FORMULA HANDBOOK
FLUID MACHINERY
(22ME025)
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
IMPACT OF JET
Nomenclature
V−Velocity of water jet
a – Cross-sectional area of jet/Nozzle
u – Velocity of plate/vane
V1 − Absolute velocity of water at striking the vane i.e. inlet(1)
V2 − Absolute velocity of water at leaving vane i.e. outlet(2)
𝑉𝜔1 , 𝑉𝜔2 − The components of the V1 & V2, in the direction of motion, are called Velocity of
Whirl at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝑉𝑓1 , 𝑉𝑓2 − The components of the V1 & V2, in the direction perpendicular to the motion, are called
Velocity of flow at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
u1, u2 − Velocity of the vane at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝑉𝑟1 , 𝑉𝑟2 − Relative velocity of the jet with respect to the vane at the inlet(1) and outlet(2)
respectively.
𝛼, 𝛽 − Angle made by the velocity V1 & V2, with the direction of motion of the vane at the
inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝜃, 𝜙 − Angle made by the relative velocity 𝑉𝑟1 & 𝑉𝑟2 with the direction of motion of the vane at the
inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively and also called vane angles.
1. Force exerted by the jet on a plate in the direction of the jet (Assuming X-direction)
Fx = ρ.a.V2
2. Force exerted by the jet on the inclined plate
• In Normal direction, Fn = ρ.a.V2 Sinθ
• Force component in X-direction = Fn Sinθ
• Force component in Y-direction = Fn Cosθ
3. Force exerted by the jet on a curved plate
• Force component in X-direction, Fx = ρ.a.V2(1 + cosθ)
• Force component in Y-direction, Fy = -ρ.a.V2 sinθ
4. Force exerted by the jet on a curved plate, moving with some velocity
• Force component in X-direction, Fx = ρ.a.(V-u)2.(1+ cosθ)
• Force component in X-direction, Fy = - ρ.a.(V-u)2.sinθ
5. The jet striking on a hinged plate
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
𝜌.𝑎.𝑉 2
• Angle of Swing, Sinθ = 𝑤
6. A jet of water striking tangentially at one of the tips of an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate
• Force Exerted by the jet, 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌. 𝑎. 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝜔1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 )
• Work done/Sec on the vane by the jet = Fx * u
• Work done per unit weight of fluid striking = Fx * u / Weight of water striking per sec
𝑊𝐷/𝑠 𝜌.𝑎.𝑉𝑟1 [𝑉𝜔1 ±𝑉𝑤2 ]×𝑢
• Efficiency of Jet, 𝜂 = = 1
𝐾.𝐸.𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡/𝑠 (𝜌.𝑎.𝑉12 )𝑉12
2
7. A jet of water strikes a series of radial curved plate
• Work done/Sec on the vane by the jet= 𝜌. 𝑎. 𝑉1 (𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 )
𝜌.𝑎.𝑉1 (𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 ±𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 )
• Efficiency of Jet, 𝜂 = 1
(𝜌 )𝑉 2
2 𝑎𝑉1 1
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Nomenclature
H − Net Head
Hg − Gross Head
hf − Loss of Head due to pipe/penstock friction
V − Velocity of water in penstock
L − Length of penstock
dp − Diameter of penstock
f − Coefficient of friction for pipe/penstock
Q − Discharge through penstock/Turbine
D − The mean diameter or the pitch diameter of the Pelton wheel
d − Diameter of the jet
D1, D2 – Outer & Inner Diameters of Runner respectively.
B1, B2 – Outer & Inner widths of Runner respectively.
𝜂ℎ − Hydraulic Efficiency
𝜂𝑚 − Mechanical Efficiency
𝜂𝑜 − Overall Efficiency
Cv − Co-efficient of velocity
V1, V2 − Absolute velocity of water at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝑉𝜔1 , 𝑉𝜔2 − Velocity of Whirl at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝑉𝑓1 , 𝑉𝑓2 − Velocity of flow at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝛼, 𝛽 − Guide blade angle at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝜃, 𝜙 − Blade angle at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
u1, u2 − Tangential Velocity of wheel/Runner at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
1. Net Head, H = Hg – hf
4.𝑓.𝐿.𝑉 2
2. 𝒉𝒇 = 𝑑𝑝 .2𝑔
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑖.𝑒. 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑅𝑃)
3. Hydraulic Efficiency, 𝜂ℎ =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑖.𝑒. 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, (𝑊𝑃)
𝜌.𝑔.𝑄.𝐻
4. Water Power, 𝑊𝑃 = … 𝑘𝑊
1000
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖.𝑒. 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑆𝑃)
5. Mechanical Efficiency, 𝜂𝑚 =
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑅𝑃)
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑆𝑃) 𝑆𝑃 𝑅𝑃
6. Overall Efficiency, 𝜂𝑜 = = x = 𝜂𝑚 x 𝜂ℎ
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑃) 𝑅𝑃 𝑊𝑃
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
PELTON WHEEL (TURBINE)
1. Important points for Pelton Wheel
• The velocity of the jet, 𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣 . √2𝑔𝐻
• The velocity of the wheel, 𝑢 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 x √2𝑔𝐻
𝜋.𝐷.𝑁
Also, 𝑢 = 60
• The angle of deflection of the jet through buckets (usually = 165°)
2. Design of Pelton Wheel
• Width of the buckets which is = 5 d,
• Depth of the buckets which is = 1.2 d,
𝐷
• Number of Buckets on a runner, 𝑍 = 15 + 2𝑑
𝐷
• Jet Ratio, 𝑚 = 𝑑
3. Work Done by the jet on the runner per second, WD/s = 𝜌. 𝑎. 𝑉1 (𝑉𝜔1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 ). 𝑢 …Nm/s
𝜌.𝑎.𝑉1 (𝑉𝜔1 ±𝑉𝑤2 ).𝑢
4. Runner Power, RP = … 𝑘𝑊
1000
𝜌.𝑎.𝑉1 (𝑉𝜔1 ±𝑉𝑤2 ).𝑢
5. Hydraulic Efficiency, 𝜂ℎ = 1
(𝜌 )𝑉 2
2 𝑎𝑉1 1
INWARD FLOW REACTION TURBINE
1. Important points for Reaction Turbine
𝑢1
• Speed Ratio =
√2𝑔𝐻
𝑉𝑓1
• Flow Ratio =
√2𝑔𝐻
• Discharge of the Turbine, 𝑸 = 𝜋𝐷1 . 𝐵1 . 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋𝐷2 . 𝐵2 . 𝑉𝑓2
𝜋.𝐷1 .𝑁 𝜋.𝐷2 .𝑁
• 𝑢1 = , 𝑢2 = ,
60 60
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
• If the thickness (t) of ‘n’ numbers of Vanes is considered, Then Discharge is
given by, 𝑄 = (𝜋𝐷1 − 𝑛𝑡). 𝐵1 . 𝑉𝑓1
𝐵1
• Breadth Ratio =
𝐷1
2. The work done per second on the runner by water, WD/s = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 )
(𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 ±𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 )
3. The work done per second per unit weight of water per sec = 𝑔
(𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 ±𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 )
4. Hydraulic Efficiency, 𝜂ℎ =
𝑔𝐻
FRANCIS TURBINE
Note: Include all formulas of Reaction Turbines. The only difference is Radial Discharge at
the outlet which means β = 90o, Thus 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
1. The work done per second on the runner by water, WD/s = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 )
(𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 )
2. The work done per second per unit weight of water per sec = 𝑔
(𝑉𝜔1 𝑢1 )
3. Hydraulic Efficiency, 𝜂ℎ =
𝑔𝐻
KAPLAN TURBINE
1. Important points for Kaplan Turbine
𝑢1
• Speed Ratio =
√2𝑔𝐻
𝑉𝑓1
• Flow Ratio =
√2𝑔𝐻
𝜋
• Discharge of the Turbine, 𝑄= (𝐷𝑜2 − 𝐷𝑏2 ). 𝑉𝑓1
4
Where, Do = Outer Diameter of runner,
Db = Diameter of hub,
𝑉𝑓1 = The velocity of flow at inlet,
2. The work done per second on the runner by water, WD/s = 𝜌. 𝑄(𝑉𝜔1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 )𝑢
(𝑉𝜔1 ±𝑉𝑤2 )𝑢
3. The work done per second per unit weight of water per sec = 𝑔
(𝑉𝜔1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 )𝑢
4. Hydraulic Efficiency, 𝜼𝒉 =
𝑔𝐻
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Nomenclature
Hm − Manometric Head
Ha – Atmospheric Pressure Head
Ha – Vapour Pressure Head
hs – Suction Head
hd- Delivery head
hfs − loss of head due to friction in the suction pipe
hfs − loss of head due to friction in the delivery pipe
vs – velocity of water in suction pipe
vd – velocity of water in delivery pipe
Q − Discharge through pump
D1 , D2 – Inner & Outer Diameters of Impeller respectively.
B1 , B2 – Inner & Outer widths of Impeller respectively.
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛 − Manometric Efficiency
𝜂𝑚 − Mechanical Efficiency
𝜂𝑜 − Overall Efficiency
V1, V2 − Absolute velocity of water at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝑉𝜔1 , 𝑉𝜔2 − Velocity of Whirl at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝑉𝑓1 , 𝑉𝑓2 − Velocity of flow at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝛼, 𝛽 − Guide blade angle at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
𝜃, 𝜙 − Blade angle at the inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
u1, u2 − Tangential Velocity of Impeller at at inlet(1) and outlet(2) respectively.
1. Important points for Centrifugal Pump
• Discharge, 𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷1 . 𝐵1 . 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋𝐷2 . 𝐵2 . 𝑉𝑓2
𝑢1
• Speed Ratio =
√2𝑔𝐻
𝑉𝑓1
• Flow Ratio =
√2𝑔𝐻
𝐵1
• Breadth Ratio: =
𝐷1
2. Manometric Head (Hm)
𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2
• Hm = – Loss of head in impeller and casing
𝑔
𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
• Hm = (𝜌𝑔𝑜 + 2𝑔
𝑜
+ 𝑍0 ) − (𝜌𝑔𝑖 + 2𝑔
𝑖
+ 𝑍𝑖 )
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
𝑉2
• 𝑑
Hm = (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑 + ℎ𝑓𝑠 + ℎ𝑓𝑑 + 2𝑔 )
3. Work done by the impeller on the water per sec = 𝜌. 𝑄(𝑉𝜔2 𝑢2 )
𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2
4. Work done by the impeller on the water per unit weight of water = 𝑔
𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2
5. The Power at the impeller (IP) = … 𝑘𝑊
1000𝑔
𝑔𝐻𝑚
6. Manometric Efficiency, 𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒏 = 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 (𝐼𝑃)
7. Mechanical Efficiency, 𝜼𝒎 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖.𝑒. 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑆𝑃)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑃) 𝑊𝑃 𝐼𝑃
8. Overall Efficiency, 𝜼𝒐 = = 𝑥 = 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝜂𝑚
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑆𝑃) 𝐼𝑃 𝑆𝑃
120 .𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛 .𝑉𝑤2 .𝐷2
9. Minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump, 𝑁 = 𝜋(𝐷22 − 𝐷12 )
𝑠 𝑉2
10. Maximum Suction Lift (Or Suction Height), ℎ𝑠 = 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻𝑣 − ℎ𝑓𝑠 − 2𝑔
11. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) =(𝐻𝑎 − ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓𝑠 ) − 𝐻𝑣
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Nomenclature
A – Crossectional Area of Piston/Cylinder
L – Length of Stroke
hs – Suction Head
hd − Delivery head
𝜔 – Angular Velocity of crank
N – Rotational Velocity of Crank
ls, ld – length of suction & delivery pipes
as, ad – Crossectional Areas of suction & delivery pipes
𝜃 – Angle turned by crank in radians in time ‘t’
1. Single-Acting Reciprocating Pump
𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Discharge of the pump per second, 𝑄 = 60
𝜌.𝑔.𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Weight of water delivered per second, 𝑊 = 60
𝜌.𝑔.𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Work done by Reciprocating Pump per sec, 𝑾𝑫/𝒔 = (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑 )
60
𝜌.𝑔.𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Power required to drive the pump, 𝑃 = (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑 ) ….kW
60 𝑥 1000
2. Double-Acting Reciprocating Pump
2𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Discharge of the pump per second, 𝑸 = 60
2𝜌.𝑔.𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Weight of water delivered per second, 𝑾 = 60
2𝜌.𝑔.𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Work done by Reciprocating Pump per sec, 𝑾𝑫/𝒔 = 60
(ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑 )
2𝜌.𝑔.𝐴.𝐿.𝑁
• Power required to drive the pump, 𝑷 = (ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑑 ) ….kW
60 𝑥 1000
3. Variation of velocity and acceleration in the suction and delivery pipes due to
acceleration of the piston
𝑙𝑠 𝐴
• Pressure head due to acceleration in the suction pipe, ℎ𝑎𝑠 = . 𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑔 𝑎𝑠
𝑙𝑑 𝐴
• Pressure head due to acceleration in the delivery pipe, ℎ𝑎𝑑 = . 𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑔 𝑎 𝑑
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
4. Effect of variation of velocity on friction in the suction and delivery pipes
4𝑓𝑙𝑠 𝐴 2
• Loss of head due to friction in suction pipe, ℎ𝑓𝑠 = 𝑑 [ 𝜔. 𝑟. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
𝑠 .2𝑔 𝑎 𝑠
4𝑓𝑙𝑑 𝐴 2
• Loss of head due to friction in delivery pipe, ℎ𝑓𝑑 = 𝑑 [ 𝜔. 𝑟. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
𝑑 .2𝑔 𝑎 𝑑
5. Total pressure head during suction stroke = hs + has + hfs
6. Total pressure head during suction stroke = hd + had + hfd
Formula Handbook Fluid Machinery (22ME025)
