ملخص الحاسب
من حماضراث املعهد الفين للبصرياث بالسيدة زينب
ليس ورقت تنالىهنا...إمنا أمت تبصروهنا
إعداد /علي العدوي
By/ Ali ELadawey
دعائكم◊◊ ◊◊ال تنسىين من صاحل
Introduction
Computer: Electronic and programmable device, that entering data,
do operations on that data, present the results and storages the data or results
as needs.
Input Processing Output Storage
Entering Do/perform Present Save results
operations on results "information"
data
that data "information"
●Useless
●Meaningless
●Raw
ex:- letters/characters/
Data numbers/ symbols/
images
●Data + processing Information
●Useful
●Meaningful
2
1ST ●Large / Vaccum tubes / Generate a lot of heat / reset.
2SD ●Transistors / Smaller / Faster.
3RD ●ICS/ Smaller/ Faster/Keyboard,Monitor/ IBM
●Smaller/ Faster / Powerful/ Microprocessor /
4TH Input & output units
5TH ●Voice→Input unit / Tiny / AI
3
-The physical parts. -Operating system.
-Input units, Output units, -Applications.
cpu.
◦Mouse ◦Monitor ◦DVD ◦Modem ◦cpu
◦Keyboard ◦Speaker ◦CD ◦Router
◦Camera ◦Printer ◦Network adaptor
i- DVD – CD – Blu-ray disk Memory
ii- Flash memory card. Basic Secondary
iii- Flash memory card reader. Rom Ram Storage devices
iv- USB flash.
Internal hard disk : 3TB
v- Hard disk:
External hard disk : 1-full size (1GB→3TB)
2-Portable magnetic(1.5TB) 3-Portable (256GB)
4-Express card (32GB)
vii- Smart card: credit card of plastic can store data. Ex:- Student id.
4
i- The motherboard: The main board to connect all the components of computer.
ii-Power supply: Power outlet to recharge the battery of computer.
iii- cpu/Processor: Perform processing = Do operations.
RAM: Random Access Memory. → Volatile
iv- Memory:
ROM: Read Only Memory. → nonvolatile - BIOS
v- Fans/Heat sink: To cool system units.
vi- The system clock: Timing mechanism of system units.
Cmd GUI -To enable users to perform their tasks.
Graphic User Interface
DOS Icons should be selected -More powerful/ useful
Disk Operating System
●Utility programs: programs enable managing or protecting the computer system.
●Types of operating system for personal computer (pc) & servers:-
1) DOS → IBM - Command line interface.
2) Windows → GUI (98 – XP – 7 – 8 – 10 – 11).
3) Windows servers → for servers.
4) Mac OS → Apple computers.
Unix (close source) → midrange – midframe.
5) Network
Linux → Open source.
5
How the cpu (processor) work?
6
② ❶ Binary ⑧ ❷ Octal
⑩ ❸ Decimal ⑯ ❹ Hexadecimal
②
نرسم خط الوزن برقم النظام وبعدد أرقام السؤال ونحط أسس بالترتيب واضرب
⑩ ⑧
المسألة في الرقم أبو أس اللي تحته واجمعهم مع بعض.
⑯
العشي نقسم ،ر
للعشي خط الوزن من ر
②
نقسم علي رقم النظام اللي هنحوله لحد ما نصفره ،ونأخذ باقي القسمة من تحت
⑧ ⑩
لفوق ونكتبه من الشمال لليمين ↑→.
⑯
⑧
نعمل مجموعات للثماني ، 3وللسادس عشر 4ونضع 2ونرتب أسس. ②
⑯
للثنائ نوزعهم
ي الثنائ نجمعهم ،
ي من
⑧
نوزع كل رقم في الثماني 3خانات ،وللسادس عشر 4خانات. ②
⑯
⑧←⑯
نحول للثنائي األول ثم من ثنائي ألي واحد فيهم( .الثنائي وسيط)
⑯←⑧
7
Bit = The smallest measurement unit of computer.
Byte = 8 Bit
Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 Byte
Mega Byte (MB) = 1024 KB = Million Bytes
Giga Byte (GB) = 1024 MB = Billion Bytes
Tera Byte = 1024 GB = Trillion Bytes
Peta Byte = 1024 Tera Byte
Exa Byte = 1024 Peta Byte
Zeta Byte = 1024 Exa Byte
Yotta Byte = 1024 Zeta Byte
8
PDLC (Program Development Life Cycle):
The process containing the five phases of program development:-
① Analyzing. ② Designing. ③ Coding.
④ Debugging or testing. ⑤Maintaining.
A program design tool graphically shows step by step the action that
computer take.
Tools:-
→ Start / End
→ Input / Output
→ Processing
If → Decision
→ Flow lines
- Sum → +
- Subtract → -
- Multiple → *
- Divide → /
9
Networks
Collection of computers and other devices connected together to
share software and hardware data and communications.
Uses of Network:
1-Share software and hardware data and communications.
2-Share internet. 3-Exchange files.
4-Facilitates VOIP(voice over IP) / video conference.
Network topologies:
① Star topology: Central device to which all
the computers are connected.
② Bus topology: Central cable to which all
the computers are connected.
③ Mesh topology: Multi-connections
between the computers.
01
Internet
The largest computer network in the world.
▶ ISP (Internet Service provider): Company that provides internet
access for a fee.
▶ WWW (World Wide web): Collection of web pages.
▶ Web pages: Document containing hyperlink to another page.
▶ Web site: Collection of web pages related to an organization.
▶ Web browser: Program used to view web pages.
▶ IP address (Internet Protocol): Numerical.
▶ URL (Uniform Resource Location): http://www.google.com...
Abbreviations:-
.com → commercial .edu → educational
.gov → government .int → international
.mil → military .net → network providers (ISP)
.org → organization
Computer network sizes and coverage area:-
① PAN (Personal Area Network): Devices close together.
② LAN (Local Area Network): Small Area (building).
③ MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): City.
④ WAN (Wide Area Network): Large area.
00
❶ Computer is electronic device why?
❷ What is the meaning of system , types?
❸ Define software and mention its types.
❹ Describe memory and mention its units.
❺ Define hardware and mention its types.
❻ Describe operating system for personal system.
❼ Mention networks size.
❽ Convert:
(1000111) ₂ = ( )₁₀ (3652) ₈ = ( ) ₁₀
(E89) ₁₆ = ( )₂ (490) ₁₀ = ( ) ₁₆
(888) ₁₆ = ( ) ₁₀ (23) ₁₀ = ( )₂
02
