5% of the global population. Of the wastewater that is accounted
for, 54.6% (163 km3) receives some kind of treatment. From those 163 km3 receiving treat­
ment, about 10% of the wastewater is reused for some purpose (agricultural, industrial,
etc.). For the most part, water reuse is based on water scarcity, where 90% of the countries
reusing wastewater have less than the average amount of renewable water resources per
capita. The general trends for growth in expenditures for global water infrastructure
show the largest percent increases in Asia, with more than a 12% increase by 2019 (Global
Water Intelligence, 2015). Latin America and Africa are each expected to see about a 5% to
6% increase in investment, with the remaining areas of the globe at 1% to 4% increase.
Water conservation has become more common in water-limited areas. Water con­
servation needs result in beneficial recycling of treated wastewater for cooling, irriga­
tion, agriculture, drinking water, and certain classes of industrial use. As water becomes
scarce, intentional recycling of wastewater into drinking water supplies is becoming
more prevalent. Increased efforts to control the discharge of toxins to the nation's water­
ways will continue in the future. Additionally, advanced wastewater treatment prac­
tices become more prevalent.
While more WRRFs have secondary or advanced treatment processes than ever, the
need for these processes is also higher than ever. Drivers of advanced treatment include
the desire to recover resources from the wastewater and potential human health or
habitat concerns especially with contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) . As the indus­
try shifts to recovering resources, including water, energy, and nutrients, from wastewa­
ter, treatment technology and WRRFs are advancing to meet these needs. In addition,
water quality instruments are able to measure constituents at lower concentrations,
 Chapt e r 1: Introduction 3

thereby detecting CECs, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).
The industry is still determining the human health and ecological effects of these CECs,
and negative effects may result in more stringent effluent requirements.
As climate-change issues increase, municipalities will consider sustainability and
carbon footprint as important criteria in evaluating alternative technologies. Changes
in funding available to municipalities and wastewater management philosophy often
drive the evolution and improvement of certain technologies. Along with water reuse,
decentralized wastewater treatment and wet-weather flow management will play a
role in future technology development and innovations (Burian et al., 2000) .
In the 6 years since the publication of the 5th edition of this manual, key technical
advances in wastewater treatment have included the following:

• Advances with membrane bioreactors applications;

• Advancements within integrated fixed-film/ activated sludge (IFAS) systems
and moving-bed biological-reactors systems;
• Biotrickling filtration for odor control;
• Increased use of ballasted flocculation;
• Sidestream nutrient removal to reduce the loading on the main nutrient­
removal process;
• Use and application of wireless instrumentation;
• Use and application of modeling wastewater treatment processes for the basis
of design and evaluations of alternatives;
• Advances in biosolids handling, including effective thermal hydrolysis, and
improvements in sludge thickening and dewatering technologies;
• Increasing goals toward energy neutrality and driving net zero; and
• Trend toward resource recovery.

As referenced above, a needs survey is conducted by the U.S. EPA every 4 years and
provides a means for assessing the present status and future direction of the nation's
water pollution control efforts for WRRFs. Table 1 . 1 monetarily summarizes how the
needs have changed from 2000 to 2012, when the latest survey was taken.
According to the latest survey (Washington, D.C.) (U.S. EPA, 2016), there still is
$52.4 billion in the need for further secondary wastewater treatment (Category I), and
$49.6 billion in the need for WRRFs to attain a level of treatment more stringent than
secondary treatment (i.e., advanced WRRFs) . Figure 1 . 1 summarizes the nation's needs
by category in 2012 dollars, with wastewater treatment systems being the most needed.

2008 to 2012 Change

Needs Category 2000 2004 2008 2012 $8 %
Secondary wastewater treatment 55.0 59.8 68.0 52.4 -15 . 6 -23
Adva nced wastewater treatment 30 . 5 32.9 51.4 49 . 6 -1. 8 -3 . 5
Tota l needs 85.5 92 . 7 119 . 4 102 -17 .4 -14 . 6

TABLE 1.1 Com parison o f Treatment Needs for t h e 2000 t o 2 0 1 2 C l e a n Watershed Needs Su rvey
(CWNS) ( U . S . EPA, 2016) (Ja n u a ry 2012 d o l l a rs , in b i l l ions)
4 Design of Water Resource Recovery Facilities

Category I
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
$52.48, 19.3%
Category X
Recycled Water Distribution
$6. 1 8, 2.2% Category II
Advanced Wastewater
Category VI
Treatment
Stormwater Management
Program
$49.68, 1 8.3%
$19.28,7 1 %

Category V
Combined Sewer
Overflow Correction
$48.08, 177%

Category Ill
Conveyance System Repair
$51.28, 18.9%
Category IV
New Conveyance Systems
$44.58, 16.4%
fiGURE 1 . 1 Tota l doc u m e nted wastewater needs ( U . S . EPA, 2016).

Within wastewater treatment, the U.S. EPA projects that, by 2032, 263.6 million
people will receive secondary or advanced wastewater treatment. Figure 1 .2 shows the
level of wastewater treatment the population in the United States has received since
1940 and how it has grown since 2012. The projected year shows 2032, if all wastewater
needs are met.

(j)
c
300 • No discharge
� 250 D Advanced •
I D Secondary
�-�
-o 200
-�
D Less than secondary
� DRaw - �
Cii 1 50 I"'"" I"'""
(/) - =
c ,.-- - 1- -
0 100 1- 1- '-- '-- - f- r-
� ,-

H
'S � I-- - -
0..
0
50 - I--
-
1-
a..
I-- - 1- - -
0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Year

fiGURE 1 . 2 Nationwide populations served b y POTWs from 1940 t o 2012 ( U . S . EPA, 2016).
 Chapt e r 1: Introduction 5

2.0 The Designer's Role

2.1 Role
Ideally, designers translate regulatory requirements, public goals, financial constraints,
and technology into WRRFs that operate reliably, economically, and unobtrusively to
meet discharge standards.
Because of the continuing evolution of environmental regulations at the local, state,
and federal levels, some practices and design criteria presented in this manual may be
inconsistent with requirements of the regulatory agencies. Therefore, it is incumbent on
design engineers to check with appropriate regulating agencies for the most current
requirements.
The practice of designing municipal WRRFs-a mixture of art and science-has few
hard-and-fast rules that will result in successful designs. Recognizing that experience is
critical to developing an appropriate design, both regulators and owners should apply
common sense and remain open to change and innovation. Arriving at the most
economical and functional design for an integrated facility is critical to the develop­
ment of a WRRF. In addition, the design must meet all regulatory guidelines and stan­
dards. Successful design also takes into account operability, maintainability, and safety.
Published standards for specific design and loading criteria are referenced through­
out this manual. Caution should be exercised when using such standards and refer­
ences for specific design or loading criteria. The original time and conditions on which
the guidance was developed should be considered. Some standards may remain appli­
cable universally, and some may not. For example, the Recommended Standards for
Wastewater Facilities (Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provin­
cial Public Health and Environment Managers, 2014), commonly called the "Ten States
Standards," has served as a useful reference for regulators and designers. These guide­
lines were first developed in 1951 and are revised at 5- to 10-year intervals, in an attempt
to maintain their applicability and reflect changes in technology. Although guidelines
such as these continue to be a commonly used reference, they should not be viewed as
containing absolute design values that cannot be varied. Rather, these standards offer
parameters that have proved successful in typical municipal facilities with a wide range
of operator capability.

2.2 Water Resource Recovery Facility Advances

Designers aware of past experiences, but amenable to change, can meet future chal­
lenges of new standards and goals, as defined by the public's changing perception of
need and national priorities. Water pollution abatement, resulting in unbalanced atmo­
spheric deterioration, energy consumption, and land degradation, is not a viable solu­
tion. Additionally, there currently is a push for utility owners to consider sustainability
and carbon footprint size when evaluating project alternatives. To control the cost of
treatment and address environmental effects, the designer should explore opportuni­
ties in the service area and its collection system. In designing a municipal WRRF, the
designer walks a careful line between providing facilities that can respond to uncertain­
ties of the future and excessive overdesign, the latter of which may result in the misuse
of public monies for superfluous facilities and result in operational challenges. Good
designs and technology selection also provide flexibility to allow modifications and
6 Design of Water Resource Recovery Facilities

additions to meet future, more stringent treatment requirements. When in doubt, inno­
vative application of proven technology may serve the designers and their client better
than less proven technology.
Three other trends are affecting the role of the wastewater design professional. One
is the increased pressure on WRRFs to be good neighbors, which necessitates more
emphasis on odor, noise, and visual effects. There is also a trend for aiming at zero dis­
charge and smaller facilities in critical locations (i.e., environmentally sensitive areas).
The third is a growing trend toward alternate delivery methods, including design/
build (D/B), construction manager at risk (CMAR), concessions, and public-private
partnerships (P3s). Whereas D/Bs and CMARs generally are financed, operated, and
maintained by the public utility, concessions and P3s are often referred to as forms of
privatization as the public utility generally turns over the responsibilities of operating
and maintaining the facility or system to a private entity. This trend, along with overall
budget concerns, can place increased pressure on municipally operated facilities to
maintain competitive user-charge structures by controlling capital and operation and
maintenance costs.
Additionally, a segment of environmental consideration paradigm shifts that have
had a profound impact on the design of WRRFs is climate change, sustainability, and
resiliency. Changing weather and precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, increasing
storm events, unprecedented rainfall, hurricane and tropical storm flooding, and severe
drought and fire are driving WRRFs to focus on resiliency. As a result, designers of
WRRFs are addressing environmental changes by strengthening what is already in
place and weaving resilience into new plans and designs. This could include increasing
the height of facilities to address sea level rise, providing technologies that minimize
emissions, and hardening existing facilities to tolerate stronger storm systems.

3.0 Scope and Orga nization of Manual

3.1 Modifications in the Latest Edition

The 6th edition of this key Water Environment Federation® (Alexandria, Virginia)
(WEF) manual is intended to reflect current facility design practices of wastewater engi­
neering professionals, augmented by performance information from operating facili­
ties. The design approaches and practices presented in the manual reflect the experiences
of 182 authors and reviewers from around the world.
This edition also includes some significant changes from the 5th edition. As with
prior editions, technologies that are no longer considered current industry practice
have been deleted, such as vacuum filters for sludge dewatering. While not intended to
be all-inclusive, the following list describes some of the other pertinent processes and
newer processes or concepts:

• Concept of sustainability;
• Energy management;
• Odor control and air emissions;
• Chemically assisted/ballast flocculation clarification;
• IFAS processes;
 Chapt e r 1: Introduction 7

• Enhanced nutrient-control systems;

• Sidestream treatment;
• Process design and disinfection practices to m1rum1ze generation of total
trihalomethanes and other organics monitored for potable water quality; and
• Approaches to minimizing biosolids production.

Additionally, the focus of the manual has been sharpened. Like earlier editions, this
manual presents current design guidelines and practices of municipal wastewater engi­
neering professionals. Design examples also are provided, in some instances, to show
how the guidelines and practice can be applied. However, information on process fun­
damentals, case histories, operations, and other related topics is covered to a lesser
extent than in the previous edition. Readers are referred to other publications for infor­
mation on those topics.

3.2 Organization
This manual consists of 25 chapters, with each chapter focusing on a particular
subject or treatment obj ective . The successful design of a municipal WRRF is based
on consideration of each unit process and the upstream and downstream effects of
that unit's place and performance in the overall scheme of the treatment works.
Chapters 1 to 8 generally cover design concepts and principles that apply to the
overall WRRF. Chapters 9 to 1 7 discuss liquid-train-treatment operations or pro­
cesses. Chapters 18 to 25 deal with the management of solids generated during
wastewater treatment.
Following is a brief overview of some of the major topics covered under each
chapter of the manual:

• Chapter 1 presents the purpose and scope of the manual. It also presents a brief
discussion of the needs for municipal wastewater treatment and has been
updated for the Clean Watershed Needs Survey 2012: Report to Congress
(U.S. EPA).
• Chapter 2 focuses on the overall design considerations, site selection, and
configuration for a municipal WRRF and the principles of integrated facility
design.
• Chapter 3 covers the site selection process for new or relocated WRRFs. The
process includes the multitude of environmental, technical, and institutional
variables to consider and their cost implications. The chapter then describes
how area requirements are determined, candidate site identification, and the
selection process. Once a site is selected, the chapter then describes how WWRF
arrangement and process layout should progress. The chapter is more
streamlined from the prior chapter, reorganizes some of the prior subsections,
and includes a new subchapter on stakeholders and public involvement.
• Chapter 4 covers process modeling. This is an abbreviated version of MOP 31,
Wastewater Treatment Process Modeling, 2nd edition, which was published in 2013.
• Chapter 5 covers facility hydraulics and pumping, including hydraulic
considerations, unit process and other hydraulic elements, wastewater pumping,
and hydraulic modeling.
Other documents randomly have
different content
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