Formulas Specific Volume 𝑉 1

𝑣 = 𝑚
= ρ𝑚
Celsius to Fahrenheit 𝐹 =
9
𝐶 + 32
5
Specific Gravity ρ𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. =
Fahrenheit to Celsius 𝐶 =
5
(𝐹 − 32)
ρ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
9

Pressure 𝑃 =
𝐹
Celsius to Kelvin 𝐾 = 𝐶 + 273. 15 𝐴

Fahrenheit to Rankine 𝑅 = 𝐹 + 459. 67

Gauge Pressure 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
Celsius to Reaumur 𝑅 =
4
𝐶
5 Pascal’s Principle 𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑃1 = 𝑃2; 𝐴1
= 𝐴2
Fahrenheit to Reaumur 𝑅 =
4
(𝐹 − 32)
9
Ideal Gas Law 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Differences ∆𝑇𝐾 = ∆𝑇𝐶 ρ=
𝑃𝑀
𝑅𝑇
∆𝑇𝑅 = ∆𝑇𝐹 𝑃 = ρ𝑔ℎ
5 𝑚𝑅𝑇
∆𝑇𝐶 = ∆𝑇𝐹 𝑃= 𝑀𝑉
9
5
∆𝑇𝐾 = 9
∆𝑇𝑅 Change in Length ∆𝐿 = α𝐿𝑜∆𝑇

Point-Slope Equation 𝑦2−𝑦1

New Length 𝐿𝑁 = 𝐿𝑜 + ∆𝐿
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥2− 𝑥1
(𝑥 − 𝑥1)

(𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝐿𝑁 = 𝐿𝑜(1 + α∆𝑇)

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝐵𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Change in Volume ∆𝑉 = β𝑉𝑜∆𝑇
Mass Density ρ𝑚 =
𝑚
𝑣
New Volume 𝑉𝑁 = 𝑉𝑜 + ∆𝑉
Weight Density ρ𝑊 =
𝑊
=
𝑚𝑔
= ρ𝑚𝑔 𝑉𝑁 = 𝑉𝑜(1 + β∆𝑇)
𝑉 𝑉
β = 3α
Fourier’s Law 𝑄 𝑘𝐴∆𝑇 Combined Gas Law 𝑃1𝑉 𝑃1𝑉
𝑡
= 𝐿 1 2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
Rate of Heat (Convection) 𝑄
𝑡
= ℎ𝐴∆𝑇
Avogadro’s Law 𝑚1 𝑅1 𝑀1
Stefan Boltzmann Law 𝑄 4 4 𝑚2
= 𝑅2
= 𝑀2
𝑡
= σ𝑒𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

Dalton’s Law of Partial 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 +... + 𝑃𝑛

Latent Heat 𝑄𝐿 =± 𝑚𝐻𝑓/𝑣/𝑠 Pressure

Sensible Heat 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 Internal Energy ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊​

∆𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 + 𝑝∆V

Total Heat 𝑄 = 𝑄𝐿 + 𝑄𝑠 Enthalpy 𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑉

Specific Heat 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 =
𝑅 Isobaric ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑝∆𝑉
𝑀

Isovolumic/Isochoric ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈
Entropy 𝑆=
𝑄
=
𝑚𝐿
=
𝑚𝐶∆𝑇
𝑇𝐾 𝑇𝑘 𝑇𝑘
𝑇2 Isothermal ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 = 𝑝∆𝑉
= 𝑚𝑐𝑙𝑛 𝑇1 ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑄𝑠 Isothermal (Ideal Gas) 𝑉2
∆𝑄 = Δ𝑊 = 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 𝑉1
𝑃2
Boyle’s Law 𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2 Δ𝑊 = 𝑃1𝑉1𝑙𝑛 𝑃1

𝑚 𝑉2
Charles' Law 𝑉1 𝑉2 Δ𝑊 = 𝑀
𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝑉1
𝑇2
= 𝑇2 𝑉2
Δ𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝑉1

Gay-Lussac’s Law 𝑃1 𝑃2
= Adiabatic 0 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
𝑇2 𝑇2
Polytropic Equation of State 𝑃1(𝑉1)
𝑛
= 𝑃2(𝑉2)
𝑛 Energy Efficiency Ratio 𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝐸𝑅 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛

Polytropic Specific Heat 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑐𝑣( 𝑛−1 )

𝑛−𝑘

Constants and Conversions

Polytropic Heat 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑛∆𝑇 Density of Water ρ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
3

Thermal Efficiency η𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 =

𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Standard Density of Air 3
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ρ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1. 4 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
= 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Coefficient of Volume −3 𝑜
β𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 3. 66𝑥10 / 𝐶
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 Expansion for Gases
η𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant −8
σ = 5. 67 × 10 𝑊/(𝑚 ·𝐾 )
2 4

Carnot Cycle 𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿

η= = 1−
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻 Latent Heat of Fusion 𝐻𝑓 = 80 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔
= 144 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
Otto Cycle 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 1
η= 𝑄𝐴
= 1− 𝑘−1
= 334 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑟𝑘
Latent Heat of Vaporization 𝐻𝑣 = 540 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔
Diesel Cycle 1 𝑟 𝑘

η= 1 − 𝑘−1 [ 𝑘(𝑟𝑐 −1)

−1
] = 970 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑟𝑘 𝑐
= 2257 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
η= 𝑄𝐴 Latent Heat of Sublimation 𝐻𝑠 = 667. 8 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔
= 1220 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
Brayton Cycle 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐
η = 𝑄𝐴
= 𝑄𝐴
= 2838 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Specific Heat of Ice 𝑐𝑖 = 0. 5 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔− 𝐶

𝑜
Coefficient of Performance 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛
= 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 2. 05 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾
Specific Heat of Water 𝑐𝑤 = 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔− 𝐶
𝑜 = 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
= 76 𝑐𝑚𝐻𝑔
= 4. 186 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾 = 760 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑟
= 1. 013 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Specific Heat of Water Vapor 𝑐𝑔 = 0. 48 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔− 𝐶
𝑜

STP (Standard Condition) 𝑇 = 273. 15 𝐾 = 0 𝐶

◦
= 2008. 32𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐾 5
𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1. 013𝑥10 𝑃𝑎
3
Universal Gas Constant 𝑅 = 8. 314
𝐽
1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 22. 4 𝑚
𝑚𝑜𝑙−𝑘
𝐵𝑇𝑈
= 1. 986 𝑚𝑜𝑙−𝑅 Energy 1 𝐶𝑎𝑙 = 1000 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4. 186 𝐽
= 1545 𝑚𝑜𝑙−𝑅
1 𝐽 = 1 𝑁𝑚
𝐿−𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 0. 0821 𝑚𝑜𝑙−𝑘 1 𝐽 = 1 𝑘𝑔(𝑚/𝑠)2
3
1𝐽 = 𝑃𝑎 • 𝑚 = 𝑊•𝑠
Boiling Point of Water 100 𝐶
◦
2
◦
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑔/(𝑚 • 𝑠 )
212 𝐹 3
◦ Volume 1 𝑚 = 1000 𝐿
671. 67 𝑅
3
373. 15 𝐾 1 𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡 = 0. 0283168 𝑚

Freezing Point of Water 0𝐶

◦ Area A = π r²
◦
32 𝐹 Molar Mass of Air 1𝑀 = 28. 97 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
◦
491. 67 𝑅
273. 15 𝐾

Absolute Zero of Water − 273. 15 𝐶

◦

◦
− 459. 67 𝐹
◦
0𝑅
0𝐾

Pressure 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101325 𝑝𝑎

= 14. 7 𝑝𝑠𝑖