Medical Law Handbook The Epidemiologically Based Needs

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Contents
About the author ix
List of figures and tables xi
List of legal references xii
Cases xii
Statutes xx
Statutory instruments xxii
ECHR and European law xxiii
Other authorities xxiv
Australian cases xxiv
Canadian cases xxiv
USA cases xxv

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims 1
1.2 Thesis 1
1.3 Some core principles 2

2 Confidentiality 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 The legal structure 6
2.3 Evolution of the law 7
2.4 Breach of confidence 9
2.5 Human Rights and confidentiality: Articles 8 and 10 11
2.6 Anonymised data 15
2.7 Consent 16
2.8 Disclosure in the public interest 17
2.9 Prevention of disorder or crime 19
2.10 GMC guidance on confidentiality: overview 20
2.11 Data Protection Act 1998 and access to medical records 24
2.12 Conclusion 30

3 Consent: general 31
3.1 The essence of consent 31
3.2 The limits of consent 34
3.3 Battery 37
3.4 Competence and consent 39
3.5 Evidence of consent 39
4 Consent: adults 41
4.1 The test for competence: adults 41
4.2 Consent must be voluntary 45
4.3 Fluctuating competence 46
4.4 Consent and the ability to communicate 46
4.5 Refusal of consent: competent adults 47
4.6 Incompetent adults 49
4.7 Incompetent adults: case law 49
4.8 Incompetent adults: Mental Capacity Act 2005 51
4.9 Advance directives and advance decisions 53
4.10 Advance directives: case law 54
4.11 Advance decisions: Mental Capacity Act 2005 56
4.12 Lasting Powers of Attorney: general 59
4.13 Lasting Powers of Attorney: decisions over personal welfare 60
4.14 Independent mental capacity advocates (IMCAs) 63

5 Consent: children 65
5.1 The test for capacity: children 65
5.2 Parental responsibility and the jurisdiction of the Court: children 66
5.3 Gillick competence 68
5.4 Gillick competent children: refusal of consent 69
5.5 Gillick incompetent children 73

6 Consent and information 79

6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 Nature and purpose 80
6.3 Intentional misinformation 83
6.4 Negligent misinformation 84
6.5 Causation and negligent misinformation 90
6.6 Conclusion and comment 92

7 Best interests 94

8 Negligence: introduction 101

8.1 Introduction 101
8.2 Gross negligence 102
8.3 Private healthcare 103

9 Negligence: the duty of care 104

9.1 Duty of care 104
9.2 Doctor and patient 105
9.3 Duties to third parties 106
9.4 Ambulances 110
9.5 Duty of care in relation to particular types of harm suffered 111
 9.6 Psychiatric harm 112
9.7 Financial harm 118
9.8 Duty of care owed by NHS Hospitals to patients 119
9.9 Conclusion 123

10 Negligence: breach of the duty of care 124

10.1 General principles 124
10.2 The reasonable person standard 125
10.3 The standard of care: The Bolam test 127
10.4 The new Bolam test, Bolam after Bolitho 128
10.5 Conclusion 131

11 Causation 132
11.1 Introduction 132
11.2 The ‘but–for’ test 133
11.3 Loss of chance is not recoverable 134
11.4 Causation in cases of breach of duty by omission 138
11.5 Innocent and guilty causes 142
11.6 Multiple guilty causes and multiple respondents 145
11.7 Conclusion 147

12 Legal status of the fetus 148

13 Negligence before birth 152

13.1 Introduction 152
13.2 But for the negligence the child would not have been born at all 153
13.3 But for the negligence the child would not have been born
disabled 160
13.4 Conclusion 168

14 Abortion 169
14.1 Fundamental principles 169
14.2 Conflicting interests 175
14.3 Conclusion 176

15 Assisted reproduction 177

15.1 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority 177
15.2 Consent 182
15.3 Maternity 188
15.4 Paternity 189
15.5 Access to services 192
15.6 Conclusion 196

16 Surrogacy 197
16.1 Introduction 197
 16.2 Case law: Rights of the birth mother 198
16.3 Statute: Transferring parental responsibility 200
16.4 Conclusion 200

17 Human tissue 201

17.1 Introduction 201
17.2 Consent and property rights 202
17.3 Property 205
17.4 Proprietal rights and the human body 206

18 The Human Tissue Act 2004 210

18.1 General 210
18.2 The Human Tissue Authority 211
18.3 Purposes 213
18.4 Consent 215
18.5 Children 216
18.6 Living adults 217
18.7 Deceased adults 218
18.8 Living and deceased donors 219
18.9 Anatomical examination and public display 220
18.10 Transplantation 221
18.11 DNA 226
18.12 Qualifying relationships 228
18.13 Conclusion 229

19 End of life 230

19.1 Introduction 230
19.2 The medical duty of care 231
19.3 The interests possessed by P 232
19.4 The interaction between the duty of care and the interests
possessed by P 233
19.5 Acts and omissions 236
19.6 Homicide, intention and the doctrine of double effect 237
19.7 The relationship between acts/ omissions and the doctrine
of double effect 239
19.8 The principle of necessity and the case of the Siamese twins 241
19.9 Medical futility 246
19.10 Persistent vegetative state 248
19.11 Futility beyond PVS: adults 254
19.12 Futility beyond PVS: children 256
19.13 Conclusion 261

Index 263
About the author
Raj Mohindra graduated from Cambridge where he studied pre-clinical
medicine and law. Having determined to combine medicine and law he
proceeded to complete the Bar exams before moving to Oxford to complete
his clinical medical training. After MRCP he continued in medical training,
first in general medicine then cardiology. During this time he completed a
Masters in medical law and ethics at King’s College, London.
He has just completed his medical training and is currently working as a
consultant cardiologist within the NHS in the North East of England.
His interest lies in the overlap of medicine law and ethics as it impacts
upon the daily practice of medicine as well as in the daily practice of clinical
medicine itself.

ix
This book is dedicated to my wife, my parents, my brothers and sister
and to my gloriously burgeoning number of nieces and nephews
List of figures and tables

FIGURES
Figure 1 No recovery for loss of chance: Hotson v East Berkshire ........... 136
Figure 2 The causal chain in Bolitho (see Section 11.3 et seq.) ............... 139
Figure 3 General legal framework surrounding human tissue ............... 203
Figure 4 The Medical Factual Matrix: overview of the various
elements that should be considered in cases involving
end-of-life decisions ............................................................ 230

TABLES
Table 1 Comparision of interests qualifying the Article 8 and
Article 10 rights ..................................................................... 12
Table 2 Magnitude and character of risk not disclosed in the
leading cases .......................................................................... 92
Table 3 Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 – requisite
harms and persons affected .................................................. 164
Table 4 Grounds for lawful termination under the Abortion Act
1967 as amended ................................................................. 171
Table 5 Percentage of all lawful abortions performed by legal
ground in England and Wales in 2006 ................................... 173
Table 6 Purposes within the Human Tissue Act 2004 ........................ 214
Table 7 Ordered list of qualifying relationships within
the Human Tissue Act 2004 .................................................... 229
Table 8 Criminal culpability for homicide and its relations to
both the acts/omissions doctrine and the doctrine of
double effect ........................................................................ 240

xi
List of legal references

Page numbers in bold indicate summaries of cases.

CASES
A (a child) v Ministry of Defence [2004] EWCA 641 ...................................... 121
A B and Others v Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust [2004]
EWHC 644................................................................................................ 206
A-G’s Reference (No.3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936 ...................... 148, 149, 153
A v C [1985] FLR 445 ................................................................................... 198
A v General Medical Council [2004] EWHC 880 ................................................ 5
AB v Tameside & Glossop HA (1997) 8 Med LR 91 ........................................ 115
AD v East Kent Community NHS Trust [2003] 3 All ER 1167 ........................ 158
Ahsan v University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust [2006] EWHC 2624 .......... 251
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1992] UKHL 5 [1993]
1 All ER 821, HL .................................................................. 236, 239, 248–50
Al Hamwi v (1) Johnston (2) North West London Hospitals
NHS Trust [2005] EWHC 206 ..................................................................... 79
Alcock v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Police [1991] 4 All ER 907..... 117
Alexandrou v Oxford [1993] 4 All ER 32 ........................................................ 110
Allen v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 1 All ER 651 .............................. 154
Allin v City and Hackney Health Authority (1996) 7 Med LR 167 ............. 115–16
Anns v London Borough of Merton [1977] 2 All ER 492 ................................. 104
Appleton v Garrett (1997) 8 Med LR 75 ........................................................... 84
Ashworth Security Hospital v MGN Limited [2002] UKHL 29 ............. 18, 23, 24
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation
[1947] 2 All ER 680 ................................................................................. 4, 44
Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers (No 2) [1988] 3 All ER 545 .......... 9, 10
Attorney-General’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] 2 All ER 1057 .................. 35
Baker v Hopkins [1959] 1 WLR 966 ............................................................... 109
Baker v Kaye (1997) 39 BMLR 12 108 .................................................... 108, 119
Barker v Corus (UK) Ltd [2006] UKHL 20 .................................................... 145
Barker v Saint-Gobain Pipelines plc [2005] 3 All ER 661 ................................. 146
Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968]
1 All ER 1068 ............................................................................................ 105

xii
 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

Barrymore (Michael) v News Group Newspapers Ltd [1997]

24 FSR 600 ................................................................................................... 9
BCCI v Price Waterhouse [1998] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 85 .................................... 104
Benarr v Kettering Health Authority (1988) 138 NLJ 179 ............................... 157
Birmingham City Council v H (a minor) [1994] 1 All ER 12 ........................... 244
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957]
2 All ER 118 ................................................................................ 87, 126, 127
Bolitho v City & Hackney HA [1997] UKHL 46, HL .............................. 130, 236
Bolitho v City & Hackney HA (1993) 13 BMLR 111, CA ................................ 130
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] 1 All ER 615 ............................... 143
Bourhill v Young [1942] UKHL 5 ........................................................... 112, 118
Briody v St. Helen’s & Knowsley Area Health Authority [2001]
EWCA Civ 1010, CA 113 ............................................................. 113–15, 197
British Oxygen Company Limited v Board of Trade [1971] AC 61 ....................... 4
British Steel Corp v Granada Television Ltd [1981] 1 All ER 417 ....................... 18
Bull v Devon AHA (1993) 4 Med LR 117 ...................................................... 121
Burke v GMC [2005] EWCA Civ 1003 ........... 33–4, 46, 53, 56, 57 216, 233, 235
Burton v Islington HA, de Martell v Merton and
Sutton HA [1992] 3 All ER 833 ...................................................... 148, 162–3
Butts v Penny (1677) 2 Levinz. 201................................................................. 206
C v C [1946] 1 All ER 562 17 .......................................................................... 17
C v S [1987] 1 All ER 1230 ...................................................... 148, 150, 153, 175
Campbell v MGN Ltd [2004] 2 All ER 995 ...................................................... 12
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 1 All ER 568............................. 104, 118
Capital Counties plc v Hampshire CC [1997] 2 All ER 865 .............. 104, 109, 110
Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 1 All ER 574 ........................................... 120
Chadwick v British Transport Commission [1967] 2 All ER 945 ...................... 112
Chambers v Warkhouse (1693) 3 Salk. 140 ...................................................... 206
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] 1 All ER 257 ............................................. 39, 79, 80
Chester v Afshar [2004] UKHL 41 ..................................................... 91, 93, 147
Coco v AN Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41 ............................................... 5
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1984]
3 All ER 935 .................................................................................................. 3
Cowley v Cheshire & Merseyside Strategic Health Authority [2007]
EWHC 48 ......................................................................................... 122, 131
Crouchman v Burke (1997) 40 BMLR 163 ..................................................... 157
de Martell v Merton and Sutton HA [1992] 3 All ER 833..................... 148, 162–3
Devi v West Midlands RHA [1980] C.L.Y. 687 .................................................. 38
Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority [1996] 4 All ER 474 ............. 208, 209
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] All ER Rep 1 ................................................... 104
Drew v Nunn (1879) 4 QB 661 ........................................................................ 59
Duchess of Argyll v Duke of Argyll [1965] 1 All ER 611 ...................................... 7

xiii
 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

Emeh v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Area Health

Authority [1984] 3 All ER 1044 ......................................................... 153, 157
Evans v Amicus Healthcare Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 727, CA ............................ 187
Evans v Amicus Healthcare Ltd [2003] EWHC 2161, Fam .............................. 187
Eyre v Measday [1986] 1 All ER 488 .............................................................. 159
F v West Berkshire Health Authority [1989]
2 All ER 545 ................................................................ 37, 49, 50, 94, 245, 249
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002]
UKHL 22 ........................................................................ 132, 144, 145–6, 147
Farraj v King’s Healthcare NHS Trust [2006] EWHC 1228 ............................. 164
Freeman v Home Office (No.2) [1984] 1 All ER 1036 ................................. 79, 80
Frenchay NHS Trust v S [1994] 2 All ER 403 ........................................... 94, 252
Garcia v St Mary’s NHS Trust [2006] EWHC 2314 ........................................ 122
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority
[1985] 3 All ER 402 .................................................................. 65, 66, 68, 243
Gold v Essex County Council [1942] 2 All ER 237.......................................... 120
Greenfield v Flather [2001] EWCA Civ 113 .................................................... 160
Greenfield v Irwin (A Firm) [2001] EWCA Civ 113 ........................................ 164
Gregg v Scott [2005] UKHL 2 ...................................................................... 137
Groom v Selby [2001] EWCA Civ 1522 ......................................... 160, 165, 167
H (A Healthcare Worker) v Associated Newspapers Ltd [2002]
EWCA Civ 195 ............................................................................................ 18
Hassan v Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospital NHS Trust [2006]
EWHC 2407 .............................................................................................. 119
A Hospital v SW [2007] EWHC 425 .............................................................. 251
HE v A Hospital NHS Trust [2003] EWHC 1017 ........................................ 55–6
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER 575 ...... 104, 118
Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1994] 3 All ER 506 ............................... 104
Hewyer v Bryant [1969] 3 All ER 578 ............................................................... 69
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1988] 2 All ER 238 ........................... 110
Hinz v Berry [1970] 1 All ER 1074 ................................................................. 112
Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] 2 All ER 294................................. 104
Hotson v East Berkshire AHA [1987] 2 All ER 909 ........................................ 135
Hucks v Cole (1968), (1993) 4 Med LR 393 ................................................... 129
Hunter v Mann [1974] 2 All ER 414 .............................................................. 5, 9
J J C (a minor) v Eisenhower [1983] 3 All ER 230 ............................................. 35
Janaway v Salford HA [1988] 3 All ER 1079.................................................... 174
JD v East Berkshire Community Health NHS Trust [2005] UKHL 23 ............. 107
Jones v Manchester Corp [1952] 2 All ER 125 ........................................ 120, 122
Joyce v Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth HA (1996) 7 Med LR 1 ................ 140–1
JS v NHS Trust; JA v NHS Trust [2002] EWHC 2734 ..................................... 253
Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1982] 3 All ER 201 ................................... 104

xiv
 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62 ....................................................................... 8

Kent v Griffiths [2000] 2 All ER 474 ......................................................... 110–11
Khalid (a child) v Barnet & Chase Farm Hospital NHS Trust [2007]
EWHC 644.................................................................................................. 87
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust v A [2003] EWHC 259 .................. 189, 191
London Street Tramways v London County Council [1898] AC 375 .................... 3
Loveday v Renton (1990) 1 Med LR 117 ....................................................... 133
Malone v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (No 2) [1979]
2 All ER 620 ........................................................................................ 7, 8, 10
Masterman-Lister v Brutton & Co [2002] EWCA Civ 1889............................... 38
Maynard v West Midlands Regional HA [1985] 1 All ER 635 .......................... 128
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [1999]
4 All ER 961 ..................................... 125, 153, 156, 158–9, 160, 165, 166, 167
McGhee v National Coal Board [1972] 3 All ER 1008 ..................... 142, 143, 144
McKay v Essex AHA [1982] 2 All ER 771 .................................... 154–5, 156, 174
McLoughlin v O’Brian [1982] 2 All ER 298 ............................................ 116, 117
Meadow v General Medical Council [2006] EWHC 146 ................................. 138
Mersey Care NHS Trust v Ackroyd [2007] EWCA Civ 101 ......................... 18, 24
Murphy v Brentwood DC [1990] 2 All ER 908 ............................................... 111
NHS Trust A v H [2001] 2 FLR 501 ............................................................... 252
NHS Trust A v M; NHS Trust B v H [2001] 1 All ER 801 ........................... 250–1
NHS Trust v A (a child) [2007] EWHC 1696 .................................................... 76
NHS Trust v A [2005] EWCA Civ 1145 .......................................... 94, 95, 254–5
NHS Trust v D [2005] EWHC 2439............................................................... 255
NHS Trust v D [2000] 2 FLR 677 .................................................................. 259
NHS Trust v J [2006] EWHC 3152 ................................................................ 253
NHS Trust v MB [2006] EWHC 507 ................................................ 259–60, 261
NHS Trust v P [2000] (Unreported, 19 December 2000) ................................ 251
NHS Trust v T (adult patient: refusal of medical treatment) [2005]
1 All ER 387 ..................................................................................... 42, 43, 44
Nicholson v Atlas Steel Foundry and Engineering Co Ltd [1957]
1 All ER 776 .............................................................................................. 143
Norfolk and Norwich Healthcare NHS Trust v W [1996] 2 FLR 613.................. 48
North Glamorgan NHS Trust v Walters [2002] EWCA Civ 1792 ..................... 116
Nunnerley v Warrington Health Authority [2000] Lloyd’s Rep Med 170 ........... 167
Ogwo v Taylor [1988] AC 431......................................................................... 109
OLL Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1997] 3 All ER 897 ...................... 110
Page v Smith [1995] 2 All ER 736 ................................................... 112, 113, 118
Parkinson v St James and Seacroft University Hospital
NHS Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 530 ...................................................... 156, 165
Paton v Trustees of BPAS [1978] 2 All ER 987 ........................................ 148, 175
Palmer v Tees Health Authority [1999] EWCA Civ 1533 ................................... 20

xv
 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [1998] EWCA Civ 865 ........ 88, 89
Pfizer Corporation v Ministry of Health [1965] 1 All ER 450 ........................... 101
Pollard v Photographic Co (1888) 40 ChD 345 ................................................... 9
Powell v Boldaz (1997) 39 BMLR 35 ....................................................... 106, 107
Powell v Boldaz [2003] EWHC 2160 .............................................................. 106
Prince Albert v Strange (1849) 41 ER 1171......................................................... 9
Quintavalle (on behalf of Comment on Reproductive Ethics) v Human
Fertilisation and Embryology Authority [2005] UKHL 28 .............. 178, 179–80
R v Adomako [1994] 3 All ER 79 ...................................................... 36, 102, 240
R v Arthur (1981) 12 BMLR 1 ....................................................... 239, 240, 241
R v Bateman [1925] All ER Rep 45................................................................. 105
R v Bodkin Adams [1957] Crim LR 365 ........................................................ 238
R v Bourne [1938] 3 All ER 615 (CCC) 169 ............................................ 169, 172
R v Bournewood Community and Mental Health NHS Trust
ex p L [1998] 3 All ER 289 ........................................................................... 50
R v Brown [1993] 2 All ER 75 .............................................................. 34–5, 239
R v Carr Sunday Times Nov 1986 ................................................................... 238
R v Case (1850) 4 Cox CC 220 ........................................................................ 81
R v Collins and Ashworth Hospital Authority ex parte Brady (2001)
58 BMLR 173.............................................................................................. 42
R v Coney (1882) 8 QBD 534 .......................................................................... 34
R v Cox (1992) 12 BMLR 38 .................................................................. 34, 239
R v Croyden (1990) 40 BMLR 40 .......................................................... 109, 160
R v Cuerrier [1998] 2 SCR 371 ........................................................................ 81
R v Dhingra (unreported) ............................................................................... 150
R v Diana Richardson [1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 200 ............................................... 83
R v Dica [2004] EWCA Crim 1103 .................................................................. 81
R v Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 ......................................................................... 34
R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273 ........................................ 245, 246
R v Ethical Committee of St Mary’s Hospital (Manchester)
ex parte H [1988] 1 FLR 512 ..................................................................... 193
Re: F (in utero) [1988] Fam 122 ..................................................................... 175
R v Flattery (1877) 2 QBD 410 ....................................................................... 81
R v Fox (1841) 2 QBD 246 ............................................................................ 207
R v Gibbins (1918) 13 Cr App R 134 .............................................................. 236
R v General Medical Council ex parte Burke [2004] EWHC 1879 ..................... 94
R v Hancock and Shankland [1986] 1 All ER 641............................................ 237
R v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ex parte Blood
[1997] 2 All ER 687 ................................................................................ 184–5
R v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ex parte Assisted
Reproduction and Gynaecology Centre [2002] EWCA Civ 20 ..................... 181
R v Instan [1893] 1 QB 450............................................................................ 236

xvi
 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

R v Kelly [1998] EWCA Crim 1578 ............................................... 206, 208, 209

R v Lodwig TLR 16 Mar 1990 ........................................................................ 238
R v Mersey Care NHS Trust ex parte Munjaz [2005] UKHL 58 ........................ 53
R v Moloney [1985] 1 All ER 1025 ................................................................. 237
R v Moor [1999] Crim LR 2000 ..................................................................... 238
R v Navid Tabassum [2000] 2 Cr Ct App Rep 328 ............................................ 82
R v Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust ex parte Glass [1999]
EWCA Civ 1914 ............................................................ 73, 74–5, 98, 216, 233
R v Secretary of State for Health ex parte Axon [2006] EWHC 37 ..................... 68
R v Secretary of State for Health ex parte Quintavalle [2003] UKHL 13 .......... 177
R v Secretary of State for the Home Dept ex parte Mellor [2001] EWCA
Civ 472 ...................................................................................................... 194
R v Senior (1832) 168 ER 1298 ...................................................................... 148
R v Sheffield HA ex parte Seale (1995) 25 BMLR 1 ........................................ 195
R v Smith [1974] 1 All ER 376 ....................................................................... 174
R v Spratt [1991] 2 All ER 210 ......................................................................... 37
R v Stone [1977] 2 All ER 341........................................................................ 236
R v Williams [1923] 1KB 340 ........................................................................... 81
R v Wilson [1996] TLR March 5 ....................................................................... 34
R v Woollin [1998] 4 All ER 103 ..................................................................... 237
Rance v Mid-Downs HA [1991] 1 All ER 801 ................................................. 150
Rand v East Dorset Health Authority [2000] Lloyd’s Rep Med 181.................. 164
Re: A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation) [2000]
EWCA Civ 254 .......................................................... 73, 241–2, 244, 246, 247
Re: A (medical treatment: male sterilisation) [2000] 1 FCR 193 ............. 95, 96, 98
Re: AK (Medical treatment: consent) [2001] 1 FLR 129.............................. 48, 54
Re: an adoption application (surrogacy) [1987] 2 All ER 826 ........................... 199
Re: B (a child) (immunisation: parental rights) [2003] EWCA Civ 1148 ............. 77
Re: B (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) (1981)
[1990] 3 All ER 927 ...................................................... 73, 75, 154, 240, 256–7
Re: B (a minor) (wardship: sterilisation) [1987] 2 All ER 2006 ............... 78, 96, 98
Re: B (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [2002] EWHC 429........................... 47
Re: B (parentage) [1996] 2 FLR 15................................................................. 190
Re: C (a baby) [1996] 2 FLR 43 .................................................................... 258
Re: C (a minor) (medical treatment) [1998] 1 FLR 384 ........................... 247, 259
Re: C (a minor) (wardship: surrogacy) [1985] FLR 846 199 ............................ 199
Re: C (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1985] 2 All ER 782 ................ 256
Re: C (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1994] 1 All ER 819 ........ 43, 44, 45, 46
Re: C (detention: medical treatment) [1997] 2 FLR 180 .................................... 67
Re: C (HIV test) [1993] 2 FLR 1004 ................................................................ 77
Re: C (welfare of child: immunisation) [2003] EWCA Civ 1148................... 67, 73
Re: D (a child) [2005] UKHL 33.................................................................... 190

xvii
 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

Re: D [1998] 1 FLR 411 ................................................................................ 251

Re: D (a minor) (wardship: sterilisation) [1976] 1 All ER 326 ....................... 77–8
Re: E (a minor)[1993] 1 FLR 386 .................................................................... 72
Re: F (in utero) [1988] Fam 122 ................................................................. 175–6
Re: G [1995] 2 FCR 46 ................................................................................. 252
Re: G (Surrogacy: Foreign Domicile) [2007] EWHC 2814 .............................. 200
Re: Grandison TLR 10th July 1989 ................................................................. 208
Re: H (adult: incompetent) [1998] 2 FLR 36 .................................................. 251
Re: J (a minor)(wardship: medical treatment) [1990] 3 All ER 930 .................. 257
Re: J (a minor)(wardship: medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 614 ............ 99, 257
Re: J (specific issue orders: child’s religious upbringing and circumcision)
[2000] 1 FLR 571 ........................................................................................ 67
Re: JT (adult: refusal of medial treatment) [1998] 1 FLR 48 ......................... 44–5
Re: K (a minor) [2006] EWHC 1007 .................................................. 254, 260–1
Re: K, W and H (minors) (medical treatment) [1993] 1 FLR 854....................... 66
Re: L (a minor) [2004] EWHC 2713 ........................................................ 95, 246
Re: L (a minor) [2005] 1 FLR 491.................................................................. 258
Re: L (medical treatment: Gillick competency) [1998] 2 FLR 810 ............... 73, 78
Re: LC (medical treatment: sterilisation) [1993] [1997] 2 FLR 258.................... 94
Re: M (a minor) [1998] (Unreported 24 November 1998) ............................... 253
Re: M (a minor) (wardship: sterilisation) [1988] 2 FLR 497......................... 96, 98
Re: M [1999] 2 FLR 1097 ................................................................................ 71
Re: MB (1997) 8 Med LR 217 ....................................... 39, 41, 42, 46, 48, 73, 94
Re: MW (adoption: surrogacy)[1995] 2 FLR 759 199 ..................................... 199
Re: O (a minor) (medical treatment) (1993) 4 Med LR 272 ............................... 76
Re: P (minors)(wardship: surrogacy) [1987] 2 FLR 421................................... 198
Re: P [1986] 1 FLR 272 .................................................................................. 69
Re: Q (parental orders) [1996] 1 FLR 369 ..................................................... 200
Re: R (a child) [2003] 2 All ER 131 ................................................................ 186
Re: R (a child) [2005] UKHL 33 ................................................................... 190
Re: R (a minor) (No. 2) (1997) 33 BMLR 178 ................................................ 121
Re: R (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1991] 4 All ER 177 ............. 66, 69
Re: R (adult: medical treatment) [1996] 2 FLR 99 ....................................... 231–2
Re: S (a minor)(consent to medical treatment)[1994] 2 FLR 1065 .............. 69, 71
Re: S (a minor)(medical treatment)[1993] 1 FLR 376 ...................................... 76
Re: S (adult patient: sterilisation) [2001] Fam 15 ............................................... 94
Re: S (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 671 ......................... 48
Re: S (medical treatment: adult sterilisation) [1998] 1 FLR 944 ......................... 94
Re: S (sterilisation: patient’s best interests) [2000] 2 FLR 389 ............................ 94
Re: SA (vulnerable adult with capacity: marriage) [2005] EWHC 2942 .............. 49
Re: T (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1997] 1 All ER 906 ......... 76–7, 94
Re: T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 649 ............. 39, 45, 56

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 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

Re: W (a minor)(medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 627 .......... 31, 37, 65, 70, 72
Re: W (an adult: sterilization) [1993] 2 FCR 187 ......................................... 96, 98
Re: W (mental patient)(sterilisation) [1993] 1 FLR 381 ..................................... 78
Re: X (adult patient: sterilisation) [1999] 3 FCR 426 ................................... 96, 98
Re: Y (adult patient) (transplant: bone marrow)[1996] 2 FLR 787 .... 96–7, 98, 217
Re: Z (a minor) (freedom of publication) [1995] 4 All ER 961 ..................... 66, 67
Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust [2003]
UKHL 52 [2003] 4 All ER 987................................................. 155, 159, 166–7
Reeves v Metropolitan Police Commmisioner [1999] 3 All ER 897 .................. 110
Richards v Swansea NHS Trust [2007] EWHC 487......................................... 121
Robertson (an infant) v Nottingham Health Authority (1997) 8 Med LR 1 ... 121–2
Robinson v Salford Health Authority [1992] 3 Med LR 270 ............................ 157
Roe v Minister of Health [1954] 2 All ER 13 ................................................... 120
Rogers, R (on the application of) v Swindon NHS Primary Care Trust
[2006] EWCA Civ 392 ................................................................................... 4
Rose v Secretary of State for Health [2002] EWHC 1593 ................................ 188
Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health
and Social Security [1981] 1 All ER 54 ....................................................... 173
Salidh v Enfield HA [1991] 3 All ER 400 ............................................ 157, 167–8
Saltman Engineering Co Ltd v Campbell Engineering Co Ltd [1963]
3 All ER 413 .................................................................................................. 9
Seager v Copydex Ltd. [1967] 2 All ER 415 ........................................................ 7
Shakoor v Situ [2000] 4 All ER 181 126.......................................................... 126
Shanley v Harvey (1762) 2 Eden 126 .............................................................. 206
Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors
[1985] 1 All ER 643 .................................. 39, 79, 80, 86–7, 88, 90, 92, 93, 129
Smeaton v Secretary of State for Health [2002] EWHC 610 ............................ 150
Smith v Barking, Havering & Brentwood Health Authority (1994)
5 Med LR 285 ............................................................................................. 90
Smith v Gould (1706) 2 Salk. 666 ................................................................... 206
Smith v Tunbridge Wells (1994) 5 Med LR 343 ................................................. 90
Source Informatics Ltd, Re: An Application for Judicial Review
[1999] EWCA Civ 3011 ........................................................... 6, 15–16, 17, 25
Spartan Steel and Alloys Ltd v Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd
[1972] 3 All ER 557 ................................................................................... 118
Spring v Guardian Assurance PLC [1994] 3 All ER 129 .......................... 119, 137
St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1998] 3 All ER 673 ........... 48, 54, 62, 175
Stevens v Bermondsey and Southwark Group HMC (1963) 107 SJ 478 .......... 119
Stone v South East Coast Strategic Health Authority [2006] EWHC 1668 ......... 14
Swindon & Marlborough NHS Trust v S [1995] 3 Med L Rev 84 ................... 253
Taylor v Shropshire Health Authority [2000] Lloyd’s Rep Med 96.................... 167
Thake v Maurice [1984] 2 All ER 513............................................................. 157

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 LIST OF LEGAL REFERENCES

Trust A, Trust B, Dr V v Mr M [2005] EWHC 807.......................................... 251

U v Centre for Reproductive Medicine [2002] EWCA Civ 565 ................. 46, 185
Udale v Bloomsbury AHA [1983] 2 All ER 522 ............................................... 157
University Hospital Lewisham NHS Trust v Hamuth [2006]
EWHC 1609 .............................................................................................. 208
W Healthcare NHS Trust v KH [2004] EWCA Civ 1324 .......................... 55, 255
W v Egdell [1990] 1 All ER 835 ............................................................ 17–18, 20
Wainwright v Home Office [2003] UKHL 53, [2003] 4 All ER 969.............. 6, 7, 8
Walkin v South Manchester HA [1995] 4 All ER 132 ....................... 111, 156, 160
West Bromwich Albion Football Club Ltd v El-Safty [2005]
EWHC 2866 ...................................................................................... 107, 119
White v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Police [1998]
UKHL 45 .................................................................................................. 117
White v Jones [1995] 1 All ER 691.................................................................. 104
Whitehouse v Jordan [1980] 1 All ER 650 ...................................................... 125
Wilkinson v Downton [1897] 2 QB 57 ................................................................ 7
Williams v Williams [1882] 20 ChD 659 ......................................................... 206
Williamson v East London and City HA (1998) BMLR 85 ................................ 38
Wilsher v Essex AHA [1988] 1 All ER 871, HL ........................................ 132, 134
Wilsher v Essex AHA [1986] 3 All ER 801, CA ........................................ 120, 127
Wilson v Pringle [1986] 2 All ER 440 ............................................................... 37
Woolgar v Chief Constable of Sussex Police [1999] 3 All ER 604 ....................... 21
X and others (minors) v Bedfordshire CC [1995] 3 All ER 353 ................ 108, 120
X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648 ........................................................ 11, 16, 18, 19, 23
Younger v Dorset and Somerset Strategic HA [2006] Lloyd’s
Rep Med 489 ............................................................................................. 112
Yuen Kun-Yeu v A-G of Hong Kong [1987] 2 All ER 705 ................................ 104
Zarb v Odetoyinbo [2006] EWHC 2880 ................................................. 140, 141

STATUTES
Abortion Act 1967 ............................................... 69, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,175
Access to Health Records Act 1990 ................................................................... 29
Access to Medical Records Act 1990 ................................................................. 26
Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 ........................................................... 29, 30
Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 ................................................. 150, 221
Children Act 1989 .................................................... 66, 67, 70, 73, 165, 198, 244
Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 .......................... 152, 161, 163–8
Coroners Act 1988 ......................................................................................... 208
Criminal Justice Act 1967 ............................................................................... 237
Criminal Justice Act 1988 ................................................................................. 37
Data Protection Act 1998 .......................................................... 11, 16, 17, 24–30

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