Experiment 1

Objective:
To prepare 250 mL of a 0.1 Normal (N/10) NaOH solution using analytical-grade sodium hydroxide pellets.

Chemicals Required:
 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) pellets
 Distilled water (preferably CO₂-free)
 0.1 N Oxalic acid solution (for standardization)
 Phenolphthalein indicator

Theoretical Background:
 Molecular Weight of NaOH: 40 g/mol
 Acidity (Replaceable OH⁻ groups): 1
 Equivalent Weight of NaOH: 40 g/mol (since 1 mole = 1 equivalent)
 For 1 L of 0.1 N NaOH solution:
Required NaOH = Normality × Equivalent weight × Volume (in L)
→ 0.1 × 40 × 1 = 4.0 g NaOH
 For 250 mL (0.25 L) of 0.1 N NaOH solution:
Required NaOH = 0.1 × 40 × 0.25 = 1.0 g NaOH

Materials Required:
 Analytical balance
 250 mL volumetric flask
 100 mL beaker
 Glass rod
 Funnel
 Dropper
 Wash bottle with distilled water

Procedure:
1. Weighing:
Accurately weigh 1.0 g of NaOH pellets quickly using an analytical balance, as NaOH is hygroscopic
and absorbs moisture from the air.
2. Dissolution:
Transfer the NaOH pellets to a 100 mL beaker and dissolve them in about 50–75 mL of CO₂-free
distilled water. Stir well using a glass rod.
3. Transfer to Volumetric Flask:
Using a glass funnel, transfer the entire contents of the beaker (including the washings) into a 250
mL volumetric flask.
4. Rinsing:
Rinse the beaker and the funnel thoroughly with distilled water and add all rinsings into the flask.
5. Volume Make-up:
After the solution has cooled to room temperature, make up the volume to 250 mL by carefully
adding distilled water dropwise up to the calibration mark.
 6. Mixing:
Stopper the flask and shake well to ensure the solution is homogeneous.
7. Label the flask:
"0.1 N Sodium Hydroxide Solution (NaOH) "
Precaution
I. Handle with care – NaOH is corrosive; use gloves and goggles.
II. Weigh quickly – NaOH is hygroscopic and absorbs moisture.
III. Use CO₂-free distilled water to prevent strength loss.
IV. Dissolve in small volume first – avoid adding water directly to pellets in the flask.
V. Cool before dilution – the solution gets hot while dissolving.
VI. Transfer carefully and include all washings.
VII. Make volume accurately up to the 250 mL mark.
VIII. Shake well for uniform mixing.
IX. Label the solution properly with strength and date.
X. Store in a stoppered bottle to prevent CO₂ absorption.
 Experiment 2
AIM:
To standardize a 0.1 N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution using 0.1 N Oxalic Acid as a primary standard.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Burette, pipette, conical flask, volumetric flask, funnel, beaker, glass rod, wash bottle.

CHEMICALS USED:
 0.1 N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution (Secondary standard)
 0.1 N Oxalic Acid (H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O) solution (Primary standard)
 Phenolphthalein indicator

PRINCIPLE / THEORY:
The standardization of sodium hydroxide involves a neutralization reaction (acid-base titration), where
oxalic acid (a weak dibasic acid) reacts with sodium hydroxide (a strong base) to form sodium oxalate and
water:

In this titration, Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator which changes color from colorless (acidic
medium) to pink (basic medium) at the endpoint.
 Oxalic acid is a primary standard substance — it is highly pure, stable, has a high molecular
weight, and can be directly weighed and used to prepare a solution of known concentration.
 Sodium hydroxide is a secondary standard substance — it is hygroscopic and cannot be accurately
weighed due to moisture absorption, hence it must be standardized using a primary standard like
oxalic acid.
This process ensures that the exact concentration (normality) of NaOH is known and can be used for
other analytical titrations.

PROCEDURE:
1. Pipette out 10 mL of 0.1 N oxalic acid into a conical flask.
2. Add 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
3. Fill the burette with the prepared NaOH solution.
4. Titrate the acid solution with NaOH until a light pink color appears and persists (endpoint).
5. Note the initial and final burette readings.
6. Repeat the titration to obtain concordant values.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Volume of 0.1 N Oxalic Burette Reading Burette Reading Volume of NaOH
Acid (mL) Initial (mL) Final (mL) Used (mL)
CALCULATION:

RESULT:
The calculated normality of the prepared NaOH solution is __________ N.
 Experiment 3
AIM:
To determine the strength (concentration) of a given hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution by titrating it
against a standardized NaOH solution.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Burette, pipette, conical flask, volumetric flask, funnel, beaker, wash bottle, glass rod.

CHEMICALS USED:
 Standardized Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution (0.1 N)
 Given Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) solution
 Phenolphthalein indicator

PRINCIPLE / THEORY:
This is a classic acid-base neutralization titration, where hydrochloric acid (a strong monoprotic acid)
reacts with sodium hydroxide (a strong base) to form sodium chloride and water:

The standardized NaOH solution (secondary standard) is used to determine the unknown concentration
of HCl. Phenolphthalein acts as the indicator, changing from colorless (acidic medium) to pink (basic
medium) at the endpoint.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the burette with standardized NaOH solution.
2. Pipette out ___mL of the given HCl solution into a conical flask.
3. Add 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
4. Titrate the acid solution with NaOH from the burette until a light pink color appears, indicating
the endpoint.
5. Note down the initial and final burette readings.
6. Repeat the titration to obtain concordant values.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Volume of HCl Initial Burette Reading Final Burette Reading Volume of NaOH Used
(mL) (mL) (mL) (mL)
CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 The normality of the given HCl solution is _______ N.
 The strength of the HCl solution is ______ g/L.