In class IX, ro in i, while when appliod n'a mov as well. In a quantitative way, force applied on eR aE = IO og Paint and its SI. unit is ne u 1 ‘newton (symbol N) or kil the ac cleration due to gravity at that place ( We have read that a force applied on a perfect d body: it causes both a chs at body is defined (if mass m is constant). Force is a veet meforce (symbol Ki ay only only causes motion fnwe in its size or shape and motion 4 as the rate of change in its Kinear y rigid bod (or quantity gf) where 1 ket = ¢ Nit g is werage value on the earth's surface). (A) MOMENT OF A FOR' ONAL 1.1. TRANSLATIONAL AND MOTIONS A rigid body when acted upon by a force, can have ‘wo kinds of motion OTAT (1)Ginear or translational motion, and (2) rotational motion’) 1) Linear or translational motio When a force: acts on a stationary rigid bod shich is free 1 move, the body starts moving in straight path in the direction of the applied fore his is called linear or translational motion) For Bal ‘example in Fig. 1.1, on pushing ball Tying on a of push. floor, it begins to move in the direction tational motion (Now consider a body pivoted at a point ie got free to move and a force is applied on the ody at a suitable point, it rotates the body about the axis passing through the pivoted poinil)This is the turing effect of the force and the motion of the body is called rotational motion,)For Q) a wheel is pivoted at its centre and xample, if a for in Fig. 1.2 about rotates through — its Similarly is applied norm: handle ofFFECT) OF a Hinges whic ie 12 MOMENT (runnin FoRce on ronouss Consider « body which pivoted at point O. Whey fore is applied boa on the boy with ees ontally of tion AP as ig. 1.3, the forve is unable to produce motion of the body direction because the Dut this force mms (or Vertical axis passing direction shown by th efafore linear body is not free to move, Folates) the body about the through the point O, in the te arrow in Fig. 1.3 (ie, force rotates the body anticlockwise), Factors affecting the turning of a body The turing effect of a force on depends on the following mp feercs ) (ihe magnitude ofthe force applied and 2) > the perpenticutdrdivance action of the force frm the als of roa, (or pivored point) 5 Indeed, the tuning effect on the body depends on the product of both the above sined fens This product is called the moment of for tay torque). Thus, the body rotates due to the meaniot Of force (or torque) about the pivoted poine to other words, the @ body Bie tering eect n the bids Bou an TE Bue'10 the moment of force (or torque) applied on the body. ———— (ie hidiment of a force (or torque) fs ual W the product of the magnitude of the force Gnd the perpendicular distance of the line of etion of the force from the axis of rotations In Fig. 1.3, the line of action of force F is town \by the dotted line AP and the rpendicular-drawn from the pivoted point © on + line of action of force is OP. Therefore, of the line of ‘Moment of force aba mut the ms posing tp point 0. 1h th PCAMICUIAF dis f force trom paige Se on the tone totum the eee Units of moment of force Unit of mou iat of tion of he fore rotation is mastinum. In thie ri force provider te nt of force unit of force % unit of dita, ‘The S.1. unit of force is newton and of mom “bore distance is metteCo the $.L. uni of foree is newton’ x metre) asN me The C.as. But if force is measured in gravitational uni then (he unit of moment of force in S.L. system is kgf xm and in C.GS. system, the unit is sf xem.) €8e Units are related as follows CiNm \ 3) Clockwise and anticlockwise moments ; Conventionally, if the effect on the body is to tum it anticlockwise, the moment of force is called anticlockwise moment and it is taken positive, while if the effect on the body is to turn it clockwise, the moment of force is called clockwise moment and it is taken negative. ‘The moment of force is a vector quantity. The direction of anticlockwise moment is along the axis of rotation ounwards ie. towards the observer, while that of clockwise moment is along the axis of rotation inwards ie. away from the observer. Soa tears east the 00s unit Of moment of force jg 108 dyne x 10? em. = 107 dyne em 1 kgf x m=98 Nm 1. gf x cm =980 dyne em ) * The unit Nm of moment of force (or torque) not writen joule However the unt N m for work or energy is writen joule ) becats torque is a vector, while work or energy is & scalar quantity‘ot only the the direction of ty two ways Ft Point 6 i Ae Fe ag Pela Bt epptteatiog oe rea tows the antilock ite MeN produced ie ment in w disc OF the foro naneing the point OT peil icant) ANT CLOcKwse by chante ad cect me eS 8 the direction of force — ig. 1.4(b) sho Clockeise momen axle by changin ang the the fe end of the at Common exam a) the anticlockwise and Produced on a pivoted rection of force F at ples of moment of force To open or shut a door, we apply a force (push © pull) F normal to the door at its handle P which is provided at the maximum dist from the hi shown in Fig. 15. ‘You must have experienced that on applying the force at a point Q (near the hinge R), much greater force is required to open the door and if the force is applied at the hinge R, you are not able to open the door howsoever lange the force is applied (because for the force at R. torque is zero). Thus, itis for this reason that the handle P is provided near the free end of the door so that a smaller force being at a larger perpendicular distance from the hinges produces the maximum moment of force that is required to open or shut the door ‘te oes fe'rim (ee, at te ee that the conte) 6° fame he handle ff the wheel the point the mee of rotation of (Fig reversing bbe cha ther by f t unging the 2 at eran cog (a). whee ae ‘A of the wheel. ‘ se; while in Suclockwise : rotates clockwise Ghetton of fre face Fis applied fe ahect tates antl eet rine wheel FOS. Fa ee fnce Fi aiid ae at point B of the wheel. direction » ROTATION of point of ion of force In a bicycl anticlockwise. dal of the front toothed wheel of size to turn the rear wheel {j small force is applied on the foot Sieger than the rear wheel so that the perpendicular distance of the point of ‘application of force from the axle of the wheel ‘ootis large (Fig 1.7). The tro Joined to the rear whee! ‘over their teeth, The the rear wheel wien th by @ chain passing chain pulls and’ drives pedal is pushed down, (5) A spanner, used to tighten or loosen a mr hhas a long handle to produce @ lange momen ‘of force by a small force applied norrnaly the end of its handle as shown in Fig. 1.8 The spanner is tumed anticlockwise to loosen the ut by applying the force in the direction shown in Fig. 1.8, while itis tumed clockwise to tighten the nut by applying the force in a direction opposite to that shown in Fig, 18. Fig. 18 Spanner (wrench) wsed to loosen a mut (6) “A jack screw used to lift a heavy load such 8 a vehicle, has a long arm so that less effort is needed to rotate it $0 as to raise oF lower the load table conclude that the turning of @ body about an axis depends riot only on the magnitude of force, but it also depends on the perpendictlat distance of the line of action of the applied force from the axis of rotation, Larger the perpendicular distance, less is the force needed to produce the same turning effect and vice-versa. 1.3 COUPLE A single force alone does not cause rotation of a pivoted body. Actually rotation és always produced 4y a pair of forces. In the above examples, rotation foveurs due to the force externally applied and the force of the reaction at the pivoted point. The force df reaction produced at the pivot is equal in hagnitude but opposite in direction to the applied ree. The moment of the force of reaction about Je pivot is zero because its distance from the axis F rotation is zero, so the force of reaction at the ed point (or pivot) is not explicitly shown in £. 13 to Fig. 1.8. The pair of forces, formed the extemal force and the force of reaction, called a couple. Thus, wo equal and opposite Darul! forces not act Go the same 4 couple. A conple ts alway nerdeane {: form raion Or apn ee ape rotation Of the door is produces ays SO: consisting of two forces: up ‘a opposite force of reaction a the Migs ‘Sometimes when we require a ton effect, then two forces, eqeal in ma opposite. in direetion, are applica explicitly such that both the forces in the same direction. RET tmp nitude ay 0 the boty fam the bay Example : To open the mut of car whe, we apply equal forees, each F, at the two eg of a wreneh’s arm in oposite diecGons af en in Fig. 19, S S. ] (a Ga wrtey (© reren Simla, wills caine scr Gr (eam Sa erearen te ay tothe bole of ¢ lock (ie 112) ane elie cae ha eee decting wheel of 2 tnck (Fig. 113), puck tte pedal ofa bigycle cle, «pase ot ream couple is applied for rotation. tap Fig 1.11 Tightening the cap Fig. 1.12 Turning a key Fig. 1.13 Turning a ina lock steering wheel«of a the nds Ao CRS a wo. ne etc pes i cle cannot produce 1s zero, bay Sit Pesulant [weno nate Producing gare PMt cach teen Ut ace ne cA Ss, The oe ee es el ai Ta BAe Which roxates yo {EES top ter Oe of ean igs Mh Me he remeber fon «ee sna eo eee lt nde eA ngs (1) a tion, pevber in| | quill ‘Gynamic ‘equilibsin™ x ue von a body soe itibeiu cl fay State es jNnmoence se es ne ee ate of equi Mom Fis. 1.14 Couple acto In Fig. z Eto its left nent of force F : Examples ad by, a force 00 moe Fiat end eta ep is PONS EY ight IONS. the Moment of force Pa ee ey ioe loaner reason Nahe ae )y the body does equal and. oppose Hine gie Griicieckewisey sabe’ applied force Mine, Sov they balance ae ytal_ force, ‘also alone. there 3s no, the body fem et horizont and each other (ie Total m tal moment of couple (ie the forces) + moment of both F< OA + F x 0B F x OA + 0B) =F x AB Fxd (anticlockwise) on the body)- Hence (ie. im static ¢ Thus, [Moment of couple = Either fords se perpendie force x perpendicular distance berween the two forces’ L (or couple arm) a3) « table vertically posite i a book i ins 08 i" don. th 1.4 EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES Gf the book. exerte ci by an equal and oP oe inwards is balanced by an dows exerted by tbe table on the Bok tape poucde, Ths ae, book Bam sta equilibrium: We have read that when a single force acts on a body, it can produce translational motion if the body is free to move or can produce rotational motion if the body is pivoted or ‘fixed at a point But in certain circumstances itis possible for a body (ili) In a beam balance, to preserve its state of rest or motion even whet! palanced in horizontal position, several forces are acting on it. For this to happen, moment of force due to the object on 1 right pan the force must satisty the following two conditions: palances the anticlockwise moment of force due to the weights on its left pan and the beam fas no it is in static equilibrium. when the beam is the clockwise (j) the resultant of all the forces is 2er0, so ‘ange either the state of rest or of rotational motion i. they do not ¢ linear motion of the body, and8 constant heia lances its weight downwards Ai) car moving with a constant velons on 8 straight road, Gv) A ceiling f angular velocity Similarly, the motion’ of Sun or the motion of a satel OF the motion of an electron an atom, are examples of «i In each case, the force of moving body provides the ne force for circular motion, a planet around the te around the planet around the nucleus lynamic equilibrium, attraction on the essary centripetal Conditions for equilibrium From the above examples, we find that the folowing vo conditions must be satished for body to be in equilibrium, QD) The resultant of all body should be zero, Q) The algebraic sum of moments of all the forces acting on the rotation should be anticlockwise the forces acting on the body about the point of ero i.e., the sum of the Moments about the axis of rotation must be equal to the sum of the clockwise moments about the same axis. 5 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS When several forces act on a pivoted body, ¥ tend fo rotate it about an axis passing Ugh the pivot. The resultant moment of all the & about the pivoted point is obtained by 'B the algebraic sum of the moment of each about that point. To find the algebraic sum, 6 balance A on the right at a distance OA = 1,, while from the spring bal thread be W, clockwise, while 1 metre rule the antictoc wise ome the clockwise According to th 18 taken " Povitve faken Principle’ of mom aspen of moments of alte nes the the pape 04% tout the ats of roto ety the body is in e “ spailite 10 he princiote of OMORRR equilibrium % ie! Sm of the anticlockwise. momeits sum of the clockwise momenis 413) the mall balance! oF be ance) wen 6n the principle of moments, Verification of the principle of moments Suspend a metre rule horizontally from support by means of a strong thread shown in Fig. 1.16. Now suspend tw balances A and B on the metre rule on Of the thread. Suspend some slotted. we and W, on the spring balance A respectively Now sprin, fey a Oe the ie ‘ahs Wy, and The mete rule may tit w one adjust either the sloted wegme ea balances or the position ef the balances on ether side Of the teat frog such a way that the met rule becomes again. i. ssp surronr spring 2 0 in Fig: 116 Verification of principle of wioména; Let the weight suspended from the sping side of the thread be Yj, the weight suspended lance B on the left side of the ata distance OB = | The weight W, tends to tum. the metre rule the weight W, tends to tum the anticlockwise,Cloekyis Point Oye Moment op _ Antictook NSGM Wy about the Point Oa 2 OMe Fwy aX ty right W © pote. A F force abo Dencone 4 Tame Eales nana 2N m. Caen perce 5 N abou ore ental the ats ofthe force trom the pena of Panto Gro ween aioe etre fe Moment of foro force of 10 N is ‘the 10N Moment ot fone 4 point P is application r=sn Cet the pont of apliestion Point Fis mete, da force 5 distance OE ass A mechanic a 150°N white How k How tong a i it by appl 504m An OPEN a nut by applying a force of if lever handle of length 40 em. | Handle is required if he wants to open rr actPbbbing a force ot only 50 N°? The momett, S86. F = 150 N,v =40) en = 04 m moment Of force needed to open the mit = 130.N x 04 m = 60. Nm SON, If he uses the handle of length Lm, then Moment of force = 50.Nx L m= $0. Nm From eqns. () and Gi), 50. In the second case, . @ %0 ron door of a building is 3 m broad. It ‘opened by applying a force of 100 N norm: the middie of the door. Calculate : (a) the torque needed to open the door, (b) the least force and its point of appli F =12m zation to open the door. Given, 100 N, distance of point of application of force, r= x breadth of door = 5 x3.m ‘Moment of force (torque) needed to open the door Fxr =100Nx15m=150Nm The force required will be least if it is applied at the farthest point from the hinges, Therefore the force should @ maori scenes te PF : ae don 2108 Given: Fy at STAG hike that of for Perea, AOE. mw Toamet2® pa AS a cause by force BL BT Fa Ee ig ols BOs ca = joNxo2m 2 (Fig. 1.18) has in de dageam Te tng wroush O- T action of @) a fonary under the action rata ‘a vertical force Fe the wheel is Ker horizontal for’ at B. Bere ce ten pee | (e Find the ratio between (|__| Be oat NS a BO’ = 15 cm and O'0 Sue we Fig, 18 (a) The force F, applied at A clockwise produces & ‘moment on the wheel. It can be balanced by applying the force F, at B in a direction such that it produces an’anticlockwise be applied normally at the free end of the door. ie., at a distance of 3 m from the hinges. ‘moment. Therefore vertical force of magnitude F, at B Fig. LI!the downward Fone APSE? sch te ecton | y ©) Since the pet ™ Perpendicular gore £1 Om O is greater Sr Fem 0, mag Cetin of | Peater than force re pete Fa has to be © Moment of fon 1” ahieve equilibria force F; about 0 Moet of foes shout Of! woven Fx00° (anticlockwise) ‘Clockwise momer es ei When the ise at = Antclockwise moment FLX OA © F, x00! Fr 6x x © 00 2 Given, OA = 25cm and 00" = 20 em Substituting the values’ of OA and OO" in ean. (0, the ratio of forees, py aa Beda ror ‘The following diagram (Fig. 1.20) shows two parallel and opposite forces F, and F, each of magnitude 51N, with ther lines of action separated by a distance of 2 m. A point X is pivoted midway between F, and F, while a point ¥ is pivoted on F.- °. (@) Calculate the total moment of the nwo forces about the points (i) X, () State the effect produced by' the two forces about the points () X, and (i) ¥ t Fotn am ox ! - (a) Fig. 120 Pespendicular distance of point X from either of the Lo a eee Monet of force F, about X'= 5's 1m 73H m Cock) toment of force Fy about X = 5N x BEN elaocas) Fetters io forex afer X B55 10 m (clocks fod distance of point Y fom the fore F, is hile itis tro fom the foce meat offre F ou Y= 5 Nx 2 m ION m (clockwise) toment of force F; about Y= 0 tual moment ofthe aso forces about Y =10NNm clockwise) | 8 (0. The effeof theo free abou the Pont 5 4p Produce clockwise ration | (The effect ofthe ww forces about the point Yl Proce clockwise rotation : Two forces each of magaitude 2N a Upwards and dovenwwards respectively efit rod of eg eh tree centre, Draw a dlagram of the arrangement nq determine the resultant moment of FOFCES AOU the ‘point of the rod 1 ris shown in Fig. 1.21 given below. Aly he arrangement al isthe rox whic is pivoted ais em (OA = OB =05.m Given, AB = 1m Moment of force F (= 2 N) at A about the point 0, Fx OA = 2x05 -=10.N m (Clockwise) Moment of force F (= 2.N)at 8 abott the point 0 = Fx OB = 2x05 =10N m (clockwise) Total moment of forces about the mid-point O = 10+ 10.=20.N m (clockwise), ‘A uniform metre rule rests horizontally on 2 knife edge at the 60 em mark when a mass.of, 10.5 is suspended from one end. Draw a diagram of the arrangement. (@) At which end m (b) What is the mass of the rule (©) The 10 g mass Is now shifted to the 90 cm ‘mark. In which direction must the knife edge be shifted to make the rule horizontal again ? Fig. 122 shows a uniform metre rule AB which rests horizontally on the knife edge at © (60 em mark), Let M g be the mass of the rule. A uniform rule has uniform distribution of mass throughout its length, s0 its weight Mg acts at its middle point, ic. at the 50 em smack this mass be suspended ° 50.60 3006, A ° + Fig. 1.22 The weight Mg of the rule produces an ‘moment about the knife edge O. In order to balance it, 10 mass must be suspended ar the end B (Le, at the mark 100 em) to produce @ clockdvise moment about the knife edge O. anti-clockwiseOE *2 5 gt 35m na panne e125 tate sc Tap Nee, the than shea > aah 2 1 prods 8 OU i hg a 30 ‘wise moment aout the idl Point. Let his in Ghoti tne trom the mile be xm Ten By the nce ot ‘Aviles mene 18s Fig. 1.23 below shows a uniform metre rule AB Pivoted at its end A nda the zero mark and supported at the other end B by a spring balance when a weight of 40 kg is suspended at is 40 on mark This rule stays horizontal. Find the reading of the spring balance when the rule is of () neal : a ss : MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE | (Choose the correct answer from the options below). 1. The motion of a stationary rigid body in a straight path when a force is applied in the direction infie 124 wai re PLA iat A Clore Fciockee mom = agemn Fo ne oF a0 ge 16 Mah ; F100. wil be 16 Ket vaste reading F208 p20 keh » og ve. weigh 20 Sah ee, asta ee locke erences he wale will a aie #8 io ata se the end, wards o, as shown in Fig. 1.25. about the point A rent about the point A In equilibrium Total clockwise moment ‘Anticlockwise mom 20 kgf ¥ 50 em = Fx 100m (40x40) + (20x50) 100 Ths the reading of spi or F= balance will be 26 kgf [EXERCISE-1¢A) | of force is called (j) rotational motion (©) linear motionhandle i (2) roxational motion) tn (©) angular tion (d) sig-eag merion 3. The moment of force about given axis depends @) only the magnitade of force (©) onty the perpendicular distance of fore fom the (©) neither the force or the perpendicular distance ‘OF force fom the axis (@) both the force andits perpendicu ‘4 For prodocing the maximum tuming effect on a body by a given fore, the pespendicilar distance of the tine of ation of force fromthe axis of rotation should be distance froin, (©) it does not matter (6) maximum, (@) zero 5. The moment of force for anticlockwise moment is taken as and for clockwise moment is taken as () postive, mgaive () negative, paiive | 4 The diecton of ttn ofa petal oly can be hanged ty changing (the direction of force (©) te point of eppicaton of force (©) eth the direction of force andthe point of pplication offre @ the magnitude of foe 7. A copleis formed when the sate ne G) two unequal and pralle forces (©) 99 ual and paral forces (©) two equal and opposite parallel forces (@) to unequal and opposite parallel forces As per the principle of moments in equilibrium (2) Sum of anticlockwise moments is greater than ‘sum of clockwise moments () Sum of anticlockivise moments is equal to sum Of clockwise moments 8. is less than sum (6) Sum of anticlockwise moments of clockwise moments (4) none of the above A body is acted upon by two unequal forces in | posite direction, but not along the same line. The effect is that (2) he ay wi cnty have eto modo (©) te bay wil nly Bae Wantaona! ce (©) the ‘dy will have lier Yolalons gg (4) the body. will have both rotational as we ttanslatona notion i ‘Out of the following ‘Synamic equilibrium? 0 stich Om a aang (1) Moos revolving around the ean (2) A pebble fined theo of ne whiting gg circular path ) An aeroplane moving ata constant heghy (@ Abcam hatance balanced in iS posing, (@) G)and @) - @) (1), and (© Gand @) -. «@) G)and.@) (B)__ VERY SHOMT QUESTIONS 1. Sue the condition when on applying a foes, 4 tay has (@) translational motion, 2. State whether the moment of force isa scalar or vectoe (8) rotational motion quantity ? 3. Write the expression forthe moment of force about « 4. State one way to reduce the moment 6f a given force about a given axis of rotation, State one way to obiain a greater moment of a force about a given axis of rotation, 6 Complete the following sentences @ The S.L unit of moment of force is Gy Io equitibriam, algebraic sum of moments of ai forces about the point of rotation is Git) In beam balance when the beam is balanced ia a horizontal postion, itis in equilibrium, (Gv) The moon revolving around the earth is in equilibrium, (©) SHORT QUESTIONS 1. Define moment of force and state its S.1 unit 2 ‘State ovo factors affecting the turning effect ofa fore. 3. When does a body rotate the direction of rotation of example to explain your ? State one way to change the body. Give a suitable * What do you understand by the clockwise and anticlockwise moment of force ? When is it taken positive ? Why is it easier to open a door by applying the force at the free end of it ?See meee ee te Ben coup do you ple. Write its Suit . ine mean by auilibriom, Gi cand dette Givecont example cach of Aynamie equlitione : po ditions for body, 51 be n equilibrium State the principle Trigod on (PMSIPLE Of moments, Name ne device ©) LoNG force has the least ‘moment about ©? Give reason GB) Which force has the great moment about ©? Give reason. Git) Name clockwise th ie forees producing ( (©) anticlockwise moments, Gv) What is the resultant torque about the point ©? 2. A body is acted upon by two forces each of magnitude F, but in opposite directions. State the effect of the forces if (a) both forces act at the same point of the body (b) the two forces ac ent points of the body at a s 3. Draw a neat labelled diagram to show the direction of two fi n a body to prod Also place. ark the point © about which t 4. “What do you understand by the term couple ? QUESTIONS = sige] 5 cfm If the vo force 50 ks fever fhe polies 3 ic ap? ate ween 8 ‘auch i ocd 10 achieve weatthe end of & ng the spanner 15 lt Tolls he sa pease Of CAE? Svotaaners 20 oa A corona Fig. 128 0 = eae. A fore F ate pled at B in the PP tawn in fg 2 direction . Cane te moment of ae Grand i the point A raat Fe diner in FE 129 MEMES ropoints A and B respectively of py jivoted at a point O. ‘such that OA = 2 m and eee | | F,=3N F ea Fig. 1.29 Caria ment of force F, about O. the moment of force F; about O. rwo forces about O.forces each of thagnitude TON, A nd B ata separation of $0 cm, ta momen CUeetionk: Calculate the" resultant we ran the two Fores abot the pine CAs i B Feild © situated exactly atthe middle of tne tro My A stcoring wheel of diameter 0.5 m is rotated anticlockwise by applying two forces each of magnitude 6 N. Draw a diagram to show the application of forces and calculate the moment of the forces applied 10. A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its mid-point. A weight of 50 af is suspended al one end of i. Where should a weight of 100 gf be suspended to kexp the | rale horizontal ? 1A niforai mete rule balances horizontally on a knit edge placed at the 58 cm mark when a weight of 20 gf is suspended from one end G@) Draw a diagram of the arrangement. Gi) What is the weight of the rale ? The diagram below (Fig. 1.32) shows a uniform bar Supported at the middle point O. A weight of 40 gf is placed at a distance 40 em to the left of point O. How can you balance the bar with a weight of 80 gf? | 18, = See eer Fig. 1.32 &: 1.33 shows a uniform metre rule placed on a | (rum at its mid-point O and having a weight 40 gf 2 the: 10 cov mak and a Weight of 20 ‘mark. () Is the metre rule in equa Wil he rales 2) How eam the re sili by using an an 7 thon toe ae HEjSL te e other pan The diagram in Fig. 14 shows 4 uniform mete rie sighing 100 gpd as ee OTe woah 150 gt and 250. ef hang from the points and y, respectively. of the metre rile sich that OA = 40 on, nd OB = 20 cm, Caleulate: () the total anticlockwise ‘moment about ©, (i) the total clockwise momen, about O, Gii) the difference of anticlockwise ang Glockwise moments, and (iv) the distance from g where a 100 gf weight should be placed to balance the cae | Fig, 134250 gt A uniform meire rule of weight 10 gf is pivoted at ity 0 mark ( What moment of force depresses the rule ? (ii) How can it be made horizontal by applying @ least force ? A uniform half metre rule can be balanced at the 29:0 cm mark when a mass 20g is hung from its one nd, (a) Draw a diagram of the arrangement. (b) Find the mass of the half metre rule (©) In which direction would the balancing shift if 20 point ‘mass is shifted inside from its one A uniform metre rule of mass 100 g is balanced on a fulcrum at mark 40 cm by suspending an unknown m at the mark 20 em, (@ Find the value of m.ena ng HM bar OF nga 2 A) Mung ble Cy ANSWERS 10-0) on B) Very Shoe NPSL I, 2: Se EEO PTs i Ive Ae Stent Oncstions © of ec Leste wos oa '° quany 1. (a) When the body Ix fee 19 %8 1 trons © ree A ie Fate ODA ta ant sb WC. because force © tn nearett 1 O00. O55 taomnent of Oy perween he Wn ABB, Ca) Coe eC i, cate Oe = OTE pi lent of force = Fr, Te Fores 60 1 sft) Oy ockwite), 7: HON G5) 4N m (oak ne 28 N mH AEN ore 4 50 Nom SEES ay 2N cea tomes Mcrae dot aan (sce a te Oo 1 Na esi 18 ay pig e i ie 70 a a ae Te em scenes wy Hae no em Gm mat, Ts (6 105g (ume 25 om Gi) 00 er : ne ancora) Gn by mpg em 50¢ 06 HD 3 . ar of point O. 70 em mark. Foxe 1 the DO 17.6500 som (i) By applying @ 50 i) om th side of mass > ket grand = SS — See er ENTRE OF GRAVITY. eee ews wa. where W is the total 1 ‘6 CENTRE OF GRAVITY Wet body. weight of the a where should the W js considered to act at a Pt sum of Now the question ent W act 2 The weight W at oint G such that the fore st¥® fea in class IX thatthe gravitational force between two, masses is always attractive Earth attracts every particle towards its centre by the force of gravity acting on the particle which algebraic is called the weight w of the particle. Each body moments die zan be considered to be made up of a large Mi» Was = of each umber of particles of weight As particle about the point he size of the body is quite small in comparison G is zero. The point G is > the ‘size of the earth, the force of called the centre of cting on these. particles ca previo of tnes bed. 18 arallel to each other as shown in F to weights in be assumed to be 1.36, All other words, the body can be considered as a ese parallel forces acting in the same direction €., vertically downwards towards the centre of point particle of weight tw rth) can be replaced by-a single force W of W placed at its centre Of ig. 1.36 Centre of grat ignitude equal to the sum of all these forces gravity G. Thus,Centre of grasiey N depends on its shape ‘mass (of particles) ody is deformed centre of gravity of a Wwite is at the middle of its But if the save wir i heat a 8 citele, its centre:of gravity will then be atthe centre ofthe cele, Smt Willi (2) It is not necessary that the centre of Sry always be within the material of the buch. Evample : The cane of gravity of 4 ne SF 8 hollow sphere lies at fs costs wie | there is no matri ) By the concept of centre of gravy, a | dy of weight W canbe consdered apo Pert ef weight W tt cour of eran | 4 triangular Siar lamina four eye Centre of gravity and the balance point it at its centre of gr metre rule has its centre of gravity at the 50 cm mark. It can be ba (or finger tip) by keeping it exactly below the 5 | cm mark as shown in Fig. 1.38. It is possible | because the a Jamin, rectangle, parallelogray, q Oex Sear AK ye Soa == 4 } } Fig. 137 Centre of gravity of some regilar objec ‘A. slid body can be balanced y supporting pF cut + ll anced on a Knife edge | ebraic sum of moments of the eights of all the particles of the tule ‘abou: eel Centre of gravity of some regular uniform objects at ees Object Postion of centre of pravity 1 Rot 2.» Creal ise 3. Solid or hollow Geometric centre (Fi. 1.37) Midpoint of rod (Fig. 1.37), | Geometric centre ofthe sphere. sphere 4 Solid or hotiow | Midpoint on te axis of cylinder Ovlinder Fig. 132. 5. Solid cone ight hi from the base omit axis = AL gh from the aso ants fA = ight oe), Ceo ing The point of ines medias i. 1.3, %Buslllogrim, | The point of tenection ot ‘ectngular lanin,| diagonals (3.137), Fig 1137 shows the position of centre he point G for a circular ring. 6, Hollow cone 7. Circular ring 8 Triangular lamina or scalene triangle of gravity 4 circular disc, 14 knife edge (or finger tip) is zero. Fig, 1.38 A metre rate supported of knife edge ais mid-point | Similarly, a square thin sheet (or lamina) ay lanced on the tip of a nail as shown in ‘SQUARE LAMINA na Fig. 1.39 A square sheet balanced on the tip of a nailMops oncitan’ °F gravity o Of ae of a irregular "Wing @ plumb 8 Seni is the M the lamina piesen nt eS — of a boy. | 2 pie equilib : Note + Por te mine Cust be as tow as | su a Se sgravityesal Pe AE apes eee sere fe above the: bas | alo "© Biven j possible, 1b must be . ne with lamina pr een oa sae ie aga peri ego th OO ret of am ©) MULTIPLE cto, (Grover Hore rv below), Mf S®trect answer roe the options given 1. With respect | following a2 SEE OF gravity, which ofthe (©) The potion of caus a Serene SEN of iy os bay () Ibis not necessary thatthe body should slways be within the eel ot te ee be within te material ofthe | ¢py ©) Abody of wei ji ‘of Weight W ean be considered as. pint aticle of weight W at sow (@) All of the above The centre of gravity ofa body is the pint about which the algebraic sum of moments of weights of | all the particles constituting the body is @t @) >I t <1 @ 0 3. The cenire of ity of a hollow cone of heigth Fis at distance x from its verex where the value of is @) WB ) WA (©) 2H3 @) 3nls 4, Where should the cenire of gravity of be located for stable equilibrium Co : orev the aris DAS SO, = Poniton This ict point of suspension, NNT i alone [ EXERCISET®) | through the chen eseoud 3 and of vg the hole ba a lines be tines ad, be ‘on point G OF gravity of i noticed hat posidon nye wc desame ass bu ie . 5 Toobin pane a hgher ene of V8 (a the one with o (ean Dre (@) the one with 3 hs would bave the ravity {gy indpends on the mater IESTIONS ea outs VERY SHORT QU body be situ Ca the centre of gravity of a bo ? Give an example. he centre of gravity of @ 2h point i ty situated in ( lar lamina ? (a) triangular lamina and a cite Where is the centre of gravity. of a uniform ring ments are ine of false (@)_ "The position of th ged even centre iy of mbes remains une hen the body is ity of a freely suspended body below the point of8 body) de FPO oF he cene "lain your answer vin et Jo ShIP With coy . afer a loadin ced A and © ship sails smoot r seca na ular rim is balanced on a. sharp Pporting it ata point A, as shown ANSWERS ) Multiple Choice Type BED) Av the point of interse Short Questions + + 4 To al therefore A is kept lower and B hisher. ‘OF the ein We diagram by the tener ck =| 8 OF aarp The A type re heavier than B type | hy even in rougher seas?” | the postion of he cents of eravity | tn ho agama) Ae ma Pla he ats Of index (OAC Re ae erscction of its medians. (b) At the centre of circular lamina, pe ears Sng = od et ae ie eR = itor twee different shapes. On eagh diagram draw eva lines to indicate the position of dy Pies 12 show thickness cut [| ASC Loe ovrsnions Eagan tow il you drmine expen tion ofthe cenre of gravity for 4 angular ame (era tianpiler piece of rd Boar) © (@) Very Short Questions: 1. Yes. €8. CG of a ting 4, At the centre of ring, 5. @) False Gi) THe (©) UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 1.7 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION When a paricle moves with a constant speed in a@ circular path, its motion is said to be 1wiiform circular motion. In Such a motion, a particle travels equal distances along the circular path in equal intervals of time, so the speed of particle is uniform, but the direction of motion of the particle changes at each point of the circular path. The ontinuous change in the direction of motion implies haat the velocity of the particle is non-uniform (or lariable) i.e., the motion is accelerated. path : Fig. 1.43 shows a particle moving @ circular path in a horizontal plane with iform speed v in an anticlock ® particle travels each quarter of circle AB, BC Dir any wise direction. & A west Es East a sour Fig. 143. Direction of velocity in uniform cireular motion CD and DA in the same interval of time + = 714 where T is the time taken by the particle 1g Complete one round of the circular path, Thus, the speed of the particle is constant (or uniform), bul the direction of motion of the particle is differen at different points of the circular path. At am Point, the direction of motion is along. the tangen drawn at that point of the circular path.north DeoTth afer Poin, Bek, SOmpleting ice ip NBs the direction vf 0 (omards west Aner he point ©. the °F the ot the particle i Pleting three-quisies (overt Ar ge Me-duarters of inte ene Poin D. is direction Ween unifor ircular mot! In uniform lines both are constant Se. (although + $0 it is an accelerated 18 CENTRIPET, RIFUGA f ETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL Cs inet fone i nee LS ta Fe 1 prodiny ante the velocity of a parce) 4 sil ah conn chmgs sare of imoton atch po of fp Tis Ce & force. Thus, the motion in eieuar pal i possible Sy under teas of foc of the eclar pa ce deed vars the ene ofthe ce a thown Jn Fg 1-48 Thus, the direction of force and iso of leration changes at each point of the circular path, but its magnitude remains the sai acceleration is variable (or non-uniform), Hence, for a body moving in a circular path, a force is needed which acts as the centripetal force. Thus, centripetal force is the force acting on @ body moving in a circular path, in a direction sath towards the centre of the circular Thus, the velocity of ‘on is variable oc the Examples elect1oP ler he tom, an elect dom 1 Qecelerated motion even (1) Wan a1 ME ar path £2 SOE om article is uniform. usteus 308 CHEN force is obiained Oe Fequired compel {00s traction OP ores Sh tectron, DY «ABE @) A plan wes around ; charged ‘around th fanet by the Sum al force. ptical Ne eeational which th ebiptica es the necessa) ed fh in an ellp ‘around Earl rd Fitational force of Mae ee pict erat ioe vd arth provi fkwraction 0D required e=nieiP (4) When a stone tied at the tiled in a eu ng i oat wer in the hand, the tension. é ae eveunel esntipet! forse) Im te easion, the stone Praence of this Force i.e te aboot tum to move in a circular path. ‘examples, the body moves in ch a uniform ‘Moon by etal force: 1g at the end of a string is h holding its other In all the above or near circular. path W: ‘e influence of a centripetal force quilibriem. speed under th and it is in a state of dynamic A force assumed (by an Centrifugal force with the body) to be acting on the beady in a direction away from the centre of circila path, is called centrifugal force. Thus, centrifuge ‘opposite to the direction ¢ mitude is the same as th observer moving force is in a direction centripetal force. Its r of the centripetal force. But the centrifugal fon is not the force of reaction of the centripetal for because action and reaction do not act on the sai body. Ir is not a real force, but it is a fictiticAste by an obser alongwith the ems the foning sessed wis nat lronlenctiog - Experiment + Fig. 1-45 = The person at A observes the batt gy athe ft te, te ote eat arial tay aa copes en A the ptt Of «gee Mle edt Cb ating ot te Balt OO ERR a merry-go-round Merry-go-tound stationary. and the ser the plat Dlatform, of ball is seer the platto t. Tnitally when undeestand his Observation, s stationary, the c string towards the | the tension T of the string he ring is loose. As Se, Ste the mre l ol oade ae oe the cen Becomes tg Sa a ee tall according to his observation rier gt die to tension 7 developed in it Since the epi Tone Nhsibe aise, scthaanen nse _ciyaprinraiine eatorany tit of Him th 5 Wena OF the bala se © two forces must be equal and opposite, yp Ewe Sheen.) siting gue thermen above os learned SP round ‘inthe ground at Ma and (i) standing eae iva vaiae usa s a Othe’ plaforin of the merry-go-round at A, per dei ial Gxea cna idishe torea cesenan igh Se a ee Reo la hey lag, coeensteyacey NeW ga feo aM sanding othe ground Al sae tia the bal ln moving ln a sais lise nore om fab P Congr wn the Pon te ical pak) while the person a A, sending einem gene ae ce positions P,P”, ... when he. will be at Postion A’, A, A, Fespeotively Je he tt Observe thatthe ball always remains in fron ‘The person standing on the ground at M him moving radially av fay from oul the mersoroind oberiet at ins bar tit eae i ee is-moving in a circular path (shown by deed aWay from, the tine) while the person sanding onthe merce, round at A observes thatthe ball is stations Placed justin font of him at BAS the ment £0-Found rotates, the postion ofthe person on tg Platform changes from A to A’, A”, A”, and the ball reaches at the position PP”, p”” fEspetively, as if i remains at rest always jo in font of him, The diferen observaions otk Same motion by the two persons at M and A we explained as follows Fie LASA bal el atthe end of a ying moving in 4 cicula pach on a merry-go-round him. He attributes cting on the ball nire. Thus, the person in q Explanation’: For the person at M, the ball ives In 4 circilar path because the tension T in"Bo. rund) hy riage) Nf sas a eae oy isthe maces, THe ony real Thelen of eatipaul eer a {) along the tangent aarp | ©) towards the (© owas tome ©) tone ofthe above 4 Centritugat force ig () areal force (he free of retaon of ep! ose (©) a fictitious fore oan A) directed towards the cents 6f the esc path The difference hetween eenripetil and cenifug (@) they both act in the same direction () they both actin opposite di (©) they both have different magnitudes | (@) none of the above 6. Which of the followin isan example of uniform | (©) @ pendulum swinging back and fort ) a satelite orbiting the ean at a constant altitude (2) a ball rolling down a hill Fa 7. Assertion (A) : When a beam is in static equilibrium the sum of clockwise moments is equal to the sum | of anticlockw [EXERCISE-1(©)| acting 09 ich FeallY SO ay ea 0 ese led freviions fo inca Grt gand Ri the SOE tosh Aad ct ase bates joe placed at of iave the same te pie rue and ighter 0” ont ll ave force is determined BY Reason) The moment Reson Crude of tbe fore SOME ioe ie nt rue and R is the correct exh ‘yesh A and Rae explanation of A ale but reason is Te -prue and R is not the correct (6 assertion If 1) asertin i trae bot reason is false The centre of gravity of an a ian at its geometric larly-shaped object ways i Reason ( ds on th ‘The centre of gravity depe The centre of er ss within an object. distribution of mass wi {@) both A and R are true and R is the correct ‘explanation of A () both A and R are True and R is not the correct explanation of A (©) assertion is false bot reason is trae VERY SHORT QUESTIONS > have selerated. motion with a astant speed ? Name such type of motionsae the velocity changes, a | ate °° shed fr cea mea, Sae ig OE a real forse 2 State whether the following statement re treo le ting TF again te re ofa aint them. (2) Earth mores around Sun witha wnifien vey (©) The motion of Moon around Eat in a citar ath is an accelerated motion (©) A witorm tinga niin is unacceleated, while Uniform circular motion is an accelerated (©) In a uniform circular motion, the speed ‘ontinaonsly changes beeause the direction of ‘motion changes. (©) A boy experince a ental fre on his hand when he rotnes a piece of stone ted at one end of asring, holding the other end inthe hand, lo 1. Differentiate between wnifarm linear motion and unifeem circular mation. | SHORT QUESTIONS + 2 What isa conmipotal force ? 4. Explain the motion of a planet around the sun in an elliptical path, 4. (@ How docs a centripetal force differ from a centrifugal force with reference to the direction in which they act ? (©) 1s cenwitugal force the force of reaction of the centripetal force ? © Compare the magnitudes of centripetal and centrifugal force. ANSWER: S State two. differences between cent centfugal force Petal aa 1 pli the meaning of ifm ea mei. py 2. mw eit bt ara 8 el mov Pear path wih a constant speed. fm your gra SiGe the direction of velocty at any Instn, 88H 4 standing at the centre of the disc ? Explain, A) Multiple Choice Type : 1—(b), 2-16), 340), 446), 5-4 8) Very Short Questions : 1. Yes, uniform circular motion the centre 4. No 5. (a) F (b) T (0) T (d) F (@) F ), 6-(6), 7=(A), BC), 9-(c) Circular motion 3, Centripet: force acting towards }) Short Questions : 4. They act in opposite directions (b) No (e) 1: 1 ¥ Long Questions : 4. () The pebble moves in a circular centripetal force. (b) The pebble is stationary just in fron fension in the string. 5. (a) variable (b) variable (©) the reaction of tension away from the centr 20 Path because the tension in the string it because the centrifuy le (c) towards the centre of the of the circular path, provides the require igal force on the pebble balances th Circular path (4) tension in the strin