Growing Up Fast Transitions To Early Adulthood of Inner city
Adolescent Mothers 1st Edition
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Page ii
Growing Up Fast
Transitions to Early Adulthood
of Inner-City Adolescent Mothers
Page iii
Research Monographs in Adolescence
Nancy L. Galambos/Nancy A. Busch-Rossnagel, Editors
Coté • Adolescent Storm and Stress: An Evaluation of the Mead-
Freeman Controversy
Cohen/Cohen • Life Values and Adolescent Mental Health
Seiffge-Krenke • Stress, Coping, and Relationships in Adolescence
East/Felice • Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting: Findings From a
Racially Diverse Sample
Bachman/Wadsworth/O’Malley/Johnston/Schulenberg • Smoking,
Drinking, and Drug Use in Young Adulthood: The Impacts of New
Freedoms and New Responsibilities
Alsaker/Flammer • The Adolescent Experience: European and
American
Adolescents in the 1990s
Leadbeater/Way • Growing Up Fast: Transitions to Early Adulthood
of Inner-City Adolescent Mothers
Call/Mortimer • Arenas of Comfort in Adolescence: A Study
of Adjustment in Comfort
Whitman/Borkowski/Keogh/Weed • Interwoven Lives: Adolescent
Mothers and Their Children
Page iv
Growing Up Fast
Transitions to Early Adulthood
of Inner-City Adolescent Mothers
Bonnie J. Ross Leadbeater
University of Victoria, Canada
Niobe Way
New York University
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM
ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS
Mahwah, New Jersey London
Page v
Copyright © 2001 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, by
photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or
any other means, without prior written
permission of the publisher.
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers
10 Industrial Avenue
Mahwah, NJ 07430
Cover design by Kathryn
Houghtaling Lacey
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Leadbeater, Bonnie J. Ross. 1950-
Growing up fast : transitions to early adulthood of inner-city
adolescent mothers / by Bonnie J. Ross Leadbeater and
Niobe Way.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8058-3736-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Teenage mothers—United States. I. Way, Niobe,
1963- II. Title.
HQ759.4 .L43 2000
306.874’3’0973—dc21 00-037638
CIP
Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on
acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and
durability.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page vi
To Emilie
and
to all children
who inspire their parents
to become better people
Page vii
Contents
Series Editors’ Foreword
xi
Preface
xiii
1 Introduction: Beyond the Stereotypes: What Kind
of Problem Is Teenage Parenting? 1
Focusing on Diversity
2
The Pathways to Adulthood for Adolescent Mothers
3
What Does It Mean to Be Grown? 4
Chapter Outlines and Preview of Key Findings
5
2 The American Context: Sex, Marriage, Work,
and Poverty 10
The Growth of Teenage Parenting as a Moral Problem
10
Changing Social Norms: Sexual Activity and the
Choices of American Adolescents 13
Adolescent Parenting and Preexisting Poverty 19
The New York Study of Adolescent Mothers
22
Page viii
3 Resilient Processes: Gaining Strength From Challenge
and Support 26
Resilient Processes 29
Support That Challenges and Believes in You
35
Understanding the Sources of Resiliency
42
4 Pathways to Adulthood: School and Work
45
Designing Policies That Help
46
The Transitions to Work Among the New York Sample
47
5 Life as a Working Mother: Teressa and Charise 58
Teressa: Striving Under Stress, Safeguarding the Future
60
Charise: Reaching for Independence and a Place
of Her Own 65
6 Welfare Benefits for Inner-City Adolescent Mothers:
Supporting Early Adult Development 71
Welfare Dependence: Building on Disadvantages
72
Subgroup Differences in Welfare Experiences of the
New York Mothers 73
What Drives the Decision to Go on Welfare? 74
Recognizing the Positive 77
7 Living on Welfare: Mialisa, Helen, and Vivian 78
Mialisa: Winning in the Struggle Against the Odds
79
Helen: Waiting for Tomorrow
86
Vivian: Taking Care of a Mother’s Responsibilities,
One Day at a Time 92
Page ix
8 Resilient Relationships: Men as Fathers and Partners
99
The Influence of Fathers on Adolescent Mothers
and Their Children 100
The Effects of Changing Patterns of Family Formation
101
Involvement of the Children’s Fathers in the
New York Study 103
Relationships That Endured: Maturing Together,
Outlasting Separations 105
9 Relationships That Hurt: Escaping Domestic Violence
With Tricia Harmon 116
Losing Self-Control: The Dynamics of Self-Criticism
125
Interpersonal Dependency in Abusive Relationships 126
Mothers Who Left Abusive Relationships
127
Mothers Who Remained in Abusive Relationships:
Depression, Trauma, and Choices 132
10 Adolescent Mothers as Co-Parents: The Effects
of Maternal Care, Grandmothers’ Involvement,
and Day-Care Experiences on Child Competence
138
and Problem Behaviors
With Wendy Hoglund
Poverty, Parenting, and Child Social Competence
139
The New York Study: Assessment of Child Behavior
Competence and Problem Behaviors 141
The Effects of Adolescent Mothers’ Parenting Styles
on Child Outcomes 142
The Influence of the Grandmother’s Involvement
on Mother and Child Outcomes 154
Page x
Differences in Child-Care Experiences of the Children
of Adolescent Mothers 158
Effects of Child-Care Experiences on Child Outcomes 163
11 Building a Rock to Stand On: Policies That Enhance
Competence for the Transition to Early Adulthood 167
Summary of Major Findings of the New York Study
170
Programming and Policies for Adolescent Mothers:
Success Stories and Creative Innovations of the 1990s 172
Supporting the Transition to Early Adulthood:
Implications for Policy 185
Appendix A: Description of Measures
199
Appendix B: Interview for Ethnographic Data
206
References 211
Author Index 229
Subject Index
237
Page xi
Series Editors’ Foreword
Nancy L. Galambos
University of Victoria, Canada
Nancy A. Busch-Rossnagel
Fordham University
It is with great pleasure that we introduce Growing Up Fast:
Transitions to Early Adulthood of Inner-City Adolescent Mothers by
Bonnie Leadbeater and Niobe Way. This book marks a transition in
the Research Monographs in Adolescence series. The aim of this
series is, as it has been since the first monograph appeared in 1994,
to present the finest in scholarly thinking and research on adolescent
development. With this volume, a new look to the series can been
seen—a look that increases the accessibility of these books to a
wider audience, including not only scholars and upper level
undergraduate and graduate students, but also professionals and
members of the public.
First, a new format for this series aims to attract those who wish to
learn more about the adolescent experience without getting lost in
the detail of the methods and analyses. To this end, the main body of
the text presents general methods and results. Scholarly details of
the work are placed in appendixes to which the interested reader can
refer. A second highlight of this new look is the inclusion of
impressionistic material, such as quotes from the adolescent
mothers who were participants in this research. Such material brings
to life the real issues of very real adolescents—their triumphs and
struggles, their riches and poverty, their strengths and weaknesses.
This volume serves as an excellent example of the new format in our
series. More than that, it serves as an ideal model of the important
uses of qualitative re-
Page xii
search for understanding the adolescent experience. In this book,
the authors draw on their in-depth examination of inner-city
adolescent mothers to make constructive suggestions for social
welfare policies and reforms. This book stands out among others by
its social policy perspective and its focus on encouraging adolescent
mothers to reach their potentials. We congratulate the authors for
their valuable contribution to research on adolescence.
