Hydrazine (N2H4) decomposes in an exothermic reaction.

Hydrazine also reacts exothermically

1. with hydrogen peroxide when used as a rocket fuel.

(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of hydrazine into ammonia and nitrogen only.

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(1)

(b) State the meaning of the term mean bond enthalpy.

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(2)

(c) Some mean bond enthalpies are given in the table.

N–H N–N N≡N O–H O–O

Mean bond enthalpy

388 163 944 463 146
/ kJ mol−1

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the gas-phase reaction between
hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide.

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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

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 (a) Explain the meaning of the terms mean bond enthalpy and standard enthalpy of formation.
2.
Mean bond enthalpy .....................................................................................

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Standard enthalpy of formation .....................................................................

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(5)

(b) Some mean bond enthalpies are given below.

Bond N–H N–N N≡N H–O O–O

Mean bond enthalpy/kJ

388 163 944 463 146
mol–1

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following gas-phase reaction
between hydrazine, N2H4, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

+ 2 H––O––O––H N ≡ N + 4 H––O––H

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(3)

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 (c) Some standard enthalpies of formation are given below.

N2H4(g) H2O2(g) H2O(g)

∆Hfο /kJ mol–1 +75 –133 –242

These data can be used to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).

N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) → N2(g) + 4H2O(g)

(i) State the value of ∆Hfο for N2(g).

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(ii) Use the ∆Hfο values from the table to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.

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(4)

(d) Explain why the value obtained in part (b) is different from that obtained in part (c)(ii).

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(1)
(Total 13 marks)

The table below contains some mean bond enthalpy data.

3.
Bond H––H C––C C=C N≡N N––H

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1 436 348 612 944 388

(a) Explain the term mean bond enthalpy.

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(2)

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 (b) (i) Write an equation for the formation of one mole of ammonia, NH3, from its elements.

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(ii) Use data from the table above to calculate a value for the enthalpy of formation of
ammonia.

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(4)

(c) Use the following equation and data from the table above to calculate a value for the C–H
bond enthalpy in ethane.

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(3)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, ∆Hcο

4.
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(3)

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(b) Use the mean bond enthalpy data from the table and the equation given below to calculate
a value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of propene. All substances are in the
gaseous state.

Bond C == C C—C C—H O == O O == C O—H

Mean bond enthalpy/

612 348 412 496 743 463
kJ mol–1

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(3)

(c) State why the standard enthalpy of formation, ∆Hfο, of oxygen is zero.

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(1)

(d) Use the data from the table below to calculate a more accurate value for the standard
enthalpy of combustion of propene.

Compound C3H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)

Standard enthalpy of
+20 –394 –242
formation, ∆Hf ο/ kJ mol–1

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(3)

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(e) Explain why your answer to part (b) is a less accurate value than your answer to part (d).

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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

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Mark schemes

1. (a) 3N2H4 4NH3 + N2

Or multiples
Ignore state symbols
1

(b) M1 enthalpy / heat (energy) change / required / needed to break / dissociate a

covalent bond (or a specified covalent bond)
Ignore bond making
Ignore standard conditions
M2 requires an attempt at M1

M2 average / mean over different molecules / compounds / substances

2

(c) M1
⅀ (bonds broken) − ⅀ (bonds formed) = ΔH
M1 could stand alone

OR

Sum of bonds broken − Sum of bonds formed = ΔH

Award full marks for correct answer

M2 (also scores M1)

Ignore units

4(+388) + 163 + 2(146) + 4(463) − 944 − 8(463) = ΔH

OR broken +3859 (2007) formed − 4648 (2796)

M3

ΔH = − 789 (kJ mol−1)

Two marks can score with an arithmetic error in the working

Award 1 mark for + 789

Credit one mark only for calculating either the sum of the bonds
broken or the sum of the bonds formed provided this is the only
mark that is to be awarded

Students may use a cycle and gain full marks

3
[6]

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 (a) enthalpy (or energy) to break (or dissociate) a bond;
2. 1

averaged over different molecules (environments);

1

enthalpy (or heat energy) change when one mole of a compound;

1

is formed from its elements;

1

in their standard states;

1

(b) enthalpy change = Σ(bonds broken) – Σ(bonds formed) or cycle;

1

= 4 × 388 +163 + 2 × 146 + 4 × 463 – (944 + 8 × 463);

(or similar)
1

= –789;
(+ 789 scores 1 only)
1

(c) (i) zero;

1

(ii) AH = Σ (enthalpies of formation of products)

–Σ (enthalpies of formation of reactants)
1

= 4 × –242-(75 + 2 × –133);
1

= –777;
(+ 777 scores one only)
1

(d) mean bond enthalpies are not exact

(or indication that actual values are different from real values)
1
[13]

(a) Enthalpy (Energy) to break a (covalent) bond (1) OR dissociation energy

3. Varies between compounds so average value used (1) QL mark
OR average of dissociation energies in a single molecule / e.g. CH4
Do not allow mention of energy to form bonds
but with this case can allow second mark otherwise 2nd mark
consequential on first
2

(b) (i) 1/2 N2 + 3/2 H2 → NH3 (1)

Ignore s s

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 (ii) ΔH = (Σ)bonds broken – (Σ)bonds formed (1)
= 1/2 × 944 + 3/2 × 436 – 3 × 388 (1)
= –38 kJ mol–1 (1)
Ignore no units, penalise wrong units
Score 2/3 for -76
1/3 for +38
Allow 1/3 for +76
4

(c) 4 (C–H) + (C=C) + (H–H) – (6 (C–H) + (C–C)) = –136(1)

OR (C=C) + (H–H) – ((C–C) + 2 (C–H)) = –136
2 (C–H) = 836 (1)
(C–H) = 418 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Note: allow (1) for –836
another (1) for –418
3
[9]

(a) enthalpy change/ heat energy change when 1 mol of a substance

4. 1

is completely burned in oxygen

1

at 298K and 100 kPa or standard conditions

1
(not 1atm)

(b) ∆H = ∑ bonds broken – ∑ bonds formed

1

= (6 × 412) + 612 +348 + (4.5 × 496) – ((6 × 743) + (6 × 463))

1

= – 1572 kJ mol–1
1

(c) by definition ∆Hf is formation from an element

1

(d) ∆Hc = ∑ ∆Hf products -∑ ∆Hf reactants or cycle

1

= (3 × – 394) + (3 × –242) – (+20)

1

= − 1928 kJ mol–1
1

(e) bond enthalpies are mean/average values

1

from a range of compounds

1
[12]

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