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 This book is for
Graham Charles Backman
Puero praeclaro, Scourge of Nations

and for my mother

Mary Lou Betker
with my best love

and in memory of my brother

Neil Howard Backman, U.S.N. (ret.)
(1956–2011)
who found his happiness just in time

00-Backman-FM-Vol1.indd 7 8/26/15 10:45 PM

00-Backman-FM-Vol1.indd 8 8/26/15 10:45 PM
 BRIEF CONTENTS
1. Water and Soil, Stone and Metal: 8. The Early Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . 241
The First Civilizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 300–750
10,000–2100 bce
9. The Expansive Realm of Islam. . . . . 277
2. Law Givers, Emperors, and Gods: 30–900
The Ancient Near East. . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10. Reform and Renewal
2100–486 bce
in the Greater West . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
3. The People of the Covenant. . . . . . . . 71 750–1258
1200–350 bce
11. Worlds Brought Down . . . . . . . . . . 353
4. Greeks and Persians . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 1258–1453
2000–479 bce
12. Renaissances and Reformations . . . 399
5. Classical Greece and the 1350–1563
Hellenistic World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
13. Worlds Old and New . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
479–30 bce
1450–1700
6. Empire of the Sea: Rome. . . . . . . . . . 171
14. The Wars of All against All. . . . . . . . 493
753 bce–212 ce
1540–1648
7. The Rise of Christianity
15. From Westphalia to Paris: Regimes
in a Roman World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Old and New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
40 bce–300 ce
1648–1750

ix

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 CONTENTS
Maps ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii
Preface��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xix
About the Author ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxvii
Note on Dates ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxviii
Prologue: Before History������������������������������������������������������������������� xxix

1. Water and Soil, Stone and Metal:

The First Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
10,000–2100 bce
The interac tion of the Indo -
The Tigris, the Euphrates, and the Land
European groups and the
between the Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
primarily Semitic-speaking
Early Mesopotamia: Kings and Priests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
peoples of the Fer tile
The Idea of Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Crescent opened the way for
Mesopotamian Life: Farms and Cities, Letters
the development of the
and Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Greater West— a civilization
Religion and Myth: The Great Above and
that bridged Europe and
Great Below. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
western Asia.
Ancient Egypt, Gift of the Nile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Life and Rule in Old Kingdom Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Kingdom of the Dead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

2. Law Givers, Emperors, and Gods:

The Ancient Near East. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The romanticization of David
2100–486 bce
and Solomon introduced an
Old Babylon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
entirely new element into
Middle Kingdom Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Greater Western culture, or
The New Kingdom Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
at least one for which no
The Indo-European Arrival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
earlier evidence sur vives—
The Age of Iron Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
namely, the popular belief in
Persia and the Religion of Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
a past paradise, a lost era of
former glor y, when humanit y
3. The People of the Covenant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
had at tained a per fec tion of
1200–350 bce
happiness.
The Bible and History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
The Land of Canaan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Dreams of a Golden Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Women and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Prophets and Prophecy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
xi

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 xii   Contents

The Struggle for Jewish Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Second Temple Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4. Greeks and Persians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

2000–479 bce
The First Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
The Search for Mythic Ancestors in
Archaic Age Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Colonists, Hoplites, and the Path toward Citizenship. . . . 109
A Cult of Masculinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Civilized Pursuits: Lyric Poetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Sparta: The Militarization of the Citizenry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Miletus: The Birthplace of Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Athens: Home to Democracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
The Persian Wars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5. Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World . . . 129

The Greeks, especially the
479–30 bce
Athenians, came to regard
Athens’s Golden Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
the mid- 5th centur y bce with
The Polis: Ritual and Restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
a determined awe, recalling
The Excluded: Women, Children, and Slaves. . . . . . . . . . . . 136
it as a lost halc yon era that
The Invention of Drama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
outshone any thing that came
The Peloponnesian Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
before it or since. Through
Advances in Historical Inquiry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
the centuries, much of
Medicine as Natural Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Western culture has
The Flowering of Greek Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
continued the love af fair and
The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests
has ex tolled “ the glor y that
of Alexander the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
was Greece” as a pinnacle of
The Hellenistic World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
human achievement.
The Maccabean Revolt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

6. Empire of the Sea: Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

753 bce–212 ce
Ancient Italy and the Rise of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
From Monarchy to Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
The Republic of Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Size Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Can the Republic Be Saved?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Rome’s Golden Age: The Augustan Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

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 Contents    xiii

The Sea, the Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Roman Lives and Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Height of the Pax Romana: The “Five Good Emperors”. . 204

7. The Rise of Christianity in a Roman World. . . . 209

The stor y fascinates, thrills,
40 bce–300 ce
comfor ts, angers, and
The Vitality of Roman Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
embarrasses at ever y turn,
The Jesus Mystery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
of ten all at once. It has
A Crisis in Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
touched ever y thing from
Ministry and Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Western political ideas to
What Happened to His Disciples? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
sexual mores. Christianit y
Christianities Everywhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
began as an obscure
Romans in Pursuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
reformist sec t within
Philosophical Foundations: Stoicism
Palestinian Judaism, at one
and Neoplatonism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
time numbering no more
than f if t y or so believers. It
8. The Early Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
went on, af ter three
300–750
centuries of persecution by
The Imperial Crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
the Roman Empire, to
Imperial Decline: Rome’s Overreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
become the world’s most
Martyrdom and Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
dominant faith.
A Christian Emperor and a Christian Church. . . . . . . . . . . 248
The Rise of “New Rome”: The Byzantine Empire . . . . . . . . 252
Barbarian Kings and Warlords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Divided Estates and Kingdoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
The Body as Money and Women as Property . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
The Western world had never
Christian Paganism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
seen a militar y juggernaut
Christian Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
like this: in 622 Muhammad
and his small group of
9. The Expansive Realm of Islam. . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 followers had been forced
30–900
from their home in Mecca,
“Age of Ignorance”: The Arabian Background. . . . . . . . . . . . 278
yet within a hundred years
The Qur’an and History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
those followers had
From Preacher to Conqueror. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
conquered an empire that
Conversion or Compulsion?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
stretched from Spain to
The Islamic Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
India, an area t wice the size
Sunnis and Shi’a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
of that conquered by
Islam and the Classical Traditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Alexander the Great.
Women and Islam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

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 xiv   Contents

10. Reform and Renewal in the

Greater West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
750–1258
L atin Europe’s histor y had Two Palace Coups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
been shaped by t wo opposed The Carolingian Ascent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
waves of development. The Charlemagne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
dual economic and cultural Imperial Coronation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
engine of the Mediterranean Carolingian Collapse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
region spread its inf luence The Splintering of the Caliphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
nor thward, bringing The Reinvention of Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
elements of cosmopolitan Mediterranean Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
urban life, intellec tual The Reinvention of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
innovation, and cultural The Reinvention of the Islamic World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
vibranc y into the European The Call for Crusades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
hear tlands. Political The Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
leadership, however, came Turkish Power and Byzantine Decline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
from the nor th, as the Judaism Reformed, Renewed, and Reviled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
monarchies of England and
France and the Holy Roman 11. Worlds Brought Down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Empire pushed their 1258–1453
boundaries southward, Late Medieval Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
drawn by Mediterranean Scholasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
commerce and the Mysticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
gravitational pull of the The Guild System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
papal cour t. The cross- The Mendicant Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
fer tilization of nor th and Early Representative Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
south benef ited each and The Weakening of the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
fostered Europe’s abilit y to Noble Privilege and Popular Rebellion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
reform and revitalize itself. The Hundred Years’ War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
The Plague. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
The Mongol Takeover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
In the Wake of the Mongols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Persia under the Il-Khans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
A New Center for Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
The Ottoman Turks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

12. Renaissances and Reformations. . . . . . . . . . . . 399

1350–1563
Rebirth or Culmination?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
The Political and Economic Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

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 Contents    xv

The Renaissance Achievement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

The three elements most
Christian Humanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
charac teristically associated
Erasmus: Humanist Scholar and Social Critic. . . . . . . . . . . 415
with the Renaissance —
Martin Luther: The Gift of Salvation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
classicism, humanism, and
Luther’s Rebellion against the Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
modern statecraf t—
The Reformation Goes International. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
represent no essential break
Calvin: Protestantism as Theology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
with medieval life at all. They
The Godly Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
may in fac t be thought of as
The Rebirth of Satire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
the culmination of medieval
Catholic Reform and the Council of Trent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
strivings.
The Society of Jesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
What about the Orthodox East? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

13. Worlds Old and New. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

1450–1700
European Voyages of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
New Continents and Profits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Conquest and Epidemics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
The Copernican Drama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Galileo and the Truth of Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Inquisition and Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
The Revolution Broadens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
The Ethical Costs of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
The Islamic Retreat from Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Thinking about Truth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Newton’s Mathematical Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Though of ten referred to as

14. The Wars of All against All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 the “wars of religion,” the
1540–1648
wars that wracked the
From the Peace of Augsburg to the Edict of Nantes:
Greater West in the six teenth
French Wars of Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
and seventeenth centuries
Strife and Settlement in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
enmeshed religious
Dutch Ascendancy and Spanish Eclipse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
antagonisms with economic,
The Thirty Years’ War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
social, and political conf lic t.
Enemies Within: The Hunt for Witches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
A more accurate term might
The Jews of the East and West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
come from English
The Waning of the Sultanate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
philosopher Thomas Hobbes
New Centers of Intellectual and Cultural Life. . . . . . . . . . . 516
(1588 –1679): “ the war of all
Wars of Religion: The Eastern Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
against all.”
Economic Change in an Atlantic World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

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 xvi   Contents

15. From Westphalia to Paris:

Regimes Old and New. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
1648–1750
The Peace of Westphalia: 1648. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
The Argument for Tyranny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
The Social Contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Absolute Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Police States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Self-Indulgence with a Purpose:
The Example of Versailles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Mercantilism and Absolutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Mercantilism and Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Domesticating Dynamism: Regulating Culture. . . . . . . . . 549
The Control of Private Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
England’s Separate Path: The Rise of Constitutional
Monarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Ottoman Absolutism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Persian Absolutism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
International Trade in a Mercantilist Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
The Slave Trade and Domestic Subjugation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
The Return of Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Reference Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

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 Maps
Map P.1 Out of Africa
Map 1.1 Early Agricultural Sites
Map 1.2 The Ancient Near East
Map 1.3 The Akkadian Empire, ca. 2350–2200 bce
Map 1.4 Old Kingdom Egypt, ca. 2686–2134 bce
Map 2.1 The Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi
Map 2.2 Middle and New Kingdom Egypt
Map 2.3 The Middle East and the Mediterranean, ca. 1400 bce
Map 2.4 The Assyrian Empire, ca. 720–650 bce
Map 2.5 The Persian Empire at Its Height, ca. 500 bce
Map 3.1 The Land of Canaan, ca. 1000 bce
Map 3.2 Israelite Kingdom under David
Map 4.1 Minoan and Mycenean Greece, ca. 1500 bce
Map 4.2 Greek and Phoenician Colonies, ca. 500 bce
Map 4.3 The Persian Wars
Map 5.1 Athens, Sparta, and Their Allies during the Peloponnesian War
Map 5.2 Campaigns of Alexander the Great
Map 5.3 The Hellenistic World, ca. 200 bce
Map 6.1 Ancient Italy
Map 6.2 The Western Mediterranean in the 3rd Century bce
Map 6.3 Rome and Its Neighbors in 146 bce
Map 6.4 The Roman World at the End of the Republic, 44 bce
Map 6.5 The Mediterranean: Greek and Roman Perspectives Compared
Map 6.6 Trades in the Roman Empire
Map 7.1 Judea in the Time of Jesus
Map 7.2 Early Christian Communities, ca. 350 ce
Map 8.1 Diocletian’s Division of the Empire, ca. 304
Map 8.2 The Byzantine Empire in the Time of Justinian
Map 8.3 Constantinople in the 6th Century
Map 8.4 The Economy of Europe in the Early Middle Ages
Map 8.5 The Frankish Kingdom, ca. 500
Map 8.6 Monasteries in Western Europe, ca. 800
Map 9.1 Arabia in the 6th Century ce
Map 9.2 Muslim Conquests to 750
Map 9.3 Sunni and Shi’i Communities Today

xvii

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 xviii   Maps

Map 10.1 The Conversion of the Germanic Peoples to Christianity

Map 10.2 Charlemagne’s Empire
Map 10.3 Division of the Carolingian Empire, 843
Map 10.4 The Islamic World, ca. 1000
Map 10.5 The Mediterranean World, ca. 1100
Map 10.6 The Crusades
Map 10.7 The Islamic World, ca. 1260
Map 10.8 Principal Centers of Jewish Settlement in
the Mediterranean, ca. 1250
Map 11.1 Europe in 1300
Map 11.2 Medieval Universities
Map 11.3 Medieval Heresies, ca. 1200–1350
Map 11.4 The Hundred Years’ War
Map 11.5 The Black Death
Map 11.6 The Mongol Conquests
Map 11.7 The Mongol Successor States
Map 11.8 Mamluks and Ottomans, ca. 1400
Map 12.1 Renaissance Italy
Map 12.2 The Domains of Charles V, 1520
Map 12.3 The Protestant Reformation, ca. 1540
Map 13.1 Africa and the Mediterranean, 1498
Map 13.2 The Portuguese in Asia, 1536–1580
Map 13.3 Early Voyages of World Exploration
Map 13.4 The Transfer of Crops and Diseases after 1500
Map 13.5 Centers of Learning in Europe, 1500-1700
Map 14.1 Wars and Revolts in Europe, 1524–1660
Map 14.2 Expulsions and Migrations of Jews, 1492–1650
Map 14.3 Ottoman–Safavid Conflict
Map 15.1 Europe in 1648
Map 15.2 The Ottoman Empire in 1683
Map 15.3 World Trade Networks, ca. 1750
Map 15.4 The Atlantic Slave Trade
Map 15.5 The Seven Years’ War

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 Preface

I wrote this book with a simple goal in mind: to produce the kind of survey text
I wished I had read in college. As a latecomer to history, I wondered why I so
enjoyed studying a subject whose textbooks I found dry and lifeless. People, after
all, are enormously interesting; and history is the story of people. So why were so
many of the books I was assigned to read tedious?
Part of the problem lay in method. Teaching and writing history is difficult,
in large part because of the sheer scope of the enterprise. Most history survey
books stress their factual comprehensiveness and strict objectivity of tone. The
trouble with this approach is that it too often works only for those few who are
already true believers in history’s importance and leaves most students yawning
in their wake. I chose a different option—to teach and write history by emphasiz-
ing ideas and trends and the values behind them; to engage in the debates of each
age rather than to narrate who won them. Students who are eagerly engaged in a
subject, and who understand its significance, can then appreciate and remember
the details. Moreover, twenty-five years of experience has taught me that they will
do so.
This book adopts a thematic approach, but a theme seldom utilized in con-
temporary histories. While paying due attention to other aspects of Western de-
velopment, it focuses on what might be called the history of values—that is, on the
assumptions that lie behind political and economic developments, behind intel-
lectual and artistic ventures, and behind social trends and countertrends. Con-
sider, for example, the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. The advances
made in fields like astronomy, chemistry, and medicine did not occur simply be-
cause individuals smart enough to figure out new truths happened to come along.
William Harvey’s discovery of the circulatory system was possible only because
the culture in which he lived had begun, albeit hesitantly, to allow the dissection
of human corpses for scientific research. For many centuries, even millennia,
before Harvey’s time, cultural and religious taboos had forbidden the desecration
of bodies. But the era of the Scientific Revolution was also the era of political ab-
solutism in Europe, a time when prevailing sentiment held that the king should
hold all power and authority. Any enemy of the king—for example, anyone con-
victed of a felony—therefore deserved the ultimate penalty of execution and dis-
section. No king worship, no discovery of the circulation of the blood. At least not
at that time.

xix

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 xx   Preface

A history that emphasizes the development of values runs the risk of distort-
ing the record to some extent, because obviously not every person living at a given
time held those values. Medieval Christians did not uniformly hate Jews and
Muslims, believe the world was about to end, support the Inquisition, and blindly
follow the dictates of the pope. Not every learned man and woman in the 18th
century was “enlightened” or even wanted to be. The young generation of the
1960s was not composed solely of war protesters, feminist reformers, and rock-
music lovers. With this important caveat in mind, however, it remains possible to
offer general observations about the ideas and values that predominated in any
era. This book privileges those ideas and sensibilities and views the events of each
era in relation to them.
And it does so with a certain amount of opinion. To discuss value judgments
without ever judging some of those values seems cowardly and is probably impos-
sible anyway. Most large-scale histories mask their subjectivity simply by decid-
ing which topics to discuss and which ones to pass over; I prefer to argue my
positions explicitly, in the belief that to have a point of view is not the same thing
as to be unfair. Education is as much about teaching students to evaluate argu-
ments as it is about passing on knowledge to them, and students cannot learn to
evaluate arguments if they are not presented with any.
In a second departure from tradition (which in this case is really just habit),
this book interprets Western history on a broad geographic and cultural scale. All
full-scale histories of Western civilization begin in the ancient Near East, but
after making a quick nod to the origins of Islam in the 7th century, most of them
focus almost exclusively on western Europe. The Muslim world thereafter enters
the discussion only when it impinges on European actions. This book overtly re-
jects that view and insists on including the region of the Middle East in the gen-
eral narrative, as a permanently constitutive element of the Greater West. For all
its current global appeal, Islam is essentially a Western religion, after all, one that
has its spiritual roots in the Jewish and Christian traditions and the bulk of whose
intellectual foundations are in the classical Greco-Roman canon. To treat the
Muslim world as an occasional sideshow on the long march to western European
and American world leadership is, I believe, to falsify the record and to get the
history wrong. The “European world” and the “Middle Eastern world” have been
in a continuous relationship for millennia, buying and selling goods, sharing
technologies, studying each other’s political ideas, influencing each other’s reli-
gious beliefs, learning from each other’s medicine, facing the same challenges
from scientific advances and changing economies. We cannot explain who we are
if we limit ourselves to the traditional scope of Western history; we need a Greater
Western perspective, one that includes and incorporates the whole of the mono-
theistic world.

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 Preface    xxi

Because religious belief has traditionally shaped so much of Greater Western

culture—whether for good or ill is every reader’s responsibility to determine—I
have placed it at the center of my narrative. Even for the most unshakeable of
modern agnostics and atheists, the values upheld by the three great monotheisms
have had, and continue to have, a profound effect on the development of our
social mores, intellectual pursuits, and artistic endeavors as well as on our politics
and international relations.
In another break with convention, the book incorporates an abundance of
primary sources into the narrative. I have always disliked the boxed and high-
lighted source snippets that pockmark so many of today’s textbooks. It seems to
me that any passage worth quoting is worth working into the text itself—and I
have happily done so. But a word about them is necessary. For the first three chap-
ters I have needed considerable help. I am ignorant of the ancient Middle Eastern
languages and have relied on the current version of a respected and well-loved
anthology.1 When discussing the sacred texts of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam,
I have used their own authorized translations. Simple courtesy, it seems to me,
calls for quoting a Jewish translation of the Bible when discussing Judaism; a
Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant Bible whenever discussing those main branches
of Christianity; and the English version of the Qur’an prepared by the royal pub-
lishing house in Saudi Arabia when discussing Islam.2 Last, some of the political
records I cite (for example, the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights) are quoted
from their official English versions. But apart from these special cases—all duly
noted—every translation in this book, from chapter 4 onward, is my own.

CHANGES TO THE SECOND EDITION

Since the publication of the first edition of Cultures of the West, I have received,
thankfully, a great number of notes and e-mails from teachers and students who
appreciated the book, as well as dozens of formal critiques commissioned by the
press. A textbook, unlike most scholarly works, affords historians the rare chance
to revise the original work and to make it better. This second edition gave me the
opportunity to realize my vision of the book, and I am pleased and grateful to
point to the following main changes, all intended to make Cultures of the West a
text that will engage students and teachers alike:

1
Nels M. Bailkey and Richard Lim, Readings in Ancient History: Thought and Experience from Gilgamesh to
St. Augustine, 7th ed. (Wadsworth, 2011).
2
Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, by the Jewish Publication Society; New American Bible, published by the U.S.
Conference of Catholic Bishops; New Revised Standard Version, published by Oxford University Press;
and The Orthodox Study Bible. For the Qur’an I have used The Holy Qur’an: English Translations of the
Meanings, with Commentary, published by the King Fahd Holy Qur’an Printing Complex (A.H 1410).

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 xxii   Preface

• Consistent reinforcement of the history of values—as evidenced

most easily by new chapter introductions and conclusions, but
I highlighted the book’s central theme throughout the
narrative.
• A more comprehensive treatment of Western Europe to ground stu-
dents’ exploration of the Greater West—as evidenced, for exam-
ple, by fuller coverage of the Middle Ages, the French
Revolution, and the world wars. To keep the length of the book
manageable for readers, I compensated for these additions by
streamlining or excising outright subjects and passages that
instructors found too advanced for the survey course.
• A new chapter in Volume 1 and two fewer chapters in Volume 2 for
a more course-friendly periodization. The new chapter (9), The
Expansive Realm of Islam, 30–900, parallels the chapters on
early Judaism (3) and Christianity (7) for a full treatment of
the monotheistic cultures that gave rise to the Greater West.
Basically a reworking of materials previously scattered among
different chapters, I am especially proud of this newcomer to
the Western civilization textbook literature. To reduce the
number of chapters in Volume 2, I combined directly related
first-edition chapters 20 and 23 into the new chapter 22, The
Challenge of Secularism, and the final two first-edition chapters
into chapter 29, Global Warmings: Since 1989.
• Consistent treatment of women and gender in the central narrative.
The warm reception to a chapter devoted to the modern
woman encouraged me to keep a carefully revised version of
this chapter (21) in the new edition, but elsewhere I worked
hard to integrate women’s history and gender issues into the
main story of events.
• New marginal headings that identify key events and developments
to supplement the book’s well-received single-heading struc-
ture of the narrative.
• Expanded map program. The second edition includes twenty-
four new maps. All of the maps have been corrected and
­redesigned for improved clarity.
• New Prologue: Before History, for readers of Volume 1 and the
combined edition. Because the first edition neglected the
­Paleolithic and Neolithic eras, I was especially happy to add
this illustrated discussion.

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 Preface    xxiii

• Updated scholarship. The research that goes into revision of a

single-authored textbook is as rewarding as it is time consum-
ing. I am pleased to include many new titles in the chapter bib-
liographies that inform the narrative.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Working with Oxford University Press has been a delight. Charles Cavaliere has
served as point man, guiding me through the entire project with grace and kind-
ness. His cheery enthusiasm kept me going through many a difficult hour. If the
prose in this book has any merit, please direct your compliments to John Haber
and Elizabeth Welch, the talented editors who guided me through, respectively,
the first and second editions. Beth did more than edit; she reenvisioned and gave
new life to the book (and its author) by her enthusiasm, rigor, and good humor.
Christi Sheehan, Debbie Needleman, Theresa Stockton, Lisa Grzan, Eden Kram-
Gingold, Kateri Woody, Meg Botteon, and Michele Laseau shepherded me
through the production and marketing phases and deserve all the credit for the
wonderful physical design of the book and its handsome map and art programs.
I am also deeply grateful to the many talented historians and teachers who
offered critical readings of the first edition. My sincere thanks to the following
instructors, whose comments often challenged me to rethink or justify my inter-
pretations and provided a check on accuracy down to the smallest detail:

Robert Brennan, Cape Fear Community College

Lee L. Brice, Western Illinois University
Keith Chu, Bergen Community College
Jason Coy, College of Charleston
Marc Eagle, Western Kentucky University
Christine Eubank, Bergen Community College
Jennifer L. Foray, Purdue University
Edith Foster, Case Western Reserve University
Matthew Gerber, University of Colorado at Boulder
David M. Head, John Tyler Community College
Brian Hilly, Suffolk County Community College
Christopher Howell, Red Rocks Community College
Andrew Keitt, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Christina Bosco Langert, Suffolk County Community College
Ryan Messenger, Monroe Community College
Alexander Mikaberidze, Louisiana State University–Shreveport
Kathryn Ordway, Colorado Community College Online

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 xxiv   Preface

Jennifer Popiel, Saint Louis University

Matthew Ruane, Florida Institute of Technology
Nicholas L. Rummell, Trident Technical College
Robert Rusnak, Trident Technical College
Sarah Shurts, Bergen Community College

I thank as well the good folks at Trident Tech Community College in Charles-
ton, South Carolina, who hosted a workshop in June 2014 that provided a forum
for me to sound out the revision plan. Professors Donald West, Barbara Tucker,
Robert Rusnak, Nicholas Rummell, and several other History TTCC faculty
members were kind enough to spend a morning with me sharing their experi-
ences using Cultures of the West and offering suggestions for how it could be im-
proved. I hope they are pleased with the result. I especially want to thank
Katherine Jenkins of Trident Tech Community College, who prepared many of
the excellent supplementary materials for the second edition and saved me from
several embarrassing errors.
My former student at Boston University, Christine Axen (PhD, 2015), has
been a support from the start. She has taught with me, and occasionally for me,
through the past three years, and I appreciate the time she took away from her
own dissertation research to assist me on this project—pulling books from the
library, running down citations, suggesting ideas. When Oxford asked me to pre-
pare a companion volume of primary texts for this book, Christine proved to be
such an immense help that she deserves to share the title page with me. The
sourcebook too is appearing in a second edition.
To my wife, Nelina, and our sons, Scott and Graham, this book has been an
uninvited houseguest at times, pulling me away from too many family hours.
They have put up with it, and with me, with patience and generosity that I shall
always be thankful for. Their love defines them and sustains me.

SUPPORT MATERIALS FOR CULTURES OF THE WEST

Cultures of the West comes with an extensive package of support materials for both
instructors and students.

• Dashboard Dashboard delivers quality content, tools and as-

sessments to track student progress in an intuitive, web-based
learning environment. Assessments are designed to accom-
pany Cultures of the west, and automatically graded so instruc-
tors can easily check students’ progress as they complete their
assignments. The color-coded gradebook illustrates at a glance

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Other documents randomly have
different content
Waziri. With the chief and warriors he sat for hours at the feet of the
Big Bwana, listening to an account of the strange land of Pal-ul-don
and the adventures that had befallen the three during Lady
Greystoke’s captivity there, and with the Waziri he marveled at the
queer pets the ape-man had brought back with him. That Tarzan
might have fancied a mongrel native cur was strange enough, but
that he should have adopted a cub of his hereditary enemies, Numa
and Sabor, seemed beyond all belief. And equally surprising to them
all was the manner of Tarzan’s education of the cub.
The golden lion and his foster mother occupied a corner of the
ape-man’s bedroom, and many was the hour each day that he spent
in training and educating the little spotted, yellow ball—all
playfulness and affection now, but one day to grow into a great,
savage beast of prey.
As the days passed and the golden lion grew, Tarzan taught it
many tricks—to fetch and carry, to lie motionless in hiding at his
almost inaudible word of command, to move from point to point as
he indicated, to hunt for hidden things by scent and to retrieve
them, and when meat was added to its diet he fed it always in a way
that brought grim smiles to the savage lips of the Waziri warriors, for
Tarzan had built for him a dummy in the semblance of a man and
the meat that the lion was to eat was fastened always at the throat
of the dummy. Never did the manner of feeding vary. At a word from
the ape-man the golden lion would crouch, belly to the ground, and
then Tarzan would point at the dummy and whisper the single word
“kill.” However hungry he might be, the lion learned never to move
toward his meat until that single word had been uttered by its
master; and then with a rush and a savage growl it drove straight
for the flesh. While it was little it had difficulty at first in clambering
up the dummy to the savory morsel fastened at the figure’s throat,
but as it grew older and larger it gained the objective more easily,
and finally a single leap would carry it to its goal and down would go
the dummy upon its back with the young lion tearing at its throat.
There was one lesson that, of all the others, was most difficult to
learn and it is doubtful that any other than Tarzan of the Apes,
reared by beasts, among beasts, could have overcome the savage
blood-lust of the carnivore and rendered his natural instinct
subservient to the will of his master. It took weeks and months of
patient endeavor to accomplish this single item of the lion’s
education, which consisted in teaching him that at the word “fetch”
he must find any indicated object and return with it to his master,
even the dummy with raw meat tied at its throat, and that he must
not touch the meat nor harm the dummy nor any other article that
he was fetching, but place them carefully at the ape-man’s feet.
Afterward he learned always to be sure of his reward, which usually
consisted in a double portion of the meat that he loved best.
Lady Greystoke and Korak were often interested spectators of the
education of the golden lion, though the former expressed
mystification as to the purpose of such elaborate training of the
young cub and some misgivings as to the wisdom of the ape-man’s
program.
“What in the world can you do with such a brute after he is
grown?” she asked. “He bids fair to be a mighty Numa. Being
accustomed to men he will be utterly fearless of them, and having
fed always at the throat of a dummy he will look there at the throat
of living men for his food hereafter.”
“He will feed only upon what I tell him to feed,” replied the ape-
man.
“But you do not expect him to feed always upon men?” she
interrogated, laughingly.
“He will never feed upon men.”
“But how can you prevent it, having taught him from cubhood
always to feed upon men?”
“I am afraid, Jane, that you under-estimate the intelligence of a
lion, or else I very much over-estimate it. If your theory is correct
the hardest part of my work is yet before me, but if I am right it is
practically complete now. However, we will experiment a bit and see
which is right. We shall take Jad-bal-ja out upon the plain with us
this afternoon. Game is plentiful and we shall have no difficulty in
ascertaining just how much control I have over young Numa after
all.”
 “I’ll wager a hundred pounds,” said Korak, laughing, “that he
does just what he jolly well pleases after he gets a taste of live
blood.”
“You’re on, my son,” said the ape-man. “I think I am going to
show you and your mother this afternoon what you or anyone else
never dreamed could be accomplished.”
“Lord Greystoke, the world’s premier animal trainer!” cried Lady
Greystoke, and Tarzan joined them in their laughter.
“It is not animal training,” said the ape-man. “The plan upon
which I work would be impossible to anyone but Tarzan of the Apes.
Let us take a hypothetical case to illustrate what I mean. There
comes to you some creature whom you hate, whom by instinct and
heredity you consider a deadly enemy. You are afraid of him. You
understand no word that he speaks. Finally, by means sometimes
brutal he impresses upon your mind his wishes. You may do the
thing he wants, but do you do it with a spirit of unselfish loyalty?
You do not—you do it under compulsion, hating the creature that
forces his will upon you. At any moment that you felt it was in your
power to do so, you would disobey him. You would even go further
—you would turn upon him and destroy him. On the other hand,
there comes to you one with whom you are familiar; he is a friend, a
protector. He understands and speaks the language that you
understand and speak. He has fed you, he has gained your
confidence by kindness and protection, he asks you to do something
for him. Do you refuse? No, you obey willingly. It is thus that the
golden lion will obey me.”
“As long as it suits his purpose to do so,” commented Korak.
“Let me go a step farther then,” said the ape-man. “Suppose that
this creature, whom you love and obey, has the power to punish,
even to kill you, if it is necessary so to do to enforce his commands.
How then about your obedience?”
“We’ll see,” said Korak, “how easily the golden lion will make one
hundred pounds for me.”
That afternoon they set out across the plain, Jad-bal-ja following
Tarzan’s horse’s heels. They dismounted at a little clump of trees
some distance from the bungalow and from there proceeded onward
warily toward a swale in which antelopes were usually to be found,
moving up which they came cautiously to the heavy brush that
bordered the swale upon their side. There was Tarzan, Jane, and
Korak, and close beside Tarzan the golden lion—four jungle hunters
—and of the four Jad-bal-ja, the lion, was the least accomplished.
Stealthily they crawled through the brush, scarce a leaf rustling to
their passage, until at last they looked down into the swale upon a
small herd of antelope grazing peacefully below. Closest to them was
an old buck, and him Tarzan pointed out in some mysterious manner
to Jad-bal-ja.
“Fetch him,” he whispered, and the golden lion rumbled a scarce
audible acknowledgment of the command.
Stealthily he worked his way through the brush. The antelopes
fed on, unsuspecting. The distance separating the lion from his prey
was over great for a successful charge, and so Jad-bal-ja waited,
hiding in the brush, until the antelope should either graze closer to
him or turn its back toward him. No sound came from the four
watching the grazing herbivora, nor did the latter give any indication
of a suspicion of the nearness of danger. The old buck moved slowly
closer to Jad-bal-ja. Almost imperceptibly the lion was gathering for
the charge. The only noticeable movement was the twitching of his
tail’s tip, and then, as lightning from the sky, as an arrow from a
bow, he shot from immobility to tremendous speed in an instant. He
was almost upon the buck before the latter realized the proximity of
danger, and then it was too late, for scarcely had the antelope
wheeled than the lion rose upon its hind legs and seized it, while the
balance of the herd broke into precipitate flight.
“Now,” said Korak, “we shall see.”
“He will bring the antelope to me,” said Tarzan confidently.
The golden lion hesitated a moment, growling over the carcass of
his kill. Then he seized it by the back and with his head turned to
one side dragged it along the ground beside him, as he made his
way slowly back toward Tarzan. Through the brush he dragged the
slain antelope until he had dropped it at the feet of his master,
where he stood, looking up at the face of the ape-man with an
expression that could not have been construed into aught but pride
in his achievement and a plea for commendation.
Tarzan stroked his head and spoke to him in a low voice, praising
him, and then, drawing his hunting knife, he cut the jugular of the
antelope and let the blood from the carcass. Jane and Korak stood
close, watching Jad-bal-ja—what would the lion do with the smell of
fresh, hot blood in his nostrils? He sniffed at it and growled, and
with bared fangs he eyed the three wickedly. The ape-man pushed
him away with his open palm and the lion growled again angrily and
snapped at him.
Quick is Numa, quick is Bara, the deer, but Tarzan of the Apes is
lightning. So swiftly did he strike, and so heavily, that Jad-bal-ja was
falling on his back almost in the very instant that he had growled at
his master. Swiftly he came to his feet again and the two stood
facing one another.
“Down!” commanded the ape-man. “Lie down, Jad-bal-ja!” His
voice was low and firm. The lion hesitated but for an instant, and
then lay down as Tarzan of the Apes had taught him to do at the
word of command. Tarzan turned and lifted the carcass of the
antelope to his shoulder.
“Come,” he said to Jad-bal-ja. “Heel!” and without another glance
at the carnivore he moved off toward the horses.
“I might have known it,” said Korak, with a laugh, “and saved my
hundred pounds.”
“Of course you might have known it,” said his mother.
 CHAPTER III
A MEETING OF MYSTERY

A RATHER attractive-looking, though overdressed, young woman

was dining in a second-rate chop-house in London. She was
noticeable, not so much for her fine figure and coarsely beautiful
face as for the size and appearance of her companion, a large, well-
proportioned man in the mid-twenties, with such a tremendous
beard that it gave him the appearance of hiding in ambush. He stood
fully three inches over six feet. His shoulders were broad, his chest
deep, and his hips narrow. His physique, his carriage, everything
about him, suggested indubitably the trained athlete.
The two were in close conversation, a conversation that
occasionally gave every evidence of bordering upon heated
argument.
“I tell you,” said the man, “that I do not see what we need of the
others. Why should they share with us—why divide into six portions
that which you and I might have alone?”
“It takes money to carry the plan through,” she replied, “and
neither you nor I have any money. They have it and they will back
us with it—me for my knowledge and you for your appearance and
your strength. They searched for you, Esteban, for two years, and,
now that they have found you, I should not care to be in your shoes
if you betrayed them. They would just as soon slit your throat as
not, Esteban, if they no more than thought they couldn’t use you,
now that you have all the details of their plan. But if you should try
to take all the profit from them—” She paused, shrugging her
shoulders. “No, my dear, I love life too well to join you in any such
conspiracy as that.”
“But I tell you, Flora, we ought to get more out of it than they
want to give. You furnish all the knowledge and I take all the risk—
why shouldn’t we have more than a sixth apiece?”
 “Talk to them yourself, then, Esteban,” said the girl, with a shrug,
“but if you will take my advice you will be satisfied with what you are
offered. Not only have I the information, without which they can do
nothing, but I found you into the bargain, yet I do not ask it all—I
shall be perfectly satisfied with one-sixth, and I can assure you that
if you do not muddle the thing, one-sixth of what you bring out will
be enough for any one of us for the rest of his natural life.”
The man did not seem convinced, and the young woman had a
feeling that he would bear watching. Really, she knew very little
about him, and had seen him in person only a few times since her
first discovery of him some two months before, upon the screen of a
London cinema house in a spectacular feature in which he had
played the rôle of a Roman soldier of the Pretorian Guard.
Here his heroic size and perfect physique had alone entitled him
to consideration, for his part was a minor one, and doubtless of all
the thousands who saw him upon the silver sheet Flora Hawkes was
the only one who took more than a passing interest in him, and her
interest was aroused, not by his histrionic ability, but rather because
for some two years she and her confederates had been searching for
such a type as Esteban Miranda so admirably represented. To find
him in the flesh bade fair to prove difficult of accomplishment, but
after a month of seemingly fruitless searching she finally discovered
him among a score of extra men at the studio of one of London’s
lesser producing companies. She needed no other credentials than
her good looks to form his acquaintance, and while that was
ripening into intimacy she made no mention to him of the real
purpose of her association with him.
That he was a Spaniard and apparently of good family was
evident to her, and that he was unscrupulous was to be guessed by
the celerity with which he agreed to take part in the shady
transaction that had been conceived in the mind of Flora Hawkes,
and the details of which had been perfected by her and her four
confederates. So, therefore, knowing that he was unscrupulous, she
was aware that every precaution must be taken to prevent him
taking advantage of the knowledge of their plan that he must one
day have in detail, the key to which she, up to the present moment,
had kept entirely to herself, not even confiding it to any one of her
four other confederates.
They sat for a moment in silence, toying with the empty glasses
from which they had been drinking. Presently she looked up to find
his gaze fixed upon her and an expression in his eyes that even a
less sophisticated woman than Flora Hawkes might readily have
interpreted.
“You can make me do anything you want, Flora,” he said, “for
when I am with you I forget the gold, and think only of that other
reward which you continually deny me, but which one day I shall
win.”
“Love and business do not mix well,” replied the girl. “Wait until
you have succeeded in this work, Esteban, and then we may talk of
love.”
“You do not love me,” he whispered, hoarsely. “I know—I have
seen—that each of the others loves you. That is why I could hate
them. And if I thought that you loved one of them, I could cut his
heart out. Sometimes I have thought that you did—first one of them
and then another. You are too familiar with them, Flora. I have seen
John Peebles squeeze your hand when he thought no one was
looking, and when you dance with Dick Throck he holds you too
close and you dance cheek to cheek. I tell you I do not like it, Flora,
and one of these days I shall forget all about the gold and think only
of you, and then something will happen and there will not be so
many to divide the ingots that I shall bring back from Africa. And
Bluber and Kraski are almost as bad; perhaps Kraski is the worst of
all, for he is a good-looking devil and I do not like the way in which
you cast sheep’s eyes at him.”
The fire of growing anger was leaping to the girl’s eyes. With an
angry gesture she silenced him.
“What business is it of yours, Señor Miranda, who I choose for
my friends, or how I treat them or how they treat me? I will have
you understand that I have known these men for years, while I have
known you for but a few weeks, and if any has a right to dictate my
behavior, which, thank God, none has, it would be one of them
rather than you.”
 His eyes blazed angrily.
“It is as I thought!” he cried. “You love one of them.” He half rose
from the table and leaned across it toward her, menacingly. “Just let
me find out which one it is and I will cut him into pieces!”
He ran his fingers through his long, black hair until it stood up on
end like the mane of an angry lion. His eyes were blazing with a light
that sent a chill of dread through the girl’s heart. He appeared a man
temporarily bereft of reason—if he were not a maniac he most
certainly looked one, and the girl was afraid and realized that she
must placate him.
“Come, come, Esteban,” she whispered softly, “there is no need
for working yourself into a towering rage over nothing. I have not
said that I loved one of these, nor have I said that I do not love you,
but I am not used to being wooed in such fashion. Perhaps your
Spanish señoritas like it, but I am an English girl and if you love me
treat me as an English lover would treat me.”
“You have not said that you loved one of these others—no, but
on the other hand you have not said that you do not love one of
them—tell me, Flora, which one of them is it that you love?”
His eyes were still blazing, and his great frame trembling with
suppressed passion.
“I do not love any of them, Esteban,” she replied, “nor, as yet, do
I love you. But I could, Esteban, that much I will tell you. I could
love you, Esteban, as I could never love another, but I shall not
permit myself to do so until after you have returned and we are free
to live where and how we like. Then, maybe—but, even so, I do not
promise.”
“You had better promise,” he said, sullenly, though evidently
somewhat mollified. “You had better promise, Flora, for I care
nothing for the gold if I may not have you also.”
“Hush,” she cautioned, “here they come now, and it is about
time; they are fully a half-hour late.”
The man turned his eyes in the direction of her gaze, and the
two sat watching the approach of four men who had just entered
the chop-house. Two of them were evidently Englishmen—big,
meaty fellows of the middle class, who looked what they really were,
former pugilists; the third, Adolph Bluber, was a short, fat German,
with a round, red face and a bull neck; the other, the youngest of
the four, was by far the best looking. His smooth face, clear
complexion, and large dark eyes might of themselves have proven
sufficient grounds for Miranda’s jealousy, but supplementing these
were a mop of wavy, brown hair, the figure of a Greek god and the
grace of a Russian dancer, which, in truth, was what Carl Kraski was
when he chose to be other than a rogue.
The girl greeted the four pleasantly, while the Spaniard
vouchsafed them but a single, surly nod, as they found chairs and
seated themselves at the table.
“Hale!” cried Peebles, pounding the table to attract the attention
of a waiter, “let us ’ave hale.”
The suggestion met with unanimous approval, and as they
waited for their drink they spoke casually of unimportant things; the
heat, the circumstance that had delayed them, the trivial
occurrences since they had last met; throughout which Esteban sat
in sullen silence, but after the waiter had returned and they drank to
Flora, with which ceremony it had long been their custom to
signalize each gathering, they got down to business.
“Now,” cried Peebles, pounding the table with his meaty fist,
“ ’ere we are, and that’s that! We ’ave everything, Flora—the plans,
the money, Señor Miranda—and are jolly well ready, old dear, for
your part of it.”
“How much money have you?” asked Flora. “It is going to take a
lot of money, and there is no use starting unless you have plenty to
carry on with.”
Peebles turned to Bluber. “There,” he said, pointing a pudgy
finger at him, “is the bloomin’ treasurer. ’E can tell you ’ow much we
’ave, the fat rascal of a Dutchman.”
Bluber smiled an oily smile and rubbed his fat palms together.
“Vell,” he said, “how much you t’ink, Miss Flora, ve should have?”
“Not less than two thousand pounds to be on the safe side,” she
replied quickly.
“Oi! Oi!” exclaimed Bluber. “But dot is a lot of money—two
t’ousand pounds. Oi! Oi!”
 The girl made a gesture of disgust. “I told you in the first place
that I wouldn’t have anything to do with a bunch of cheap screws,
and that until you had enough money to carry the thing out properly
I would not give you the maps and directions, without which you
cannot hope to reach the vaults, where there is stored enough gold
to buy this whole, tight, little island if half that what I have heard
them say about it is true. You can go along and spend your own
money, but you’ve got to show me that you have at least two
thousand pounds to spend before I give up the information that will
make you the richest men in the world.”
“The blighter’s got the money,” growled Throck. “Blime if I know
what he’s beefin’ about.”
“He can’t help it,” growled the Russian, “it’s a racial
characteristic; Bluber would try to jew down the marriage license
clerk if he were going to get married.”
“Oh, vell,” sighed Bluber, “for vy should we spend more money
than is necessary? If ve can do it for vone t’ousand pounds so much
the better.”
“Certainly,” snapped the girl, “and if it don’t take but one
thousand, that is all that you will have to spend, but you’ve got to
have the two thousand in case of emergencies, and from what I
have seen of that country you are likely to run up against more
emergencies than anything else.
“Oi! Oi!” cried Bluber.
“ ’E’s got the money all right,” said Peebles, “now let’s get busy.”
“He may have it, but I want to see it first,” replied the girl.
“Vat you t’ink; I carry all dot money around in my pocket?” cried
Bluber.
“Can’t you take our word for it?” grumbled Throck.
“You’re a nice bunch of crooks to ask me that,” she replied,
laughing in the face of the burly ruffians. “I’ll take Carl’s word for it,
though; if he tells me that you have it, and that it is in such shape
that it can, and will, be used to pay all the necessary expenses of
our expedition, I will believe him.”
Peebles and Throck scowled angrily, and Miranda’s eyes closed to
two narrow, nasty slits, as he directed his gaze upon the Russian.
Bluber, on the contrary, was affected not at all; the more he was
insulted, the better, apparently, he liked it. Toward one who treated
him with consideration or respect he would have become arrogant,
while he fawned upon the hand that struck him. Kraski, alone,
smiled a self-satisfied smile that set the blood of the Spaniard
boiling.
“Bluber has the money, Flora,” he said; “each of us has
contributed his share. We’ll make Bluber treasurer, because we know
that he will squeeze the last farthing until it shrieks before he will let
it escape him. It is our plan now to set out from London in pairs.”
He drew a map from his pocket, and unfolding it, spread it out
upon the table before them. With his finger he indicated a point
marked X. “Here we will meet and here we will equip our expedition.
Bluber and Miranda will go first; then Peebles and Throck. By the
time that you and I arrive everything will be in shape for moving
immediately into the interior, where we shall establish a permanent
camp, off the beaten track and as near our objective as possible.
Miranda will disport himself behind his whiskers until he is ready to
set out upon the final stage of his long journey. I understand that he
is well schooled in the part that he is to play and that he can depict
the character to perfection. As he will have only ignorant natives and
wild beasts to deceive it should not tax his histrionic ability too
greatly.” There was a veiled note of sarcasm in the soft, drawling
tone that caused the black eyes of the Spaniard to gleam wickedly.
“Do I understand,” asked Miranda, his soft tone belying his angry
scowl, “that you and Miss Hawkes travel alone to X?”
“You do, unless your understanding is poor,” replied the Russian.
The Spaniard half rose from the table and leaned across it
menacingly toward Kraski. The girl, who was sitting next to him,
seized his coat.
“None of that!” she said, dragging him back into his chair. “There
has been too much of it among you already, and if there is any more
I shall cut you all and seek more congenial companions for my
expedition.”
“Yes, cut it out; ’ere we are, and that’s that!” exclaimed Peebles
belligerently.
 “John’s right,” rumbled Throck, in his deep bass, “and I’m here to
back him up. Flora’s right, and I’m here to back her up. And if there
is any more of it, blime if I don’t bash a couple of you pretty ’uns,”
and he looked first at Miranda and then at Kraski.
“Now,” soothed Bluber, “let’s all shake hands and be good
friends.”
“Right-o,” cried Peebles, “that’s the talk. Give ’im your ’and,
Esteban. Come, Carl, bury the ’atchet. We can’t start in on this thing
with no hanimosities, and ’ere we are, and that’s that.”
The Russian, feeling secure in his position with Flora, and
therefore in a magnanimous mood, extended his hand across the
table toward the Spaniard. For a moment Esteban hesitated.
“Come, man, shake!” growled Throck, “or you can go back to
your job as an extra man, blime, and we’ll find someone else to do
your work and divvy the swag with.”
Suddenly the dark countenance of the Spaniard was lighted by a
pleasant smile. He extended his hand quickly and clasped Kraski’s.
“Forgive me,” he said, “I am hot-tempered, but I mean nothing. Miss
Hawkes is right, we must all be friends, and here’s my hand on it,
Kraski, as far as I am concerned.”
“Good,” said Kraski, “and I am sorry if I offended you;” but he
forgot that the other was an actor, and if he could have seen into the
depths of that dark soul he would have shuddered.
“Und now, dot ve are all good friends,” said Bluber, rubbing his
hands together unctuously, “vy not arrange for vhen ve shall
commence starting to finish up everyt’ings? Miss Flora, she gives me
the map und der directions und we start commencing immediately.”
“Loan me a pencil, Carl,” said the girl, and when the man had
handed her one she searched out a spot upon the map some
distance into the interior from X, where she drew a tiny circle. “This
is O,” she said. “When we all reach here you shall have the final
directions and not before.”
Bluber threw up his hands. “Oi! Miss Flora, vhat you t’ink, ve
spend two t’ousand pounds to buy a pig in a poke? Oi! Oi! you
vouldn’t ask us to do dot? Ve must see everyt’ing, ve must know
everyt’ing, before ve spend vun farthing.”
 “Yes, and ’ere we are, and that’s that!” roared John Peebles,
striking the table with his fist.
The girl rose leisurely from her seat. “Oh, very well,” she said
with a shrug. “If you feel that way about it we might as well call it all
off.”
“Oh, vait, vait, Miss Flora,” cried Bluber, rising hurriedly. “Don’t be
ogcited. But can’t you see vere ve are? Two t’ousand pounds is a lot
of money, and ve are good business men. Ve shouldn’t be spending
it all vit’out getting not’ings for it.”
“I am not asking you to spend it and get nothing for it,” replied
the girl, tartly; “but if anyone has got to trust anyone else in this
outfit, it is you who are going to trust me. If I give you all the
information I have, there is nothing in the world that could prevent
you from going ahead and leaving me out in the cold, and I don’t
intend that that shall happen.”
“But we are not gonoffs, Miss Flora,” insisted the Jew. “Ve vould
not t’ink for vun minute of cheating you.”
“You’re not angels, either, Bluber, any of you,” retorted the girl.
“If you want to go ahead with this you’ve got to do it in my way, and
I am going to be there at the finish to see that I get what is coming
to me. You’ve taken my word for it, up to the present time, that I
had the dope, and now you’ve got to take it the rest of the way or
all bets are off. What good would it do me to go over into a bally
jungle and suffer all the hardships that we are bound to suffer,
dragging you along with me, if I were not going to be able to deliver
the goods when I got there? And I am not such a softy as to think I
could get away with it with a bunch of bandits like you if I tried to
put anything of that kind over on you. And as long as I do play
straight I feel perfectly safe, for I know that either Esteban or Carl
will look after me, and I don’t know but what the rest of you would,
too. Is it a go or isn’t it?”
“Vell, John, vot do you und Dick t’ink?” asked Bluber, addressing
the two ex-prize-fighters. “Carl, I know he vill t’ink v’hatever Flora
t’inks. Hey? V’at?”
“Blime,” said Throck, “I never was much of a hand at trusting
nobody unless I had to, but it looks now as though we had to trust
Flora.”
“Same ’ere,” said John Peebles. “If you try any funny work, Flora
—” He made a significant movement with his finger across his
throat.
“I understand, John,” said the girl with a smile, “and I know that
you would do it as quickly for two pounds as you would for two
thousand. But you are all agreed, then, to carry on according to my
plans? You too, Carl?”
The Russian nodded. “Whatever the rest say goes with me,” he
remarked.
And so the gentle little coterie discussed their plans in so far as
they could—each minutest detail that would be necessary to place
them all at the O which the girl had drawn upon the map.
 CHAPTER IV
WHAT THE FOOTPRINTS TOLD

W HEN Jad-bal-ja, the golden lion, was two years old, he was as
magnificent a specimen of his kind as the Greystokes had ever
looked upon. In size he was far above the average of that attained
by mature males; in conformation he was superb, his noble head
and his great black mane giving him the appearance of a full-grown
male, while in intelligence he far outranked his savage brothers of
the forest.
Jad-bal-ja was a never-ending source of pride and delight to the
ape-man who had trained him so carefully, and nourished him
cunningly for the purpose of developing to the full all the latent
powers within him. The lion no longer slept at the foot of his
master’s bed, but occupied a strong cage that Tarzan had had
constructed for him at the rear of the bungalow, for who knew
better than the ape-man that a lion, wherever he may be or
however he may have been raised, is yet a lion—a savage flesh-
eater. For the first year he had roamed at will about the house and
grounds; after that he went abroad only in the company of Tarzan.
Often the two roamed the plain and the jungle hunting together. In
a way the lion was almost equally as familiar with Jane and Korak,
and neither of them feared or mistrusted him, but toward Tarzan of
the Apes did he show the greatest affection. The blacks of Tarzan’s
household he tolerated, nor did he ever offer to molest any of the
domestic animals or fowl, after Tarzan had impressed upon him in
his early cubhood that appropriate punishment followed immediately
upon any predatory excursion into the corrals or henhouses. The fact
that he was never permitted to become ravenously hungry was
doubtless the deciding factor in safeguarding the live stock of the
farm.
The man and the beast seemed to understand one another
perfectly. It is doubtful that the lion understood all that Tarzan said
to him, but be that as it may the ease with which he communicated
his wishes to the lion bordered upon the uncanny. The obedience
that a combination of sternness and affection had elicited from the
cub had become largely habit in the grown lion. At Tarzan’s
command he would go to great distances and bring back antelope or
zebra, laying his kill at his master’s feet without offering to taste the
flesh himself, and he had even retrieved living animals without
harming them. Such, then, was the golden lion that roamed the
primeval forest with his godlike master.
It was at about this time that there commenced to drift in to the
ape-man rumors of a predatory band to the west and south of his
estate; ugly stories of ivory-raiding, slave-running and torture, such
as had not disturbed the quiet of the ape-man’s savage jungle since
the days of Sheik Amor Ben Khatour, and there came other tales,
too, that caused Tarzan of the Apes to pucker his brows in
puzzlement and thought, and then a month elapsed during which
Tarzan heard no more of the rumors from the west.

The war had reduced the resources of the Greystokes to but a

meager income. They had given practically all to the cause of the
Allies, and now what little had remained to them had been all but
exhausted in the rehabilitation of Tarzan’s African estate.
“It looks very much, Jane,” he said to his wife one night, “as
though another trip to Opar were on the books.”
“I dread to think of it. I do not want you to go,” she said. “You
have come away from that awful city twice, but barely with your life.
The third time you may not be so fortunate. We have enough, John,
to permit us to live here in comfort and in happiness. Why
jeopardize those two things which are greater than all wealth in
another attempt to raid the treasure vaults?”
“There is no danger, Jane,” he assured her. “The last time Werper
dogged my footsteps, and between him and the earthquake I was
nearly done for. But there is no chance of any such combination of
circumstances thwarting me again.”
 “You will not go alone, John?” she asked. “You will take Korak
with you?”
“No,” he said, “I shall not take him. He must remain here with
you, for really my long absences are more dangerous to you than to
me. I shall take fifty of the Waziri, as porters, to carry the gold, and
thus we should be able to bring out enough to last us for a long
time.”
“And Jad-bal-ja,” she asked, “shall you take him?”
“No, he had better remain here; Korak can look after him and
take him out for a hunt occasionally. I am going to travel light and
fast and it would be too hard a trip for him—lions don’t care to move
around much in the hot sun, and as we shall travel mostly by day I
doubt if Jad-bal-ja would last long.”
And so it befell that Tarzan of the Apes set out once more upon
the long trail that leads to Opar. Behind him marched fifty giant
Waziri, the pick of the warlike tribe that had adopted Tarzan as its
Chief. Upon the veranda of the bungalow stood Jane and Korak
waving their adieux, while from the rear of the building there came
to the ape-man’s ears the rumbling roar of Jad-bal-ja, the golden
lion. And as they marched away the voice of Numa accompanied
them out upon the rolling plain, until at last it trailed off to
nothingness in the distance.
His speed determined by that of the slowest of the blacks, Tarzan
made but comparatively rapid progress. Opar lay a good twenty-five
days’ trek from the farm for men traveling light, as were these, but
upon the return journey, laden as they would be with the ingots of
gold, their progress would be slower. And because of this the ape-
man had allotted two months for the venture. His safari, consisting
of seasoned warriors only, permitted of really rapid progress. They
carried no supplies, for they were all hunters and were moving
through a country in which game was abundant—no need then for
burdening themselves with the cumbersome impedimenta of white
huntsmen.
A thorn boma and a few leaves furnished their shelter for the
night, while spears and arrows and the powers of their great white
chief insured that their bellies would never go empty. With the
picked men that he had brought with him Tarzan expected to make
the trip to Opar in twenty-one days, though had he been traveling
alone he would have moved two or three times as fast, since, when
Tarzan elected to travel with speed, he fairly flew through the jungle,
equally at home in it by day or by night and practically tireless.
It was a mid-afternoon the third week of the march that Tarzan,
ranging far ahead of his blacks in search of game, came suddenly
upon the carcass of Bara, the deer, a feathered arrow protruding
from its flank. It was evident that Bara had been wounded at some
little distance from where it had lain down to die, for the location of
the missile indicated that the wound could not have caused
immediate death. But what particularly caught the attention of the
ape-man, even before he had come close enough to make a minute
examination, was the design of the arrow, and immediately he
withdrew it from the body of the deer he knew it for what it was,
and was filled with such wonderment as might come to you or to me
were we to see a native Swazi headdress upon Broadway or the
Strand, for the arrow was precisely such as one may purchase in
most any sporting-goods house in any large city of the world—such
an arrow as is sold and used for archery practice in the parks and
suburbs. Nothing could have been more incongruous than this silly
toy in the heart of savage Africa, and yet that it had done its work
effectively was evident by the dead body of Bara, though the ape-
man guessed that the shaft had been sped by no practiced, savage
hand.
Tarzan’s curiosity was aroused and also his inherent jungle
caution. One must know his jungle well to survive long the jungle,
and if one would know it well he must let no unusual occurrence or
circumstance go unexplained. And so it was that Tarzan set out upon
the back track of Bara for the purpose of ascertaining, if possible,
the nature of Bara’s slayer. The bloody spoor was easily followed and
the ape-man wondered why it was that the hunter had not tracked
and overtaken his quarry, which had evidently been dead since the
previous day. He found that Bara had traveled far, and the sun was
already low in the west before Tarzan came upon the first indications
of the slayer of the animal. These were in the nature of footprints
that filled him with quite as much surprise as had the arrow. He
examined them carefully, and, stooping low, even sniffed at them
with his sensitive nostrils. Improbable, nay impossible though it
seemed, the naked footprints were those of a white man—a large
man, probably as large as Tarzan himself. As the foster-son of Kala
stood gazing upon the spoor of the mysterious stranger he ran the
fingers of one hand through his thick, black hair in a characteristic
gesture indicative of deep puzzlement.
What naked white man could there be in Tarzan’s jungle who
slew Tarzan’s game with the pretty arrow of an archery club? It was
incredible that there should be such a one, and yet there recurred to
the ape-man’s mind the vague rumors that he had heard weeks
before. Determined to solve the mystery he set out now upon the
trail of the stranger—an erratic trail which wound about through the
jungle, apparently aimlessly, prompted, Tarzan guessed, by the
ignorance of an inexperienced hunter. But night fell before he had
arrived at a solution of the riddle, and it was pitch dark as the ape-
man turned his steps toward camp.
He knew that his Waziri would be expecting meat and it was not
Tarzan’s intention to disappoint them, though he then discovered
that he was not the only carnivore hunting the district that night.
The coughing grunt of a lion close by apprised him of it first, and
then, from the distance, the deep roar of another. But of what
moment was it to the ape-man that others hunted? It would not be
the first time that he had pitted his cunning, his strength, and his
agility against the other hunters of his savage world—both man and
beast.
And so it was that Tarzan made his kill at last, snatching it almost
from under the nose of a disappointed and infuriated lion—a fat
antelope that the latter had marked as his own. Throwing his kill to
his shoulder almost in the path of the charging Numa, the ape-man
swung lightly to the lower terraces and with a taunting laugh for the
infuriated cat, vanished noiselessly into the night.
He found the camp and his hungry Waziri without trouble, and so
great was their faith in him that they not for a moment doubted but
that he would return with meat for them.
 Early the following morning Tarzan set out again toward Opar,
and directing his Waziri to continue the march in the most direct
way, he left them that he might pursue further his investigations of
the mysterious presence in his jungle that the arrow and the
footsteps had apprised him of. Coming again to the spot at which
darkness had forced him to abandon his investigations, he took up
the spoor of the stranger. Nor had he followed it far before he came
upon further evidence of the presence of this new and malign
personality—stretched before him in the trail was the body of a giant
ape, one of the tribe of great anthropoids among whom Tarzan had
been raised. Protruding from the hairy abdomen of the Mangani was
another of the machine-made arrows of civilization. The ape-man’s
eyes narrowed and a scowl darkened his brow. Who was this who
dared invade his sacred preserves and slaughter thus ruthlessly
Tarzan’s people?
A low growl rumbled in the throat of the ape-man. Sloughed with
the habiliments of civilization was the thin veneer of civilization that
Tarzan wore among white men. No English lord was this who looked
upon the corpse of his hairy cousin, but another jungle beast in
whose breast raged the unquenchable fire of suspicion and hatred
for the man-thing that is the heritage of the jungle-bred. A beast of
prey viewed the bloody work of ruthless man. Nor was there in the
consciousness of Tarzan any acknowledgment of his blood
relationship to the killer.
Realizing that the trail had been made upon the second day
before, Tarzan hastened on in pursuit of the slayer. There was no
doubt in his mind but that plain murder had been committed, for he
was sufficiently familiar with the traits of the Mangani to know that
none of them would provoke assault unless driven to it.
Tarzan was traveling up wind, and some half-hour after he had
discovered the body of the ape his keen nostrils caught the scent
spoor of others of its kind. Knowing the timidity of these fierce
denizens of the jungle he moved forward now with great wariness,
lest, warned of his approach, they take flight before they were
aware of his identity. He did not see them often, yet he knew that
there were always those among them who recalled him, and that
through these he could always establish amicable relations with the
balance of the tribe.
Owing to the denseness of the undergrowth Tarzan chose the
middle terraces for his advance, and here, swinging freely and
swiftly among the leafy boughs, he came presently upon the giant
anthropoids. There were about twenty of them in the band, and they
were engaged, in a little natural clearing, in their never-ending
search for caterpillars and beetles, which formed important items in
the diet of the Mangani.
A faint smile overspread the ape-man’s face as he paused upon a
great branch, himself hidden by the leafy foliage about him, and
watched the little band below him. Every action, every movement of
the great apes, recalled vividly to Tarzan’s mind the long years of his
childhood, when, protected by the fierce mother-love of Kala, the
she-ape, he had ranged the jungle with the tribe of Kerchak. In the
romping young, he saw again Neeta and his other childhood
playmates and in the adults all the great, savage brutes he had
feared in youth and conquered in manhood. The ways of man may
change but the ways of the ape are the same, yesterday, today and
forever.
He watched them in silence for some minutes. How glad they
would be to see him when they discovered his identity! For Tarzan of
the Apes was known the length and the breadth of the great jungle
as the friend and protector of the Mangani. At first they would growl
at him and threaten him, for they would not depend solely on either
their eyes or their ears for confirmation of his identity. Not until he
had entered the clearing, and bristling bulls with bared fighting
fangs had circled him stiffly until they had come close enough for
their nostrils to verify the evidence of their eyes and ears, would
they finally accept him. Then doubtless there would be great
excitement for a few minutes, until, following the instincts of the ape
mind, their attention was weaned from him by a blowing leaf, a
caterpillar, or a bird’s egg, and then they would move about their
business, taking no further notice of him more than of any other
member of the tribe. But this would not come until after each
individual had smelled of him, and perhaps, pawed his flesh with
calloused hands.
Now it was that Tarzan made a friendly sound of greeting, and as
the apes looked up stepped from his concealment into plain view of
them. “I am Tarzan of the Apes,” he said, “mighty fighter, friend of
the Mangani. Tarzan comes in friendship to his people,” and with
these words he dropped lightly to the lush grass of the clearing.
Instantly pandemonium reigned. Screaming warnings, the shes
raced with the young for the opposite side of the clearing, while the
bulls, bristling and growling, faced the intruder.
“Come,” cried Tarzan, “do you not know me? I am Tarzan of the
Apes, friend of the Mangani, son of Kala, and king of the tribe of
Kerchak.”
“We know you,” growled one of the old bulls; “yesterday we saw
you when you killed Gobu. Go away or we shall kill you.”
“I did not kill Gobu,” replied the ape-man. “I found his dead body
yesterday and I was following the spoor of his slayer, when I came
upon you.”
“We saw you,” repeated the old bull; “go away or we shall kill
you. You are no longer the friend of the Mangani.”
The ape-man stood with brows contracted in thought. It was
evident that these apes really believed that they had seen him kill
their fellow. What was the explanation? How could it be accounted
for? Did the naked footprints of the great white man whom he had
been following mean more, then, than he had guessed? Tarzan
wondered. He raised his eyes and again addressed the bulls.
“It was not I who killed Gobu,” he insisted. “Many of you have
known me all your lives. You know that only in fair fight, as one bull
fights another, have I ever killed a Mangani. You know that, of all the
jungle people, the Mangani are my best friends, and that Tarzan of
the Apes is the best friend the Mangani have. How, then, could I
slay one of my own people?”
“We only know,” replied the old bull, “that we saw you kill Gobu.
With our own eyes we saw you kill him. Go away quickly, therefore,
or we shall kill you. Mighty fighter is Tarzan of the Apes, but mightier
even than he are all the great bulls of Pagth. I am Pagth, king of the
tribe of Pagth. Go away before we kill you.”
Tarzan tried to reason with them but they would not listen, so
confident were they that it was he who had slain their fellow, the
bull Gobu. Finally, rather than chance a quarrel in which some of
them must inevitably be killed, he turned sorrowfully away. But more
than ever, now, was he determined to seek out the slayer of Gobu
that he might demand an accounting of one who dared thus invade
his life-long domain.
Tarzan trailed the spoor until it mingled with the tracks of many
men—barefooted blacks, mostly, but among them the footprints of
booted white men, and once he saw the footprints of a woman or a
child, which, he could not tell. The trail led apparently toward the
rocky hills which protected the barren valley of Opar.
Forgetful now of his original mission and imbued only with a
savage desire to wrest from the interlopers a full accounting for their
presence in the jungle, and to mete out to the slayer of Gobu his
just deserts, Tarzan forged ahead upon the now broad and well-
marked trail of the considerable party which could not now be much
more than a half-day’s march ahead of him, which meant that they
were doubtless now already upon the rim of the valley of Opar, if
this was their ultimate destination. And what other they could have
in view Tarzan could not imagine.
He had always kept closely to himself the location of Opar. In so
far as he knew no white person other than Jane, and their son,
Korak, knew of the location of the forgotten city of the ancient
Atlantians. Yet what else could have drawn these white men, with so
large a party, into the savage, unexplored wilderness which hemmed
Opar upon all sides?
Such were the thoughts that occupied Tarzan’s mind as he
followed swiftly the trail that led toward Opar. Darkness fell, but so
fresh was the spoor that the ape-man could follow it by scent even
when he could not see the imprints upon the ground, and presently,
in the distance, he saw the light of a camp ahead of him.
Before him was the body of a giant anthropoid