KMV Red ils

K.M.V

HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL

REACH FOR EXCELLENCE Affiliated to CBSE - New Delhi
Affiliation Number 830461

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TO STUDY THE VARIATION INCURRENT FLOWING INA

CIRCUIT CONTAINING A LDR BECAUSE OF VARIATION IN
POWER OF INCANDESCENT LAMP AND DISTANCE OF
INCANDESCENTLAMP

Submitted by:
SHAAN NAYEEM KUNDAPUR
Class: XII

Session: 2019-2020

CBSE Roll.No..

18603780
 CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that ShaanNayeemKundapur has

Successfully completed the Physics investigatory project "To
Study The Variation In Current Flowing In A Circuit
Containing A LDR Because Of Variation In Power Of
Incandescent Lamp And Distance Of Incandescent Lamp
prescribed by CBSE for AISSCE course for the year 2019-2020.

DATE: 05 /02/2020 SIGNATURE OF TEACHERIN-CHARGE

Mr. Arun Kumar A. M.

Physics Teacher

SIGNATURE OF EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL

Mrs. AbakChatterjee
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wishto express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the principal,

Mrs. Abak Chatteriee, for her encouragement and for all the
facilities that she provided for this project work.
Textend my hearty thanks to our physics teacher Mr. Arun Kumar
who guided me to the successful completion of this project.
Itake thisopportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her
invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, immense motivation,
which has sustainedmy efforts at al the stages of this projectwork.
Ialso thank my lab assistant Mrs. Vijayashree who helped me carry
out this project work successfully and for her valuable advice and
support which Ireceived from time to time.
Ican't forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and my
classmates who supported me in all my needs.

SHAAN NAYEEM KUNDAPUR

 INDEX

CONTENTS Pg. No.

INTRODUCTION 5-6
1,
VARIATION OF RESISTANCE WITH 6-7
2. CHANGING LIGHT INTENSITY
TYPES OF PHOTORESISTORS 7-8
3.
APPLICATIONS OF LDRs 8-9
4.
AIM 10
5.
APPARATUS 11
6.
THEORY 12
7.
DIAGRAM 13
8.
PROCEDURE 14- 15
9.
OBSERVATION 16 - 17
10.
CONCLUSION 18
11.

12. PRECAUTION 19

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
 INTRODUCTION

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Thegeneral purpose photoconductive cell is also known as
LDR light dependent resistor. It is a type of
semiconductor and its conductivity changes with
proportional change in the intensity of light. There are two
Common types of materials used to manufacture the
photoconductive cells. They are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS)
and Cadmium Selenide (CdSe). Extrinsic devices have
impurities added, which have a ground state energy closer
to the conduction band - since the electrons don't have as
far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths
and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device.
Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and
fire detection systems and camera light meters. The
structure iscovered with glass sheet toprotect it from
moisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it.
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Page 5
 Fig: Typical LDR Fig: LDR Circuit Symbol

Variation in resistance with changing light

intensity
Resistance
decreasing with
light intensity
Resistance

Light Intensity
Fig: Graph of Intensity of light VS Resistance of LDR

DHYSICs|NVESTIGATORY PROJECT
The most common type of LDR has aresistance that falls
with an increase in the light intensity falling upon the
device (as shown in the image).

Types of photoresistor
Light dependent resistors, LDRs or photoresistors fall into
one of two types or categories:

1. Intrinsic photoresistors: Intrinsicphotoresistors

use un-dopedsemiconductor materials including
silicon or germanium. Photons fallon the LDR excite
electrons moving them from the valence band to the
conduction band. As a result, these electrons are free
to conduct electricity.The more light that falls on the
device, the more electrons are liberated and the
greater the level of conductivity, and this results in a
lower level of resistance.

2. Extrinsic photoresistors: Extrinsicphotoresistors

are manufactured from semiconductor of materials
doped with impurities. These impurities or dopants
create a new energy band above the existing valence
DHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Page 7
 band. As aresult, electrons need less energy to
transfer to the conduction band because of the smaller

energy gap.

Regardless of the type of light dependent resistor or

photoresistor, both types exhibit an increase in
COnductivityor fall in resistance with increasing levels of
incident light.

Applications of LDRs

There are many applications for Light Dependent

Resistors. These include:

Analog Applications
Camera Exposure Control
Photocopy Machines
Density of toner
Densitometer
Electronic Scales
Dual cell
Automated Rear View Mirror
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Page 8
 Digital Applications
Automatic Headlight Dimmer
. Night Light Control
Oil Burner Flame Out
Street Light Control
Position Sensor

*LDR has a disadvantage that when its temperature

changes, its resistance changes drastically for a
particular light intensity.
 EXPERIMENT

-AIM:
To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit
containing a LDR, because of a variation:

(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to

illuminate the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at
a fixed distance).

(b) In the distance of an incandescent lamp, (of

fixed power), used to illuminate' the LDR.
APPARATUS:
1.Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

2.6V Battery

3.Connecting Wires

4.Source of light (as lamps, 25W, 40W, 60W, 100W and

200W)

5.MultiMeter (microammeter).
 THEORY:
Light dependent resistor is aresistor whose resistance
changes with the intensity of light incident on it.

It ismade of Cadmium Sulphide. The resistance of LDR is

10M2 (in fulldark) and toabout 10*M2 (in dayligh).
The resistance of LDR decreases with increase in the
intensity of light
DIAGRAM:
Battery
Key

BULB

LIGHT

LDR

Key Battery Multimeter

6V

Fig: Circuit Diagram

PROCEDURE:
Step 1 Arrange the apparatus as shown in Circuit

Diagram.
Step 2Now set the knob of multimeter on the point
marked current.

Step 3 Place a thick piece of black paper on the LDR, so

that no light fall on LDR. Record the current in
multimeter.

Step 4 Remove the black paper from the LDR. Record

thecurrent in multimeter in presence of normal light in
the laboratory and determine the resistanceof LDR by
V
using,R:==

the
Step 5 Now measure the resistance LDR by placing
lamp of 25W over it.

Page 14
 Step 6 Nowmeasure the resistance for all lamps say
40W, 60W, 100W and 200W by replacing 25W lamp,
one by one.

Step 7 Now, select any one lamp (say 60W) and move it
towards the LDR for a distance 10cm and note the
electric current in multimeter.

8 Move the same lamp towards the LDR toa

Step
distance of 8cm and again record the current.

record the current in multimeter for the

Step 9 Similarly,
distance 6cm, 4cm and 2cm.
OBSERVATIONS:
1.The emf at Battery = 6V
L.Range of Multimeter = 0- 100 mA
3.Least count of multimeter =2 mA
4.Zero error of multimeter = No error

Table 1for different power lamps

5.The distance of all lamps from LDR =6 cm

Electric Resistance
Mode of incident V
current() R=
no. Light
(mA)
1. With black paper
2. Lamp of 25W 22 272.72

3. Lamp of 40W 28 214.28

4. Lamp of 60W 34 176.47

5. Lamp of 100W 40 150.00

6. Lamp of 200W 52 115.38
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Page 16
 Table 2 for alamp placed at different distances

6.Power of Lamp =60 WN

Distance
Resistance
between
S Current I V
no
Source and
(mA)
R=
LDR (9)
(cm)
1. 10 20 300.00
2. 8 24 250.00
3. 6 34 176.47
4. 4 44 136.36
5. 2 56 107.14
CONCLUSIONS:
1. From Table 1, it isconcluded that electric current
flowing through a circuit containing LDR increasing
with the increase in the power (Intensity) of the
lamps. Hence, resistance ofLDR decreases.

2. From Table 2, it is concluded that electric current

flowing through acircuit containing LDR increases
with the decrease in the distance between source of
fixed power and LDR. Hence, with the distance
between light source and LDR increases the
resistance of the LDR decreases and vice versa.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Source of light must be adjusted so that light falls
normally on LDR.

2. Select suitable range of current in multimeter.

3. Sourceof light must radiate lightcontinuously.

4. Connect LDR carefully to the voltage source.

5. The distance between source and LDR measured

accurately.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. *Comprehensive Physics Practical for CLASS XII"by J.N.
Jaiswal, Stalin Malhotra

2. "GCSE Science Methods(AQA ISA): LDR response to

variations in light intensity" by May M.(2015)

3. Introduction to Electrical, Electronics and

Communications Engincering" by Afzal Khan.

4. "Electronics Engineering" by D.S. Chauhan . D.C.

Kulshreshtha.