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xdkESpfrsm;rwdkifrDu Aef;armfpD&ifpk a&TulNrdKU ½dkrmefuufovpf ausmif;om;oydwfay:aygufcJhonf/ xdkausmif;om;oydwf
ausmif;wGif jrefrmbmomoufoufjzifh rlvwef;ynm atmifonf [laom taMumif;udk uRefawmfrodyg/ oydwfqdkaom pum;vHk;
txd pmoif,cl yhJ gonf/ xkrd w S pfzef rEÅav;NrKd U ½drk mefuufovpf- udkyif uRefawmfrodyg/odkYaomf xdkoydwfwGif uRefawmfonf
zm;om;vzke;f ausmif;wGif t*Fvyd pf moufoufjzifh rlvwef;ynm bkrodbrod tawG;jzifhyg0ifcJhygonf/
udk oif,cl &hJ jyefygonf/ xdUk aMumifh uReaf wmfonf rlvwef;ynmukd
jrefrmbmomoufoufjzifh wpfBudrf? t*Fvdyfpm oufoufjzifh uRefawmfhb0ajymif;vJcJhaom 1939 ckESpf
wpfBudrf ESpfBudrfoif,lcJh&oljzpfyg\/ rSwfrdaeygao;onf/
uRefawmfonf 1300 jynfhESpf (1938-39) rS 1988 ckESpf xdak eYonf 1939 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvtwGi;f jzpfygonf/ aeYum;
pufwifbmvtxdjzpfaom jzwfoef;awGUBuKH cpH m;od&cdS &hJ onfrsm; wevFmaeYjzpfyg\/ &ufawmh rrSwfrdyg/ tcsdefrSm eHeuf ukd;em&D
ukd jyefvnfoHk;oyfaomtm;jzifh uRefawmf\ EkdifiHa&;orm;b0 xk;d umeD; txdvnf; (xdck sed u f ) ESi;f awG a0aewwfaom&moDOwk
c&D;udk wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ þodkYwifjy&mwGif uRefawmf\ jzpf\/
ud, k af &;tw¬Kyw Ü u då akd &;om;jcif;r[kwyf g/ Edik if aH &;ESiyhf wfoufaom uRefawmfonfausmif;wuf&ef uRefawmf\ vG,ftdwfudk
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aemifvmaemufom;rsm; od&&dS efEiS hf qifjcif vG,fNyD; abmf'gaqmifrSqif;cJhygonf/ ausmif;pmoifcef;rSm
oHk;oyfEkdif&ef vufqifhurf;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ abmf'gaqmif atmufxyfwGifyifjzpf&um; uRefawmhftwGuf
uReaf wmf\ uk, d af &;ud,k wf mtaMumif;t&mESihf ywfoufNy;D uk;d em&D ausmif;wufcsed rf mS a&;Bu;D okwyf smjzpfp&mrvdyk g/ odjYk zpfyg
tenf;i,frQ ajymjyvkdygonf/ aomaMumifh uReaf wmfat;aq;pGm avSum;rSqif;cJo h nf/ avSum;
uRefawmfYzcifrSm OD;ndK? rdcifrSm a':wifwifjzpfygonf/ ay:rSqif;vQiyf if uReaf wmfonf uReaf wmfwaYkd usmif;\ pmoif
uReaf wmhu f kd uomNrKd Ue,fyikd f armfv;l &Gmü 1926 ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifcyhJ g aqmifrsm;qDodkY vSrf;Munfhrdygonf/
onf/ zGm;Ny;D aemuf uReaf wmfh zcifonfpmwdu k Af vkd tf vkyEf iS hf a&Tul xdo k MYkd unfv
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kd af omtcg ausmif;om;wpfpw k oYkd nf abmf'g
NrKd UodaYk jymif;a&TUcJ&h \/ a&TuNl rKd Uü uReaf wmf 15 ESpo f m;txd aecJ&h aqmifbufoYkd vmaeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ a&SUqH;k rSvmaeolrmS
aomaMumifh uReaf wmfu Y , kd u
f Reaf wmf a&TuNl rKd Uom;[k cH,cl o hJ nf/ uRefawmfwdkYausmif;rS 10 wef;ausmif;om; udkvS'if jzpfygonf/
 4 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 5
0ef;odNk rKd Uom;jzpfonf/ uomwGiaf usmif;vmwufaeoljl zpfonf/ xdkodkYxdkifaeMuí wpfem&DcefYMumaomtcg ausmif;rS q&m
(2003 ckESpfu yJcl;NrdKUwGif uG,fvGefonf)/ wpfOD;a&mufvmNyD; uRefawmfwdkY oydwfarSmufaeolwpfpktm;
udvk 'S ifu vufuakd 0S, Y rf;Ny;D ]]a[h oydwaf rSmufMua[h ... ]]tm;vHk;em;axmifMu? 'DaeYausmif;ydwfvdkufNyD}} [lí atmfajym
oydwfarSmufMua[h}} [kajymvmygonf/ olUaemufrS ygvm vkdufygonf/
olrsm;u oydwf ...oydwf [katmfvmMuygonf/ xdktcg ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ]]a[ hausmif;ydwf
avSum;rSqif;Ny;D twef;odUk 0ifrnhf uReaf wmft h m; udvk 'S ifu vkdufNyDwJh? wdkYNrdKUxJu oydwfpcef;udk oGm;Mur,f}} [k ajymaom
]]a[hoydwfarSmufav vmcJhuGm}} [kac:vdkufygonf/ uRefawmf aMumifh rdrdwkdYvnf;xkdifae&mrS xvdkufMuygonf/ xdkodkY xvdkuf
onf udkvS'ifac:onfhtwGuf olUaemufodkY bkrodbrodESifh Muaom uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf tvdvk w kd ef;pDr&d ufom;jzpfomG ;ygonf/
vdkufygoGm;rdygonf/ vdkufoGm;&aom taMumif;&if;wpfckrSm a&SUqHk;wef;wGif acgif;aqmifvkyfaom ukd;wef;rS udkbdk;udkESifh
oydwf ...oydw[ f k atmfaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS wpfa,mufu 10 wef;rS udkvS'if? 10wef;rS udkarmifudk? &Spfwef;rS rjrMunf
uReaf wmft h m; ]]a[;cspv f iId f ... rif;oydwrf arSmufb;l vm;? rif;wdYk (aemiftcg a':cifeef;jr trnfokdYajymif;NyD; ocif0wif\ ZeD;
abmf'gaqmifrSm wpfa,mufrS r&Sdawmhbl;? taqmifrSm rif; jzpfvmol? ,ckuG,fvGef)? &Spfwef;ausmif;om; udkxGef;ñGefYESifh
wpfa,mufwnf;use&f pfrmS raMumufb;l vm;}} [k ar;vdu k o f nf/
tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; acgif;aqmifNyD; NrdKUv,facgif bk&m;
xdkYaMumifh uRefawmfaMumufoGm;\/ uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf;
oHk;qlvrf;udk oGm;Mu&efjzpfygonf/
abmf'gaqmifwGif tdyf&rnfudk aMumufrdaomaMumifh udkvS'if
uReaf wmft h aejzifh vdu k o
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uReaf wmfwUkd ausmif;0if;jyifyokYd xGucf MhJ uNy;D aemuf ausmif;\ aepOf xD;csdKifhNrdKUom; abmf'g ausmif;om; udkav;armifu ]]a[h
0ifaygufrsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfqdkYEkdif&ef ausmif;0if0wGif ydwfNyD; cspvf iId f vku
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f mG ;Mur,fumG }} [kajymaomaMumifh uReaf wmfonf
xdik vf ukd Mf uygonf/ taMumif;rSm aeYausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;0if; wef;pD&modkY vdkufoGm;ygawmhonf/
twGif;odkYr0ifEdkif&ef ydwfqdkYxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefu xdkodkYoGm;ae&if;yif ausmif;om;wkdYu nmvufudkajr§mufcg
abmf'gtay:xyfwGif ausmif;om; av;? ig;a,muf&Sdaeonfudk ajr§mufcg oydwf ... oydwf ... arSmuf ... arSmuf[k
awGY&ygonf/ atmfMuygonf/ uRefawmfurl vufudkajr§mufygonf yg;pyfu
uRefawmfu bmrQodvdkYr[kwfyg/ ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; rnfodkUrQ ratmfrdyg/
cdkif;onhftwdkif;om vdkufvkyfaejcif; jzpfygonf/ vlwef;Bu;D onf NrKd Uv,faps;vrf;odYk a&mufaomtcg oydwf
uReaf wmfwYkd xdo k x
Ykd ikd af epOf ausmif;bufoUdk Munfv h u kd af om oydwf arSmuf arSmuf[laom toHrSm ydkNyD;us,fvmygonf/xdkrQ
tcg ausmif;aumf&pf'gwpfavQmufwiG f ausmif;rS q&m? q&mrrsm; omru oydwf ...oydwf ...arSmuf ...arSmuf? rD;wkwf ...
oGm;vmaeMuonfukd awGU&onf/ at;at;aq;aq;oGm;aejcif; rD;wkwf ... ½dIU ... ½dIU? a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;& jyKwfusygap
r[kwfyg/ a&;BuD;okwfysm oGm;vmaeyHkaygufygonf/ ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap[laom atmfoHwdkYyg yg0ifvmygonf/
 6 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 7
toHvnf;ydNk y;D us,af vmifvmygonf/ uReaf wmfonf a<u;aMumfo?H ]]NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;cifAsm;? &efukefNrdKUwGif &efukefwuúodkvf
atmf[pfow H tYdk "dymÜ ,fukd em;rvnfcyhJ g/ odaYk omfpw d uf rl vIy&f mS ; ausmif;om;rsm;u twGif;0ef½Hk;udk 0dkif;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk0dkif;&jcif;
vsuf&Sdaeygonf/ taMumif;rSm a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;u &efuek Nf rKd UodYk csw
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xdo k aYkd vQmuf&if;ESihf bk&m;oH;k qlvrf;ay:&Sd NrKd UrpmMunfw h ukd f aomtcg a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;ukd BudKqkdtm;ay;&efoGm;aom
a&SUokYd a&mufvmygonf/ xdak e&mwGif pk½;kH &yfaeMuonf/ xkt d cgwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udAk [de;f ? udAk aqGwt Ykd m; NAw d o
d Qtpd;k &u
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u ]]igwdcYk P&yfem;Mur,f}} [k ajym zrf;qD;vdkufygw,f/ 'Dvdkzrf;qD;jcif;aMumifh &efukefwuúodkvf
ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf t&dy&f o dS nfo h pfyifrsm;atmufwiG f &yfem; ausmif;om;rsm;u twGif;0ef½Hk;udk 0dkif;NyD; vTwfay;&efatmf[pf
aeMuygonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf NrKd UrpmMunhw f u kd f awmif;qdyk gw,f/ tpd;k &\a*:&mjrif;pD;ykvyd rf sm;u eHygwfww k Ef iS hf
wGif NrKd UrdNrKd Uzrsm;? wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k 0if ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf ½du
k af omaMumifh wuúov kd af usmif;om; udak tmifausmf usq;kH cJyh g
awGUqHNk y;D pum;ajymMuygonf/ bmawGajymonf[í l uReaf wmf w,f/ tJ't D csuu f k d rauseyfwmaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmuf
rodyg/ aemiftcgwGifrS xdkaqG;aEG;Mujcif;rSm oydwfarSmuf Muygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY uomausmif;uvnf; 'DtjyKtrludk
ausmif;om; txl;ojzihaf bmf'gausmif;om;rsm; eHeufpm? naepm uefu Y uG w f th J aeeJY oydwaf rSmufygw,f}} [lí udb k ;d k udu
k ajymygonf/
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uRefawmfurl pmMunfhwdkufa&SU&Sd uRefawmfhazaz\ rdb &Sif;&Sif; em;rvnfcJhyg/ udkatmifausmf aoonfqdkaom owif;
jzpfaom OD;ouf&Snf - a':cspfwdkY tdrfudk 0ifoGm;ygonf/ tbdk; udkvnf; uRefawmfwdkYrodcJhyg/
tbGm;wdkUu ... xdaYk emufNrKd Uvlxu k vma&mufa0iSaom aumufni§ ;f aygif;?
]][J h cspf v d I i f a v; eif b mvmvk y f w mvJ } } [k a r;onf / taMumfwdkYudkpm;jyD; bk&m;oHk;ql0if;xJodkY oGm;em;aeygonf/
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tbGm;u ]]rif;ausmif;jyefomG ;rSmvm;}} [kar;ygonf/ uReaf wmfu pmMunfw h u dk o f Ykd a&mufvmMu\? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
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uRef a wmf u ]]ol w d k Y e J Y y J o G m ;ae&rS m }} ajymNyD ; tbG m ;td r f r S uRefawmf bmrS rodao;yg/
a&wpfcGufaomufygonf/ xdkYaemufoydwfarSmufausmif;om; naeapmif;vmaomtcg abmf'gausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;odYk
oli,fcsif;wdkY&Sdaeaomae&modkY jyefvmcJhygonf/ jyefoGm;Muygonf/ av;armifurl uom&Sd olYtrsdK;tdrfodkY xGuf
xdt k csed w f iG f NrKd UrpmMunfw h u kd af &SUwGif vltawmfrsm;vmyg oGm;ygonf/ ntdyaf omtcg oydwaf rSmuforl sm;xJwiG f abmf'g
onf/ xdkodkU pka0;vmaomvlawG rsm;vmcsdefwGif ausmif;om; ausmif;rSqí kd uReaf wmfwpfa,mufwnf;&Sad Mumif; od&awmhonf/
acgif;aqmif udkbkd;udku pum;ajymygonf/ ol\ajymaom uRefawmfhwGift0wfydkvnf;ryg? bmrSvnf;rygcJhyg? NrdKUr
pum;rSm ... pmMunfhwdkufab;&SdtdrfwGif tdyf&ef ae&mcsxm;aomaMumifh
 8 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 9
tm;i,fpGmxkdifaerdygonf/ touf 13ESpft&G,f bkrod brod trSefwdkif;ajym&vQif uRefawmfu abmf'gaqmifodkYjyefcsif
uRefawmfonf oydwfpcef;wGif ñ§dK;i,faernfrSm trSefyg/ ygonf/ q&mBuD;rsm;u ajymrSm aMumufaomaMumifhjzpfyg\/
xdktcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifjzpfaom udkbdk;udkESifh udkvS'ifwdkY odaYk omf xGuv f mrdraS wmh jzpfcsi&f mjzpf? aemufryS J jzpfovdak eoGm;
uRefawmhfem;odkY uyfvmygonf? olwdkYu uRefawmfhtm; ]]a[h? awmhr,f[k qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf/
tm;ri,fef UJ uG? wdv Yk yk if ef;awGatmifrmS ? bmrSaMumufp&mr&Sb d ;l ? eHeuf &Spfem&Dxdk;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;pk&Hk;wef;pDNyD;
rif;owåd&Sdom;yJ}} [ktm;ay;Muygonf/ uRefawmfurl udkbkd;udk ausmif;bufodkYoGm;Muygonf/ ausmif;om;wdkYu oydwf ...
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naeapmif;wGif uRefawmhfazaz OD;ndK\nDr a':a':,k ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap[k a<u;aMumfNyD; oGm;Muygonf/
a&mufvmjyD; olwdkYtdrfwGif tdyf&ef ac:ygonf/ uRefawmfu uRefawmfurl EIwfu zGifh[ratmf&JaomaMumifh ratmfcJhyg/
]]'DrSmyJ oli,fcsif;awGeJUtdyfr,f}} [lí ajymvdkufygonf/ vufuo kd m tjcm;olrsm;ESit hf wl tcsKd ;nDnaD jrm§ uf&if; vdu k yf gcJh
rtdyfrDwGif udkbkd;udktm; uRefawmffu- ygonf/
]]oydwaf rSmufw,fqw kd mbmvJ}} [kar;vku d &f m udb k ;kd udu
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ausmif;0if;wHcg;BuD;odkY a&mufaomtcg uRefawmfwdkYonf
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ausmif;xJoYkd oydwrf arSmufonfh ausmif;om;rsm; r0ifEikd af p&ef
oabmusp&mrawGUbl;qd&k if qGr;f rcHawmhb;l ? oydwu f kd arSmufxm;
vdkufw,f? tJ'DvdkoabmrsdK; tpdk;&u udkatmifausmfudk 'Dvdk pka0;xkdifaeMuygonf/ ausmif;0if;twGif;rS q&m q&mrrsm;u
vkyfwm wdkUuvnf; rauseyfaMumif; ausmif;rwufbJajymvdkuf uRefawmfwkdYvlpkudk vSrf;Munhfaeygonf/
wmudk oydwfarSmufw,fvdkY qdk&wmaygh}} [k&Sif;jyygonf/ eHeufukd;em&DcefYwGif ausmif;wuf&ef NrdKUxJrS tcsdKUaom
tJ'DvdkajymrS uRefawmfonf oydwfqdkonfhtaMumif;udk ausmif;om;ausmif;olwdkUvmMuygonf/ z,fay;&ef uRefawmf
enf;enf;uav; em;vnfvdkufygonf/ wduYk akd jymMu\/ uReaf wmfwu Ykd z,fray;yg? ausmo f mG ;[kajymvdu k f
xdak eYnwGif NrKd UxJrv S mydUk aom acgif;tH;k ? apmifwUkd udk ,lxm; ygonf/
vdkufNyD; xdknudk ukefvGefapcJhygonf/ oydwfrarSmufaomausmif;om;wdkYonf uRefawmfwdkYtm;
eH e uf r d k ; vif ; aomtcg uRef a wmf \ abmf ' gaqmif r S rausmfjzwfyg/ ausmif;pnf;½dk;em;odkY vSnhfoGm;NyD; pnf;½dk;udk
ausmif;om;wpfa,mufrS rygonfhtwGuf tm;i,frdygonf/ ausmu f m ausmif;0if;twGi;f od0Yk ifomG ;Muonf/ tcsKUd u ausmif;\
teD;&St d rnfrod ausmif;om;Bu;D wpfa,mufukd ]]'DoydwMf umOD;rSm aemufausmbuf q&m? q&mrrsm;tdrfrS 0ifxGufonfh wHcg;rS
vm;Asm? oydwNf y;D awmha&m uReaf wmfwaYkd usmif;u vufcyH ghrvm;}} 0ifMuonfudk awGU&ygonf/
[kar;vdkuf&m xkdausmif;om;MuD;u - acgif;aqmifausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u uRefawmhfxuf touf
]]oydwu f awmh Mumcsiv f nf;Mumvdrrhf ,f? oydwNf y;D &ifawmh BuD;aom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; ausmif;pnf;½dk;odkY ausmif;wuf&ef
ausmif;u jyefvufcrH mS yg rylygeJ}Y }[k ajymaomaMumifh uReaf wmf oGm;onfh ausmif;om;wdkY ra&mufEkdif&ef ausmfí&aom pnf;½dk;
pdwfat;oGm;&ygonf/ ae&mrsm;wGif apmifhcdkif;xm;vdkufygonf/
10 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 11
uReaf wmfowdxm;rdonfrmS ausmif;teD;&Sd *wfwrJ S ykvyd o f m; xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;Bu;D jzpfNy;D oydwaf rSmuf&ef acgif;aqmif
tcsdKUvmNyD; uRefawmfwdkYtm; vrf;ay:rSaeí Munfhaeygonf/ cJo
h nfh olww Ydk iG yf g0ifaom 10 wef;ausmif;om; udv k 'S ifu ol\
ausmif;om;BuD;tcsdKUu ykvdyfom;wdkYxHoGm;Mu\/ pum;ajymae oydwfarSmuftawGUtBuHKudk rSwfom;xm;onfhrSwfwrf;udk ol
onfudkawGU&\/ bmawG ajymaeMuonfudk rodyg/ ruG,v f eG rf D yJc;l NrKd Uü uReaf wmfu h adk y;ygonf/ ukv d 'S if\ rSww f rf;
uRefawmfwdkYxdkifaeMupOfwGif rnfonfha<u;aMumfoHudkrQ ukd jyefvnfwifjyygonf/ xdpk Ofu uomNrKd U t*Fvyd jf refrm tpd;k &
ra<u;aMumfMuyg/ a&mufwwf&m&m ajymaeMuygonf/ xdktcsdef txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm wpfEikd if v H ;kH ausmif;om;rsm;uJo h Udk
rSmyif abmf'gaqmifrS ausmif;om;tcsKUd uReaf wmfwEYkd iS v hf ma&muf oydwaf rSmufvakd om qE´jyif;jyvsu&f o dS nf/ odaYk omfausmif;wGif
yl;aygif;ygonf/ vnf; ausmif;om;or*¾ rzGUJ pnf;&ao;ojzifh oydwaf rSmufEikd jf cif;
uRef a wmf t m;wuf o G m ;yg\/ pd w f & T i f v ef ; vmygonf / r&Sdao;yg/ trsdK;om;pdwf"mwf&SdMuonfh ausmif;om;BuD;tcsdKUrSm
wpfNyKd ief ufwnf;yif a&TuNl rKd UrS uReaf wmfh azazESiahf rarudk owd& atmuftxuf wpfjynfvHk; ausmif;om;oydwfowif;udk em;
vdkufrdygonf/ axmif&if; rdrdwdkYtcsif;csif; pdwf"mwfwuf<upGm nDñGwfpGmjzifh
aeY 11 em&DcefYwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwkdUu oydwf oydwfarSmufrnfh tcsdefudk apmifhaeMuygonf/
pcef;odkY jyefMurnf[kajymygonf/ xdkodkYajymaepOf oli,fcsif; ausmif;om;Bu;D tcsKd U oydwaf rSmuf&ef vIyv f yI &f mS ;&Sm;jzpfae
av;armif uRefawmfhtem;odkY a&mufvmonf/ uRefawmfu onfudk ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;uodNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk txl;
av;armiftm; ]]ightdyf&mrSm abmif;bDwdkwpfxnf? &SyftusÐESifh *&kpu kd Mf uyfrwfvmawmhonf/ xdt k csed u f ausmif;tkyq f &mMu;D rSm
vHkcsnf,lay;yg}} [k cdkif;vdkuf&m av;armifu abmf'gaqmifodkY ay:wl*v D rl sKd ; rpöwm tdik pf D zmeif'wfpf (Mr, I C Fanandas) jzpfyg
jyefoGm;NyD; naeapmif; rS oydwfpcef;odkY a&mufvmNyD; uRefawmhf onf/xif&mS ;onfah usmif;om;Bu;D wdUk udk q&mBu;D u ol\ ½H;k cef;odYk
t0wfawGay;ygonf/ ac:NyD; acsmhíwpfrsdK; acsmufíwpfrsdK; trsdK;rsdK;ajymjyí oydwf
oyd w f p cef ; od k Y a&muf a omtcg uRef a wmf \ ta': rarSmuf&ef wm;jrpfygonf/
a':a':,ku ]]cspfvdIif eifharar 'DaeYoabFmeJU naea&mufvm uRefawmfwdkY uom[dkufpul;ausmif;wGif þodkYjzpfaepOf
vdrfhr,f? eifhararod&wJhtaMumif;uawmh eifhazazwynfh 1939 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv yxrywfavmufwiG f &efuek w f uúov kd rf S
pmwdu k pf ma&;r rbDu w,fvzD ek ;f eJY eifah zazqDukd vSr;f ajymvdYk ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,foHk;OD; uomNrdKUodkY a&mufvmygonf/
eifhararvmrSm}} [kajymygonf/ tqdkyg wuúodkvfausmif;om;oHk;OD;rSm (1) udkwifatmif
ararvmrnfqakd omaMumifh uReaf wmftm;wufvmygonf/ (aemiffwGif OD;wifatmif[def;? EdkifiHawmfw&m;olMuD;Ouú|)? (2)
odEYk iS hf uReaf wmfwYkd wpfaeYv;kH oydwpf cef;wGif tem;,lMuygonf/ udjk rpdef (jyifopfEidk if q H ikd &f mjrefrmoHtrwfBu;D )? (3) udck if (jrefrmh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;? uomNrdKU&Sd ocif toHwGif tif*sifeD,mwm0efxrf;aqmifcJYol) wdkY jzpfygonf/
cspx f ;l tp&Sad om ocifrsm;ESihf bk&m;ok;H ql"r®m½kZH &yfwiG f aqG;aEG; olwUkd u ausmif;om;or*¾zUJG pnf;&efEiS hf oydwaf rSmufMu&ef
aMumif;od&ygonf/ vIaYH qmfMuygonf/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;\ vIaYH qmfraI Mumifh
12 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 13
uomNrKd U&Sd OD;bxl;½ky&f iS ½f w
kH iG f ausmif;om;xkEiS Nhf rKd Uvlxyk g tpnf; 13/ rtHk;Munf (jrefrmausmif;) trIaqmif
ta0;jyKvkyfNyD; ausmif;om;or*¾udk - ,cif jrpfBuD;em;
1/ udkarmifudk Ouú| ,ckuG,fvGef? ygwD,el pf twGi;f a&;rSL;
2/ udkoef;atmif 'kOuú| ,ckuG,fvGef? \ ZeD;
wdkYjzifh zGJYpnf;vdkufygonf/
3/ udkbdk;udk twGif;a&;rSL; ,cifatmifqef;uGif;
ausmif;om;or*¾zGJUpnf;NyD; oydwfarSmuf&efqHk;jzwfxm;Mu
wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif
\/ &ufudkvQdKU0Sufxm;ygonf/ oydwfarSmufvQif yg0ifrnhf
cJhol?
ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS uwdjyKcsu&f ,l&m ausmif;om; 100 ausmu f
4/ udv
k 'S if wGzJ uf tNird ;f pm;NrKd Ue,fO;D pD;rSL;?
oydwaf rSmuf&ef uwday;Muygonf/ xdt k awmtwGi;f q&mBu;D u
twGif;a&;rSL; tcGefOD;pD;Xme? BuKd wifo&d o dS mG ;&m oydwaf rSmuf&ef owfrw
S af om&ufxuf wpf&uf
5/ ukdcrf;a&T trIaqmif ,ck tNidrf;pm; BuD;Muyf apmNy;D 1939 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 12 &ufaeY eHeuf 10 em&D tcsed w f iG f
a&;rSL;? pD;yGm;a&;bPf? ausmif;wufacgif;avmif;xdk;í ausmif;wufNyD; csufcsif;yif
uomNrdKU? ausmif;ydwfvdkufaMumif; q&mBuD;u trdefYxkwfvdkufygonf/
6/ udkcifarmif trIaqmif uG,fvGef? þwGif ausmif;om;or*¾acgif;aqmifwdkYonf ausmif;tkyf
7/ udkoef;armif trIaqmif uG,fvGef? BuD;u ausmif;ydwfvlpkcGJvdkufaomaMumifh oydwfarSmuf&ef
8/ rjrMunf (c) cifeef;jr trIaqmif owfrSwfxm;aom &uftxd apmifhraeawmhbJ ckcsufcsif;yif
ocif0wif\ZeD; oydwaf rSmuf&ef ta&;ay:qH;k jzwfcg eHeuf 10 em&Dcw JG iG f 10 wef;
(,ckuG,fvGef)? ausmif;om;rsm;rSpNyD; oydwfarSmufaMumif;aMunmNyD; oydwf
9/ rat;yk (c) cifoef;jr trIaqmif arSmufMuygonf/ xkdrS ukd;wef;? &Spfwef;? ckepfwef;? ajcmufwef;?
&efukefaMu;eef;&Hk;? ig;wef; twef;vdkuf oydwfarSmuf&ef vHIYaqmfpnf;&Hk;Muygonf/
10/ rjr&D (jrefrmausmif;) trIaqmif ausmif;om;tcsKdUwdkY pmoifcef;rSxGufvdkufvmMuygonf/
tNidrf;pm;q&mrBuD;? oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;0if;twGif;
11/ rwifvS trIaqmif vSnv hf nfNy;D ausmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmufMu&ef a<u;aMumforH sm;
tNidrf;pm;q&mrBuD;? a<u;aMumfNyD; oydwfarSmuf&efvYIHaqmfygonf/
&efukef? xdtk cgausmif;tkyq f &mBu;D u oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;
12/ rvS&if (jrefrmausmif;) trIaqmif tm; ]] Well, you boycotters I allow you only five minutes to
,cktNird ;f pm;q&mrBu;D stay in my school compound}}[k owd a y;ygonf / ol \
xD;csdKifhNrdKU? ausmif;0if;twGif; ig;rdepfomaecGifhjyKrnf[lí jzpfygonf/
14 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 15
oydwaf rSmufrnf[k uwdjyKxm;onfh ausmif;om;OD;a& 100 ausmif;wufNrJwufae&m &efukefwuúodkvfrS ausmif;om;
ausmf&Sdaomfvnf; wu,foydwfarSmuf&ef ausmif;rSxGufcJhol acgif;aqmifoHk;OD;wdkY OD;aqmifNyD; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;
rsm;rSm 30 a,mufom&Sdygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u oydwf ... onf ausmif;odpYk ½k ;kH csw D ufNy;D oydwrf arSmufaom ausmif;om;rsm;
oydwf ... arSmuf ... arSmuf? ocifrsdK;a[h wdkYArm[laom udk oydwfwm;Muygonf/ oydwfwm;onfh yxraeYwGif ausmif;
a<u;aMumforH sm;udk a<u;aMumfNy;D uomNrKd U awmif&yf&dS r[mapwD aemufbuf0ifaygufwiG f rjrMunf? rat;ykwaYkd cgif;aqmifNy;D oydwf
wefaqmif;odYk pk½;kH csw D ufMuygonf/ xdt k cgwGif uomNrKd Uay:&Sd rsKd ;cspf wm;Muygonf/ oydww f m;trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf ajrwGiv f NJS y;D oydwf
pdwf"mwf&SdMuaom vlBuD;rsm;ESifh NrdKUrdNrdKUzwdkY r[mapwDbk&m;odkY wm;&m ykvdyfrsm;a&mufvmNyD; qGJz,f&efBudK;pm;Mu\/ xdkpOfwGif
pk½;kH a&muf&v dS mMuygonf/ oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; acgif;aqmif &mZ0wf0efuav; (D.Y.S.P) OD;bñGeaYf &mufvmNy;D wm;jrpfojzifh
rsm;u oydwaf rSmuf&jcif;taMumif;udk &Si;f vif;wifjyNy;D vlBu;D rsm; ykvdyfom;wdkY\ qGJz,fjcif;rS vGwfcJhygonf/
uvnf; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk ulnD&ef ajymMuonf/ aemufaeYwGifrjrMunf? rat;ykwdkUausmif;0if;aemufbuf
NrKd UrdNrKd zwdUk bufu OD;udk wufvyl EkH ydS w
f u dk ?f OD;cspx
f ;l bdvyf&nf 0ifaygufwiG f oydww f m;Mujyefonf/ ajray:rSmvJt S yd f oydww f m;
puf? OD;pdeb f a&Tyef;xdr?f OD;azatmif ukeo f nf? OD;xl; uomygwD Mu&m NAdwdoQtvdkawmf&drsm;u ausmif;olawG vJStdyfrnfhae&m
,lepfOuú|a[mif;wdyYk g0ifaom (1) oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm; ay:wGif acG;avS;,m;oD;rIerYf sm; BuKd wifjzefjY zL;xm;onfurkd odbJ
apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJU? (2) &efyHkaiG&SmazGa&;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;Muyg vStJ yd rf ad omaMumifh ausmif;olawG ,m;Mu&onf/ aps;rS trsKd ;orD;
onf/ xdt Yk jyif rjrMunf? rcifMunf? rñGe?Yf tarcsKd ? tarñGe&Yf if rsm;xdt k jzpfuo kd o
d jzifh qD;jzLoD;ajcmufEiS ahf oG;aq; vdr;f ay;Muonf/
ponfh aps;toif;rS rsdK;cspftrsdK;orD;BuD;rsm; acgif;aqmifyg0if wpf&ufwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;tdrfab;buftaygufwGif
aom oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; csufjyKwfauR;arG;a&; ausmif;om;av;rsm; oydww f m;aepOf t*Fvyd &f mZ0wf0ef (D.S.P)
tzGJUudkzGJUpnf;NyD; wufwuf<u<u ulnDMuygonf/ a&Tyef;xdrf onf jrif;pD;vsuf ausmif;0if;twGi;f od0Yk ifNy;D ausmif;tkyBf u;D ESihf pum;
q&mBu;D OD;pdeb f u olyikd f uomNrKd Uawmifyikd ;f &Sd ESpx
f yftrd f tay:xyf ajymygonf/ xdktaMumif;udk ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif ukv d 'S if
wpfxyfvHk;udk oydwfarSmufpcef;tjzpfay;ojzifh r[mapwD odvQif csucf si;f a&mufvmNy;D olyg 0ifaygufukd vSt J yd Nf y;D wm;vdu k f
wefaqmif;rS ajymif;jyD;aecJhMu&ygonf/ awmif&yfr[mav;xyf awmh\/ &mZ0wf0efonf ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;ESifh pum;ajymNyD;
ausmif;q&mBu;D u ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf acgif;tH;k rsm;ESizhf smrsm; xGufvm&m vSJtdyfaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;u rz,fay;ojzifh
ydkYay;ygonf/ þodkYvQif oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; tpp ausmif;\ ajrmufbuf0if;ESiw hf pfqufwnf; jzpfaeaom ppfwyfrS
vdak vao;r&Sad p&ef NrKd UrdNrKd UzESio hf C H mawmfrsm;uyg apmifah &Smuf ukvm;ppfom;rsm;tm;ac:Ny;D 0if;wGiu f mxm;onfh uGeu f &pfwikd u f dk
Muygonf/ wl;cdkif;NyD; 0if;yGifhoGm;rS xGufoGm;cJh\/ jrif;BuD;rSm ppfjrif;jzpf&m
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufNyD; ausmif;rS cGm&Syvf u kd af ygufvu dk Ef iS hf ausmif;om;rsm;udak usm&f ef wjyifjyif jzpfae
xGufvmMuaomfvnf; oydwfrarSmufonfh ausmif;om;rsm; ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; owdrå ao;? vSNJ rv J vJS suf qEj́yaeMuonf/
16 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 17
1939 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 16 &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;om;rsm;oydwf aMumifh rnfolurQ vHIYaqmfpnf;&Hk;rIrjyKygbJ rdrdwkdYEdkifiH? rdrdwdkY\
wm;aepOf ykvdyfrsm;½kwfw&ufa&mufvmNyD; &efukefwuúodkvf tñGefYtzl; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;twGuf EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwfjzifh
ausmif;om; udkwifatmif? udkjrpdef? udkcifwdkYtjyif uom axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;jzpfawmhonf/ a<u;aMumfoHrsm;vnf;
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfaom udkarmifudk? udkoef;atmif? ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;udk ausmfNyD;EdkifiHa&;e,fodkY0ifaom
udbk ;kd ud?k udck ifarmifyg ckepfO;D tm;zrf;Ny;D ausmif;0if;ESiu hf yfvsuf a<u;aMumfoaH wGaMumifh ta&;ydik ½f ;kH rSm bmrS vkyu f ikd í
f r&awmhyg/
ykvdyfXmetcsKyfcef;odkYac:oGm;Muonf/ xdkrSwpfqihf uom ½H;k &Spd ma&;Bu;D rsm;u oydww f m;olrsm;udk vQKd U0Supf mG ulnMD u
tusOf;axmifodkY ydkYvdkufMu\/ ygonf/ auR;arG;a&;tzGUJ uvnf; vufzuf&nf? xrif;[if;wdUk jzifh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cH&onfhowif;onf vma&mufauR;arG;Mu\/
uomNrKd UwGif vsijf refpmG ysUH oGm;\/ ykvyd Xf me (a&S;tac: *wfw)J uomta&;yd k i f r S m rpö w mzpf & S f 0 pf jzpf o nf / ol o nf
a&SUodkY vltrsm;pk&Hk;a&mufvmMuawmhonf/ aps;olaps;om;rsm;? Aef;armufNrdKUbufokdY awmwufoGm;&mrS rGef;vGJESpfem&DcefYwGif
t&yfom;rsm;yg tHk<uvmMuonf/ udkvS'if? udkcrf;a&T? rjrMunf ta&;ydik ½f ;kH odYk a&mufvmNy;D ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESiahf wGUvdk
wdkYu oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk qufvufacgif;aqmifNyD; aMumif;ajymí udkvS'if? udkcrf;a&TwdkYESifhawGUNyD; zrf;qD;xm;aom
xde;f odr;f xm;Muonf/ NrKd Uvlx?k aps;vlx?k oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ,ckyif½;kH xkwpf pfaq;rnfjzpfí ½H;k 0if;twGi;f
wdkYu zrf;qD;olrsm; csufcsif;vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkMuonf/ odYk 0ifciG ahf y;&efajymojzifh 0ifciG jhf yKvu
kd \ f / rMumrDyif ausmif;om;
Zefe0g&Dv 17 &ufaeYwiG f oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;wdo Yk nf acgif;aqmif ckepfOD;tm; axmifrSxkwfvmNyD; ppfaq;ygonf/
ausmif;odYk oGm;a&mufjcif;rjyKMubJ uomta&;ydik &f ;kH odYk pk&;kH oGm; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aus;&Gm? NrdKUvlxku ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
MuNy;D t0iftxGuw f cH g;aygufrsm;wGiv
f t
JS yd u
f m rnforl QomG ;vm csufcsif;vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkMuygonf/ odkYaomf xdkaeYu
jcif;rjyK&ef vSJtdyfwm;qD; qE´jyMuonf/ zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom aemufusrSppfaq;&í ,aeY rNyD;jywfao;aMumif; aemufaeYrS
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; jyefvnfvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf xyfrH ppfaq;rnfjzpfaMumif;ajymNyD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
oydww f m;qEj́y&modYk uomNrKd Uay:omru txufbuf &Sr;f &Gmrsm; wdkYtm; axmifMuD;csKyfokdY jyefydkYonf/
jzpfMuonfh ydEu éJ ek ;f ? apwDuek ;f ? rdwo
f vif? uyÜvyd Ef iS hf atmufbuf Zefe0g&Dv 18 &ufaeYwiG f oydww f m;olwo Ykd nf ta&;ydik ½f ;kH
oAsmudkif;? xHk;ayg? a&okwf? 0JBuD;paom&Gmrsm;rS vlxkrsm;ygpk&Hk; odkYoGm;NyD; a<u;aMumfoHrsm; a<u;aMumfNyD; qE´jyMuonf/ NrdKUa&m
a&mufvmMuNyD; ta&;ydkif½Hk;0if;twGif;odkY rnfolrQr0ifEkdif&ef awmygvlxBk u;D uvnf; ,refaeYuuJo h Ykd wpfpw
k pfa0;Bu;D 0dik ;f 0ef;
oydwfwm;Muonf/ xkdodkY oydwfwm;&mwGif jrpfta&SUbufurf; a&mufvmMuonf/ xdkaeY rGef;vGJoHk;em&DwGif ausmif;om;
rSyif avSESifhvma&mufMuolawG&SdcJh\/ acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vTwfay;vdkufygonf/
a&S;tcgu þrQrsm;aom vlxpk ½k ;kH rIr&Scd yhJ g/ ,ckausmif;om; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vlxkBuD;rSm tm;&0rf;om
oydwfwGifausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; zrf;qD;jcif;cHMu&aom &TifjrL;pGmjzifh toifhpDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; a&SUqHk;rS pnfawmfBuD;
18 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 19
&G r f ; vsuf a usmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif ck e pf O D ; yg vl x k B uD ; rS m tpdk;&udk qefYusifuefYuGufonfhtaejzifh pDwef;vSnfhvnfMuyg
av;a,muf wpfw?JG ig;a,muf wpfwjJG zifh NrKd UxJox Ykd u G cf NhJ y;D oydwf onf/ a'gufwmbarmftpkd;&jyKwfusygap? ta&;awmfyHk atmif
pcef;wGifvlpkcGJvdkufMuygonf/ ygap paoma<u;aMumfoHawG atmf[pfvSnfhvnfMuygonf/
uomausmif;om;oydwfonf NrdKUe,fvlxk\ axmufcHrIudk azazmf0g&DwpfvvHk;wGif a&TulwGifat;aq;pGmae&if;
us,u f s,jf yefjY yeft
Y ifwu dk t
f m;wdu k f &&Scd ohJ nf/ aeYpOfyif oydwf owif;pmrsm;wGif &efukefausmif;om;rsm; oydwfvSefaMumif;
wm;ausmif;om;opfrsm; a&muf&v dS monf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif owif;udk zwf&ygonf/ rEÅav;NrKd UrS tmZmenf 17 OD; ykvyd rf sm;
wdu Yk vnf; tcGi&hf wdik ;f oydww f &m;yGu J si;f yNy;D vlxak xmufcrH u I kd vufcsufESifhusqkH;aMumif;ukd pdwfrcsrf;ompGm Mum;&ygonf/
t&Sdefrysufxdef;cJhMuonf/ &efukefowif;rsm;vnf; zwf½I&ygonf/
NrdKUay:&Sd tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;uvnf; EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; tm;vyf&ufwiG f owif;pmzwfjcif;? azazYxH vmvnfavh&dS
Edk;Mum;vmjyD; oydwfpcef;udk wdwfwqdwf tultnDay;Mu\/ aom ocifjr&ifu ociftpnf;t½H;k taMumif; ocifrsm;taMumif;
&efukefrS ausmif;om;rsm; tpmiwfcHqE´jyaMumif;od&aomtcg em;axmif&aomaMumifh Edik if aH &;taMumif; wpfpeG ;f wpfp odaeovdk
uomoydwfpcef;&Sd ausmif;om;wdkYvnf; &efukefoydwfpcef;udk &Syd gonf/ odaYk omf uomwGif w&m;a[mcJah om &efuek w f uúov kd f
ausmif;om; udkwifatmif\ pum;rsm;awmh owd&aerdonf/
axmufcHonfhtaejzifh 48 em&Dwdwd tpmiwfcHMuavonf/
xdkudkwifatmifonf aemifaomtcg jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
1939 ckEpS ?f rwfvtv,fcefw Y iG f &efuek Xf mecsKyrf S ñTeMf um;csuf
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q&mOD;baomif;u ]]*smreDu ydkvefjynfudk 0ifwdkufvdkY ol&aJ umif;oH;k a,muf? &wemodu k pf mtkyrf sm;udk zwfygonf/ xdrk S
t*FvdyfeJYjyifopftpdk;&u ppfaMunmvdkufwmyJAsm? Munfh&wm wpfyg; ,cifu zwfz;l Ny;D onfh uREyfk Ef iS rhf ukd u
f ,faumvif;? uREyfk \ f
*smreDu vufOD;0ifwdkufw,feJYwlw,f? 'Dtwdkif;qdk&if 'Dppf[m pGefYpm;jcif; pmtkyfrsm;udkzwfygonf/ xdkpmtkyfrsm;udkzwfpOf
awmfawmfeJYNyD;r,frxifbl;? wm&SnfoGm;vdrfhr,fvdkY uRefawmf em;rvnfaomtcsuaf wGUygu udw k w k af ygESihf udpk ed Bf u;D udk ar;avh
xifw,fAsm}} [kajymoHudk uRefawmfMum;vdkufygonf/ &Sdygonf/ xdkpmtkyfrsm;udkzwfNyD;rS tkdif;&pfvlrsdK;wkdYuvnf;
rMumrDyif ausmif;wufacgif;avmif;xkd;aomaMumifh q&m tom;jzLvlrsdK;? t*Fvdyfuvnf; tom;jzLvlrsdK;jzpf&m tom;
oHk;a,mufvlpkcGJNyD; qdkif&mtwef;wdkYokdY xGufoGm;Muygonf/ a&mifcsif;wlygvsufESifhtb,faMumifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyfygvdrfh[laom
xdtk csed w f iG f uReaf wmfwaYkd usmif;om;i,fwpfpo
k nf ppftaMumif; tawG;udk awG;rdwwfygonf/
28 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 29
xdtYk jyif '*Hrk *¾Zif;wGiyf g0ifaom '*Hck ifcifav;\ arSmq f &m a&;avh&Sd&m uRefawmfonfolYvdk EdkifiHjcm;okdY oGm;csifaompdwf
rSww f rf;? pHak xmufarmifped 'f g;? pHak xmufarmifp&H mS ;0w¬Kwt Ykd jyif avhvmcsiaf ompdww f Ykd 0ifpm;aerdygonf/ pdwx f ufoefaerdygonf/
usKd wv f wfO;D NyKH ;csKad &;onfh aeat; vdref nf;pmtkyu f v kd nf; zwfyg 1940 wGif uRefawmf ckepfwef;odkY wuf&ygonf/ ausmif;
onf/ uRefawmf\ pdwfukdajymif;vJapaom pma&;olwpfOD;rSm abmf'gaqmifrSmyif ae&ygonf/ xdkESpfwGif abmf'gausmif;tkyf
pma&;q&mBu;D r[maqGjzpfygonf/ ola&;onfh wdaYk rar? olyek Yf OD;btpm; rpöwmpDtifA;l trnf&dS w½kwAf rmujym; q&ma&muf
tdr?f apm&oufjyif;wdu Yk uReaf wmf\ pdwu f kd vIy&f mS ;apcJyh gonf/ vmygonf/ q&monf ocsmb F momjyaomq&mjzpfygonf/ ol\
þodkYpmzwfvmaomaMumifh uRefawmfh\pdwfonf pmay: xl;jcm;csurf mS ola&mufonfah eYrpS Ny;D nwdik ;f abmf'gausmif;om;
wGif vGefpGmrufarmcHkrifpdwf0ifvmygonf/ owif;pmq&mBuD; rsm; bk&m;&Sdcdk;Mu&ygonf/ bk&m&Sdcdk;NyD;rS tdyf&onf/ ausmif;pm
OD;odef;armifa&;aom jrefrmol&Jaumif;rsm;pmtkyfudk uRefawmf tjyif paee*g;eD? *sme,fausmf? yDrdk;eif;\ aemvdyfpmapmif
(Knowledge) ponfwdkYzwf&ef 0,f,lay;xm;onf/
tjyefjyefzwf&if; rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfwdkY0ifa&mufvmonf[k awG;rd
vmygonf/ t*FvdyfpmtwGuf uRefawmfhtzdkY tcuftcJr&Sdaomfvnf;
pGepYf eG pYf m;pm;vkycf ahJ om ol&aJ umif;wdu Yk kd uReaf wmfav;pm; ocsmFwGif odyfpdwfr0ifpm;vSaomaMumifh wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmf
rwGuEf ikd af om ocsmyF pk mä rsm;udk q&mpDtifA;l xH oGm;jywwfonf/
MunfndKrdygonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmfum; rpGefYpm;&Jyg? aMumuf
q&mu wGufay;avh&Sd\/
wwfygonf/
q&monf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh&if;ESD;pGmaewwfojzifh olUudk
þodkY jyifypmrsm;zwf&if; ausmif;pmusuf&if;jzifh 1939
ausmif;om;rsm;u cifMuonf/ abmvHk;uefawmfojzifh olYudk
ckESpfukefNyD; 1940 jynfhESpf? rwfvwGif twef;wifpmar;yGJudk txifBu;D Mu? cspMf uonf/ tm;upm;0goemygí vdu k pf m;olvnf;
aumif;pGm ajzqdEk ikd cf yhJ gonf/ uReaf wmfu h , kd u f Reaf wmf owdxm;rd jzpfaomaMumifh uReaf wmfwY k d abmf'gausmif;om;rsm; aysm&f iT Mf uygonf/
aomtcsufrSm uRefawmfonf ausmif;pmzwf&mwGif cufcJrI r&Sd uReaf wmf ckepfwef;aepOfwiG f xl;jcm;csuw f pf&yfrmS History
cJyh g/ pmar;yGu J vkd nf; BuKd ;pm;ajzcJo
h nf[í l r&Scd yhJ g/ ajz½d;k ajzpOf oifjyaom jrefrmjynfzGm; ukvm;vlrsdK;wpfa,muf q&mtjzpf
vkyf½kd;vkyfpOf tjzpfomajzcJhygonf/ pmar;yGJatmifygonf/ a&mufvmygonf/ olonfjrefrmpum;udk yDoatmifajymwwfaom
xdkacwfupmtkyfpmayawGzwf&if; owdjyKrdaom pma&; rpöwm um; (Carr) jzpfonf/ vlysdKBuD;jzpfonf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf
q&mwpfa,muf&Sdvmygonf/ xkdolum; urÇmvSnfh armifcif xufoefaomol? NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;udk rESpfNrdKUaomoljzpfonf/
trnfcH pma&;q&mBu;D jzpfygonf/ urÇmvSnahf rmifcifu ol Edik if H AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ocifA[def;wdkYESifhcifrifol? twef;wljzpf
&yfjcm;oGm;cJhonfh taMumif;rsm;udk pmtkyfrsm;wGif a&;cJh&m aMumif;od&ygonf/ atmifqef;? A[def;[kac:wwf\/
vlBudKufrsm;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfcJhygonf/ olu uRefawmfwdkYudkajymjyonfrSm ]]Harbey a&;aom
ola&;cJah omaqmif;yg;rsm;wGif xkid ;f (,ciftac: ,d;k ',m;) History of Burma udk zwf&ifowdxm;? rif;wdkYjrefrmawGudk
Edik if ?H uarÇm'D,m;Edik if ?H pifumyl ponfwo Ykd o Ykd mG ;cJah omtaMumif;udk ESdrfxm;wmawGygw,f[k ajymygonf/
30 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 31
History udz
k wfcsi&f if Out Line of world History udk zwfyg/ or*¾tzGUJ 0ifrsm;&Syd gonf/ odaYk omf or*¾tzGUJ tpnf;ta0;wdw Yk iG f
H G wells a&;wm olu xkp d mtkyu f ormorwfrQpmG a&;xm;wm}} abmf'gaeausmif;om;wdYk uReaf wmfEiS u hf w kd wk af ygrSwpfyg;wufrnfh
[lí rpöwmum;u ajymygonf/ odkYaomf xkdpOfu xkdpmtkyfudk olr&Sdyg/ or*¾wGiftiftm; 20 cefYom &Sdygonf/ trsdK;orD;
uRefawmf rzwfbl;yg/ 1943 ckESpfcefYurS xdkpmtkyfudk zwfzl;yg wpfa,mufrS rygyg/ vIyf&Sm;rIudkvnf;wGifwGifus,fus,f rvkyf
onf/ xdt Yk jyif jrefrmEdik if &H dS t*Fvyd v f rl sKd ; Mr, Furnival a&;aom Edik cf yhJ g/ t"dutvkyrf mS &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS
Political Economy of Burma pmtkyu f zkd wfyg[lívnf; ñTe;f yg pmwdu k rf wS pfqifah y;ydUk aom td;k a0r*¾Zif;pmtkyEf iS hf tjcm; &efuek f
onf/ xdpk Ofu xdpk mtkyu f kd zwfEikd cf iG hf uReaf wmfww Ykd iG f r&Sad o;yg/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS xkwaf 0aom owif;vTmrsm;udk
odkYaomfpmtkyftrnfudk rSwfxm;ygonf/ 1944 ckESpfusrS udkvSzwfjyí em;axmif&ygonf/
xdkpmtkyfudk zwfcGifhBuHK&ygonf/ odkYaomfudkvSu wdkufwGef;ojzifh topfzGifhvSpfaom NrdKUr
rpöwmum;onf tcGi&hf wdik ;f wdik ;f jynftwGupf Of;pm;zdYk ajym pmMunhfwdkufwGif tm;vHk;qHkMuonf/ xdkpmMunhfwdkufwGif pae
ygonf/ wpfaeYwiG f tdE, d´ Edik if aH &m jrefrmEdik if yH g vGwv f yfa&;&rSm e*g;eD? *sme,fausmEf iS hf tjcm;pmtkyrf sm;? owif;pmrsm;udk zwfMu
aocsmygonf[lí ajymavh&Sdygonf/ ygonf/ ausmif;wGiv f yI &f mS ;rIr&Sí
d q&mrsm;\ rsupf daemufjcif;udk
rcH&yg/
xdkpOfu Oa&mywGif ppfrD;&Sdefjyif;vsuf&Sd&m [pfwvm\
ausmif;tkyfMuD; rpöwm r*Ref'g;? rpöwmum;? rpöwm'Dqif;
t&Sed t f 0gonf vGepf mG wufaeaomtcsed jf zpfygonf/ jrefrmEdik if H
( D-Singh) wdkYonf tdE´d,uGef*&ufodkYtxifBuD;NyD; pdwf0ifpm;
wGifvnf; [pfwmvm\tvHonf pMumwHqdyfjzpf&m jrefrmrsm;
olwdkYjzpfMu&m uRefawmfwdkYvIyf&Sm;rIudk q&mwdkYu uefYuGufjcif;?
,HkMunfaom pMumrif;[líyif xifolwdkY&SdaeMuygonf/ [efYwm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg/
uReaf wmft h xifurl pMumrif;[lonf om,m0wDrif;w&m;u 1940 ausmif;om;b0? ausmif;om;or*¾tzGJU0iftjzpf
a&cscH&aom pMumrif; [kxifxm;av&m *smreD[pfwvmonf uRefawmfonf xl;jcm;aom jzpf&yfwdkY r&SdcJhyg/ odkYjzpfvifhupm;
pMumrif;jzpfEdkifyghrvm;[lí pOf;pm;aerdwwfygonf/ uRefawmfhtodÓPfwGif uRefawmf\ pdwftpOfudk ajymif;vJapcJh
xdtk csed w
f iG f uomtpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om; aom jzpfpOfwdkY jzpfxGef;cJhNyD[kqdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
or*¾ay:vmygonf/ 1300 oydwfwkef;u acgif;aqmifcJhaom taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfonf pmzwftm; tvGefrsm;vm
ausmif;om;Bu;D awG r&Sad wmhyg/ b,fa&mufuek rf eS ;f rodawmhyg/ cJNh y[D k uReaf wmhu f ,
kd uf Reaf wmf xifryd gonf/ xdpk Ofu uReaf wmf
ausmif;om;or*¾zUJG pnf;aomtcg Ouú| udt k hH ac: udv k S uk;d wef; zwfcahJ ompmtkyrf sm;wGif ajcvsiOf ;D tke;f cifbmomjyefonfh urÇmY
ausmif;om;jzpfNyD; udk[efxGef; (aemifaomtcg AkdvfrSL;[efxGef;) &efopl mtky?f urÇmah orif;pmtkyf (OD;ausmw f ifh bmomjyefonf[k
uk;d wef;ausmif;om;u twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfygonf/ uReaf wmfuawmh xifygonf) wdkUudk zwfvdkuf&ygonf/
udv k S wduk w f eG ;f aomaMumifh omreftoif;0iftjzpf yg0ifco hJ nf/ urÇm&h efopl mtkyw f iG f emZDygwD\ &ufpufyt kH zHzk u
kH akd &;om;xm;
udkvSu uRefawmfhxuf okH;ESpfBuD;\/ abmf'gausmif;om;wdkYwGif aMumif;rSwrf ad eygonf/ NcKH íqd&k aomf emZD0g'onf wpfurÇmvH;k \
32 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 33
&efo[ l í l uReaf wmfem;vnfcpH m;rdygonf/ xdpk mtkyt f jyif urÇmh xdaYk Mumifh uGejf rLepfygwDtaMumif;udk ocifO;D cspx f ;l udk oGm;ar;&m
aorif;pmtkyrf mS vnf; uReaf wmfpv JG rf;apaompmtkyf uReaf wmhf OD;cspx f ;l u ]]uGejf rLepfqwkd mbH0k g'yJumG }} [lí ajzcJo h nf/ xdt
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xdkpmtkyfwGif urÇmhEdkifiHBuD;rsm;\ ppftiftm;? vufeuf aerdygonf/ 1941 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif ausmif;pmar;yGJtaejzifh
tif t m;wd k Y u d k Ed I i f ; ,S O f j yxm;&mwG i f t*F v d y f ? tar&d u ef ckepfwef;pmar;yGJ ajzNyD; a&TulodkYjyefcJhonf/
jynfaxmifp?k *smreD? ½k&mS ;? *syef? tDwvDw\ Ykd ppftiftm;udk tawmf oBueF u f mvudk a&Tuw l iG u
f ek q
f ;kH cJNh y;D oBueF Nf y;D aomtcgwGif
wduspmG bmomjyefqx kd m;onf/ aemufq;kH ppftiftm; tBu;D qH;k a&Tuw l iG af e&onfrmS ysi;f vmaomaMumifh uomokYd jyefcyhJ gonf/
rSm tar&duefESifh½k&Sm;rS ppftiftm;tMuD;qHk;[kod&ygonf/ uomwGif bdk;bdk;ouf&Snf\ tdrfwGifae&if; ausmif;om;or*¾
þpmtkyrf mS tjyifabmf'gausmif;om; D Singh jrefrmtrnf Ouú| udkvSESifh &if;ESD;pGmqufqHcGifhBuHKcJhygonf/
udkatmifjrifhu olzwfaom pmtkyfrsm;udk uRefawmfhtm;ay;jyD; uomNrKd UwGif xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;tcsKd UwdUk onf ausmif;cef;
zwfcikd ;f aomaMumifh paee*g;eD*sme,f? *sme,fausmpf aompmtkyf wGif txl;pmoifwef;oabmrsdK; oifMum;aeonfudk uRefawmf
zwfcGifh&jyefonf/ awGU&ygonf/ pae? we*FaEGaeYwdkY jzpfwwfyg\/
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aompdwf cHpm;rdvmonf/ urÇmYaorif;udk zwfrdaomaMumifh q&mBuD;xH ausmif;om;or*¾tpnf;ta0;usif;ycGifh awmif;yg
tar&duefEiS ½hf &k mS ;udk txifBu;D aompdwaf wGvnf; ay:vmrdonf/ onf/ q&mBuD;xHrS cGifhjyKcsuf&aomaMumifh ausmif;cef;twGif;
*syefolvQdKpmtkyfonfvnf; ausmfMum;aom pmtkyfjzpfyg rS m yif or*¾ t pnf ; ta0;usif ; y&ef ud k v S u pD p Of y gonf /
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jzpfaeygonf/ aom pmoifcef;odkY a&mufaomtcg ausmif;om;tcsdKU xdkifae
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tp (aeY&ufurdk rSwrf yd g) avmufwiG f jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif udk[efxGef; (aemif AdkvfrSL;[efxGef;)
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ao;yg/ uGefjrLepfygwD[lí&SdcJhrSef; xdktcgusrS od&ygonf/ rdkwmqif; (yefcsmyD) aemiftcgwGif tif;awmfocifvSarmif?
34 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 35
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aomtcg udkvSu ]]vma[h armifcspfvdIif}} [kac:NyD;xdkifcdkif; zGJUxm;aMumif;? acgif;aqmifrSm jrif;NcHudkarmifarmifjzpfaMumif;?
ygonf/ udkvSu pum;ajym&mwGif ]]&efukefwuúodkvfrS aq; uomausmif ; om;or*¾ t aeES i f h v nf ; &ef u k e f w uú o d k v f
ausmif;om; udkarmifarmifqdkwm a&mufaew,f? olYtazu ausmif;om;or*¾EiS ahf &m oHrPdwyfzUJG ESiyhf g qufo, G o f ifah Mumif;
v,f0ef? olUtazqDvm&if;eJY 'Du ausmif;om;awGvnf; &efuek f ajymygonf/
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ESifh &if;ESD;pGmajymqdkNyD; vlpkcGJvdkufonf/ aemufaeYwGif udkvS\ um,Av vdkufpm;olrsm;jzpf&m OD;ae0if; um,Avvkyfief;?
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36 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 37
avYvmcJ&Y ygonf/ armifp;dk a&; qk&d , S v
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vnf; &S&d o dS rQ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk bHyk pön;f vky&f rnf[al om xkpd mtkyu f kd tBurd Bf urd zf wf&aI vhvmcJyh gonf/ uReaf wmf\
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qdk&S,fvpf0g' tqdkt&qdkvQif ]]&mZ0if &mZ0ifqdkonfrSm &[ef;ESifh txl;ojzifh rdrdaexdkifaom jrefrmEkdifiH\ta&;t&mrsm;udk
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olrsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;vnf;yg0ifaomaMumifh pmtkyftrnfudk onfh tavhtusifhwdkYa&muf&SdvmcJhygonf/
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a&S;OD;pGm uReaf wmfov d m&aomtaMumif;rSm "e&Sipf epfac:
- toHk;jyKrIudk y"mexm;aom (bHk) (qdk&S,fvpfpDrHudef;
pepftaMumif;)? t&if;&SifpepftaMumif;jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfvdk Capitalism
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aom uGejf rLepf (0g) qd&k , S v f pft&ifph m;acwftaMumif;/ ud&, d mrsm;? ukeMf urf;? uke½f ikd ;f rsm;? a&? ajrrsm;? puf½?kH tvky½f rkH sm;?
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38 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 39
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t*Fvdyfpmom;jzifh Constant capital [k ac:ygonf/ ukefMurf; onf[q k ckd siyf gonf/ uReaf wmfonft&if;&Sipf epfukd rw&m;aom
uke½f ikd ;f rsm;? puf½t kH vky&f rkH sm;? pufu&d , d mrsm;? vdt k yfaom tjcm; pepf[lí rSwf,lvdkufygawmhonf/
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40 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 41
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42 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 43
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vuf0J0g'[lí ac:wGifcJhMuaom qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:rsm;?
t,ltqrsm; MoZmvTrf;rdk;vm&jcif;taMumif;jzpfavonf/ tEky #davmr&ky fy dki f; 0g'
ocifp;dk \ qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'usr;f taMumif;udak jym&if; þpma&;ol tEky#davmr½kyfydkif;0g'wGif tydkif;ESpfydkif;yg0ifygonf/
taejzifh um;vfrmhupf \ f 0g'oabmw&m;udk pdw0f ifpm;vm&ay tydkif;wpfydkif;rSm tEky#davmrenf; jzpfygonf/ tjcm;tydkif;rSm
awmhonf/ av;av;eufeufavhvm&ef pdwt f m;xufoefvm&ay ½kyfydkif;0g'ydkif;jzpfygonf/ þtydkif;ESpfydkif;wGif ½kyfydkif;0g'udk
awmhonf/ xdUk aMumifh uReaf wmfonf uomNrKd Ur pmMunfw h u kd rf &S &Sd t&if;cH0g'tjzpf xm;&Syd gonf/ tEky#davmr0g'enf;[lonfrmS
aom ocifA[de;f a&;onfh "e&Sifavmu pmtky?f ocifbakd &;onfh ½kyfydkif;0g'udk tajcjyKí pOf;pm;aomenf;jzpfyg onf/
um;vfrmhufpfpmtky?f ocifA[de;f u bHkorm; rm;[laom uavmif ½k y f y d k i f ; 0g't&qk d v Qif urÇ m avmuBuD ; onf ½k y f 0 w¬ K
trnfjzifh a&;om;cJhonfh pepf u saombH k 0 g' g'? armfvNrdKifNrdKU avmuBuD;jzpfygonf/ ouf&Sdowå0gtm;vHk;onf ½kyfcE¨m tzGJU
44 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 45
tpnf;[k owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ toufZD0udkvnf; ½kyf[líyif rwlawmhonfh wwd,taMumif;t&m wpfpw kH pfcjk zpfay:vmonf/
,lqxm;ygonf/ pdwq f odk nfrmS vnf; vlu Y ,kd cf E¨m\ tjyifbuf þtpOfukd tqifo h ;kH qifyh g0ifaom tEky#davmrenf;[k ac:qdk
wGi&f adS om ½kyt f m½Hrk sm;u ½kycf E¨mjzpfaomvl\ OD;aESmuftwGi;f onf/ ac:a0:yHrk mS yxrtaMumif;t&mudk 0g' 0g'[k ac:onf/ ,if;udk
okdY 0ifa&mufum t&dyfta&miftjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;udk pdwf[k *smreftawG;tjrifynm&SdMuD;a[*,fvf (Hegel) u Thesis [k
,lqMuonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ½kyEf iS phf w d w
f \ Ydk qufo, G rf w
I iG f ½kyo f nf ac:cJhonf/ xdk Thesis udkqefYusifaom taMumif;wpfck ay:vm
t&if;cHtaMumif;w&m;jzpfonf/ pdwo f nf ½kyOf ;D aESmuftwGi;f rSm onf/ xdktaMumif;udk Anti Thesis [kac:onf/ Anti Thesis udk
&Sad om rjrif&onfh ½ky\ f vIy&f mS ;rIom jzpfonf/ ½ky\ f tusKd ;quf y#d 0 g' [kac:onf/ Syn Thesis udk oH 0 g' g'[kac:onf/
[k,lqonf/ ocifpkd;\pum;t&qdkvQif 0g'udk rl v y#d0g'udk y#d y u©
½k&Sm;uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifBuD; pwmvif\ ajymqkdcsuft& oH0g'udk orl [ [kac:cJhonf/
qkdvQif - xkdtcsufudk tqifhoHk;qifhygaom tEky#davmrenf;[k
urÇmavmuBuD;\ ½kyfyHkum;onfum; tjcm;r[kwf?
]]urÇ ac:onf/ t*Fvyd b f momtm;jzifh Dialectical Triad [kac:onf/
½kyf0w¬Kub,fvdk vIyf&Sm;onf? ½kyf0w¬Ku b,fvdkawG;awm 'dkif,mvufwDu,fx&D;,wf Dialectical Triad udk pwifoHk;cJh
onf[laom ½kyfyHkum;yifjzpfawmhonf}} [líqdkcJhonf/ olrmS a[*,fvf ( Hegal ) jzpfonf/ rmhupf o f nf a[*,fuo kd \
l
þtqdo k nfum; ½kyyf ikd ;f 0g'\t&if;cHw&m;yif jzpfawmhonf/ q&mwpfOD;tjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf/ a[*,f\ 'dkif,mvufwDuf
tEky#davmrenf;url ½kyf0w¬KwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrI x&D;,wfudk rmhufpfucH,lcJhonf/ ,if;odkYcH,l&mwGif a[*,f\
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk avhvmaomenf;jzpfonf/ tEky#davmr tEk y #d a vmrenf ; ud k o m cH , l c J h y gonf / a[*,f \ y&rwå
enf;t&qdkvQifrnfonfh ½kyf0w¬KtwGif;rSmrqdk y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rI 0dnmOfawmf0g' ( ABSOLUTE IDEA) udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/ rdrd
tpOfonf &Sad eonf/ y#dyu©jzpfymG ;rI&jdS cif;aMumifh ysujf cif;tpOf tajcjyKaom ½kyfydkif;0g'udk a[*,f\ tEky#davmrenf;ESifh
onf &Sdaeonf/ jzpfysufjcif;tpOf&Sdjcif;aMumifh ajymif;vJrItpOf aygif;,lvdkufonf/
onf &Sdaeonf? ajymif;vJrItpOf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh topfopfwdkY xdaYk Mumifah [*,f\0g'onf Dialectical Idealism tEky#d
onf tpm;0ifjzpfxGef;aeonf[k cH,lonf/ þae&mwGif avmr0dnmOfawmf0g'jzpfonf/
ta[mif;udk t"durxm;&? topfukd t"duxm;&rnf[k cH,o l nf/ um;vfrmhupf \ f 0g'um; tEky#davmr&kyyf ikd ;f 0g' Dialectical
½ky0f w¬KtwGi;f jzpfysuaf jymif;vJru I kd Munf&h aI vhvmaomtcg Materialism jzpfaomfvnf; rmhufpfonf ½kyfydkif;0g'udkol\
tMuifwpfpw kH pfcok nf pwifjzpfaeonf[q k v kd Qif xdk wpfpw kH pfck tjcm;q&mwpfO;D jzpfol zdKG i;f ,Jbwf ( Feuerdach) xHr&S ,lonf/
udk qefYusifaomtaMumif;t&mwpfckonfvnf; jzpfay:vm& rmhupf of nf a[*,fxrH &S aom tEky#davmrenf;ESihf zGKd i;f ,Jbwf
onf[k cH,o l nf/ xdq k efuY sib f ufwoYkd nf tjyeftvSef tm;NyKd i&f if; xHrS&aom ½kyfydkif;0g'udk&,lNyD; rdrd\ udk,fydkif0g'tjzpf wdk;csJU
wpfenf;enf;jzifhaygif;pyfoGm;Muum qefYusifbufESpfckpvHk;ESifh vdkufonf/
46 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 47
wdk;csJUyHkrSm þokdYjzpfonf- (3) t&mcyfodrf;wdkY\ toD;oD;aom vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrI
(1) ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;okdY ull;ajymif;a&muf&Sdjcif; tpOfwGif ta&twGuftm;jzifh ajymif ; vJ a eaom
Oya'o ( The Law of Quantity into Quality )? taetxm;rS t&nf t csif ; tm;jzif h ul ; ajymif ;
(2) qefYusifbufwdkY\ 'GefwGJ&if;vGefqGJaeonf[laom oGm;aom taetxm;odkY qdkufa&mufavh&Sdonf?
Oya'o ( The Law of Unity and Struggle opposites)? (4) txufwiG af zmfjycJah om tcsuo f ;kH csuw
f u Ydk kd jzpfay:ap
(3) y#dyu©ead &m'enf; ( The Law of negation of negation)/ aomtaMumif;w&m;onf t&m0w¬KtoD;oD;\ jzpfpOf
xdkoHk;ckonf um;vfrmhufpfuay;aom tEky#davmrenf; wpf a vQmuf v H k ; wG i f tp tv,f t qH k ; wd k i f a tmif
Oya'jzpfonf/ qufpyfyg0ifaeaom 0da&m"dtoD;oD;jzpfaeaomaMumifh
ta&twGurf t S &nftcsi;f od[ Yk al omOya'udk ocifp;kd u - jzpfonf/
]]½kyf0w¬Kemrf0w¬Krsm;wdk;yGm;ojzifh ½kyfoabm emrfoabm 0da&m"dqo kd nf (contradiction ) rSm wpfcEk iS w hf pfck orowf
vu©Pmrsm;ajymif;vJoGm;onf}} [lí jrefrmrIjyKcJhonf/ xkdodkY usaeaom qefYusifbufoabm ESpf&yf? olEdkifigEdkif tm;NydKifae
jrefrmrIjyKjcif;onf Ak'¨bmomt,ltqESifhudkufnDaomaMumifh onf[laom tpOfukdqdkvdkonf/ 0da&m"dw&m;onf t&m0w¬K
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifvil ,frsm;twGi;f oabmus ESpNf cKd uo f l rsm;vmMuNy;D wdkY\ twGif;ydkif;tusqHk;aom tESpfom&ü wnf&SdaeMuonf/
rmhufpf0g'ay:wGif udkif;ñGwfvmolrsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ y#dyu© 0da&m"dw&m;toD;oD;udk &SmazGNyD;orl[ (Synthesis)usatmif
eda&m'enf;qdkonfrSm wpfckaomjzpfysuftpOfwGif tysufudk toHk;jyKEdkifavav wdk;wufa&;odkY a&S;&IEdkifavav[lí cH,lMu
tjzpfu tpm;0ifNy;D qufumqufumjzpfvmaomaMumifh jzpfjcif; onf/ ,if;okdYcH,lxm;aom oabmxm;udk ygVdbmomtm;jzifh
udk wdk;wuf&mwdk;wufaMumif; taMumif;w&m;[k cH,lonf/ 'GE´aA' (Dialectical Attitued)oabmxm;rsdK;udk w½kyfuGefjrLepf
þodYk ocifp;kd \ qd&k , S v
f pf0g'usr;f ua&;om;azmfjycJyh gonf/ acgif;aqmifBuD; armfpDwHk;u toHk;jyKavh&Sdonf/
ocifpkd;\pmtkyfESifhrwlaom tEky#davmrenf;[lonfh þoabmxm;udk ocifpdk;u tEky#davmrenf;[k ac:cJh
pepfusaombHk0g' [laom pmwrf;wGif zGifhqdk&mwGif tcsuf onf/ (tEky#davmr[laom a0g[m&udk aemiftcgwGif vufrcHbJ
av;csufudk wifjycJhygonf/ y,fcscJholrsm;rSm awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf OD;Ouú|? "EkjzL
(1) t&mcyfodrf;ukefwdkYonf taMumif;pOf tusdK;quf OD;at;armif? OD;qef;xGef; (oQifOmPdó&) pma&;q&myg&*lwdkU
tm;jzifh wpfckESifhwpfckqufET,faeMuonf/ wpfckudk jzpfonf/
wpfcku taMumif;jyKaeonf/ wpfckay:wGif wpfcku olwdkYtvdkt& tEkavmr y#davmr[líom&SdMuonf/
tjyeftvSef rSDcdkaeMuonf? tEky#davmr[lí o'´gyk'f rpyftyf[k ajymMuonf/ olwdkUu
(2) ,if;odkYqufET,faeMuaom t&mcyfodrf;ukefwdkYonf oD[dk|frS uGefjrLepfygwD? qdk&S,fvpfygwD? tdE´d,rS uGefjrLepfygwD
tpOfrjywf vIy&f mS ;aeMuonf? tpOfrjywfajymif;vJae wduYk vufco H ;kH pGaJ om 'GEa´ A' (Dialectics ) [laom a0g[m&udk
Muonf? r&yfrem;a&GUvsm;aeMuonf? vufcHoHk;pGJ&ef vdkvm;onf/
48 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 49
þtaMumif ; t&mES i f h y wf o uf N yD ; aemif a omtcgwG i f tpGrf;owådrwlMuí toD;toD;oabmw&m;wpfrsdK;pDjzpfMu
uRefawmf &Sif;jyygOD;rnf/ onf[laom emewåenf;onfvnf;aumif;? (2) xdktaMumif;
txufwGif tawmfuav; tao;pdwfNyD; &Sif;jycJhaom w&m;wdkYonf tcsif;csif; igum;taMumif;jzpfrnf? oifrlum;
taMumif;t&mrsm;onf ocifp;kd ESio hf cifA[de;f wd\
Yk ta&;tom; tusdK;jzpf&rnf/ oifum; taMumif;jzpfum? igum;tusdK;jzpfyg
rsm;udk txl;ESpNf cKd upf mG zwf½aI vhvmNy;D aemuf od&v dS mcJah vonf/ rnf[lí t0dZÆmocFg&paomtaMumif;tusdK;wdkUonf wpfckESifh
xktd csed u
f mvu ocifp;dk ESio hf cifA[de;f wd\Yk pmtkyrf sm;wGif wpfck awmif;yefwu kd w f eG ;f apcdik ;f Ed;I aqmftcsed ;f tcsuaf y;Mujcif;?
yg0ifaom oabmw&m;a&;t,ltqrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;Muol ya,mZ? tZÆoe? ayoe? Oó[? Asmyg&r&SdMu? taMumif;tm;
vli,frsm; enf;yg;vSacsonf/ ocifpdk;wdkY\ tvkyform;ta&;? avsmfpGm tusdK;jzpfonf/ taMumif;r&SdvQif tusdK;vnf;rjzpf
v,form;ta&;vHaYI qmfa&;om;rIrsm;udo k m pdw0f ifpm;Muolrsm; taMumif;csKyv f Qif tusKd ;csKy\ f / taMumif;tusKd ;vnf; tjcm;r&Sd
Muonf/ uRefawmfwdkYuom ausmif;om;rsm; ywf0ef;usifwGif qufumpyfum tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef (y#dyu©) jzpfMu\[laom
oHk;oyfrdorQjzpfygonf/ tAsmyg&enf;onfvnf;aumif;? (3) þoHo&mpuf[lonf
þae&mü uRefawmftxl;jyKa&;om;vdkonfrSm armifpdk; &kyfemrfoabmyifwnf;/ avmuoHk;yg;pvHk;üyif þoHo&mpuf
(aemifwGifocifpkd;) a&;onfh qkd&S,fvpf0g' pmtkyf tcef; (7) ]]y#dpo ö rkymÜ 'f[al omemrf½yk rf w S pfyg; w&m;oabmonfvnf;aumif;?
acwf a jymif ; awmf v S e f a &;ynm acgif;pOfi,f(*)wGif tEky#d owå 0 gyk * ¾ d K vf o nf v nf ; aumif ; ? ouf & S d o uf r J h o wå 0 gonf
avmr½kyfydkif;0g'[laomtydkif;onf uRefawmfhudk tqGJaqmif vnf;aumif;r&SdNyD avmuoHk;yg;qdkonfvnf; t&aumufvQif
EdkifqHk;tydkif;jzpfayonf/ emrf½kyfoabmyifjzpfaomaMumifh þy#dpöorkyÜm'fyifwnf;/
acgif;pOfi,ftjzpf ]]tEky#davmr&kyyf ikd ;f 0g'}} ESihf 0drw k &åd o avmukwå&mudk;yg;rS wpfyg;w&m;[lorQonf y#dpöorkyÜm'fü
usrf;[laomtcef;wGif - 0ifonfcsn;f vnf;jzpfaomaMumifq h ckd NhJ y;D aom t0dZmÆ ocFg&paom
]]tusdK;taMumif;onf rpyfrqdkifMuonfr[kwf? pyfqdkif taMumif;tusKd ;wdo Yk nf {uwåenf;? emewåenf;? tAsmyg& enf;
Muaom oabmjzpfayonf/ taMumif;ESifhtusdK;pyfqdkifaom tm;jzifh jzpfMujcif;onf þuJo h Ykd jzpfMuatmif zefqif;rnfh owå0g?
oabmtm;jzifh t0dZmÆ ocFg& tp&Sad om taMumif;w&m;wdUk onf yk*Kd¾ v?f wpfpw kH pf&m0w¬Ky#dpo ö rkymÜ 'f (taMumif;tusKd ;wdEYk iS Nhf y;D tyf
taMumif;tusdK;ESpfcktMum; pyfjcif;oabmwpfckwnf;tm;jzifh aom ed,mrwpf&m;)rSwpfyg;tjcm;r&Sw d um; [laom {0H"r®wm
jzpf\[laom {uwåenf;onfvnf;aumif;? (1) þodkY t0dZÆm enf;onfvnf;aumif;? (4) ½Iqifjcifaom a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ v\ f ÓPf0ü
ocFg&paom taMumif;tusKd ;tjzpfjzifph yfjcif;oabm wpfcw k nf; y#dpo ö rkymÜ 'f w&m;&Sad om tvGeef ufeo J rd af rGUaom e&om*&jzpf
jzif h a omf v nf ; aumif ; ? taMumif ; w&m;um; wpf r sd K ;jcm;? aom þenf;av;yg;udkxif&Sm;pGmodvdrfhrnf}} [lí 0drkwåd&o
tusdK;w&m;vnf;wpfrsdK;wpfckjcm;? t0dZÆmonf ocFg& r[kwf? usrf;üvm&Sdonfudk axmuf&Ijcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ]] tEky#d
ocFg&onf t0dZÆmr[kwf oabmvu©Pm? oabmvu©Pm avmr&kyyf ikd ;f 0g'}} tvdjk zpfaom taMumif;tusKd ;onf tjcm;r&Sd
50 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 51
qufumqufum tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef (0g) taMumif;ESit hf usKd ; ocifpdk;a&;cJhonfh qdk&S,fvpf0g'usrf;tvdkt& vlawG\
wdkY tcsif;csif;qefYusifjcif;? yl;aygif;qufoG,faejcif;taMumif; vkyt f m;udak cgif;yHjk zwf,al omenf;tm;jzifh "e&Siv f el nf;pkrsm;om
wdUk udk axmuf&jI cif;tm;jzifv h nf;aumif; ]]0drw k &åd ousr;f 0g'}}ESihf aumif;pm;&atmifvkyfaqmifaeaom "e&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfBuD;
]]tEky#davmr&kyyf ikd ;f 0g'}} wdo Yk nf wpfO;D udw
k pfO;D taxmuftul onf urÇmt&yf&yfwiG &f adS om qif;&Jom;tvkyo f rm;vlxrk sm;udk
jzpfaMumif;xif&Sm;vSayonf [lí azmfjyukd;um;cJYayonf/ Ek;d Mum;x<uapvdrrhf nf/ qif;&Jom;wd\ Yk awmfveS rf rI sm;jzifh "e&Sif
azmfjyud;k um;cJo h nfh 0drw k &åd ousr;f qdo
k nfrmS rif;wke;f rif;Bu;D avmuBu;D onf NyKd uyJG supf ;D oGm;vdrrhf nf? qif;&Jom;vltrsm;pkukd
acwfwGifxif&Sm;cJhaom ynm&Sd a,mtwGif;0ef OD;bdk;vdIifa&;cJh csrf;omatmif aumif;pm;atmif vkyfaqmifay;rnfh qdk&S,fvpf
onfh usrf;jzpfayonf/ pma&;olarmifpkd;trnfcH ocifpdk;u bHk0g'acwfBuD;ay:xGef;vmvdrfhrnf/ xkdtcgurÇmavmuBuD;
rmhupf \ f uGejf rLepf0g'tawG;tac:wGiyf gaom0g'ESihf 0drw k &då o onf Nird ;f csr;f om,m0ajymaomumvBu;D twGi;f odYk t"Ge&Yf n S pf mG
usrf;onf wl\[laomta&;tom;rsdK;jzpfaeayonf/ a&muf&Sdvdrhfrnfpojzifh aqmfMoxm;ayonf/
xdaYk Mumifuh Reaf wmftygt0if Edik if cH sppf wd &f adS om qif;&Jom; uRefawmfwdkYvli,ftm;vHk;eD;yg;yif qdk&S,fvpf0g'\ MoZm
atmufoYdk azmfjycJah om pmrsm;aMumifh a&muf&v dS mMuayownf;/
vl x k t usd K ;ud k v d k v m;aom vl i ,f x k B uD ; onf ocif p d k ; \
uRefawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; uRefawmfhtxif olwpfyg;xufyif
qdk&S,fvpf0g'pmtkyfudk oabmus ESpfNcdKufaeMuawmhonf/
qdk&S,fvpf0g'\MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudkydkrdkí cH&onf[kxifrdygonf/
ocifpdk;\tEky#davmr½kyfydkif;0g'onf vuf0JEdkifiHa&;
þtxifaMumifhyifuRefawmfonf uRefawmfwdkY\ or*¾
avmuwGif wpfrx l ;l jcm;aom acwfajymif; awmfveS af &;ynm&yf
acgif;aqmif udkvSxH rMumrMumoGm;wwfvmygonf/ udkvSudk
\ tajcjyK&m0g'taeESifh acwfpm;cJhonf/ uRefawmfonf
od c sif w mrsm;ar;avh & S d w wf v mygonf / xk d t cg ud k v S u
ocifp;dk \ qd&k , S vf pf0g'usr;f udk tjyefjyeftvSev f eS f zwf½aI vhvm ta&;awmfyHk trnf&Sd pmapmifwpfckudk uRefawmfhtm;jyygonf/
NyD;onfhaemuf ocifA[def;? ocifAdkvf? ocifBuD; (armfvNrdKif) xdkpmwrf;rSm ArmEdkifiHausmif;om;or*¾uydkYwmvm;? &efukef
vufyHwef;OD;bwif? *smreDjyef 0HomEkacgif;aqmif or®wOD;pk? wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾uydkUwmvm;qdkwmudk uRefawmf
yDrdk;eif;? jra'gif;ndK? ocifEk? wufbkef;BuD;odef;az? ocifvSaz? rodcJhyg/ (aemiftcg ta&;awmfyHkpmwrf;onf ocifA[def;u
rd;k BuKd ;OD;tke;f cif tp&Sad om Ekid if aH &;bmomjyefpma&;q&mrsm;ESihf ydkYwm[lí ocifwifjruajymygonf)
wdUk Armtpnf;t&H;k acgif;aqmifrsm; a&;Muonfh bH0k g'aqmif;yg; ta&;awmfyHkpmwrf;udkzwfjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkYonf xdk
rsm;? pmtkyfrsm;udk vG,fvifhwul zwf&IEdkifcJhygonf/ pmwrf;yg vrf;ñTefcsuftwdkif; ppfa&;avhusifhcef;rsm;vkyfMu&ef
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52 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 53
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54 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 55
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56 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 57
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58 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 59
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70 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 71
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72 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 73
AkdvfBuD;jzpfaeNyD? ppfa&;tajctaet& MunhfvkyfMu&rSmyJ? rif; wyf&if; (3) okdY a&mufaomtcg wm0ef&Sdaom t&m&Sd
ausmif;aecsiv f nf; qufae? wyfx0J ifcsiv f nf; ysO;f rem;uko d mG ; wpfOD;u wyfpkwpfpkokdY ykdYvkdufonf/ xdkwyfpkwGif pkrSL;onf
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oydwfusif;okdYqif;cJY\/ xkdurS armfawmf BuHKESifhvkdufcJYMu&m 'kwd,aeYwGif uRefawmfwkdYonf ppfa&;avYusifh tajccH
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74 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 75
1943 ckESpf? rwfvwGif wyf&if;toD;oD;ü Akdvfoifwef;okdY pm;aomufNyD;aomtcg xkdae&mwGif orHwvif;ay:ü
wuf&ef rdrw d yfcrJG LS ;rSwpfqifh wyf&if;rSL;xHoYdk Akv d o f ifwef;wufvdk xkdifae&muem;Mu[k ajymaomaMumif orHwvif;ay:rSmyif
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76 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 77
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78 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 79
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80 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 81
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82 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 83
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84 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 85
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96 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 97
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98 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 99
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124 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 125
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126 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 127
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138 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 139
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140 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 141
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142 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm;
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144 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 145
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146 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 147
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150 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 151
þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynf\ 'kwd, toD;oD;ESifh ywfoufNyD; ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom ppfzuf?
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;uJYokdY wm0ef,lae&aom ocifpkd;ESifh t&yfbufyk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd azmfjy&aomf-
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cJaY om pnf;½k;H vsu&f adS om ocifwifjruk, d w f idk yf if rodvu
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zGJUpOfuvnf; rodvkduf? zsufaomtcguvnf; rodvkdufaom uGefjrLepfygwDvkdvm;aom olrsm;rSm-
aMumifh ocifwifjronf pdwfraumif;jzpfaMumif; zGifhrajymaomf 1/ ocifvSNrdKif ac: Akdvf&efatmif?
vnf; rsuEf mS trlt&mukd Munfjh cif;jzifh ol pdwrf aumif;jzpfaMumif; 2/ ocifxGef;a&T ac: Akdvfvif;,kef?
odEkdifygonf/ 3/ ocifvSaz ac: Akdvfvusfm?
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aomfvnf; awmfveS af &;wyfO;D zsuo f rd ;f a&;ESiyhf wfoufírl b0if tjcm;olrsm;rSm -
rusEkdifatmifjzpfrdonf/ (u) AkdvfAxl;?
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tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\ &nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdifjzpfaom ( i ) AdkvfMunf?
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152 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 153
3/ Adkvfwifaz? udk&JacgifESifhywfoufNyD; wpfaeYwGifAdkvfodef;wefu -
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wpfenf;enf;jzifh tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyfodkY wpfpHkwpfOD;u
uko d m acgif;aqmifae&mxm;Ny;D usi;f yapvkad Mumif;? uGezf &ifu h
ydkYxm;[ef&Sdygonf/ xdktaMumif;udk Adkvfodef;wefu ac:ajym
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd olu vufcHrnfjzpfaMumif; pmESifh taMumif;
aomaMumihf qufoG,fa&;wyfrS udk&Jacgifudk uRefawmfac:xkwf
oGm;&onf/ Mum;xm;avonf/
uReaf wmfu ,leaD zmif;ESihf uk&d aJ cgifut&yf0wfEiS hf acgif;wGif ocifwifjruvnf; ygwDuGefz&ifhukd azazmf0g&DvtwGif;
obufwpfxnfaygif;Ny;D ukew f ifum;trk;d ay:pD;Ny;D jyvko Yd Ydk ac:cJY usif;y&efpDpOfvsuf&Sd\/
&\/ xkt d acgufwiG f Akv f ed ;f wefu Red Star over China Mu,feD
d o xkdtcdkuftwefYtwGif;rSmyif avxD;&Jabmfukd&JxGef;ESifh
vTrf;aom w½kwfjynftrnf&Sd pmtkyfawGay;vkdufaomaMumifh ukdcsmvDwkdYtaMumif; ay:cJYavonf/ ukd&JxGef;? ukdcsmvDwkdYonf
jyvko Yd , Ydk ol mG ;&if; wyfwiG ;f wGif zwf&efjzpfygonf/ jyvkw Yd iG v f nf; om,m0wD\ ta&SUbufwGif avxD;ESifhqif;&ef Zefe0g&D 28?
olYukd xkdpmtkyfukd zwfckdif;xm;&\/ wpfae&mwnf;wGifrxm;? 1945 u jrefrmEkdifiHokdY av,mOfjzifh a&mufcJYavonf/ olwkdY
ae&ma&TUajymif;xm;&ygao;onf/ av,mOfonf om,m0wDta&SUbuftpm; vufyw H ef;teD;wGif
156 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 157
a&mufcNYJ y;D rD;awGxed af eaom ae&mukd ajrjyifutcsujf y[kxifNy;D vlxv k yk if ef;rsm;vky&f rnf/ vlxv k yk if ef;rsm;? vlxw k u dk yf rJG sm;
av,mOfrS ckefqif;cJYMu&\/ ESihf vlxt k zGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ Ekid if aH &;pnf;½k;H rItiftm;jzifh vGwv f yf
trSepf ifppf rD;awGxed af ejcif;rSm tokbtdrjf zpfaeaomaMumifh a&;ukd t&,l&rnf/ vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJukd qifETJ&if;wpfzuf
ukd&JxGef;ESifhukdcsmvDwkdYrSm om,m0wDteD; zm;a&Tausmf&GmwGif uvnf; ppf'PfcHcJYMu&onhf jynfolvlxk\ pm;0wfaea&;
apmifah eaomolwEYdk iS hf vGcJ MYJ u&\/ olwaYdk vxD;us&mESihf ra0;vS acsmifvnfvmap&ef? r[mrdwfwkdY\tultnDjzifh jyefvnf
aomae&mwGif *syefwyf&adS eay&m olwEYkd pS af ,mufonf awGUonhf xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyf&rnf/
olukd zm;a&Tausmf &Gmvrf;ukdar;í toufvkNyD;xGufajy;cJYMu& r[mrdww f yfu jrefrmjynfuo dk rd ;f yku
d rf o
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onf/ vrf;wGif OD;zkd;qkdiftrnf&Sd vlwpfOD;xHrS zsifMurf;vkHcsnf jzifh tkyfcsKyfvdrfhrnf/ zwyvu ppftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd tjrefqkH;
wpfxnfudk a&T'*Fg;wpfjym;ay;0,fc&YJ Ny;D ESpef pH yfjzpfaomaMumifh ½kyo f rd ;f ay;a&;ESijhf ynfow l \ Ydk 'Dru dk a&pD&ykid cf iG rhf sm;ukd tjrefq;Hk
ukd&JxGef;wpf0uf? csmvDwpf0uf jzwfNyD;0wfcJY&onf/ ay;tyf & ef a wmif ; qk d w k d u f y G J 0 if & rnf / vG w f v yf a &;twG u f
ygvmaom 0kid , f mvufpufEpS v f ;Hk ESihf wufbek ;f Bu;D OD;ode;f az wpfrsKd;om;vkH; pnf;½kH;rd&ef vkdonf/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vkH;
(aemifwGif q&mOD;odef;azjrifh) ay;vkdufaompm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; nDñw G zf v Ydk odk nf/ &Sr;f ? u&if? ucsipf aom vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGuv f nf;
tm;vkH; qkH;½IH;cJY&aMumif;od&ygonf/ vlxv k yI &f mS ;rIrsm;jzifh vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf tJG wGi;f okYd yg0ifvmap&ef
okaYd omf OD;ode;f azu uk, d Ef iS rhf uGm,lomG ;[k rSmNy;D ay;vku d f pnf;½kH;Mu&rnf[lí azmfjyxm;ygonf/
aom zufqpfuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;okdY [laom OD;ode;f az 1945 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 'kw, d ywfwiG f tvkH tmtD;wD½;Hk
ay;vkdufonhf pmESifhcsmvDtdwfwGifygvmaom qufoG,fa&; tv,fxyfwGif uGefjrLepfygwD (Armjynf) \ uGefz&ifhukd usif;y
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OD;odef;azpmESifh tjcm;pmwkdYukd ocifpkd;xHokdY ocifwifjru 1/ ocifoef;xGef; (obmywdtjzpfaqmif&Gufol)
ykdYay;vkdufaMumif; uRefawmf od&ygonf/ 2/ AkdvfrSL;Axl;
zqyv tzGUJ 0ifrsm;ESijhf ynforl sm;onf zufqpfrsm;ukd jrefrm 3/ AkdvfrSL; ausmfaZm
Ekid if u
H wku d xf wk Nf y;D jrefrmEkid if tH m; zufqpfuReb f 0rS vGwaf jrmuf 4/ AkdvfrSL; &efatmif
ap&ef? r[mrdwfwyfrsm;a&mufvQifa&mufjcif; Oya'wGif; 5/ AkdvfrSL; &JxG#f
wku d yf rJG sm;qif&ef? vlxt k zGUJ tpnf;rsm; xlaxmif&rnf/ xkt d csed o
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vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;umvukefqkH;NyD; Oya'wGif;jyefvnf 7/ a':apmjr
xlaxmifa&;umvtpjyKvmrnf/ xkaYd Mumifh vGwv f yfa&;twGuf 8/ rESif;qD
jynfon Yl ñD wG af &; wyfaygif;pkBu;D ukd us,jf yefaY tmifw;dk csUJ zGUJ pnf;Ny;D 9/ ukdaX;NrdKif
vlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zGJUpnf;&rnf/ 10/ ukdnDav; (awmfvSefa&;umvwGifusqkH;ol)
158 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 159
11/ ukdxGef;oef; aqG;aEG;vkdaMumif;ajymí ysOf;rem; ocifazwifhukd tar&duef
12/ ukdausmfNidrf; (tmtD;wD) wyfrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;&efapvTwfNyD; jzpfaMumif;ajymjyygonf/
13/ ukdxGef; (om,m0wD) wufbek ;f Bu;D ode;f az\ zufqpfuReb f 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;okYd
14/ ocifAodef;wif pmwrf;ESifhywfoufNyD; AkdvfrSL;Axl;u aqG;aEG;&mwGif -
15/ Akdvfodef;wef avmavmq,f rnfokdY oufpGefYBudK;yrf;aqmif&Guf&rnf/
16/ ocifwifjr (tcrf;tem;rSL;) zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd jrefrmhajray:u rnfokdYarmif;xkwf&rnf/
17/ uRefawmf armifcspfvIdif jzpfygonf/ xkdpOfu &Jabmf zufqpfrsm;tm; jynfov l xl Bk u;D ESihf wyfrawmfom;rsm;? zwyv
pef;aiGtjzpf wufa&mufcJY\/ tzGUJ 0ifrsm;u vufeufuidk pf í JG rnfow Ydk u
dk yf 0JG ifMu&rnf/ zufqpf
uGezf &ift
h wGuf vufeufuidk t f apmif&h aJ bmf 20 a,mufudk awmfveS af &;wGif usio hf ;Hk &rnfh Ekid if aH &;r[mAsL[mESiehf nf;AsL[m
tapmifhcsxm;ygonf/ avScg;twuftqif;wGif vufeufukdif rsm;? ppfr[mAsL[mESihf ajymufusm;ppfy&d,m,frsm;ESihf ywfoufNy;D
ESpfa,mufcsxm;\/ uGefz&ifhwufa&mufaom &Jabmfwkdif;wGif vkyfief;rsm; vrf;ñTefa&;qGJxm;aom pmwrf;r[kwfyg/
aoewfwpfvufpDygMu\/ zufqpf*syefwkdYukd jrefrmhajray:rSarmif;xkwfNyD;aemuf
jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhqufqHa&; jrefrmh
obmywdocifoef;xGe;f u uGezf &ifu h si;f y&jcif;&nf&,
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qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifa&;? ygwDESifhwyfaygif;pkwkdYukd ckdifNrJpGmwkd;csJU
atmifyGJ&aeaMumif;? zufqpfwkdY½IH;edrfhNyD; qkwfcGmae&aMumif;?
zGUJ pnf;a&;? wyfrawmfudk todtrSwjf yKa&; vlxt k usK;d jyKvyk if ef;
vlxku zufqpfukd ykdNyD;qefYusifvmjcif;ESifhzufqpfawmfvSefa&; rsm;ESihf wkid ;f jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;? Ekid if aH &;? vlraI &;xlaxmifrv I yk if ef;
twGuf pnf;½kH;a&; ckdifrmus,fjyefYvmjcif;? &ckdifwGif &ckdifrsKd;cspf wkdYukd NAdwdoQwkdYu tjrefqkH;vkyfay;a&;twGuf awmif;qkda&;
rsm;u zufqpfrsm;ukd ajymufusm;ppfqifETJNyD; wkdufaeaMumif; ponfwkdYukd a&;xm;onfh EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;tpDtpOfwpf&yfom
ajymygonf/ jzpfonf/
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txufArmjynfwidk ;f rS Akv
d rf LS ;Axl;u olwm0ef,al qmif&u G f jyóemrSm jrefrmhajray:wGif &SdaeqJjzpfaom jynfolvlxkukd
ae&aom tar&duefppfwyfrsm;ESifh qufoG,fa&;wm0ef,lae& n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufaeqJjzpfaom zufqpf*syefwu Ydk dk rnfoYdk awmfveS f
aomudpöwGif pwifqufoG,frdNyDjzpfaMumif;? jrpfBuD;em;buf&Sd wku d cf u
dk Mf urnf/ awmfveS w f udk cf u
dk &f mwGif wpfjynfv;Hk wpfNyKd iw f nf;
tar&duefppfwyf&Sd&mokdY ukdvSESifh ukdat;0if;? ukdukd0if; (&efukef xcsMurnfvm;? 'grSr[kwf ppfrsuEf mS tvku d f wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh
ausm0f if;armif) wku Yd dk apvTwcf &YJ m tar&duefwyfEiS hf qufo, G f awmfvSefwkdufckdufMurnfvm;qkdwJYtcsufukd tav;xm;NyD;
rdNy;D tar&duefwyfzUJG 101 u zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf awGUqkH aqG;aEG;oifhaMumif; ajymcJYonfukd rSwfrdvkdufygonf/
160 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 161
uGefz&ifhwGif AdkvfrSL;Axl;aqG;aEG;onhf zufqpf*syefwkdYtm; vufeuford ;f vQiaf um ikcYH MH u&rnfvm;? zdEydS rf rI eS o f rQukd vufeuf
vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;udpöESifh vuf&SdppfrsufESmtajctae jzifhwkHYjyef&rnfvm;[k aqG;aEG;onfudk Mum;vdkuf&ygonf/
rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;Muonf/ avmavmq,fq,fwiG f zufqpf*syefwu Ydk kd vufeufuikd í f
xkdpOfu zufqpf*syefwkdYonf a&eHacsmif;? jrif;NcH? ppfukdif; wpfjynfvHk;u pwifawmfvSef&ef tcsdefus? rus ,aeYygwD
bufwGif wyfrsm;pkNyD; {&m0wDjrpfukd r[mrdwfrsm;? rausmfjzwf uGezf &ifu h rpOf;pm;ao;aMumif;? tajctaet&yf&yfukd ocifp;kd xH
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OD;wnfaeaom oydwfusif;bufrSvmrnfh r[mrdwfppfaMumif; ta&;awmfyykH gwDrS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESiyhf g aqG;aEG;Ny;D rS qH;k jzwfMu&ef
ukv d nf; rEÅav;ajrmufbufrS ckc&H ef *syefwYdk jyifqifaeMuonf/ ta&;Bu;D aomjyóemtjzpf uGezf &ifu h oabmwlvu kd Mf uonf/
NAdwdoQwkdY rkH&Gmukd odrf;ykdufrdonfhtwGuf rkH&GmwGif&Sdaom Ak d v f r S L ;ausmf a Zm wif j y aqG ; aEG ; onf E S i f h y wf o uf N yD ;
jrefrmhwyfrawmf tajrmufwyfzGJUonf qkwfcGmcJY&onf/ &Jabmf awmfvSefa&;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jzpfonf/
tcsKUd pepfwus zufqpf*syefwu Ydk w dk udk &f ef ajymufusm;wyf zGUJ xm; &efolzufqpfudk wkdufaeonfh t*Fvdyf? tar&duef? w½kwfwyf
aomfvnf; rwkdufvkduf&ygu jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0ufxd r[mrdwfwkdY rsm;udk r[mrdwftjzpfoabmxm;&rnf/ ppfa&;t& yl;aygif;NyD;
odr;f rdaomfvnf; *syefukd rwdu k cf u kd &f jzpfrnf[k Akv d rf LS ;Axl; wifjy zufqpfwkdYudk wdkufMu&rnf/ r[mrdwfwkdY\ rvdkvm;tyfaom
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pum;vHk;rsm;jzpfayonf/ r[mrdwt f csi;f csi;f twGi;f jyifyurvdv k m;tyfaom jyóem[k
a'otvdu k f *syefuk d xwku d yf guvnf; useaf omwyfrawmfom; oabmxm;NyD;ajz&Sif;&rnf/ vdktyfygu vufeufrudkifbJ vlxk
trsm;pkwkdYrSm *syef\ "m;pmcHjzpfoGm;Ekdifayonf/ wkud yf eJG nf;jzifh ajz&Si;f &rnf/ vlxq k efuY siaf &;vkyaf omwyfzUJG udk
xkdpOfu &cdkifwkdif;wGif &ckdifrsdK;cspfwkdYu *syefudk jyefcsvsuf rSwfom;NyD; r[mrdwftmPmydkifrsm;xH wkdifMum;ta&;qdk&rnf/
&Sd\/ olwkdY\ vufeufrsm;rSm *syefrsm;u ay;xm;aomvufeuf vufeufudkifenf;jzifh rajz&Sif;bJ w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif;ü
rsm;jzpfonf/ *syefwYdk zGUJ ay;xm;aom umuG,af &;wyfjzpf\/ Armh ajz&Sif;Mu&rnf[k aqG;aEG;oabmwlMuonf/
wyfrawmfESifhoabmrsm; rwlnDay/ xkdudpöwGif wyfrawmfESifh uGejf rLepfygwD (Armjynf) \ uGezf &ifrh mS wpf&ufEiS yhf if Ny;D qH;k
wkduf½kdufywfoufjcif;r&Sdacs/ xkdYaMumifh &cdkifumuG,fa&;wyfwkdY cJhonf/
*syefudkcHwdkufaomtcg wyfrawmfudk *syefu ta&;,l&ef uGejf rLepfygwDueG zf &ifNh y;D aemuf uReaf wmfonf ukeaf ps;wef;
taMumif;r&Sday/ tdrw f iG f c&D;xGuzf jYdk yifaeygonf/ xdpk Of ocifwifjra&mufvmNy;D -
Adv
k rf LS ;ausmaf Zmu r[mrdwEf iS ahf ygif;Ny;D *syefukd wku d af om ]]udpk ef;aiG ocifp;kd qD uGezf &ift h aMumif; pma&;&OD;r,f/ &DyYdk
tcg ppfEkdifolr[mrdwfwyfom;rsm;u jynfolvlxkudk n§Of;yef; ayghAsm/ uRefawmf 'DaeYa&;r,f? reufjzefqkdNyD;a&m? cifAsm;
ESyd pf ufjcif;? trsKd ;orD;wku Yd kd apmfum;jcif;? awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;udk oGm;ykdYygOD;}}[k ajymaomaMumifh uRefawmfonf uGefz&ifhtNyD;
162 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 163
wpf&ufjcm;wGif ocifwifjr\pmudk,lNyD; ocifpdk;&Sd&m a';'&JokdY &efuek af &mufaomtcg ocifwifjrxHomG ;Ny;D pmudpu ö akd jym
xGufcJhygonf/a&vnf;oifh? armfawmfESifharmfawmfum;wkdYvnf; ygonf/ ocifwifjru pmudk oGm;ykdYyg? tcsKdUvlawGudk jyvkdYukd
tqif o if h & &S d a omaMumif h a ';'&J o k d Y na&muf o G m ;ygonf / jyef&ifac:oGm;yg[kajymygonf/
aemufaeYwGif ocifpdk;&Sd&m oJukef;&GmokdY a&mufoGm;ygonf/ xdt k csed u f Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf uefawmfBu;D apmif;wGif
ocifpdk;u - aexdik &f m Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;tdru f okd mG ;Ny;D ocifp;kd ay;vku d af om
]]ykefuef&efjyifMupkdY pmwrf;udkzwfNyD;NyDvm;}} pmudk AkdvfcsKyfxHay;ygonf/
[k uRefawmfhudk ar;ojzifh uRefawmfu - Akvd cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf uReaf wmfay;aom ocifp;kd \pmudk
]]rzwf&ao;bl; cifAsmh}}[k ajym&mocifpdk;u
azmufzwfygonf/ pmzwfNyD; uRefawmfhudk MunfhNyD; -
]]tJ'Dpmwrf;ocifwifjrqDykdYvkdufNyD [dkusrSzwfawmh}}[k
]]'Dupd u ö bmrSta&;rBu;D ygbl;uGm/ igwkYd tvkyv f yk zf eYkd ;D aeNy/D
ajymNyD; -
]]pmwdkav;wpfcka&;ay;csifw,f? 'Dpmudk Akdvfatmifqef;udk wkwYd yfawG tqifoifh jzpfaeNy/D 'DpmtaMumif; b,forYl rS ajymeJ}Y }
ay;vduk ?f pmudk tvGw&f atmif zwfomG ;? ta&;BuKH &if zsuq f ;D ypf}} [lí rSmygonf/ xdkrS qufNyD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u -
[k rSmNyD;pmwpfapmifa&;ygonf/ ol\pmrSm t*FvdyfbmomESifh ]]rif; b,fawmh atmifvHjyefrvJ? &efukefudk bmudpöeJY
a&;xm;aompmjzpfygonf/ xdkpmrSm - vmwmvJ}} [k ar;ojzifh uRefawmfu-
My Dear Ko Naung Cho - ]]ygwDuGefz&ifhwufzkdYvmwmyg? 'Dudpö AkdvfcsKyfodNyD;NyDvdkY
will you please consider the following paragraph taken xifygw,f}}[kajym&m Akv d cf sKyu
f ]]at; odw,f ...odw,f}}[k
from the letter sent to Kauesky by Lenin, at;aq;pGmajymojzifh uRefawmfu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; -
"Without disorganizing the old Boungeois army, without ]]AkdvfcsKyfcifAsm;? uRefawmfodcsifwmuav; ar;yg&ap}} [k
reorganizing the new proletarian revolutionary army, the revo- cGifhawmif;vkdufvQif AkdvfcsKyfu -
lution cannot be achveied" ]]ar;yguGm odcsiw f mar;aygh}} [k cGijhfyKaomaMumifh uReaf wmfu-
jrefrmvdkqdkygu a[mif;EGrf;aom"e&Sifppfwyfukd tpnf; ]]uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm oabmrusEkdifwJhudpöwpfck&dSygw,f?
ajyatmifrvkyb f J topfjzpfaom ypön;f rJaY wmfveS af &;ppfwyfukd ocifpdk;u awmfvSefa&;wyfOD;udk olYwpfa,mufwnf;oabmESifh
jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif;rjyKvkyfbJ awmfvSefa&;onf jzpfajrmuf zsuo f rd ;f wm uReaf wmfoabmrusygbl;? uReaf wmfv h ykd J ocifwifjr
atmifjrifEkdifrnf r[kwfacs[líjzpfonf/ a&m? Akdvfodef;wefyg oabmrusbl;vkdY od&ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf
uRefawmfhrSm xdkpmudk tvGwfusufrSwf&rnf[kajymaom
oabmxm; b,fvdk&SdovJ odyg&ap}} [k ajymvkdufygonf/
aMumifh uReaf wmf tvGwu f su&f ygonf/ t*Fvyd v f ykd gru jrefrm
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182 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 183
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184 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 185
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186 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 187
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204 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 205
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racsmarGv Y aS omvrf;udk t&Sed rf eS rf eS af rmif;Mu&m BuKd UyifaumufoYkd tac:rSm wdkif; (7) jzpf&m xdkpOfu wdkif;rSL;rSm AdkvfrSL;atmifjzpf
acsmarmpGm a&mufoGm;ygonf/ onf/ 'kwdkif;rSL;rSm AdkvfpdefrSefjzpfonf/ AdkvfrSL;atmif? AdkvfpdefrSef
BudKUyifaumufjynfvrf;&Sd Adkvfrif;acgif\ rdbrsm;tdrfokdY wdkYonf xdka'owGif tao;pdwf &du©modkavSmifrI? BudKwifNyD;
um;armif;0ifoGm;aomfvnf; Adkvfrif;acgif\zcifrSm av,mOf aus;&Gmrsm;wGif &JabmfEpS Of ;D pD ydx Yk m;rI? &GmpOfajrjyiftaetxm;?
&efuadk &Smif&ef NrKd Uta&SUbufEpS rf ikd cf eft Y uGm&Sr;f pk&mG odYk ajymif;oGm; qufo, G af &;vrf;utp pepfuspmG pDpOfxm;aMumif; Adv k cf sKyu f kd
aMumif; od&aomaMumifh &Srf;pka&mufatmifyif vdkufoGm;NyD; wifjyMuonf/ þ (jyvdkY) rS wpfzufurf;okdYul;NyD; awmfvSefa&;
xdk&GmwGifem;Mu\/ XmecsKyu f kd xm;rnfjzpf&m Adv k cf sKyo f nf taotcsmppfar;aejcif;
&GmwGifeHeufapmapmpmtjzpf aumufn§if;aygif;? yJjyKwf? jzpfonf/
aumfzDwdkYESifh{nfhcHMuonf/ xdkaeYum; rwfv 24 &uf? 1945ckESpf jzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyf
23-3-1945 wpfaeYvHk;yifBudKUyifaumufteD;&Srf;pk&GmwGif atmifqef;onfuRefawmfhtm; ocifA[def;udkac:&ef jzL;odkY
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wdaYk ecdck \ hJ / eHeufpm npmpm;cJ\ h / a&csKd ;cJ\
h / vT w f a omaeY / Ad k v f w if O D ; tm; ocif p d k ; xH p myd k Y c d k i f ; aomaeY
aeYcif;ydkif;tdyfchJ\/ jzpfygonf/
208 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 209
]] 'DrSm udkpef;aiGa&? tJ'DaeYrSyJjyóemu pawmhwmAsm;}} Advk cf sKyu
f tJ'v D kd rqH;k jzwfcif Adv k rf if;acgifukd ar;ao;w,f/
[k Adv
k pf ed rf eS u f wdik ;f (7) wGif uReaf wmfu h kd ajymjyygonf/ olu- ]]wkdY [dkbuful;zdkYtpDtpOf ESpf&uftwGif; jzpfyghrvm;wJh}}
]]'DvAkd sm?h Akv d cf sKyw
f Ukd u 24 &ufaeYrmS yJ a&Tawmifukd jyefomG ; Adv
k rf if;acgifuvnf; ]]uReaf wmfAv kd pf ed rf eS ef UJ tao;pdwrf wdik yf if&
w,f/ rlvtpDtpOfua&Tewfawmifuae jyvdu Yk t
kd a&muf? jyvdYk ao;bl;/ 'gayr,fh tajctaeu ta&;BuD;vmNyD}} 'DvdkajymNyD; -
uaewpfzufurf; jy&Dta&mufpDpOfxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfwdkYu ]]ryleYJ udBk u;D ... uReaf wmfjzpfatmifvyk af y;r,f}} vdv Yk nf;
a&Tawmifvnf;a&mufa&m wyfMuyfBu;D wifO;D (rauG;) udk Adv k cf sKyf ajymvdkufa&m AdkvfcsKyfu -
ausmfaZmu AdkvfcsKyfpmukd ydkYcdkif;w,fAsm;/ ]]uJ'gjzifh wdkYtpDtpOfudk 1945 ckESpf? rwfv27 &ufaeY
cifAsm;vnf; odNyD;om;yJ? awmfvSefa&;aeYudk {NyDv ESpf&uf ajymif;r,f vdkY ajymvdkufwmAsm/
aeYudkowfrSwfNyD;om;/ jzpfcsiaf wmh ukpd ef;aiG Adv k cf sKyvf nf; tJ'pD um;ajymvdq Yk ;kH a&m
tJ'gAsm Adv k af usmaf Zmu olwv Ykd yI &f mS ;rIawG *syefawG &dyrf yd kH usKyfu olwdkYtcef;a&mufoGm;awmhwmudk;/
&w,f olwu Ykd kd rsujf cnfrjywfMunfah ew,f/ 'gaMumifh awmfveS zf Ykd tJ'rD mS wif udpk ef;aiG 27 &uf ajymif;aMumif; pmawG Adv k cf sKyf
&ufudk rwfv 25 &ufaeYudka&TUay;ygvdkY pma&mufyga&m udk,fwdkifa&;? udk,fwdkifvufrSwfxdk;wm? tcsKdUpmawG Adkvf
wyfMuyfBuD;wifOD; vmydkYwmav}} rif;acgifu a&;? AdkvfcsKyfu vufrSwfxdk;wm? qufom;awGudk
]]at;Asm uReaf wmfow l q
Ykd D 25 &ufaeY a&mufomG ;awmh olwAYkd sm wdkif;toD;oD;qDvTwf? tvkyfudk ½IyfoGm;wmygyJ}}
ajAmifyJ awmfveS af &;tvHBu;D udk Adv k Af wifu (vufo;D yke;f ocif ]]jyvdkYudk AdkvfcsKyfb,faeYa&mufNyD; jy&Dudkb,fvdkul;ovJ
Awif) csKyaf ewm? uReaf wmfu ocifA[de;f udo k mG ;ac:r,fqakd wmh AdkvfBuD;}} [kuRefawmfar;&m -
ocifAwifu udk,fhvljrefjrefoGm;? jyefvmvdkYawmhr&bl;? [kdrSmyJ ]]udkpef;aiGa& tJ'DrSmwu,fhpGefYpm;cef;yJAsm? vufwpfvHk;
awmfvSefa&;qifETJvdkufvdkYajymao;w,f AdkvfBuD;&JU}} Mum;av; vGwfvGwfvmcJhwmAsmh? usKyfwdkYAkdvfcsKyfubkef;BuD;wm
]]at;uGm tJ'DaeYu 25 &ufaeYjzpfaeNyDqdkygawmh AdkvfcsKyf trSefyJ}}
wdkUu 'Du 24 &ufaeYn ckepfem&D a&Tawmifudkjyefwm n 11 ]]ajymygOD;em;axmif&atmif}}
em&DrS a&mufw,f/ rauG;wifOD;u tJ'Dtcsdefa&mufwmyJav}} ]]25-3-1945 aeYaygh? &efukef0efBuD;½Hk;u uyÜwdef udwm
]]uRefawmf 'DudpöuGif;qufjywfaew,f AdkvfrSL;}} *s;D rm;eJ*Y syefq&mwpfpk a&Tawmifa&mufvmyga&mAsm? olwaYkd wGu
]]at;av jywfrSmaygh udkpef;aiGu 24 &ufxGuf? rauG; *syefrSmwkef;u AdkvfcsKyfwdkYq&mjzpfcJhwmwJh/ tJ'D uDwm*sDrm;eJU
udw
k ifO;D u 24 &ufn a&Tawmifa&mufwm cifAsm;wdcYk si;f vrf;rSm tjcm; *syefq&mwpfpkwdkY[m AdkvfcsKyfwdkYxdkifxkdifjcif;? x xjcif;
vGJMuwmyJ}} uyfaewmwJh? tdrfom0ifawmh AdkvfcsKyfvnf; tdrfomqif;&m
]]'geJYAsm ...AdkvfcsKyfu 25 &ufawmh rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;vdkY olwx Ykd u J wpfa,mufu tdro f m0ifawmhwmyJw?hJ tdro f mxJrmS pm
awG;rdrSmaygh? 27 &ufaeY pr,fvdkYjzpfwmAsmh}} bmnm 0SufcJhovm; qkwfcJhovm;odatmifaerSmaygh/
210 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 211
*syefawGuvnf;£a`Er´ ysuf Adv k cf sKyw f uYkd kd tuJcwf? Adv k cf sKyf AdkvfcsKyfeJY AdkvfrSL;BuD;wdkYpum;ajymNyD;ygvmwJYwyfzGJUudk
wdkUuvnf; olwkdYudk £a`E´rysuf qufqHaygh? ta&;xJAsm? *syef Adv
k cf sKyu f pum;ajymw,fw?hJ tJ'gawGu Adv k rf if;acgifajymwmAsm?h
tBuaH y;t&m&Scd sKyf ar*sm*sief &,fqm0grdw k u kd tJ'aD &TawmifrmS wyfzGJUudkpum;ajymNyD;rS AdkvfrSL;BuD;aZ,sESifh pum;xyfajym
26 &ufaeY awGUzdkYcsdef;xm;wmwJh? AdkvfcsKyf[m 26 &ufaeYtxd ao;w,f/
a&TawmifrSmudkae&rSm - tJ ...NyD;rS AdkvfcsKyfu vufzwifeifqdkuf*dk;eJY uyÜwdef
usKyfudkAdkvfrif;acgifu a&Tawmifuae jyvdkYb,fvdkvkyfNyD; uDwm*sD;rm;qD oGm;vdkufowJh/ AdkvfcsKyfu -
AdkvfcsKyfudkydkYrvJqdkwmawGar;aygh? 'DawmhusKyfudkvnf; jyvdkYu ]]AdkvfaZ,suowif;ydkYw,f?&efukefrSmwyfawG[m csDwufzdkY
ajymif;zl;wifwu hJ m;Bu;D ESppf ;D rSm &JabmfEpS af ,mufpw D ifay;vku d f tqifrajybl;wJ/h wyftcsi;f csi;f vnf; nDñw G rf rI &Sjd zpfaew,f/
r,f? Advk cf sKyuf m;udk jzwfausmw f ufr,fu h m;vm&if tJ'D um;ESppf ;D u aemufyikd ;f wyfawGtwGuf pdwrf csvYkd tck usKyf &efuek jf yefawmhr,f?
uefvY efu Y efv Y efY vkyaf y;r,faygh/ 'Dvv kd yk &f wmu qm0grdw k u kd m;eJU ar*sm*sief &,fqg0grdw k ukd kd &efuek u f sraS wGUawmhr,fvaYkd jymay;yg/
AkdvfcsKyfum; udkuf200 avmuf uGmoGm;atmifav/ 'DrSm rapmifhEdkifwmudk awmif;yefaMumif;ajymyg}} vdkY AdkvfcsKyfu
]]wu,fhtcuftcJyJaemf}} ajymw,fwJh/ ajymvnf;NyD;a&m Adkvfrif;acgifudk MunfhNyD;awmh
]]wu,fayghAsm ...? wu,fu 26 &ufaeYrSm AdkvfcsKyfu oGm;pdkYvdkYajymw,fwJh Adkvfrif;acgifu AkdvfxGef;tHkeJYtwl um;qD
oGm;? oHk;a,mufom; um;ay:wufNyD; &efukefbuf xGufcw hJ m?
a&TawmifuxGufrSm qm0grdkwkdyg &efukef twljyefr,fqdk&if
Adv k cf sKyrf mS tJ't D csed u f ud, k &f aH wmfwyf rygbl;wJ/h wpfae&mrSm
wpfae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfum;ajymif;pD;wJhtcg qm0grdkwdk rsufjcnf
xm;cJw h mAsm?h jrpfu;l Ny;D rS qHrk mS ud;k / *syefawGvnf; ½kww f &ufbmrS
jywfatmif vkyf&wmav/
rvkyfEdkifbJ aMumifNyD; ai;usef&pfcJhwmwJh}}
jzpfcsifawmh tJ'D26 &ufaeYrSmyJ qm0grdkwdk&JUudk,f&Hawmf ]]'DrSmAdkvfBuD; ...AdkvfrSL;BuD;aZ,su a&Tawmifudk bm
vufzwifeifqu kd *f ;kd u Adv
k cf sKyq
f D a&mufvmw,f/ Adv k q
f u kd *f ;kd u taMumif;eJY vmwmvJAsmh}}
qm0grdkwdkum;ysufaevdkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u apmifhay;zkdY ]]udkpef;aiG bkef;uHqdkwmtJvdkyJ? b,fhES,fAsm? *syefAdkvfcsKyf
vmajymawmh AdkvfcsKyfuvnf; apmifhay;r,faygh/ um;u ysuf&w,fvdkY? AdkvfcsKyfu 26 &ufaeY ESpfem&Davmuf
AdkvfcsKyfu a&Tawmifuae ESpfem&Davmuf xGufcsifaewm/ a&Tawmifu xGufcsifwm? qm0grdkwdk um;rysuf&if? AdkvfrSL;BuD;
qdkuf*dk;tajymu qm0grdkwdk um;ysufaewmvdkYajymawmh apmifh aZ,s rvmvdu k &f if? tJ'v D kd vG,v f , G f Adv
k cf sKy[f m ud, k rf azsmuf
ae&mu aeYwpfem&Davmufusawmh AkdvfcsKyf[m vrf;avQmufzdkY Edik bf ;l ? udpk ef;aiGa&? usKyw f AYkd v
kd cf sKyu
f wu,fb h ek ;f Bu;D oly}J } [lí
xvdkufygw,fwJh/ Adkvfrif;acgifa&m? AdkvfxGef;tHkyg AdkvfcsKyf ajymjyonfudk o&ufacsmif;wGif tdyf&efvSJaecdkuf uRefawmf
aemufuvdkuf? *syefawGyg aemufuvdkuf? tJ'DrSmjzpfcsifawmh pOf;pm;awG;awmaerdvdkufygonf/
a&Tawmifuae jynfudkoGm;wJhvrf;qHka&mufawmh AdkvfrSL;BuD; Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf jynf? a&Tawmifvrf;cGw J iG f *syefq&m
aZ,seJYawGUw,f/ rsm;ESifh vufzwifeifqdkuf*dk;wdkYudkxm;cJhNyD; um;udk tjrefarmif;cJh
212 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 213
onf/ a&Tewfawmifvrf;cGJteD;wGif Adkvfrif;acgif\ um;u jyvdkYodkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYa&mufcsdefrSm 26-3-1945
apmifah e\/ xdu k m;av;ay:odYk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;? Adv k rf if;acgif? nydkif;jzpfonf/ jyvdkYonf Armhwyfrawmfom;awGr&Sdojzifh
AdkvfxGef;tHkwdkY ajymif;pD;vdkufNyD; a&TewfawmifteD;&Sd Z&yf wdwfqdwfaeonf/ &yfuGuftwGif;usef&Sdaeaom *syefppfom;
wpfaqmifwiG f ta&;ydik f OD;xGe;f azESiahf ':MunfMunfwaYkd eMu&m wdoYk nf Armhwyfrawmfom;wdu Yk v
kd nf; rawGU&? toHvnf; rMum;
Adv
k rf if;acgifu xdZk &yfwiG f um;&yfjy;D xdZk &yfrmS yifem;aeNy;D npm &aomaMumifh &yfuGuftwGif;vSnfhNyD; ]]a[; bd&krm a[wdkuf
pm;NyD; n ckepfem&DcefYwGif a&TewfawmifrS pwifxGufcJh\/ &Sdw,fum;}} [k atmfar;oHudkMum;ae&ygonf/
&efukefjynfum;vrf;ay:odkY a&mufaomtcg Adkvfrif;acgif
awmfvSefa&;MuD;aMunmNyD
onf ol\um;wGif ol\tvHjymudkwyfNyD; jynfbufokdY t&Sdef
jyif;pGmarmif;cJ\ h / ol\um;onf twm;tqD;r&Sd jyvdo Yk Ykd a&muf rwfv 26 &ufaeYnwGif jyvdkY&Gmav;onf wdwfqdwfae
oGm;awmhonf/ onf/ Armhwyfrawmfom;wdYk awmfveS af &;twGuf wyfazsmufomG ;
Adv
k rf if;acgifu Adv k cf sKy\ f 0lpvDum;rS Adv k cf sKy?f Adv k x f eG ;f tHk MuaomaMumifjh zpfonf/ narSmifarSmif wdwq f w d af ecsed wf iG f *syef
ESifh olyg oHk;a,mufom; Adkvfrif;acgif\ um;udkajymif;pD;&mwGif ppfom;wdkY\ jyvdkY&GmtwGif;vSnfhvnfNyD; ]]a[; ...bd½krm
olwo Ykd ;kH a,mufaemufwef;uxdik Nf y;D Adv k cf sKyu f kd tv,frx S ikd af p a[wdu k &f w
dS ,fum;}} (a[h Armppfom;awG&o dS vm;) [k ar;oHrsm;
onf/ Adv k cf sKyEf iS Ahf v kd x
f eG ;f tHu
k vkd nf; OD;xkyjf cif;vJv, S af qmif;ap Mum;ae&onf/
onf/ olw\ Ykd um;av;onf jynfvrf;rS jyvdb Yk ufoaYdk rmif;aepOf vqef; 14 &ufaeYn va&mifonf xdex f ed of mvsu&f o dS nf/
jynfvrf;ay:ü &efuek b f ufoYkd t&Sed jf yif;pGmarmif;oGm;onfh ar*sm um;ay:rS qif;vmaom Adv k rf if;acgif? Adv k x f eG ;f tH?k Adv
k cf sKyf
ESihf Adv
k cf sKy\ f teD;uyfu,kd &f aH wmfatmifazwdo Yk nf apmufvaS om
*sief &,fqm0grdw k \ kd um;onf tvH0gudv k iT v
hf suf &efuek b f ufoYkd
urf;yg;udkqif;aepOf Adkvfrif;acgifonf urf;pyfodkYajy;qif;vdkuf
t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;oGm;onfudk naeapmif;aESmif;ydkif; n ckepf
onf/ urf;pyfwiG f pyg;wif; 100 cefY wifEikd af om avSBu;D wpfp;D
em&DcefaY vmufwiG f awGUvdu k &f ao;aMumif;vnf; xyfro H &d ygao;
qdkufuyfxm;\/ avSrSm aygif;rdk;xm;onf/ vloHawG rMum;
onf/ þtaMumif;rsm;ukd ocifwifjru bkb H 0rSmjzifh pmtkyw f iG f wdwfqdwfaeonf/
a&;cJyY gonf/ Akv d rf if;acgifuvnf; uReaf wmfu h dk o&ufacsmif;wGif xdktcdkuf avSaygif;rdk;atmufrS toHxGufvmonf -
ajymjyygonf/ aemif wkid ;f (7)okYd ta&mufwiG f Akv d pf ed rf eS u f ajymcJY ]]a[h usm;eufvm; ...*sykvm;}}
onfrsm;jzpfygonf/ ]]usm;eufa[h}} [k jyefatmfvdkufrS avSaygif;rdk;atmufrS
BuD;us,faumif;jrwfaom vkyfief;BuD;wpf&yf atmifjrif vlESpfa,mufxGufvmMuonf/ wpfa,mufrSm wyf&if; (2)rS
a&;twGuf atmifjrif&eftajctaewdkYonf tbufbufrSyif &Jabmfwpfa,mufjzpfNyD; Adkvfrif;acgifrSwfrdaomol jzpfayonf/
axmuf y H h w wf M uyguvm; .... ....[lí uRefawmfawG;rdvdkuf xdktcgrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;zufokdY Adkvfrif;acgifu vufjy
yg\/ vdkufvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfxGef;tHkwdkY avS&Sd&mokdY
214 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 215
ajy;qif;vkdufMu\/ avSay:odkYwuf? avSaygif;rkd;atmufodkY Adv
k pf rduk ?f Adv
k Af v? Adv k pf ed 0f if;wdyYk g0ifaMumif;od&ygonf/ Adv k cf sKyf
0ifvkdufMuonf/ wdkYtm; xrif;auR;&ef a':cifvSESifh&GmrSrdef;rwdkYvma&muf ulnD
um;ay:rS ypönf;awGudktjref,lNyD; avSay:odkY wifvdkufMu csufMuaMumif;? xrif;rusufrDyif tarmajy pm;aomuf&ef
\/ a&wdrfaeí avSudkurf;rS cufcufcJcJ a&TUcJh&onf/ wpfzuf ig;ajcmufzkwf? a&aEG;Murf;? xef;vsuf? aygufaygufqkyfrsm;
urf;odkYa&mufaomtcg vSnf;,mOfESpfpD;apmifhaeonf/ xdk ygaMumif;od&onf/
ae&mwGif awmfvSefa&;umvrwdkifrDu tawmfapmapmuyif AdkvfcsKyfwdkYonf a&csdK;NyD; xrif;pm;NyD; wpfa&;tdyftem;,l
vTwfxm;onfh t&mcHAdkvf udkuHvdIifudk awGY&onf/ Mu\/
ypön;f rsm;udk vSn;f ay:wifNy;D xGucf &hJ m wpfnvH;k yif c&D;ESicf hJ xdktcsdefu olBuD;u olBuD;uawmf xrif;jyif&mokdY a&muf
&avonf/ eHeufukd;em&DcefYwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ zufqpf vmNyD;-
awmfveS af &;pwifrnfh yxrpcef;jzpfaom ykPmÖ ;&GmodYk a&mufav ]]vmwJ h { nf h o nf a wG x J r S m vl w pf a ,muf u Ad k v f c sKyf
onf/ atmifqef;vm;rodbl;? igNrdKUoGm;wkef;u owif;pmrSm oYlyHk
ykPmÖ ;&Gmonf BuKd wifppD Ofxm;onft h wdik ;f t&mcHAv kd u f v
H iId f awGU&w,f/ acgif;ucRecf Reyf kH vufu OD;xkyu f ikd x
f m;w,f}} [lí
\ pnf;½Hk;rIaMumifh &Gm\ wyfpnf;&dk;rsm;cdkifvHkaejcif;? &GmwGif;&Sd
ajymaMumif;yg\/ a':cifvSu -
tdrfNcH0if;rsm;? vrf;rsm; oefY&Sif;aejcif; xl;jcm;csufrSm olBuD;\
]]uduk v H iId u
f vnf; b,fuvmNy;D 'D&mG rSmaomifwifaew,f
MoZma&mufaejcif;yifjzpfonf/
rod? olY{nfhonfawGuvnf; b,folrSef;rod}} [ka':cifvSu
olBuD;u NcHpnf;½dk;um 0dkif;vkyfMu\/ vrf;oefY&Sif;a&;?
tdrf0if;oefY&Sif;a&;? tdrfomponfwdkY oefY&Sif;a&;udk wpf&GmvHk; jyefajymaMumif;? bmawGjzpfvmrvJrodbl;[k awG;aMumif;
nDnñ D w G ñf w G f vkycf MhJ uonf/ olBu;D acgif;aqmifNy;D &Gm\ vHNk cKH a&; a&;xm;\/
oefY&Sif;a&;rSm txl;aumif;aeayonf/ xdkYaeYum; wefcl;vjynfhaeY 1306 ckESpfaywnf;/
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf &GmolBu;D tdro f 0Ykd ifa&muf tem;,l xdkn ckepfem&DcefYwGif udkuHvdIifupkay;aom &yf&Gm&Sdvlxk
avonf/ onf olBuD;tdrfa&SUuGufvyfwGif jynfhaeonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif
ykPmÖ ;&GmodYk Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;a&mufcyhJ EkH iS hf awmfveS af &;aeY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppf,leDazmif;jynfhpHkpGm0wfqifí vlxk
wGif awmfveS af &;aMunmyHu k kd xkpd Ofu ykPmÖ ;&Gm\ olBu;D uawmf a&SUwGif&yfNyD; -
a':cifvaS jymjyyHu k kd 1978 ckEpS ?f rwfvtwGi;f u aMu;rHo k wif;pm ]]usKyfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yJ? 'DaeYupNyD; usKyfwdkY Armh
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xl;qef;onfrmS &Gmom;wdu Yk td;k pnfawG? AkaH rmif;awGw;D Ny;D ywf0ef;usif? a0gNrdKUe,f0ef;usif&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;okdY vSnfhvnfMuyg
wdkufyGJodkY vdkufcJhygonf/ onf/ xdkywf0ef;usifwGif t<uif;tusef&SdEdkifrnfxif&aom
rdk;wGif;jzpfav&m v,fuGif;awGa&awG azG;aeygonf/ &efolwdkYudk &Sif;vif;&efjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf*syefwdkYwpfa,mufrS
csDwuf&mwGif a&awGESifhjzpf\/ rawGU&awmhyg/ ppfawmif;jrpfudk b,fvdkjzwful;oGm;onfudk
*syefawG pufaoewfjzifh w&Murf;ypfygonf/ &Gmom;awGukd rodvdkuf&awmh/
AdkvfvSarmfu qkwfMu? qkwfMu [k ajymaomfvnf; tcsdKU&Gmom; uReaf wmfww Ykd yf a0gwGif xdik af eMu&onf/ Adv k af usmaf Zm\
awGu "m;ESifhwufckwfrnfvkyfí tawmfYudkwm;,lMu&ygonf/ usnfqefrSefaom'Pf&mvnf; usufoGm;NyD/
trsdK;orD;xkvnf;ygao;\/ a0gwGif ysi;f &dpmG apmifah e&aomfvnf; uReaf wmfonf wyfrS
olwdkYu xrif;tkd;awG? xrif;xkyfawG? 0ufom;[if;awG avSpD;NyD; yJcl;ppfawmif;wl;ajrmif;twdkif; oeyfyifodkYoGm;vdkuf?
csuNf y;D wyfukd tm;ay;ygonf/ tvGet f &yf&n S af om Adv k v
f aS rmf wpfcgwav yJcl;txdoGm;vdkuf vkyfaewwfygonf/
onfa&SUodYk twif;yif wufypf&yg\/ Adv k af usmaf Zmu ]]bmuJ½;kd }} xdtk cgu uReaf wmfonf wyf\tiftm;tjzpf uk, d ufh , kd u
f ,
kd f
[k atmfNyD; a&SUodkY wdk;wuf\/ owf r S w f x m;vd k u f r d o nf / xd k Y a Mumif h jyif y od k Y xG u f j cif ;
xdkwdkufyGJwGif AdkvfausmfaZmonf aygifwGif 'Pf&m&cJh\/ (,cif u avmuf quf o m;vk y f p Of u rsd K ;) r&S d a wmh y g/ yJ c l ;
xdkAdkvfausmfaZmum; ,aeY 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;armifat;\ a&mufvQif uRefawmf a&Tarmfa"mbk&m;okdYom oGm;ygonf/
tpfudkt&if; ukefoG,fa&;twGif;0efjzpfygonf/ a0gwGi&f adS epOftwGi;f yif *syefvufeufcsvu kd af om owif;
ppfyGJwGif uRef;BuD;&Gm&Sd wyfpcef;rS 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufay; udk od&ygawmhonf/ Mo*kwfv 15 &uf? 1945 ckESpf jzpfygonf/
onhf Adkvfwpfa,muf (o&D;vdkif; 0rf;pwm;) ESifh tjcm;&Jabmf a0gwGif&SdaepOftwGif;yif *syefvufeufcsvdkufaomtcg
wpfa,muf usqHk;ygonf/ trnfrrSwfrdawmhyg/ uReaf wmfww Ykd yfrawmfom;rsm;\pdwrf mS vGwv f yfayghyg;oGm;onf/
234 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 235
uRefawmfwdkYwyfawG pdwfvufayghyg;oGm;ouhJodkY owif; udk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrIay;cJhonf/ wkdif; (2) jrpf0uRef;ay:
awGvnf; odcsifaompdwf &Sdaeygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYwyf&if;rSL; wGif ygwDonf wyfrawmfEiS phf nf;vH;k nDñw G rf I r&cJ[
h í
l uReaf wmf
Ad k v f a t;armif r S m &ef u k e f o G m ;ojzif h wyf & if ; wG i f r&S d y g/ Mum;&ygonf/
AdkvfvSordefu AdkvfvSarmftm; ]]usKyfvnf; oGm;OD;r,f}} [lí uRefawmfa&mufcJhaom wdkif;wdkYwGif uRefawmfay;cJhaom
ajymNyD;wyfrSxGufoGm;&m wyfwGif vl&Sif;aeygonf/ oifwef;wdkYudk wyfwGif;t&m&SdwdkYudk aqG;aEG;yGJusif;y&mwGif
wpfaeYwiG f wdik ;f (4) rS qufom;wpfa,mufu vmygonf/ vnf;aumif;? t&mcH? tMuyfwyfom;wdt Yk m; oifwef;ay;&mwGif
olu armfawmfqdkifu,fESifhyg/ olYwm0efrSm wdkif; (4) rSydkYonfh vnf;aumif; atmifjrifr&I cdS o hJ nf/ awmfveS af &;twGuf pnf;½H;k &m
owif;? trdefYponfwdkYudk wdkif; (4) vufatmufcHwyf&if;odkY wGiv f nf;aumif;? aus;vufta&mufomG ;a&mufNy;D awmfveS af &;
pmyd&Yk oljzpfygonf/ olum; ½ky&f iS pf wefrY if;om;Bu;D wifaz jzpfyg twG u f zwyv\ OD ; aqmif r I u d k y g0if & ef pnf ; ½k H ; &mwG i f
onf/ uReaf wmfonf ol\qdik u f ,faemufwiG x f ikd Nf y;D yJc;l odYk oGm;cJh vnf;aumif; ukef;abmifaus;vuf vlxku oabmwlpnf;vHk;
ygawmhonf/ nDñGwfpGmyifvufcHí awmfvSefa&;udk qifETJcJhMuonf/
þodo Yk mG ;cJ&h onft
h wGuf uReaf wmftvGeaf ysmo f mG ;\/ olu Y kd jrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif uGefjrLepfygwD\ acgif;aqmif
½kyf&SifZmwfum;wGif awGUzl;onf/ uRefawmfBudKufaom rif;om; ocifpdk;\ rvkyfoifh? rvkyfxkdufwmudkvkyfcJhíwpfaMumif;?
jzpf&um;ol\ qdik u f ,faemufwiG f xdik &f wmudyk if uReaf wmfw h iG f r[mrdwfwyfzGJU0ifrsm;udk qufqH&mwGifvnf; rvkyfoifhwmudk
aysmfvSygawmhonf/ odkYaomf xdkpOftcgu uRefawmfhtoufrSm jyKrí
l wpfaMumif;wdaYk Mumifh wyfrawmfbufrS ocifp;kd ESit hf pD;uyfí
19ESpjf ynfch gpomjzpfav&m uav;omom[kyif ajym&rnft h &G,f r&Edkifavmufatmif jzpfyHk&onf[lí uRefawmf Mum;&ygonf/
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif EdkifiHtwGufoufpGefYqHzsm; yifyef;BuD;pGm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ocifpdk;\tjyKtrlrsm;aMumifh ocifpdk;
oGm;vmvkyfcJhonfu tjcm;? aysmfwmutjcm;[kom awG;&yg tay:wGif pdwfysufvmonf[lívnf; Mum;cJh&onf/
awmhonf/ odkYaomf 1945 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 20 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhonfh
uGefjrLepfygwDonf awmfvSefa&;umvu ykef;vQKd;uG,fvQKd; ygwDuGef*&ufodkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; rzdwfMum;[líod&\/
aecJh&aomfvnf; wyfrawmfu &efukefudk odrf;NyD;aomtcg Adv
k cf sKyt
f m; {nfo h nftjzpfyif rzdwcf /hJ txufwiG f wifjycJo h nfh
uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwdkY &efukefa&mufvmMuNyD; ygwD½Hk;udk ajAmif zGifh twdik ;f uGejf rLepfygwDtwGuf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u tBuaH y;cJyh g
vdkufMuygonf/ aomfvnf; ocifpdk; - ocifoef;xGef;wdkYonf uGefjrLepfygwD\
zufqpfawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif;u wyfrawmf? jynfol ta&;udprö sm;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;tm; aqG;aEG;jcif;?
vlxkESifh jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwD0ifrsm;? tm&Svli,frsm;? wdkifyifjcif;rjyKcJhay/ xdkxufxl;onfrSm wyfrawmfESifhywfouf
uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwdkYyg pnf;½Hk;rIaMumifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;MuD; aom udprö sm;wGiv f nf; *dP
k ;f *Poabmxm;rsm; xm;&Sv d su&f \
dS /
atmifjrifcJh&onf/ ppfwdkif;toD;oD;wGif nDñGwfrI&Sd&ef ocifpdk; qefYusifrIrsm;yif&SdcJhMu\/ xdkodkYrjzpf&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
236 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 237
&if;&if;ESD;ESD;tBuHay;cJhaomfvnf; uGefjrLepfygwDbufu AdkvfcsKyf wdkYonf vlrsdK;ra&G;bmomra&G; wnDwñGwfwnf; qufvuf
atmifqef;tm; wHkYjyefrIr&SdcJhaMumif; owif;rsm;udk Mum;ae&\/ aqmif&Guf&ef txl; vdkayonf/
ygwDuGef*&ufodkY uRefawmf wufcGifhr&Sdyg/ uRefawmfu uREkfyfwdkY wyfrawmftm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmh
wyfwGif;rS vl? wyfpnf;urf;udkvdkufem&ol? xdkrQru uRefawmf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf pGepYf eG pYf m;pm; aqmif&u G cf ohJ t
l aygif;wdo Yk nf
b,f&yf? b,fNrKd Uu ud, k pf m;vS,[ f í
l vnf;r[kw&f um; ygwD\ vnf;aumif; þ tyifyef;cH tqif;&Jtepfem taotauscu H m
'kwd,tBudrfuGef*&ufonf uRefawmfESifhreD;pyfEdkifyg/ odkYaomf BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonfrSm vufwpfqkyfrQ&Sdaom vlwpfpk\
uRefawmfonf ygwDwGifoifwef;wufcJh? pmawGzwfcJholjzpfonfh aumif;pm;rIudkomOD;wnfívnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwdkY\ udk,fa&;
twGuf uGejf rLepfygwDay:wGif oHa,mZOfrjzwfEikd yf g/odyYk gí þ udk,fwm wdk;wufrIudkom&nfrSef;vsuf aqmif&GufvkyfudkifcJhMu
owif;rsm;udk em;pGifhaerdMum;aerdjcif; jzpfygonf/ onfr[kwb f J jrefrmEdik if v
H x
l tk aygif; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf &nfp;l
tqdyk g uGejf rLepfygwDueG *f &ufoYkd Akvd o f ed ;f wef wufco hJ nf vsuv f yk cf MhJ uonft h aMumif;udk acgif;aqmify*k Kd¾ vrf sm;ESihf Edik if o H l
[k Mum;&ygonf/ EdkifiHom;taygif;wdkYtm; txl;av;eufpGm azmfjyvdkayaMumif;/
uGejf rLepfygwDu Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ay:wGif qufqyH akH wGukd xdaYk Mumifh uREyfk w f aYkd cgif;aqmift&m&Srd sm;\ tpnf;ta0;u
jrefrmedik if t H wGi;f acgif;aqmifrnfyh *k Kd¾ vrf sm;ESihf wdik ;f oljynfom;
uReaf wmfMum;onft h wdik ;f omrSeyf gu þvky&f yfonf rrSeyf gvm;
taygif; pdwf0rf;uGJjym;jcif;tvsOf;r&SdbJ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;
[kawG;rd\/ uRefawmfhwGif vkyfydkifcGifh r&Sdyg/ bufvdkufonf[k
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyftwGif; xda&mufpGm 0ifa&muf
ajymcsif ajym/ 'Dvdkvkyfwm [kwfyghrvm;[kvnf; awG;rdygao;
vkyfudkifum jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;ESifhjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
onf/ xdkodkY rwifrus'Gd[pdwfawGESifh aeaepOfrSmyif Mo*kwfv vkyif ef;t&yf&yfukd wnDwñGww f nf; aESmifah ES;qdik ;f iHjh cif; tvsO;f
12 &uf? 1945 ckESpf&ufpGJjzifh Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmift&m&Sd r&SdbJ aqmif&GufMu&ef jyif;xefpGm wdkufwGef;vdkufygaMumif;/
BuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;u xkwfjyefaomaMunmcsuf xGufvmyg 1/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (ppfaoemywd)
onf/ xdkaMunmcsufrSm - 2/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;vusfm ('kwd,ppfaoemywd)
,cktcg *syefzufqpfrsm;onf uRefawmfwdkYwyfrawmfESifh 3/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;aZ,s (ppfOD;pD;rSL;)
EdkifiHaygif;pHkr[mrdwfwyfrawmfrsm; 0dkif;0ef;wdkufcdkufonfudk 4/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;ae0if; (a&SUwef;ppfXmecsKyfrSL;)
zufNyKd ijf cif;iSm rpGr;f awmhbJ vufeufcs&efpum;rsm;udk urf;vSr;f 5/ AdkvfrSL;armifarmif (wdkif;trSwf 1 rSL;)
NyD;avNyD/ 6/ AdkvfrSL;atmifBuD; (jrpf0uRef;ay:wdkif;rSL;)
urÇmhppfBuD;um; NyD;awmhrnf/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwdkY EdkifiHol 7/ AdkvfrSL;ausmfaZm (wdkif;trSwf 4 rSL;)
Edik if o
H m;rsm;\ta&;um; rNy;D ao;/ uREyfk w f EYkd ikd if \
H ta&;wpfcv k ;kH 8/ AdkvfrSL;&JxG#f (wdkif;trSwf 6 rSL;)
onf uREyfk w f Ykd wyfrawmfEiS v hf wG v
f yfa&;vdck sio f t l m;vH;k oufpeG Yf 9/ AdkvfrSL;atmif (wdkif;trSwf 7 rSL;)
BudK;yrf;xrf;aqmifcJh&onfESihftrQ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;taygif; 10/ AdkvfrSL;tmVm0u (txufjrefrmjynfwdkif;rSL;)
238 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 239
uReaf wmfonf Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmift&m&Srd sm; tpnf; ppfNy;D aMumif;aMunmpOfu a00g;oGm;cJah omtawG;wdo Yk nf
ta0;u xkwjf yefvu kd o
f nfh aMunmcsuu f kd zwfvu kd &f aomtcg ,ck Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmift&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ aMunmcsuf
tm;wufaomcHpm;csuf 0ifvmonf/ jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf aMumifh uRefawmfwdkY a&SUquf&rnfhc&D;udk jywfom;pGm jrifvm
wyfrawmfu tm;oGefcGefpdkufvkyfrnf[lí ,HkMunfrdvkdufonf/ rdonf/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tvkyfawG&Sdao;onf[lí/
wyfrawmft&m&SdBuD;rsm; aMunmcsufrxkwfrDu tar&duef xdkodkYaeaepOfrSmyif &efukefrSvmaom owif;pmrsm;udk
wyfu 1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv ajcmuf&ufESifh ukd;&ufaeYwdkYwGif apmifhzwf&\/ owif;pm&rItcsdef rrSefyg/ wpfcgwpf&H a&'D,dk
*syefEdkifiH&Sd [D½dk&SD;rm;ESifhem*gpuD NrdKUBuD;ESpfNrdKUtm; tPkjrLAHk; em;axmif&mwGif owif;rsm;Mum;&ygonf/ xdak Mumifyh if aeol&ed f
Buv J u
kd &f m vlrsm;pGmaoausum td;k tdrw f yYkd supf ;D um txdemvS tpnf;ta0; [laompum;onf em;wGif;0,f vQHvmygonf/
cJo h nf/ xdEk pS f Mo*kwv f 15 &ufwiG f *syefwYkd vufeufcsc&hJ awmh *syefvufeufcsaMumif; aMunmNy;D aemufaeYrmS yif zwyv
onf/ XmecsKyaf cgif;aqmifrsm; pka0;Ny;D ESp&f ufww d d pnf;a0;Muygonf/
uRefawmf xdkpOfu ,HkMunfcJhaom yHkuav;udkajymjycsif Mo*kwv f 16 &uf 17 &uftpnf;ta0;rsm;odYk zwyvtzGUJ csKy\ f
ygonf/ OD;pD;tzGJU0ifrsm;wufa&mufMuNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u urÇmppf
uReaf wmfwYkd oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;jzpfc\ hJ / ,l*sv D yI &f mS ;rI Ny;D qH;k jcif;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D jrefrmjynftwGuf qufvufaqmif&u G f
rsm;vkycf MhJ u\/ uReaf wmf ygcJyh gonf/ bDtikd af t bD'aD twyfrsm;
&rnfh vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk rdefYMum;onf[líMum;ygonf/
zGUJ awmhvnf; rnfrQ awmacgifacsmifusygap tifrwefa0;vHaom
xdt k pnf;ta0;uyif Mo*kwv f 19 &ufaeYwiG f tpnf;ta0;
t&yfuyifvQif a,musmf ;qdyk gu xkw d yfrsm;wGif yg0ifwu dk cf ukd cf hJ
wpf&yfusif;y&ef A[ef;NrdKUe,f? uefawmfBuD;0if;twGif; A[ef;
Mu\/ pm;awmh ausmufcJ? tdyfawmh ql;ay:qdkouJhodkY rdrd\
toufudk yef;wpfyGifhzufwpf&Gufomoabmxm;NyD; wyfom; (3) vrf;xdyfESifhrsufapmif;xdk; aeol&defjyZmwf½HkwGif usif;y&ef
b0wGif aysmfarGUcJhMu\/ wyfrawmfom;wpfa,mufqdkonfrSm zdwfac:vdkufygonf/
vpmr&yg/ axmufyahH Mu;tjzpf 10 usyf (*syefaiG) om &cJyh gonf/ zwyvu OD;pD;usif;yrnfh vlxktpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif -
þodkY yg;udk tBudrfBudrftcscHNyD; xrif;udk [if;rygbJpm;NyD; 1/ ArmhwyfrawmfESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;?
ppfwyfwGif;0,f yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJhMuonfrSm EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&; 2/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;?
[laom taMumif;wpfckwnf;aMumifhom jzpfygonf/ 3/ wpfEdkifiHvHk; nDñGwfa&;ESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;
Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmift&m&Srd sm;ajymcJo h vdk aMunmcJh wdkUudk tqdktjzpfwifoGif; qHk;jzwfMu&ef oabmwlMuonf[k
ovdk udk,fa&;udk,fwmwdk;wufrI[laom arQmfvifhcsuf[lí uRefawmfMum;&onf/
wpfqjH cnfrygcJyh g/ rdbudk pGecYf &hJ \/ cspo f u l kd xm;cJ&h \/ Zmwdukd þtpnf;ta0;odYk wufa&muf&ef vIaYH qmfcsed rf mS Mo*kwv f
cGJcGmcJh&\/ taMumif;um; EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;[laom taMumif; 17 &ufEiS 1hf 8 &uf ESp&f ufom&Syd gaomfvnf; &efuek Nf rKd Uvlxo k nf
wpfaMumif;wnf;aMumifhom jzpfygonf/ zwyvtzGJUudk pdwf"mwfwuf<upGm tifwdkuftm;wdkuf tpnf;
240 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 241
ta0;Bu;D odYk wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/ xdrk w S pfyg; &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if tqdkygtpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymMum;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wyfrawmfaoemywd[kMum;zl;aomfvnf; cJhaom rdefYcGef;rSm -
zufqpf\zdeyfatmufrS jrefrmvlxu k u
kd ,fwifcahJ om wyfrawmf zufqpfwu kd zf suaf &;jynfov Yl w G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyo f nf ygwD
aoemywd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk tvGef pdw0f ifpm;aeMuyH&k onf/ tzGUJ tpnf;r[kwaf Mumif;? vGwv f yfa&;udt k &,l&ef wdu k yf 0JG ifvkd
xdaYk Mumifyh if tpnf;ta0;Bu;D \t&Sed t f 0gonf vGepf mG Bu;D cJh onfh wyfrawmfom;rsm;? uGejf rLepfygwD? jynfot Yl a&;awmfykH ygwD
awmhonf/ wdkY yl;aygif;NyD; 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvuyifpwif zGJUpnf;cJhjcif;
19-8-45 aeYu aeol&ed jf yZmwf½BkH u;D wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; jzpf aMumif;? zwyvtzGUJ csKyu f kd vlrsKd ;bmomra&G;wdik ;f oljynfom;
rdecYf eG ;f ajymaeqJ pif\aemufyikd ;f u usKd ;usc\ hJ / pifay:uvlawG wkid ;f yg0ifEikd af Mumif;? þtzGUJ csKyrf mS b,fygwD&UJ rlyikd t f zGUJ r[kwf
vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfaomfvnf; vlxkrodvdkuf? AkdvfcsKyfuol\ aMumif;? wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;udk
rdefYcGef;udkom qufvuf rdefYMum;aeonfudk NidrfNyD;em;axmifae aoG;pnf;zdkY zGJUpnf;cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;/
aMumif; aemifwGif uRefawmfodcJh&ygonf/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;taejzifh r[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;ESifhqufoG,fcJh
&efukefNrdKU&SdvlxkBuD;onf aeY 11 em&DavmufwGif aeol&def aMumif;? rwfv 27 &ufaeYupNy;D wpfwidk ;f jynfv;kH wyfrawmfu
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250 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 251
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t,ltqudk uRefawmf b0ifrusyg/ rdecYf eG ;f udak emufusrS zwf&aomaMumifh tawG;uvnf; aemufus
wu,fajym&vQif 1941 ckEpS x f u J yif zufqpfawmfveS af &; &jcif; jzpfonf/
twGuf uGejf rLepfawGutpjyKí aqmfMocJo h nfrmS trSeyf if jzpfyg uRefawmfhtawG;wGif zwyvtzGJUBuD;wGif yg0ifaom
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acgif;aqmifaom ArmhrsdK;cspfwyfrawmf\ ppfa&;pGrf;aqmifrI rvm;[lí awG;rdvdkufonf/
rSmom t"duusygonf/ jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwD? tm&Svli,f
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zufqpfawmfveS af &;udk OD;aqmifcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf/ NcKH í qd&k vQif
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b0ifrus cHpm;rdaeygonf/ txl;ojzifh ocifoef;xGe;f u 'kw, d toGifodkY ajymif;vdkufavNyD/
uGef*&ufukd ppfEkdifuGef*&uf[k ajymMum;jcif;rSm oabmxm; - igwdkYonf jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ bdk;bGm;ydkifypönf;jzpf
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ygwD w pf c k w nf ; u Ek d i f o nf r [k w f / Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; rdrad umif;usKd ;qd;k usKd ;udk rdrw
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acgif ; aqmif a om wyf r awmf E S i f h j ref r mjynf o l w pf & yf v k H ; u wdkYtwGuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;? ocifrsm;?
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252 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 253
a&G;cs,í f 1939 ckEpS u f yif vQKd U0Suaf &;ygwDwpfct k jzpf ,lMu&rnf/ vQdKU0Sufaom vkyfief;rsm;rS twdtvif;
jzifw h nfaxmifco hJ nf/ t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ pepfuv kd nf; igwdUk vkyfief;rsm;odkYajymif;í ajAmifvkyf&rnf/
awmfvSefcJhonf/ zufqpf*syefrsm; jrefrmjynfwGif - xdkYaMumifh igwdkY\ygwDudkvQdKU0Sufa&;ygwDtjzpfrS twd
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jzifh igwdkYyif wdkufcJhMuonf/ aemufqHk;uGefjrLepfygwD? vkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
ArmhwyfrawmfESifh igwdkYygwD oHk;zGJUaygif;NyD; zufqpf igwd k Y \ &nf & G , f c suf r sm; [l í jynf o l Y v G w f v yf a &;
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*syefudk twdtvif;ykefuefaomtcg igwdkY ygwD0ifrsm; 1/ xm0pOf Nird ;f csr;f a&;? jrefrmjynfEiS w hf uG urÇmBu;D rS t"r®
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avmavmq,f jrefrmEdik if aH &;wnfaxmifa&;wdt Yk wGuf aumif;usKd ;qd;k usKd ;udk rdrw d uYkd ,
kd wf ikd f zefw;D Edik cf iG &hf &Sad &;/
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aomenf;t& xdk;xGif;zefwD;&rnf/ vQdKU0SuftaMumif; oabmxm;udk xkwfazmfjy&mwGif -
a0zefaomenf;t& xd;k xGi;f zefw;D &rnf/ vQKd U0Suv f yk Bf uH - igwd0Yk g'rSm avmu"mwfynmjzifh cdik v f íkH obm0usaom
a&;? vufeufuikd t f efwak &;? tMurf;zufyek u f efa&;wdUk udk qdk&S,fvpf0g' (Socialism) jzpfonfESifhavsmfnDatmif
vHk;0 pGefYy,f&rnf/ usifhoHk;oGm;rnf/
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254 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 255
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vkyu f ikd &f rnft h csed w f iG f vQKd U0Suaf &;ygwDtjzpf b,favmuf &Si;f jycsuu f dk 1948 ck? rwfv 28 &ufaeYwiG f olu, dk w
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f kd rdefYcGef;rsm;zwfNyD;aomtcg uRefawmfudk,fwdkif ppfrjzpf
wpftdwfvkyfvdkolrsm;r[kwf? igwdkY\ apwem? igwdkY\
rDu yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom U.G tzGJU\ wpfjzpfajymif;
oabmxm;udk tvkyfjzifhjyzdkYom jzpfonf/
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qd&k , S vf pfygwDtrnfjzifh Edik if aH &;pifjrifw h iG f wpfcef;zGihf
igwdkY\ygwD0ifrsm;udk twdtvif;vkyfief;jzifh jynfolwdkY
tusdK;udk rm;rm;rwfrwfa&SUaqmifí wdk;wufa&;tpOf vduk jf yefonf/ onfygwD\ xkwjf yefcsu0f g'oabmxm;
twdkif;csDwufMu&ef igwdkY qifhqdkonf/ t,loD;rIudk wkdYudkvnf; zwfrdvdkufonf/
pGeyYf ,fí qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk umva'oESiahf vsmn f aD tmif aemufwpfzGJU\pmudk uRefawmfzwf&jyefygonf/ xdk
xdk;xGif;zefwD;vdkaom vuf0J*dkPf;om;rsm;tm; igwdkY tzGUJ um; wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k jzpfonf/ ocifu, kd af wmfriId ;f ?
zdwfac:onf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;ol? udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk ocifav;armifwdkYtjyif ocifnD? ocifAat;? ocif
jyefvo kd ?l rdrw d aYkd umif;usKd ;? qd;k usKd ;udk rdru d , kd w f ikd zf efw;D cifarmifwkdYyg wuf<upGm yg0ifaMumif;awGU&ygonf/
vdkol? wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;cspfrSeforQudk igwdkY zdwfac:onf/ ocifav;armif\ajymjycsufwGif -
igwdEYk iS hf pk½;kH Muavmh? igwdo Yk nf wd;k wufa&;tpOftwdik ;f wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk vGefcJhaom 15 ESpfavmuf
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jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf twif;qefu Y siw f u
kd cf ukd &f ef wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k u *smref
256 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 257
udk taysmhcHNyD;aecJhonfudk rvdkvm;cJhaMumif;? *smreDudk ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifapvdak Mumif;? xdk ,m,Dtpd;k &tzGUJ
0dkif;ESdrf&ef ½k&Sm;? t*Fvdyf? jyifopfwdkY rvdkufemojzifh wGif bk&ifcv H nf;yg0ifEikd af Mumif;? 1935 ckEpS f tkycf sKyaf &;
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0efBuD; csdefbmvdefu EdkifiHi,fav;rsm;tm; umuG,fvdk ,m,Dtpdk;&zGJUzdkYygyJ}} [lí &Sif;vif;oGm;cJhonfudk
íom t*Fvdyfu ppfxJ0if&onf[k aMunmcsuft& zwfvdkuf&ygonf/
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csKyfcs,frIrsm;rS vGwfajrmufMuap&ef t"du&nf&G,fcsuft&
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258 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 259
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260 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 261
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262 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 263
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264 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 265
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266 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 267
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268 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 269
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270 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 271
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272 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 273
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274 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 275
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276 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 277
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tzGJUcsKyfESifh e,ftzGJUrsm;udk zGJUpnf;NyD;cJhavNyD/ tzGJUcsKyfESifh e,f vkdufygonf/
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278 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 279
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280 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 281
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284 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 285
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302 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 303
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rdk;ukwfausmif;om;avmuwGif xdkpOfu ausmif;om; ar*sm [l;bwf&efYpfudk ydkYvTwfvdkufavonf/
tzJGUtpnf; r&Sdao;yg/ ar*sm&eYfpfa&mufvQifyif zqyvOD;pD;tzGJUtm; bk&ifcH
þodaYk eaepOftwGi;f 1946 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv yxrywf trIaqmifaumifpDtzGJUwGif yg0if&ef urf;vSrf;vdkufonfudk
twGif;wGif &efukefNrdKUü trIxrf;aygif;pHk oydwfarSmufonfh Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u vufcv H ukd of nft h wGuf zqyvtzGUJ onf
oydwfwdkufyGJay:vmcJhonf/ ½Hk;pma&;rsm;oydwf? pmwdkufoydwf? EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk&vdkufaomtzGJU jzpfvmaomaMumifh AdkvfcsKyf
rD;&xm;oydw?f Xmeaygif;pHrk S tpd;k &tm;oydwaf rSmuf&mwGif ykvyd f atmifqef;onf bk&ifct H rIaqmifaumifpt D pd;k &tzGUJ wGif 'kw,d
(,cktac:&J) rsm;yg oydwfarSmufvdkuf&m &efukefNrdKUwGif tpkd;& obmywdtjzpf yg0ifaqmif&Guf&awmh\/
tkycf sKyaf &;,EÅ&m;Bu;D yg rvnfywfEikd jf zpfomG ;&aMumif; owif;pm þodaYk qmif&u G &f aom Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf 0efBu;D tzGUJ
rsm;rSwpfqihf od&ygonf/ pm&if;udk bk&ifcx H wH ifjyavonf/ xdo k wYkd ifjy&mwGif wdik ;f &if;om;
308 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 309
rsm;udkvnf;a&G;cs,f&onfhtwGuf zqyvwGifyg0ifaom tzGJU jzpfol yDpD*sdK&SD (P.C Joshi) u Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;xH pmwpfapmif
tpnf;xJrS 0efBuD;wpfae&mpD,l&ef pDpOf&onf/ ydkYvdkufonf/ xdkpmwGif -
zqyvtzGJUcsKyfwGif wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; ]]rdwaf qG atmifqef;? bk&ifc\ H tvkyt f rIaqmifaumifpo D Ykd
yg0ifonf/ xdaYk Mumifh wdik ;f &if;om;wdu Yk vkd nf; &xdu k af om tcGihf 0ifjcif;udk jyefpOf;pm;ygOD;}} [lí ol\oabmxm;udk a&;cJhonf/
ta&;&SdonfhtwGuf tpdk;&tzGJUwGif xnfhoGif;zGJUpnf;&rnf[k xdkpmudk uGefjrLepfygwDudkvnf; rdwåLay;ao;&m ocifoef;xGef;
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf zqyv A[dOk ;D pD;tzGUJ u cH,x l m;Muonf/ wdkY\txifwGif *sdK&SDwdkY rauseyf[k cH,l[ef&Sdayvdrfhrnf/
xdaYk Mumifh wdik ;f &if;om;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; ygvm *sdK&SDonf &k&Sm;tygt0if urÇmhuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifhvnf;
Muonf/ zqyvwGifyg0ifvmaom qdk&S,fvpfygwD? uGefjrLepf qufo, G af eoljzpf&m þpmonf urÇmu h eG jf rLepfrsm;\tjrifvnf;
ygwDwdkYuvnf; tpdk;&tzGJUwGifyg0if&rnfjzpf&m ygwDwpfckwGif ygEdkifaumif;\[lí ,lqyHkvnf;&ayrnf/
0efBuD;tzGJUtwGuf tzGJU0if0efBuD; wpfae&mpDudkom a&G;cs,f xdaYk Mumifh Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef;wdt Yk m; ykwcf wfvu kd jf cif;jzpf\/
cefYxm;&ef qHk;jzwfMu&onf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ocifoef;xGef;wdkY\ ykwfcwfrIudk
odaYk omf uGejf rLepfygwDu 0efBu;D ESpaf e&mawmif;cJ\ h / owif; jyefvnfacsy&efjzpfonfhtwGuf zqyvtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
pmrsm;wGif 0efBu;D ESpaf e&mawmif;onfo h wif;ygvmovdk umwGe;f
tpnf;ta0;udkac:vdkufonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;wGif ocif
rsm;uvnf; þtcsufudkyif tom;ay;a&;qGJMuonf/ ocif
oef;xGe;f vnf; wufa&mufouJo h Ykd ta0;a&muf0efBu;D OD;ode;f az
oef;xGe;f rSm zqyvtzGUJ csKy\ f A[dOk ;D pD;tzGUJ 0ifjzpfNy;D uGejf rLepf
udkyg vSrf;ac:vdkufonfhtwGuf uGefjrLepfygwD\ udk,fpm;vS,f
ygwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpf&m 0efBuD;tzGJU zGUJpnf;&mwGif
uGejf rLepfygwDu, kd pf m;jyK OD;ode;f az (aemifwiG f OD;ode;f azjrif)h udk tjzpf wufa&mufcJhonf/
0efBuD;ay;cJhonf/ 0efBuD; ESpfae&mr&aom uGefjrLepfygwDu tpnf;ta0;ü Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u rdeMYf um;&mwGif ]]þodYk
rausrcsrf; jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ 1946? atmufwdkbmv yxrywf uGefjrLepfygwDtaejzifh zqyvtzJGUudk rwdkufcdkufoifhaMumif;?
wGif uGejf rLepfygwDuxkwaf 0aom uGejf rLepfaeYpOfowif;pmwGif ,cif zqyvnDvmcHtNy;D wGif bBu;D bazu 'drk eD , D t H yk cf sKyaf &;
uGejf rLepfygwDu zqyvtzGUJ onf bk&ifc\ H trIaqmifaumifpD &vdak Mumif; tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJw h ,f/ 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd uvnf; tJ't D qdu k dk
wGif yg0ifaomaMumifh rausreyfcsufudk a&;om;cJhonf/ xdk axmufcHcJhw,f/ 'DvdktqdkwifaxmufcHMuayr,fh zqyv A[dk
a&;om;csufrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhzqyvacgif;aqmifrsm; OD;pD;tzGUJ u vufrcHcb hJ ;l / 'gudv k nf; uGejf rLepfaeYpOfuyJ 'Dv'kd rDk eD , D H
onf bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpDwGif;odkY0ifjcif;um; e,fcsJU &a&; tqdw k ifwahJ xmufcw H hJ bBu;D bazeJ'Y ;D 'kwOf ;D bcsKw d Ykd ESpOf ;D
NAdwdoQu ypfay;vdkufaomtrJwHk;udk ajy;[yfvdkufMuonf[k udk vdyfausmufNrD;eJU ½dkufzdkYaumif;w,fvdkY uGefjrLepfaeYpOfu
ykwfcwfa&;om;vdkufonf/ ykwfcwfa&;cJhw,f/ 'Dvdkykwfcwfa&;vdkY usKyfwdkY zqyvuae
þodYk ykwcf wfvu kd &f aomtaMumif;&if;wpfcsuf &Sad vonf/ twGi;f pum;awGukd 'Dvkd rykwcf wfoifah Mumif;? aemif 'Dvykd w k cf wf
xkdtcsufum; tdE´d,uGefjrLepfygwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ygu pnf;rsOf;t& ta&;,l&r,fvdkY ajymcJhaMumif;? pnf;rsOf;
310 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 311
udkvnf; owfrSwfcJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dwpfcg ykwfcwfjyefw,f/ tuGJBuD; uGJoGm;Mu&avawmhonf/ tem*wfjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;
'DykwfcwfrIudk ½kyfodrf;ay;yg}} [lí ajymcJhonf/ ordik ;f aMumif;tzdYk {&mrtvSnt hf ajymif;Bu;D wpf&yf (A Big Turn-
ocifoef;xGef;u r½kyfodrf;EdkifaMumif;? þokdYa&;jcif;rSm ing Point ) jzpfcJh&avNyD[lí uRefawmf ,lqrdonf/
ygwD\ay:vpDjzpfaMumif; ajymjy\/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u - txufwiG af &;cJo h nft h wdik ;f zqyvtzGUJ csKyBf u;D rS uGejf rLepf
]]'D r S m &S d w J h zqyvtvk y f t rI a qmif t zG J U wG i f o mru ygwDudk xkwfy,fonfhtaMumif; owif;pmrsm;wGif ygvmonfh
wpfEdkifiHvHk;u zqyvOD;pD;tzGJU0ifawGygwJh tpnf;ta0;rSm tcg NrdKUe,fzqyvtzGJUrsm;tajctaeonf wpfrsdK;wpfzHk jzpfcJh
t,lc0H ifyg}} [líajymaomfvnf; ocifoef;xGe;f u t,lcH r0if onf/
vdkaMumif;? 0ifvnf; usKyfwdkY ½HI;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/ rd;k ukwNf rKd UtaeESirhf l zqyvNrKd Ue,f? &yfuu G tf zGUJ wdw Yk iG f yg0if
]]'gaMumifh cifAsm;wdkUu usKyfwdkYudk xkwf&ifvnf; xGufrnf}} [k aomtzGJU0ifwdkYonf uGefjrLepfygwDwGifr&SdcJhyg/ tvHeDuGefjrLepf
ajymonfhtwGuf ocifoef;xGef;ESifhOD;odef;azwdkY\a&SUwGif ygwD0ifawGu zqyv rdk;ukwfESifhrdk;rdwftkyfpkwdkYonf e,fcsJUESifh
zqyvtvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ taejzifh uGejf rLepfygwDukd zqyv aygif;onf[k oabmaygufxm;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh zqyvudk
tzGJUrSxkwfaMumif; aMunmvdkuf&onf/ rdk;ukwfwGif OD;aqmifzGJUol ocifomciftm; qJqdkykwfcwfygawmh
onf/ xdkpOfu ocifomcifrSm &efukefa&mufae&m ocifomcif
ocifoef;xGef;ESifhOD;odef;azwdkYonf uGefjrLepfygwDtm;
r&Sod nft h wGuf uReaf wmfu h dk qJygawmhonf/ olwq Ykd yJ rkH mS nwGif
zqyvrS x k w f a Mumif ; aMunmNyD ; aomtcg xd k i f & mrS x NyD ;
vrf;avQmufNyD;qJjcif;? pmuyfíqJjcif;wdkYvkyfMuygonf/
OD;ode;f azu ]]rif;qd;k rif;npf wvdik ;f vufwiG f acG;aoovdak o&pf
tvHev D il ,fwo Ykd nf uReaf wmf pnf;½H;k xm;aom vli,fawG
cJhaya&mh}} [kajymNyD; tcef;jyifodkYausmcdkif;txGufwGif xdkpOfu jzpfMu\/ uReaf wmft h m; olw\ Ykd wdu k cf u
kd rf u
I kd uReaf wmf rwkev f yI f
zqyv'kwd,Ouú|jzpfol ocifEk (aemifwGifOD;Ek) u rwfwwf awmhyg/
&yfvsuf nmvufudkajr§mufNyD; - 'DZifbmausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f &efuek \ f tajctaeudk avhvm
]]uGefjrLepf0g'BuD; atmifjrifygap/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD vdkaomaMumifh uRefawmfrdk;ukwfrS &efukefokdYqif;cJhygonf/ vrf;
usqHk;ygap}} [lí us,favmifpGm a<u;aMumfvdkufvQif zqyv wGif rEÅav;odkY0ifNyD; ocifAwkwfESifhawGU&m ocifAwkwfu -
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwkdYu vufckyfwD;NyD; Mobmay;vdkuf ]]udpk ef;aiGa& usKyw f Ykd wyfejD zpfomG ;Ny/D Adv k o f ed ;f wef vmajym
Muonf/ vdkYyJ? cifAsm;a&m bmvkyfaewmvJ}}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; £a`E´wnfNidrfpGmjzifh OD;odef;azwdkY ]]usKyuf tvHev D yk af o;w,f/ cPygyJ? uReaf wmf ocifp;dk eJU
ausmjyifudk MunfhNyD;aeavonf/ uGJcJhw,f/ ocifpdk;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkwdkufwJhtwGuf
xdkYaeYxdk&uf xdktcsdefrSpNyD; a&S;u EdkifiHvGwfvyf&;twGuf uReaf wmf cGcJ w hJ myJ/ ckvnf; Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk wku d Mf ujyefNy/D
aotwl&iS rf uGmaecJMh uaom uGejf rLepfygwDBu;D onf zqyvESihf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jynfolawGtm;udk;wJhacgif;aqmif
aemufxyfwpfzef jyefvnfqHkpnf;&ef vHk;0 rjzpfMuawmhbJ jzpfw,f/ olu vGwfvyfa&;&atmif acgif;aqmifrIay;Edkifr,fh
312 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 313
olyJ/ cifAsm;wdkY olUudkwkduf&if rSm;awmhr,f}} [lí ajymvdkuf\/ &S r f ; jynf e ,f b uf t a&muf w G i f Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; u
ocifAwkwfrSm uRefawmfhtm; bmrQjyefrajymyg/ wdkif;&if;om;csif;nDñGwfrI? vlxknDñGwfrItaMumif;rsm;udk OD;pm;
ocifAwkwfxHrSxGufcJhNyD;aemuf AdkvfopfESifhawGUygonf/ ay;í a[mcJah Mumif; owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf/ xdjYk yif Adv k cf sKyf
Adkvfopfu - atmifqef;u 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 31 &uftwGi;f jrefrmjynf
]]udck spv
f iId af & ... usKyw f aYkd wmh uGejf rLepfeUJ uGjJ yefjy/D ckawmh ukd vGwv f yfa&;ay;rnf[k NAw d od Qtpk;d &u raMunmvQif bk&ifcH
zqyvawmh usKyfwdkYyJvkyfw,f/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifawGvnf; \ bk&ifct H rIaqmifaumifpt D pd;k & tzGUJ rSEwk xf uG rf nftaMumif;
&Syd gw,f/ uReaf wmfweYkd YJ odyaf wmh r&if;ES;D ao;bl;}} [kajymygonf/ twdtvif;aMunm a[majymcJo h nft h csed t
f wGi;f jzpfaeayonf/
AdkvfopfxHrSxGufcJh\/ uRefawmf&efukefa&mufNyD; aemufaeYwGif eHeufapmapm
uReaf wmfonf 31 vrf;&Sd ocifarmifarmifav;udk oGm;awGU zqyvtzGUJ csKy½f ;kH odYk oGm;cJ\ h / Advk cf sKyof nf ½H;k odYk apmapm a&muf
ygonf/ rEÅav; qd&k , S v
f pfacgif;aqmifjzpf\/ olu uReaf wmft h m;- wwfaMumif; owif;Mum;ojzifh awGUvdkawGUnm; xGufcJhygonf/
]]cifAsm; &efukefa&muf&if q&mAdkvfcifarmifarmifav;udk a&mufaomtcg AdkvfxGef;vS (pma&;q&mwuúodkvf ae0if;) ESifh
oGm;awGUygOD;}} [k rSmygonf/ awGU&m ]]a[h ... udkpef;aiG b,fuvmwmvJ}} [k ar;onf/
ocifarmifarmifav;ESifhawGUNyD; aemufaeYwGifuRefawmf
xdktoHMum;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u acgif;armhMunhfNyD; -
&efukefodkY xGufcJhonf/
]]a[h ...armifpef;aiG b,fwkef;ua&mufvJ}}[k ar;\/
uReaf wmf rEÅav;rS&efuek o f x Ydk uG cf ahJ omtcsed o f nf Adv k cf sKyf
]]uReaf wmf raeYuyJ a&mufygw,f/ uReaf wmf tvHeu D xGuf
atmifqef;u Edik if t H wGuf ta&;Bu;D aomaMunmcsuu f kd xkwjf yef
xm;NyD;cgptcsdef jzpfayonf/ xdktcsufudkyif 1946 ckESpf? vmwm Adv k cf sKyof Nd y;D om;yJ? ck &efuek o f wif;awGocd siv f Ykd vmcJw
h m
'DZifbmv 18 &ufrS 26 &uftwGi;f jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f pnf;½H;k a&; yg/ rEÅav;rSmawmh AdkvfopfwdkYeJUawGUcJhygw,f/ uRefawmf tck
vkyfief;twGuf c&D;vSnfhvnfpOfuvnf; awmifBuD; ? uavm? b,fygwDrS r0ifao;ygbl;/ jynfoUl &Jabmfx0J ifr,fawmh pdwu f ;l
anmif a &T c &D ; pOf w d k Y w G i f xk w f a zmf a jymMum;cJ h a yao;onf / ygw,f? Akv d cf sKyuf bmwm0efay;csio f vJocd siv f Ykd 'Duvkd mcJw
h myg}}
xdktcsufum; - AkdvfcsKyfu -
tpdk;&tzJGUzGJUNyD; wpfvcGJrjynfhrDyif 1946 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm ]]aeOD;uG ... 'gawGu tomxm;OD;? wdkY odyftvkyf½Iyfae
&Spf&ufaeYü ]]NAd NAd w d o Qtpd k ; &u jref r mjynf v G w f v yf a &;ud k w,f/ bdvyfudkoGm;&OD;r,f/ igrif;udk bmrS rajymEdkifao;bl;}}
aMunm&efESifh raMunmygu tpkd;&wpfzGJUvHk; EkwfxGufrnf}} [kajymNyD;ol\ ½Hk;cef;xJ0ifoGm;ygonf/
[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ uRefawmfu ]][kwfuJh AkdvfcsKyf}} [k EIwfqufNyD; tav;jyK
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf Edik if t H wGi;f vSnv hf nfomG ;vmaom vdkufonf/
tcg owif;axmufO;D ykuav;onfvnf; Adv k cf sKy\f owif;rsm;udk xdkurS avmif;0pfvrf;&Sd AdkvfpdefrSefqDodkY xGufcJhygonf/
&,lNy;D owif;pmwGiaf zmfjyEdik &f ef Adv k cf sKyEf iS thf wlvu kd yf gcJ&h onf/ tqifoifhyif AdkvfpdefrSefESifhawGU&m -
314 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 315
]]udkpef;aiGygvm;? b,fub,fvdk a&mufvmwmvJ}} [k ]][kwfw,f ... uRefawmfvnf; tJ'Dtwdkif;xifw,fAsm}}
ar;onf/ ajymNyD; pum;jywfoGm;awmhonf/
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]]'DrmS vmaeygAsmh ... uReaf wmhq f rD mS oifwef;awGay;p&m &efukefwGif Adkvfcifarmifav;ESifh rawGUcJhyg/
&Sdw,f/ cifAsm;ay;rS jzpfrSmAsm}} [k AdkvfpdefrSefuajym&m - rdk;ukwfwGif Zefe0g&DwpfvvHk; ausmif;wufaeygonf/
]]Adv
k rf LS ;a& ... uReaf wmf ausmif;wufaew,f/ Adv k cf sKyw f Ykd azazmf0g&DvodaYk &mufaomtcg uReaf wmfpw d af wG *emrNird f jzpf
bdvyfu jyefvmrSyJ Adv k rf LS ;udv
k mawGUOD;r,f}} [k ajymvdu k yf gonf vmawmhonf/
AdkvfpdefrSefrSm rtm;&yg/ e,frSa&m &efukefrSyg jynfolU Edik if aH &;0goemygrdonfum; tawmf cufayonf/ uReaf wmfh
&JabmfawG wpfOD;NyD;wpfOD; vmaeaomaMumifh uRefawmfolESifh wGif ausmif;pmudk pdwf0ifpm;rI tm;enf;vmonf/ AdkvfcsKyf
MumMumpum;rajymawmhbJ ocifra':&Sed \ f tdro f Ykd xGucf yhJ gonf/ atmifqef;uvnf; bdvyfrjS yefvmrSawGUrnf[k ajymxm;av&m
tcefYoifhyif a':&Sdef\tdrfwGif Adkvfodef;wefudkawGY&\/ azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufuyif Adv k cf sKywf Ykd &efuek o
f aYkd &mufcNhJ y/D bmawG
Adkvfodef;wefudkawGUvQifyif uRefawmfu - xl;jcm;OD;rvJ[lí awG;rd\/ owif;pmawG zwf½HkrQjzifh tm;r&
]]AdkvfcsKyf bdvyfudkoGm;MurvdkYwJh/ cifAsm;wdkY raxmufcHMu awmhyg/ &efuek u f awmh rd;k ukwx f uf owif;pHak v&m Adv k cf sKyEf iS hf
bl;vm;}} [kar;vdkuf&m Adkvfodef;wefu - awGUcGifhr&apOD;awmh owif;xl;awmh&Edkifrnf/
]]'DrSm udkpef;aiG usKyfwpfa,muftaeeJY axmufcHw,f/ &efuek o f mG ;csiaf om uReaf wmft h wGuf &efuek rf aS c:pma&muf
jynfolU&JabmfucGJxGufNyD; usKyfu tckwyfeDAdkvfcsKyfjzpfaew,f? vmawmhonf/
'gayr,fh uGejf rLepfygwDtaeeJY 'Dupd u ö kd tif;rvIyf tJrvIyv f yk af e ud k c spf v d I i f
w,fAsm? ygwDoabmudk vdu k ef m&rSmyJ/ wu,fawmhuReaf wmfu vmEdkif&ifvmcJhyg/
ruGJcsifbl;Asm}} [k ajymonf/ ]]cifAsm;ua&m ...}}[k ar;í ocifcspfarmif (jrefatmif)
]]ausmif;wufO;D r,fAsm ... 0ifcsiv f nf; jynfo&Yl aJ bmfx0J ifr,f}} [laomoHBuKd ;pmudk ausmif;rSjyefvmaom uReaf wmft h m; azazu
[k uRefawmfuajymvQif ]]zqyvxJ 0ifAsm}} [kyif olu qD;ay;onf/
ajymvdkufonf/ uRefawmfonf q&mBuD;xHcGifhawmif;NyD; &efukefodkYxGufcJhyg
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318 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 319
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tcsdefrdkYvdkY vkyfMuawmhr,fqdk&if OD;AaqGwdkYbufuyJ vkyfcsif wyfeDjzpfawmhwmyJ}}[k ajymjyygonf/
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ausmif;wufaeaMumif;wdkY ajym\/
320 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 321
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&SdaecJhayonf/ 1894 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 15 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQwdkYonf
1885 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiHudk NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkYu usL;ausmf olw\ Ykd ppfwyfEiS w hf uG yxr vdiI ;f wuf? 'kw, d rdik ;f aomufww Ykd iG f
odr;f yduk cf \
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- [def tp&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHbk&iftpkd;&udkA[dktjzpfxm;NyD; onf/ 1889 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,fOya' (Shan State Act) udk
tkyfcsKyfaeMuolawG &SdMuavonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYonf ajrjyefYjrefrm owfrSwfaMunmvdkufonf/
wdkYESifh &Srf;jynfe,ftm; cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyf&ef e*dkuyif&Sd&if; pDpOfNyD; xdkpOfu NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;wGif acwfrrDaom atmufus
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ 1885 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiHudk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufNyD; aemufusawmifwef;a'otjzpf (Back word Tracts) &Sr;f jynfe,f
aemuf wpfESpftMum 1887 ckESpf usrSmom &Srf;jynfe,fbufodkY awmifyikd ;f ESiahf jrmufyikd ;f aomifoyG Ef iS q fh ifuvdik cf ED;Å ? cEÅ;D vHak 'o?
NAdwdoQwyfrsm; csDwufcJhMuonf/ csi;f awmifwef;a'o (uefyufvuftygt0if) em*awmifwef;a'o?
xdkpOfu &Srf;jynfe,fodkYwufa&muf&ef &Srf;jynfe,ftpyf? Aef;armfESifhuoma'orsm;udk owfrSwfxm;cJhonf/ 1935 ckESpf
ompnfNrdKUteD;vdIif;wufwGif wyfpcef;cscJhonf/ 1887 ckESpf? jrefrmEdik if t H ufOya' ya'o&mZf&rS ;f jynfe,fpk - oD;oefeY ,fajr
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cJhMuonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYonf olwdkY\ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? a'ocH owfrSwfxm;Muonf/ (Notified Area) apmfbGm;rsm;u oUle,f
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322 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 323
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324 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 325
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awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/ jynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,f(xdkpOfu u&ifeDe,f)
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326 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 327
OD;nDyku OD;pHatmif? OD;at;armif (rdk;eJ) wdkYvufodkY azmfjycJh aMumifhyif e,fcsJUwdkY\aemufqHk;pGJudkifxm;aom awmifwef;
aom oD;jcm;a'otkycf sKyaf &;Oya'? pnf;rsO;f rdwLå ay;vku d o
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328 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 329
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330 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 331
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vrf;pOfjcif; rwlyg/ ocifra':&Sed o f rD; rcifoef;onf awmfveS af &; orufavmif; Adkvfoef;a&T? ocifra':&SdeftdrfodkY vmaeus
umvu oxHck ½dik w f iG af wmfveS af &;qifEMJT uaom wyfrawmfom; Adkvfodef;wef? ocifra':&Sdef\armif AkdvfMunfwdkYonf cifrifrI
rsm;ESifh twlyg0ifcJholjzpfonf/ ol\awmfvSefa&;trnfrSm pdk;pdk; rysuf qufvufcifrifrrI ysuf aygif;oif;cJ\ h / xdaYk Mumifh ocifr
jzpfonf/ tqdkyg rcifoef;onfvnf; uRefawmfESifh armifESr a':&SdefwGif wnf;cdkrysuf wnf;cdkNrJjzpfEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
ozG,f &if;ES;D Mu\/ odaYk omf olvufxyfrnfyh *k Kd¾ vrf mS Adv k of ef;a&T ocifra':&SdeftdrfwGifaepOf Adkvfodef;wefu ]]udkcspfvdIif
jzpfonf/ Akdvfoef;a&Tonf r*Fvm'HkAkdvfoifwef;ausmif;wGif usKyfwdkY wyfeDXmecsKyfudk vmvnfOD;avAsm}} [k zdwfac:aom
uRefawmfwkdY\ q&mjzpfcJhonf/ *syefacwf ocifpkd;acgif;aqmif aMumifh wpf&ufwGif wyfeDXmecsKyf&Sd&m tvHk&yf&Sd u&ifNcH[k
aom uGejf rLepfygwDArmjynfukd vdv k m;oljzpfonf/ uReaf wmf olwYkd ac:aom NcHBuD;twGif;&Sd wyfeDXmecsKyfodkY oGm;cJhygonf/
tdrfwGif wnf;cdkpOfumvu Adkvfoef;a&TrSm ocifoef;xGef; a&mufomG ;aomtcg Adv k af tmifrif;ESiahf wGUvQif uReaf wmfu h kd
acgif;aqmifaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpfonf/ zqyvqefYusifa&;w&m; a[mygawmhonf/ Adkvfatmifrif;u
Adkvfoef;a&Tonf xdkpOfu uGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpfaomfvnf; ]]udkpef;aiG ...tck ArmhEdkifiHa&;avmurSm tajctaet&
vGecf ahJ om ESpEf pS af vmufurl Adv k o f ef;a&Tonf ocifoef;xGe;f udk &Sif;oGm;NyD}} [k pygonf/
vdv k m;olr[kwyf g/ ocifoef;xGe;f taMumif;udk raumif;ajymavh ]]b,fvdkvJqdk&if zqyvacgif;aqmifawG OD;aqmifaewJh
&Sdonf/ odkYaomf xkdodkYaomolu ,cktcg ocifoef;xGef; ae&Sife,fblZGmvdkif;uwpfzuf (National Bourgeois) usKyfwdkY
acgif;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpfaeavNyD/ uGejf rLepfygwDO;D aqmifwhJ (Proletarialm) ypön;f rhv J ikd ;f u wpfzuf?
uRefawmfpdwfwGif 'gvnf;wpfrsdK;yJaemf[lí awG;rdaeyg\/ jref r mvd k a jym&&if trsd K ;om;"e&S i f v d k i f ; eJ Y uG e f j rLepf y gwD
uRefawmfhtzdkYrSmrl ocifoef;xGef;udkaumif;onf[lí acgif;aqmifwJh ypönf;rJh ESpfvdkif;uGJoGm;NyD}}
vnf;aumif;? qdk;onf[lívnf;aumif; yHkaoowfrSwfxm;jcif; xdkpum;udk Adkvfodef;wefESifh AdkvfMunfwkdYu em;axmif
r&Syd g/ ocifoef;xGe;f ESiw hf ufbek ;f Bu;D ode;f azwdu Yk kd Edik if aH &;orm; aeMu\/ Adkvfatmifrif;u -
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ ]]cifAsm; Edik if aH &;vkyrf ,fq&kd if rmhupf 0f g'orm;wpfa,muf
olw\ Ykd Edik if aH &;oabmxm;tcsed u f mvtavsmuf ajymif;vJ taeeJY cifAsm; usKyw f b
Ykd ufyg&r,ft h aMumif;yJ&w dS ,f}} [lí 'J'h ;dk
wnf&adS ecJyh t kH oD;oD;udk uReaf wmf rSwo f m;avhvmoH;k oyfavh&ydS g ajymvdkufygonf/
334 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 335
uRefawmfu - rSm There should be a bolshevik even in the most reactionary
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r,f/ uReaf wmfuawmh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgif;aqmifru I kd cH,Nl y;D upm; abmf&ADS pfwpfO;D awmh &Sad e&rnfomjzpfonf) [laom pum;
vkyzf q Ykd ;kH jzwfNy;D tck &efuek q f if;vmcJw h myJ/ Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef; jzpfonf/ zqyvonf azmufjyefaom tzGJUtpnf;r[kwfyg/
ckvyk af ewJh vdik ;f [m rmhupf 0f g'vdik ;f eJU ud, k n f wD ,fvYkd uReaf wmf xdaYk Mumifh uGejf rLepfwo Ykd nf zqyvESirhf yl;aygif;oifb h ;l vm;[lí
,HMk unfw,f/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgif;aqmifreI YJ wpfaeYaomtcg awG;rdygonf/
jrefrmjynfrmS qd&k , S v f pfpepfukd xlaxmifEikd v f rd rhf ,fvYkd uReaf wmf þodkYawG;rd&if; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xkwfazmfajymqdkoGm;
,HMk unfw,f/ 'gaMumifh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk uReaf wmf axmufcH aom zqyvqefu Y siaf &; *dP
k ;f oH;k *dP
k ;f \ taMumif;udk jyefowd&rd
w,f/ ygonf/
wpfckawmhajymcJhcsifw,f/ tvm;wlyif zqyvESifhtwdkuftcHvkyfaeMuaom tzGJU
cifAsm;wdkYeJU uRefawmf[m rmhufpf0g'udk em;vnfwJhtwdkif; tpnf;wdkYESifhywfoufNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u uRefawmhftm;
ud, k ,f MkH unfaewJt h wdik ;f cH,al ewJh &Jabmfwpfa,mufyv J Ykd cifAsm; ajymcJah om pum;&yf&ydS gonf/ xdpk um;udyk if Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;
u 1947 ckESpf? {NyDv ig;&ufaeY naeajcmufem&DausmfwGif
rSwfxm;yg}} [lí ajymvdkufygonf/
wdkif;jynfokdY toHvTifhrdefYcGef;ajympOfwGif xyfrHajymcJhayonf/
uRefawmfwdkYonf axG&mav;yg; tenf;i,fajymNyD;aemuf
xdkrdefYcGef;wGif AdkvfcsKyfajymcJhonfudk rSwfrdorQ tusOf;csKyf
uRefawmf a':&SdeftdrfodkY jyefcJhygonf/
ajym&aomf -
a':&SdeftdrfwGif uRefawmfodvdkufonfrSm 'Dwpfcg ig[m uRefawmfxkwfvdkufwJh arwåm&yfcHvTmrSm ]]ArmawG vrf;
EdkifiHa&; wu,fvkyfawmhrSmygvm;[lí jzpfygonf/ ESpfcGudka&mufaeNyDvdkYajymcJhw,f/ ,cknawmh zqyvtzGJU&JU
EdkifiHa&;vkyf&mwGif zqyvqdk&S,fvpfygwD jynfolY&Jabmf a&SUqHk;wef;uacgif;aqmifawG[m vrf;ESpfcGudka&mufaeNyDvdkY
wdkYESifh yl;aygif;NyD; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;vkyf&ef[lí jzpfygonf/ ajymcsiw f ,f/ wpfvrf;u wpftrd v f ;kH avmifpjyKaewJrh ;D udk Edik Ef ikd f
a':&Sed t f rd w f iG x f ikd Nf y;D pOf;pm;&mwGif Adv k af tmifrif;wdYk yg0if eif;eif;Nird ;f &r,fvh rf;jzpfw,f/ tjcm;vrf;uawmh tdrBf u;D vnf;
aom uGefjrLepfwdkYonf zqyvtwGif; uGefjrLepfawG&SdpOfu avmifcsio f vdak vmifygapawmhqNkd y;D tdraf y:u qif;ay;wJv h rf;
zqyvudk a0zefrIr&Sdaomfvnf; zqyvrS olwdkYtxkwfcH&rSyif jzpfw,f/ 'Dvrf;ESpcf t k wGuf b,fvrf;udk uReaf wmfwYkd acgif;aqmif
zqyvudk ydkrdk a0zefvmonf/ zqyvudk wdk;wufaomtzGJU[k awGvu kd Mf ur,fqw kd m taES;eJt Y jref uReaf wmfwYdk oEé|d mefcsMu&
cH,cl &hJ mu olwzYkd qyvrSxu G &f aomtcg zqyvudk azmufjyef vdrfhr,f/ tck wpfjynfvHk; txdul;pufNyD; rD;[kef;[kef;awmufzdkY
aomtzGUJ [k olwYkd cH,Ml ujyefonf/ xdt k cg uReaf wmfonf vDeif t&Sdef,laewJhtcgrsdK;rSm awGa0rdef;armjcif;? csDwHkcswHkjzpfjcif;?
ajymaom pum;wpf&yfudk owd&rdygonf/ vDeifu 'l;rm; rSew f ,fxif&mudk rvky&f jJ cif;xuf ydrk mS ;wJt h rSm;rsKd ;[m &SEd ikd af wmh
vTwaf wmfoYkd 0ifoif?h r0ifoifh tjiif;yGm;pOfu ajymcJah ompum; r,f r[kwfbl;/
336 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 337
cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if ,aeYxd uRefawmfwdkYwpfawG&JU vkyfyHk ysufjy,foGm;ap&ef vkyfaeMuaMumif;? tcsKyfajym&&if ,cifu
udkifyHkawG[m bmrS auseyfp&mr&Sdao;bl;/ twdtusqHk;jzwfzdkY vGwfvyfa&;qdkwm avoHrS rMum;&wJh b0u taumiftxnf
ta&;BuD;aewJhtcsdefrSm uRefawmfwdkYwpfawG awGa0aeMuw,f/ ay:vmwJhtxd zqyvu vkyfay;cJhwm/ tJ'Dtwdkif;om rSefrSef
jywfjywfom;om; vkyfp&m&SdwJhtcg csDwHkcswHkjzpfaeMuw,f/ vSrf;oGm;Edkif&if vGwfvyfa&;aMunmNyD;wJhaemuf zqyvudk
'gawGxufq;kd 0g;wmu rSew f ,fxif&mudk rvky&f w J mbJ? ud, k phf w d f qefYusifwJh *dkPf;om;awGu odaeMuw,f/ olwdkYu tmPmudk
xJu tvkyfwpfck[m b,favmufyif rSefw,fvdkY xifygap/ zqyvvufxu J vkzt Ykd wGuf rsupf x
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u wpfrsdK;? vkyfwmuwpfrsdK; jzpfjzpfaeMuw,f/ tJ'gawG[m taMumif;udk ajymoGm;avonf/
acgif;aqmifvyk &f r,fo h al wGeUJ awmh jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;yJ/ AdkvfcsKyfu zqyvudkqefYusifaom twdkuftcHtkyfpk
tckacwfacgif;aqmifrIu t&ifwkef;u acgif;aqmifrIeJY oHk;ck&SdaMumif; -
enf;enf;rS rwlawmhbl;qdkwm aumif;aumif; owdxm;Muyg/ 1/ apm -pdef-armf tkyfpk
a&S;wkef;u acgif;aqmifrI[m tpnf;ta0;wufwmrSpNyD; *VKefOD;apm
qHk;jzwfcsufawGcswmrSm tqHk;owfwmyJ? ckacwfacgif;aqmif ocifApdef
rI[m 'gavmufESifh rjzpfawmhbl;/ ,ckacwfacgif;aqmifrI[m a'gufwmbarmfwdkUudk ajymjcif;jzpfonf/
jymyHkeJYavmifpmom usefawmhwJhb0qdk;BuD;rS jrefrmjynfBuD;udk Adv k cf sKyuf 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&D 31 &ufaeY aemufq;kH xm;Ny;D
topfjyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifwJh acgif;aqmifrIjzpf&r,f/ 'Davmuf vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnf[k raMunmygu zqyvtpdk;&tzGJUrS
Bu;D av;wJh acgif;aqmifrI Bu;D udk uReaf wmfww Ykd pfawG Edik Ef ikd ef if;eif; Ekwx f u G rf nf[k aMunmcJo h nf/ ocifApdeEf iS hf OD;apmwku Yd bdvyf
wm0ef,cl siw f ,fq&kd if ckvkd awGa0aevdrYk jzpfawmhb;l / csw D ckH swkH odkYoGm;NyD; NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifhvGwfvyfa&; twGufaqG;aEG;&mwGif
aevdYk rjzpfawmhb;l ? ud, k ,f MkH unfwmudk rvky&f v J Ykd rjzpfawmhb;l rnfodkYrQ 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;jcif; rjyKcJhay/ odkYaomf 27-1-1947
[lí AdkvfcsKyfu ol\ pum;udk tpcsDygonf/ aeYwiG f jrefrmbk&ifcaH umifpD tpk;d &tzGUJ ESiNhf Aw d o d Qb&k ifth pk;d &wdYk
xdkrSqufNyD; AdkvfcsKyfu þrdefYcGef;udk wdkif;jynfodkY qufvuf aqG;aEG;rI oabmwlnDcsuf&aomaMumifh vufrSwfxdk;awmhrnf
ajym&mwGif - aeYodkY a&mufcJhonf/
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aMumifah wmh r[kwb f ;l ? vufiif;tajctaet& rajymrjzpfvb Ykd /J Mu/ xdkYaeYusrSyif ocifApdefu aemufqHk;wGif ,ck NAdwdefbk&ifh
vufiif;tajctaeqdkwmbmvJvdkY uRefawmfwdkY txl;oHk;oyfzdkY tpk;d &ESihf jrefrmEdik if b
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aMumif;? xdk*dkPf;awGu zqyvvkyfief;awG OD;wnfcsufawGudk jycsufjzifh pmcsKyfudk olvufrSwfrxdk;EdkifaMumif; ajymonf/
338 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 339
NAdwdefEdkifiHbk&ifhtpkd;&tzGJU eef;&if;0efrpöwmtufwvDu OD;apmwdkYonf axmufcHol tm;enf;\/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ocifApdefajymaom taMumif;jycsufawGudk pmcsKyfvufrSwfxkd; acgif;aqmifaom zqyvaemufwGif vlxktiftm;rsm;\[k
rnfh aemufqHk;aeYusrS bmaMumifhajym&wmvJ[lí ar;cGef;xkwf rS w f , l c J h \ / xd k Y a Mumif h y if ol w d k Y vuf r S w f r xd k ; aomf v nf ;
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*VKefOD;apmuvnf; xdkYaeYwGif pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfrxkd;bJ AdkvfcsKyf\toHvTifhrdefYcGef;wGif þtcsufudk tus,fw0ifh
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oabmwlnDcsufwGif ,ckxufydkrdkaumif;rGefaom tcsufrsm; ESiahf wmh yl;aygif;rIr&Scd ahJ y/ xdaYk Mumifh apm? pde?f armf[k oH;k EIe;f cJjh cif;
jznf h p G u f o if h o nf p aom taMumif ; jycsuf r sm;ES i f h p mcsKyf u d k jzpfayonf/
vufrw S rf xd;k Edik af Mumif; ajymonf/ xdt k cgwGif NAw d ed Ef ikd if H bk&ifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ocifApdef? *VKefOD;apm? a'gufwm
tpd;k &tzGUJ 0efBu;D rsm;u yxrqH;k aom tpnf;ta0;rsm;rSpwifí barmfwdkYtm; pm;zm;BuD;awG[koHk;cJh\/
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUrS pma&;om;wifjyaomtcsufrsm;udk xdkacwfu toHk;jzpfonf/ pm;zm;[laom toHk;wGifus,f
ay;tyf&mwGif jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtwGif; oabmxm; cJh\/
uGJjym;rI wpfpGef;wpfprQ rawGU&yguvm; [líyifjzpfonf/ ocifoef;xGef;? OD;odef;azwdkYudk odef;oef;uGefjrLepf[k
ocifApdefESifh *VKefOD;apmwdkYonf ra&&maompum;vHk;rsm; Adv
k cf sKyu f oH;k cJ\ h / ode;f oef;uGejf rLepfEiS yhf wfoufNy;D Adv k cf sKyu f -
toHk;jyKNyD; pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfrxdk;cJhMu/ odef;oef;uGefjrLepfawG[m zqyvrSm&Sdwkef;u zqyvudk
xdtk csuEf iS hf ywfoufNy;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u wdik ;f jynfoYdk olwdkYuom BudK;udkifcsifw,f/ 'DvdkudkifvdkY r&awmh zqyv[m
(5-4-47) aeY naeydkif; toHvTifhajymMum;&mwGif - 'l;axmufa&;vrf;pOfvu kd o f av;? aphpyfa&;vrf;pOfvu kd of av;
ocifApdeEf iS *hf VKeOf ;D apmwdo
Yk nf NAw d ed Ef ikd if rH S b,fenf;ESirhf Q eJY awmifpOfa&r& pGyfpGJcsufawGudk toHk;jyKcJhw,f/ 'DawmifpOf
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aom zqyv0efBuD;rsm; &mxl;u EkwfxGufrnf/ xdktcgwGif xkwfypfvdkuf&wmyJ/
zqyv0efBu;D r[kwaf om ocifApde?f OD;apmwdu Yk tpd;k &tzGUJ wGif xkwfypfvdkufvdkYtjyifa&mufwmeJY wpfNydKifeufzqyvukd
usef&pfNyD; tmPm,l&ef pdwful;&SdcJhonf/ jyKwfua&mqdkNyD; tvkyform;awGeJY zqyvudk udkifaygufwmyJ/
odkYaomf olwdkYrxifrSwfbJ vGwfvyfa&;&aprnfh oabm 1946 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvtwGif; odef;oef;uGefjrLepfawG
wlcsuf&&SdonfwGif oabmwlpmcsKyfudk olwdkYvufrSwfrxkd;ygu ajrm§ ufay;wJh tvkyo f rm;oydwu f kd vlxak umif;aumif;owd&rSm
ESpfzuftpdk;&wdkY oabmwlnDcsufysufjy,frnf/ zqyv0efBuD; yg/ tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u uReaf wmfw&Ykd mxl;,lwm vydik ;f avmufawmif
awG &mxl;rSxGufrnf olwdkYusefNyD; tmPm&rnf[lí ,HkMunfcJh r&ao;bl;/ &ufydkif;avmufyJ&Sdao;w,f/ NyD;awmhvnf; ykvdyf
Mu\/ olwdkYrxifwm jzpfcJh\/ rpöwmtufwvDu ocifApdef? oydwf? trIxrf;aygif;pHkoydwfwdkY&JUta&;awGeJY uRefawmfwdkY
340 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 341
Asmrsm;wkef;&Sdao;w,f/ odef;oef;uGefjrLepfawG&JU wGufudef;u uvnf; tuif;yg;NyD;om;jzpfaevdkY odef;oef;uGefjrLepfawG&JU
awmh uReaf wmfwu Ykd kd 'Dvt kd ½duI xf ;dk vdu k &f &if uReaf wmfwv Ykd rJ mS yJvYkd yufpufwJhtMuHtpnfawG[m txrajrmufcJhbl;/
wGuw f myJ/ 'gayr,fh vlx[ k m uReaf wmfwaYkd emufrmS yJ BuUH BuUH cdik f ausmif;om;awGeJY udkifaygufvdkYr&jyefawmh odef;-oef;
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uGefjrLepfawG&JU tiftm;[m&efukefrSm tawmifhqHk;yJ/ 'gayr,fh iwfaevdkYvm;? zqyvudkacsmufcs&atmifvm;qdkwm uRefawmf
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360 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 361
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qHk;aomenf;pepfudk csrSwfvdrhfrnf/ vGwfvyfa&;c&D;odkYcsDwuf&mwGif aemufqHk;tqifhem;odkY
- e,fjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&; a&mufonftxd twdu k t f cHrsm;? npfywfrrI sm;? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;
taumif ; qk H ; aomenf ; pepf u d k &S m azG & ef pH k p rf ; a&; \ OD;wnfcsuu f kd zsuv f zkd suq f ;D jzpfap&ef ajcxd;k olrsm;&Sad yonf/
aumfrwDwpfckudk csufcsif;wnfaxmifrnf/
yifvHkuGefz&ifhusif;y&mwGifvnf; awmifwef;ajrjyefYrcGJa&;
txuf a zmf j yygtcsuf w d k Y o nf atmif q ef ; -tuf w vD
oabmwlncD suu f kd azazmf0g&Dv 11 &uf aeYtxd oabmwlnD
pmcsKyf\ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrsm;yif jzpfonf/
csuf r&ao;ay/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 12 &ufaeYwGif &efukef
atmif q ef ; tuf w vD p mcsKyf o nf jref r mEd k i f i H u d k vH k ; 0
vGwfvyfa&;ay;tyfonfh pmcsKyfr[kwfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&; jyef&ef tyg;awmfNrJ Adv k x f eG ;f vStm; av,mOfysrH mS &eftrdeaYf y;Ny;D
twGuf cdkifrmpGmBudKwifjyifqifcJhaom NAdwdoQ-jrefrm oabm jzpfaeonf/ xdkowif;aMumifh azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGif
wlnDcsufrsm;yifjzpfonf/ &Srf;jynf OD;wifat;? OD;pHatmifwdkYacgif;aqmifaomvlxkonf
vef'efwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU0ifwdkY um;rsm;jzifh yifvHkokdYvdkufvmcJhMuonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&&ef
aqG;aEG;aeqJrmS yif jrefrmEdik if H &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS apmfbmG ;rsm;uvnf; awmifwef;ajrjyefYrcGJjcm;a&; a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk a<u;aMumf&if;
bdvyftpdk;&odkY aMu;eef;½dkufNyD; owif;wpfyk'f ydkYavonf/ xdk um;ay:wGif vdkufygvmcJhonf/
owif;um; Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf ajrjyefjY ynfow l \ Ykd ud,
k pf m; odkYaomfa<u;aMumfp&mrvdkatmifyif tcsdeftenf;i,f
vS,o f m jzpfonf/ &Sr;f apmfbmG ;wd\ Yk ud,k pf m;vS,rf [kw[ f al om twGif; jzpfpOfwdkYajymif;vJoGm;cJh\/
aMu;eef;owif;jzpfavonf/ azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufnuyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 12
xdkokdY &Srf;apmfbGm;wdkY bdvyftpdk;&xH aMu;eef;½dkufaMumif; &ufaeYwiG f &efuek jf yef&efav,mOfysH rSmcdik ;f xm;Ny;D ? ud, k pf m;vS,f
&Sr;f jynfow l o Ykd ad omtcg &Sr;f jynfe,fvil ,frsm;tzGUJ u awmifBu;D rsm;\ wJrsm;odkY wpfwJ0if wpfwJxGuf oGm;a&mufpum;ajymcJh
376 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 377
onf/ azazmf0g&Dv (12) &ufaeYwGif wufa&mufvmMuaom vTJajymif;,la&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í rnfonfhjyóemtcuftcJrQ
udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;u awmifwef;ajrjyefYrcGJjcm;a&; oabm ay:aygufjcif;r&SdcJhacs/ 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv24 &ufaeYwGif
wlnDcsufudk vufcHvdkufMuonf/ vufrSwfxdk;&ef jyifaeMuNyD/ NAw d o
d Qtpd;k &ESihf aqG;aEG;cJah om oabmwlncD surf sm;udk xkwjf yef
xdkpOfu owif;axmufjzpfcJhol OD;MunfndK (cifMunfMunf aMunmEdkifcJhavonf/
pwd;k -vGKd iaf umfNrKd U) onf pufb;D wpfp;D pD;Ny;D &Sr;f jynf OD;wifat; NAwd o d QEiS jhf refrmwdo Yk nf tcsKytf jcmtmPm vTaJ jymif;,la&;
wdkYvmrnfhvrf;okdY tjyif;oGm;cJhonf/ OD;wifat;wdkYESifhqHkrdaom ESifh NAdwdoQ jrefrm tem*wfqufqHa&;qdkif&mtcsufrsm;udk
tcg yifvpkH mcsKyBf u;D vufrw S af &;xd;k jzpfaMumif;owif;udk ajymjyrS tao;pd w f o abmwl n D N yD ; aemuf NAd w d o QygvD r ef t rwf
OD;wifat;wdkYvlpk a<u;aMumfoHajymif;NyD; tpnf;ta0;usif;y&m *Re'f AvsLz&D;rif; (John W Freeman) acgif;aqmifaom umuG,af &;
ae&modYk 0ifc&hJ aMumif;udv k nf; OD;MunfnKd ? OD;pHatmifwu Ykd ajymjy rpf&iS tf zGUJ onf 1947 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f 12 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek o
f Ydk
Muí rSwfom;cJh&ygonf/ a&mufco hJ nf/ tqdyk gtzGUJ ra&mufru D yif jrefrmwdbYk ufuvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;c&D;pOfum; &cgeD;txdyif ½IyfvdrfaxGjym;vSyg umuG,af &;0efBu;D Adv k vf ufsmacgif;aqmifaom aumfrwDwpf&yf
aMumif; aESmif;vlwdkY owdjyKrd&ef a&;om;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ zGJUpnf;NyD;jzpfonf/
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf yxrtBurd w f ikd ;f jyKjynfjyKvw T af wmf xdo k wif;udk xdak cwfuxkwaf 0cJah om (24-7-47) &ufxw k f
tpnf;ta0;tNy;D ZGev f 23 &uf? 1947 ckEpS w f iG f vTwaf wmfOuú| jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm? (14-8-47)xkwf jrefrmha&SUaqmif
ocifEkudk t*FvefEdkifiHokdY apvTwfcJhonf/ ocifEkESifhtwl owif;pm (11-8-47)xkwf Armha&SUaqmifowif;pmwdkY azmfjy
jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D OD;ausmNf ird ;f ? qd&k ,S v
f pfO;D udu k Bkd u;D ? Adv
k xf eG ;f vif;? a&;om;cJhMuonf/
Adv
k cf ifarmifav;wdYk vdu k yf goGm;cJoh nf/ tqdyk g ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ NAdwdoQtpdk;&umuG,fa&;rpf&SiftzGJUESifh jrefrmEdkifiH,m,D
onf ZGev f 16 &ufaeYwiG t f *FvefoYkd BuKd a&mufEiS ahf eonfh jrefrm tpd;k & umuG,af &;aumfrwDwo Ykd nf 1947 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f 14
EdkifiH Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJU Xmevufudkifr&Sd 0efBuD; OD;wifxG#fESifh &ufaeYwGif pwifaqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf Mo*kwfv 29 &ufaeYwGif
yl;aygif;í tcsKyftjcmtmPmvTJajymif;a&;ESifh NAdwdoQ jrefrm NAdwdoQudk,fpm;vS,f *Ref'AvsLz&D;rif;ESifhumuG,fa&;0efBuD;
tem*wfqufqHa&;taMumif;udpö&yfrsm;udk pDpOfaqmif&Guf&ef AdkvfvusfmwdkY oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqdkvufrSwfa&;xdk;Muonf/
jzpfavonf/ jrefrmwdkYbufu vufsm-z&D;rif;pmcsKyf[lí trSwftom;
tcsKyftjcmtmPm vTJajymif;r,lrDaqmif&Guf&efjzpfaom xm;cJhMu\/
udpö&yfrsm;wGif umuG,fa&;? b@ma&;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;? tqdyk gpmcsKyw f iG t
f csuaf ygif; 10csuyf g0ifonf atmifqef;-
EdkifiHom;tjzpfcH,la&;ESifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuftpdk;&wdkY csKyfqdk&ef&Sdaom tufwvDpmcsKyfyg jrefrmEdkifiHumuG,fa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh
pmcsKyfpnf;urf;rsm;qdkif&m ta&;t&mrsm;yg0ifonf/ tcsuu f kd vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf&ef tao;pdwf tpDtpOf
Zlvikd vf 19 &uf? 1947 ckEpS f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;tygt0if rsm; yg&Sdaom atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfESifh qufET,faeonfh
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; usqHk;cJhaomfvnf; tcsKyftjcmtmPm pmcsKyf jzpfonf/
378 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 379
vufsmz&D;rif;pmcsKyaf c: NAw d o d Q-jrefrmumuG,af &; oabm cJhaom vrf;pOfudk qufvuf taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf
wlnDcsuft& jrefrmEdkifiHrS NAdwdoQwyfrsm; tjrefqHk;½kyfodrf; cJo
h nf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya'
xGucf mG oGm;a&; ArmYwyfrawmftwGuf ppfa&,mOfrsm;ESihf ueOD; rlMurf;udkvnf; tcsdefrDNyD;pD;atmif a&;qGJEdkifcJhonf/
vdktyfonfh pufypönf;rsm;udk tcrJh vTJajymif;ay;a&;? NAdwdoQ 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 29 &ufaeYwGif vTwfawmf 'kwd,
Munf; wyfESifhavwyfwdkY xGufcGmoGm;onfhtcg usef&Sdrnfh ra&TU nDvmcHukd usi;f ycJ&h m ,cifu vTwaf wmfOuú|wm0efxrf;aqmif
rajymif;Edik af om ypön;f rsm;twGuf aiGaMu;r,la&;wdt Yk jyif Armh cJah om ocifEo k nf Edik if aH wmf0efBu;D csKywf m0efukd xrf;aqmifae
vufeufuikd w f yfzUJG rsm;rS ynmoifrsm;tm; Munf;? a&? avwyfrsm; NyDjzpfí vTwfawmfOuú|ae&m vpfvyfvsuf&Sdaeayonf/ xdk
qdkif&m ppftwwfynmoif rpf&SiftzGJUwpfzGJUapvTwfa&;wdkYudk ae&mtwGuf anmifa&TapmfbmG ;Bu;D p0fa&Tou kd t
f m; Zlvikd v f 31
NAdwdoQwdkYu oabmwlnDonf/ xdkYjyif &efukefr*Fvm'Hkav,mOf &ufaeYwGif vTwfawmfOuú|tjzpf wifajr§mufcefYtyfNyD; tajccH
uGi;f udk jyefvnfrrG ;f rHjyifqifEikd af &;twGuf wpfEpS t f wGi;f vdt
k yf Oya'a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwDu zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya'rlMurf;udk
aom ynm&SiEf iS u hf Rr;f usirf I tultnDay;a&;? ppfawGEiS Nhf rw d Nf rKd U vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;odkYwifNyD; twnfjyKEdkifcJhonf/
rsm;wGif av,mOfuGif;rsm; xm;&SdEdkifa&;twGuf pwmvifaygif 1947 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv wpf&ufaeYwiG f NAw d o d Qtpd;k &ESihf
40000 udk oHk;ESpftwGif; xnfh0ifrnfjzpfonf/ pufypönf;rsm; jrefrmEdik if q
H ikd &f m0efBu;D avmh'v f pöw0dk v J f (Lord Listower)onf
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ap&ef NAdwdoQwdkYu ulnDrnf[lí pmcsKyfwGif azmfjycJhonf/ avmh'fvpöwkd0Jvf jrefrmEdkifiHokdYa&mufvmjcif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiH
jrefrmwdkYurl NAdwdoQESifhNAdwdoQ"eo[m,EdkifiHrsm;rSty tajctaet&yf&yfudk jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m0efBuD;wpfOD;taejzifh
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\ ppfrpf&SiftzGJUrsm;udk vufrcH&ef? tcgumv ud, k af wGUrsujf rifov d akd omaMumifjh zpfonf/ jrefrmEdik if o H Ykd a&muf
tm;avsmfpGm taMumif;Mum;owfrSwfxm;&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH &SdpOf avmh'fvpöwdk0Jvfonf 0efBuD;csKyf ocifEk trSL;jyKaom
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wlncD sut f & jrefrmEdik if EH iS Nhf Aw
d od Q"eo[m,tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;odYk txl;ojzifh b@ma&;qdkif&mudpörsm;udk toifh pDpOfxm;&ef
taxmuftulay;ydkYaom bk&ifrif;jrwfwyfzGJUrsm;tm; jrefrm ponfwYdk yg0ifayonf/ xdrk w S pfyg; b@ma&;qdik &f m udp&ö yfrsm;
Edik if \
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tnD tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ay;a&;wdkYudk vdkufavsmcJh&onf/ apvTwf&efvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/
1947 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f 19 &ufaeYwiG f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf 1947 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv 15 &ufaeYwiG f vTwaf wmfwwd,
0efBu;D rsm;usq;kH cJNh y;D aemuf ocifEk OD;aqmifaom tpd;k &tzJUG onf nDvmcHukd pwifusi;f y&m u&ifejD ynfe,frS vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
Edik if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;rIukd xde;f odr;f í Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; csrw S f trwfrsm;yg0if wufa&mufvmcJhMuonf/ tqdkygvTwfawmf
380 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 381
nDvmcHu zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya'udk 1947 ckEpS ?f pufwif todtrSwfjyKaMumif;azmfjyxm;NyD; xdkokdYtcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif
bmv 24 &ufaeYwiG f twnfjyKco hJ nft h jyif anmifa&TapmfbmG ;Bu;D vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHtjzpf vTJajymif;ay;&mü ay:aygufvmrnfh
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xdkYaemufwGif avm'fhvpöwkd;0Jvfu zdwfMum;cJhonfhtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuf 15 csuf yg0ifonf/
b@ma&;0ef B uD ; OD ; wif x G # f a cgif ; aqmif a om jref r mEd k i f i H pmcsKyfygtaMumif;rsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiHESifht*FvefEdkifiHwdkY
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&ufaeYwGif t*FvefodkY apvTwfcJhonf/ OD;wifxG#facgif;aqmif umuG,af &;udp?ö aiGaMu;udp?ö tpd;k &trIxrf;rsm;\ yifpifEiS q hf ak iG
aom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUonf pufwifbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif udpö? t*FvefEdkifiHESifhjrefrmEdkifiH ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh
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d Q tpd;k & a&aMumif;c&D;oGm;vma&;udpö? avaMumif;oGm;vma&;udpöESifh
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cJhaom b@ma&;udpörsm;udk tNyD;owf aqG;aEG;EdkifcJhavonf/ Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyfESihfywfoufNyD; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
azmfjycJah om owif;rsm;udk (6-10-47) xkwf The Burmese wGif -
Review *sme,f? 'D;'kwf*sme,fwdkY wGifvnf;aumif;? vTwfawmf ]]tdE,´d ESiyhf gupöweftm; 'dak reD,t H yk cf sKyaf &;ay;&ef Oya'
rSww f rf;rsm;wGiv f nf;aumif; azmfjyxm;onfukd awGUEdik zf wf½EI ikd f Murf;udk bdvyfygvDrefwGif wifoGif;pOfu uGefqmaA;wpfygwDrS
Muygonf/ csmcsDwdkYvlpkonf wpfpHkwpf&muefYuGufjcif;rjyKbJ aecJhMuojzifh
jrefrmwdkYtzdkY tcsKyftjcmtmPm vTJajymif;,la&; pmcsKyf tdE, d´ Oya'Murf;onf a&Sma&Sm½SL½SLESiyhf if txufatmufygvDref
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&ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyfocifEk? 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf Adkvfvufsm? vGwfvyfa&;Oya'Murf;udk wifoGif;aomtcg uGefqmaA;wpf
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(17-10-47) aeYwiG f vufrw S af &;xd;k csKyq
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tqdkygpmcsKyfwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&u jynfaxmifpkor®w pD;yGm;a&;owif;pmwGif jrefrmbufrS cHomatmif xnfo h iG ;f
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382 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 383
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ypön;f awGukd odr;f wmuvGv J Ykd omreftcg Edik if jH cm;om;ypön;f awG wdwk akd jym&&if ppf½;IH wdik ;f jynfyikd yf pön;f uvGv J Ykd b,fEikd if jH cm;
udk odrf;½dk;xHk;pHr&Sdbl;/ odrf;&ifvnf; todrf;cH&wJh wdkif;jynfu om;ydik yf pön;f rS avsmaf Mu;ray;bJord ;f wJh xH;k wrf;pOfvm r&Sb d ;l /
rcHbl;? csufukdqvdkAm;uD;,m;jynfeJY ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;jynfrS usKyfwdkYtpkd;&rSm odrf;EdkifwJhyg0g r&SdvdkY r[kwfygbl;/ usKyfwdkY
*smrefyikd yf pön;f awGuakd wmh tvum;odr;f wmrSeyf gw,f/ zufqpf wdik ;f jynfrmS usKyw f b
Ykd myJjzpfjzpf vkyEf ikd w
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ulnw D hJ wdik ;f &if;om;opömazmufawGyikd w f yhJ pön;f awGukd avsmaf Mu; r&SdbJ 'DaeYEdkifiHjcm;om; oHtrwfawGudkzrf;vdkuf? aemufwpfaeY
ray;bJodrf;w,f/ tJ'D EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfawGeJYpum;rsm;r,f? ppfjzpfr,fqdkwmu
'gwifruao;bl; csufudkqvdkAm;uD;,m;rSmqdk&if ppfBuD; wpfrsdK;yJ/
tNyD;rSm wdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJh [pfwvmwynfh *smrefvlrsdK; wpfoef; &Si;f &Si;f ajym&&if wdik ;f jynfawGuvnf;yJ ½k&mS ;jynfeeYJ ,ferd w d cf si;f
ausmfudk *smreDjynfudkjyefarmif;xkwfvdkufw,f/ 'guawmh pyfaew,f/ ½k&Sm;tpkd;&eJYvnf; tvGef oifhjrwfw,f/ tu,fí
rxl;qef;bl;/ w½kwfuvnf; ppf½HI;wJh *syefydkifypönf;odrf;wmyJ/ t*Fvyd t f ar&duefweYkd YJ ppfjzpfr,fq&kd ifvnf; ½k&mS ;jynfu ppftul
tJonfvdkawmh uRefawmfwdkYvnf;vkyfEdkifygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYeJY tnD&EdkifwJh uGefjrLepftpdk;&wufaewJh ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;jynf?
ppfjzpfaewJh wpfae&mrSm ppf½;IH wJ*h syefyikd f wku d f oH;k av;vH;k &efuek f aemufuGefjrLepfqdk&S,fvpfeJYtjcm;vuf0J*kdPf;aygif;NyD; tpdk;&
rSm&Sdw,f/ tJ'gawG uRefawmfwdkY odrf;Edkifygw,f/ avsmfaMu; zGJUxm;wJh csufudkqvkdAm;uD;,m;jynfwdkYuawmif jyifopf"e&Sif
ray;bJodrf;wJh erlemwpfck&Sdw,f/
awG&JU puf½HkBuD;awGudk odrf;wJhae&mrSmavsmfaMu;ray;bJ rodrf;
1938 ck E S p f w k e f ; u ruú q D u d k j ynf r S m or® w um'if e
&J & if aemuf v d k u f t enf ; i,f r Qom&S d w J h u k v m;jynf ? uk v m;
acgif;aqmifwJh qdk&S,fvpf0gtpkd;& wufvmw,f/ tJ'Dtpdk;&u
uGejf rLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDajymaeMuwJh
tar&duefvlrsdK;awGydkifwJh a':vmoef;aygif; 200 ausmfwefwJh
*sdK&SDwdkYavmufudk tm;udk;NyD;t*Fvdyfydkifypönf;awGudk uRefawmf
a&eHwGif;awGudk avsmfaMu;ray;bJ odrf;w,f/ tar&duefjynfeJY
tvum; rodrf;&Jbl;/ odrf;&ifvnf; urÇmhukvor*¾tzGJUBuD;
ppfjzpfravmuf jzpfcJhw,f/ uHtm;avsmfpGm urÇmppfBuD;jzpfawmh
uvnf; cHrSmr[kwfbl;? urÇmh&mZ0ifrSm xHk;wrf;tpOftvmu
ruúqDudkjynf[m *smreDbufygoGm;rSmpdk;vdkY tar&dueftpkd;&u
wpfcgrS r&Scd b hJ ;l / uGejf rLepfwikd ;f jynfawGrmS awmif uGejf rLepfawGu
1941 ckESpfrSm tenf;i,f avsmhay;w,f/ 'gawmif ruúqDudk
jynfu oifah wmfwahJ vsmaf Mu;ay;yghr,fvYkd uwday;&w,f/ 'Duwd tjypfwifwm rSefovm;? rrSefbl;vm;qdkwm wdkif;jynfvlxku
wnfNrJzdkYqdkwJhtmrcHoabmeJY pay:aiG a':vmudk;oef;csufcsif; pOf;pm;MunhfMuayawmh/
400 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 401
a<u;NrDudpö ppfBuD;twGif;rSm ukvm;jynf&JUwyfOD;tjzpfeJY jrefrmjynfu
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kd &f wmaMumifh jrefrmjynf epfemysupf ;D cJh
jrefrmjynfrSmwifaewJh a<u;ckepf? pm&if;wGufMunfhwJhtcg &w,f/ 'gaMumifh ukvm;tpdk;&&JUta<u;awGudk avQmhoifh
uka# 107 'or 8 uka# &Sdygw,f/ ½kwfw&uf Munfhvdkuf&if oavmuf avQmhzdkY jrefrmtpkd;&u ukvm;tpdk;&eJY ta&;qdk
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wifwif? wdik ;f jynfay:rSmwifwif raumif;bl;? 'gayr,fh tvkyBf u;D tpdk;&trIxrf;awG&JUvpm? wdkif;jynf jyefvnfjyKjyifwJhtwGuf
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ovkdbJ/ b,fjynfrSmMunfhMunfh b,ftpdk;&rqdk ta<u;uif;wJh acgif;wGJ? ypönf;ud&d,m? vlawGoHk;aqmifzdkY txnftvdyfypönf;
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ukvm;A[dktpkd;&eJYaqmufxm;wJh jrefrmjynfrSm&SdwJh rD;&xm;? ta<u;eJU t*Fvdyftpkd;&udk ay;&ef&SdwJhta<u;aygif; 107 'or
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yifpiftwGuf ig;uka#ukefusw,f/ NyD;awmh ukvm;tpdk;&&JU a<u;qdwk m vlay:rSmwifwif? wdik ;f jynfay:rSmwifwif r&S&d if
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w,f/ ESpfzuftpkd;&uwifwJh cHkorm"dtzGJUu qHk;jzwfay; w,f/ aumif;w,f/ odkYaomf tjcm;tpdk;&wdkif;jynfa<u;awGeJYEdIif;,SOf
tJ'D cktH zGUJ &JUqH;k jzwfcsuu
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w,f/ 'Dta<u;awGukd ESppf Of jrefrmtpk;d &u t&if;a&m twd;k yg awG&UJ a<u;udk MunfMh upd?Yk urÇmay:rSmwpfcsed w f ek ;f utcsr;f omqH;k
tvDvD jyefqyf&w,f/ urÇmppfBu;D jzpfwt hJ wGuf ppfBu;D tawm qdwk hJ t*Fvyd w f idk ;f jynf&UJ tpk;d &u 1943 ckEpS rf mS ta<u; a&T'*Fg;
twGif;rqyfEdkifvdkY twdk;wufaewJhaiG uka# 8 'or 42 uka# 1502 uka# wifw,f/ jrefrmaiGeJYqdk&if 22353 uka#ausmf
usaew,f/ aygif;vkduf&if ukvm;jynftpdk;&udkay;&ef ta<u; &Sdw,f/ jyifopfrSmvnf; ta<u; jrefrmaiG 9840 uka#ausmf
62 uka#eD;yg; &Sdaew,f/ &Sdw,f/ w½kwfjynfrSm 613 uka#ausmf&Sdw,f/ 'gwifvm; urÇm
402 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 403
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qd k w J h tar&d u ef t pk d ; &&J U ta<u;ud k c if A sm;wd k Y od & J U vm;? r&Sdygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynf[m qefpyg;? uRef;opf? owåK?
tar&duefa':vm uka# 10100 (jrefrmaiGeJYqdk 70350 uka#) a&eHtp&SdwJh ukefypönf;awG <u,f0csrf;omwJhwdkif;jynfyg/
&Sdw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY&JUtdrfeD;em;csif;jzpfwJh ukvm;jynftpkd;&rSm wdkif;jynfrSm&SdaewJh jynfolawGtoD;oD; nDnDñGwfñGwfeJU
1942 ckESpf ta<u; 1247 uka# &Sdw,f/ urÇmay:rSm uGefjrLepf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;pepftwdkif; aqmif&GufoGm;&if ESpftenf;i,f
ygwD? qdk&S,fvpfygwDu pHerlemtjzpf udk;pm;aewJh ½k&Sm;jynfrSm twGif; ausEdkifw,fqdkwm uRefawmf twdtvif;ajym&Jygw,f/
ppfrjzpfrD -1933 ckESpfu ta<u;tar&duefa':vm uka# 200 Oyrmav;wpfcak y;r,f/ ppfrjzpfcifu Edik if jH cm;udk jrefrmjynfu
ausmf (jrefrmaiG uka# 710 ausm)f &Sw d ,f/ tckppfNy;D rS 'Dta<u; qefcsdef oHk;oef;cGJ wifydkYa&mif;cs&w,f/ 'DESpf uRJEGm;&Sm;wmu
awG trsm;BuD; wufoGm;w,f/ ½k&Sm;udk,fwdkif tar&duefjynfeJU wpfaMumif;? "m;jy? vlqdk;? ajymufusm;awG &GmawGrSm "m;jywdkuf?
t*Fvdyfjynfudk ppftawmtwGif; acs;,lwJhta<u; ay;p&m&Sd rdkufaMu;cGJwmaMumifhwpfaMumif; tJ'DtaMumif;awGaMumifh
ao;w,f/ qefpyg;wefcsdef wpfoef;cGJom a&mif;csEdkifw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY
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awGuvnf; ta<u;renf;ygbl;/ MopawvsjynfrmS 1943 ckEpS u f wpfcgrSray;EdkifwJhaps; pyg;aps;udk 300 &atmif qif;&Jom;
ta<u;jrefrmaiG 1245 uka#ausmf&Sdw,f/ tdkif,mvefrSmvnf; v,form;awGtwGuf aqmif&Gufay;EdkifwJhtjyif wdkif;jynfrSm
jrefrmaiG 205 uka#ausm&f w dS ,f/ wl&uDrmS 325 uka#ausm?f e,l; qd;k oGr;f aewJh "m;jy? vlq;kd aw?G ajymufusm;awGukd wdik ;f jynfvx l u k
ZDvefrSm 256 uka#ausmf&Sdw,f/ ppftwGif;rSm trsm;BuD;wuf tpk;d &tm;ulnND y;D ESrd ef if;Edik rf ,f/ rESpu
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ppfrjzpfrDu csufudkqvdkAm;uD;,m;jynfrSmvnf; ta<u; 517
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uka#ausm&f w dS ,f/ 1938 ckEpS u f xuf ckyw kd ufonf/ 'Da<u;pm&if;
r,f/ wpfESpf 46 uka#ausmfEIef; ESpfESpfausmfqyf&&if wifaewJh
awGudk tao;pdwfodcsif&if 1947 ckESpfxkwf tifqdkufuvdk
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wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf ausmif;? aq;½Hk? vrf;
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404 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 405
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414 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 415
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422 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 423
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432 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 433
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tedrfhysHav,mOfypf puftajrmufwdkufyGJwdkYudk avhusihfaeMu
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uReaf wmfEiS u hf b
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avhusifha&;uGif;udk Munfh&if; ajymMu\/ wyf&if;BuD; (4) twGuf aoewfpuf½Hk? vufypfAHk;puf½Hk ponfh
wyf&if;BuD;odkY a&mufaomtcgwGif wyf&if;BuD;rS wyfcGJ vufeufpuf½rkH sm;? armfawmf,mOfjyifpuf½t kH jyif aq;xkwo f nfh
tvdkufxkwfa0aom owif;pmrsm;? ol&Jaumif;bGJU& &Jabmfrsm; puf½?kH xk;d aq;? aq;xd;k tyfygxkwaf om puf½t kH m;vH;k onf &efol
a&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;? ynmay;oabm
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434 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 435
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uRefawmfwkdY awmfvSefa&;umvu uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmtrsdK;orD; um;udkvnf; pD;cJhzl;ygNyD/
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tm; oltdyf&mwGif olYvifyg[kajymNyD; &efolYab;rSumuG,fcJhyHk? EdkifiH or®wBuD;[dkcsDrif;ESifhawmh rawGUcJh&yg/
wyfrawmfom;wdkYuvnf; a&muf&mtdrfwGif tdrfom;wpfOD;vdk or®wBuD;u uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmcspfMunfa&;rpf&Sifudk
a&cyfxif;cGJvkyfyHkawGudk ajymjy\/ olYxHokdYvm&ef zdwfac:pmydkYvdkufygaomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkYjyef&
ppfonf&Jabmfrdcifrsm;rSm tHhMoauseyf[ef jyaeMu\/ rnf&h ufrmS tvGeyf ifaemufusaomaMumifh tv,fajrmufyikd ;f odYk
uReaf wmfwt Ykd m; olwt Ykd rd o
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cJhNyD; olwdkY\ vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJtm; tm;ay;&efvmcJhaom &ufaeYwGif jyefvnfxGufcGmcJhygawmhonf/ rxGufcGmrD "mwfyHk
uRefawmfwkdYtm; aus;Zl;wifaMumif; wlvkdom;vdk cifrifaMumif; awG ½du k Mf u? atmfwadk wGa&;ay;Mu? vufqEJG w I qf ufí tm;r&Edik ?f
ajymMuygonf/ ume,fx&efAefauG;u aemufwpfacgufvm&ef zdwfouJhokdY
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wyfrawmfwyf&if;BuD;XmecsKyfokdY a&mufNyD;onfupí BudKqdk wD,ef;? &Jabmfabmif;wdkYudkvnf; zdwfygonf/
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&ufaeYwGifa&mufygonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh awmawmifc&D;udk pwif
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cJ&h jyefonf/ vrf;wGif uRwaf ygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmaygaom awmvrf;
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c&D;udjk zwf&\/ wvef;vef;uRwu f dk uReaf wmfaMumufvyS gonf/
tpnf;rsm;rSmvnf; vli,ftzJGU? trsdK;orD;tzGJU? tdrf&Sifrrsm;?
ajcudak qmifeh if;Ny;D uRwu f akd &Smifyg\/ r&yg/ udo k ef;u uReaf wmfu h kd
v,folrrsm;tzJGU? wyfrawmfom;rdcifrsm;tzGJUESifh tzGJUaygif;pHk
uRwrf wG,&f ef aq;&GuBf u;D a&ESihf abmif;bDzed yfwu Ykd ykd w
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qm;a&ESifhyGwfay;ygaomfvnf; armifrif;BuD;om; uRwfwdkYum;
yHak jymjyMu? ud, k uf vnf; jyefajym&ESiv hf yk &f if;yif uReaf wmfw\ Ykd
cGmxkwv f u dk ?f jyefwufvudk Ef iS hf uReaf wmhrf mS uRwu f kd aMumufveG ;f í
tjyefc&D;twGufvnf; pDpOf&ygonf/
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436 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 437
wpfzufurf; vmtdk&GmodkYa&mufygonf/ reufjzefyJ oBuFef yxrqH;k ypdzw d o
f rk'&´ murf;ajcodYk a&muf&jcif;ESihf ypdzw d af &udk
tusaeYjzpfNyD; oBuFeftMuwfaeY aemifcdkifrS tl'HkodkY um;pD;oGm; csdK;&onfjzpfojzifh MunfEl;rdygonf/
Mu\/ tl'HkrS &xm;pD;NyD; befaumufodkYoGm;Mu\/ xd k a wmtk y f u av;wG i f at;at;aq;aq;em;ae&if ;
befaumufum; uRefawmfwdkY c&D;qHk;jzpfygNyD/ trdEdkifiH\ uRefawmfwdkYoGm;cJhonhf c&D;pOftaMumif;udk jyefawG;rdaomtcg
wm0eft& awmifjrihfaygif;rsm;pGm acsmif;awGjrpfawG awmtkyf uRefawmfwdkYwGif todtjrifawG wdk;vmonf[kcH,lrdygonf/
BuD;awGudk jzwfoef;oGm;cJhNyD;cJhNyD/ uRefawmf befaumufodkY AD,uferfEdkifiHudk jyifopfe,fcsJUwdkYu ESpf 80 tkyfpdk;cJh\/
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1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv av;&ufaeYu þc&D;udkxGufcGm&ef
wdkYuom xkwf,loHk;pGJNyD; BuD;yGm;cJh\/ AD,uferfEkdifiH\ BuD;yGm;
wm0efay;cH&NyD; vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJrS rqifETJEdkifbJ 15 &uf
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wGif zwfMu&rnfjzpfonf/ 0efxrf;jzpfaom AD,uferfjynfolwdkYonf &mxl;BuD;rsm;r&Edkif
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tqdyk gtcsuw f rYkd mS 1948 ckEpS ?f {Nyv
D 13 &ufaeYwiG f uReaf wmf AD,uferftrsdK;om;wdkYonf t&m&SdjzpfcGifhr&SdMuay/ tjrifhqHk;
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&Gmuav;wpf&Gmab;&Sd awmtkyftwGif;odkY a&mufaeMuygonf/ tenf;i,faomt&m&Sd jzpfMuonf/
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Muygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY&Sdaeaomfvnf; vmtdkvli,fwdkYonf *syefwdkYtm; qefYusifwdkufcdkufMu&mwGif uGefjrLepf[laom0g'udk
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438 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm;
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rsm;u txufpD;&atmif vkyfaqmifae&rnf[laom *dkPf;*P q|rydkif;
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440 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 441
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wdkYuvnf; uRefawmfhtm; MunfMunfjzLjzLyif vufcHMuygonf/ taeudk odcsifw,f/ vdk&if;tusqHk; ajymjyprf;yg}} [kajym&m
&if;ESD;pGm qufqHMuygonf/ OD;bqufu ]]udkcspfvdIif&,f? usKyfwdkYuvnf; a&mufpqdkawmh
xdkpOfu jrefrmoHtrwfBuD;rSm OD;vSarmifjzpfygonf/ *CeProd&ao;ygbl;? 'gayr,fh cifAsm; xkdif;owif;pm
rdwD¬vmom; jzpfygonf/ OD;vSarmifonf jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m wpfapmifawmh zwfMunfhyg/ rsufESmzHk;yJ zwf? 'DavmufeJYyJ
ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú| (A.u.o) jzpfNyD; Armjynf qdk&S,fvpf xdkif;EdkifiH&JUtajctaeudk odEdkifNyD}} [kajymNyD; Bangkokpost
ygwDudk wnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifolwpfOD;jzpfygonf/ owif;pmudk ay;ygonf/ owif;pmrsufESmzHk;wGif -
oH½Hk;\yxrtwGif;0efrSm OD;bqufjzpfygonf/ OD;bquf ]]Presonalisties not Idealogy Dominates Siamese Politics}}
onf 1936ck ESpfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYacwf ausmif;om; [k a&;xm;onfuakd wGU&\/ t"dymÜ ,frmS ,d;k ',m;jynfukd vTr;f rd;k
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442 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 443
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rlvwef;tqifhavmufyJ &Sdygao;w,f/ rmhufpf0g'&JU yrmPu uRefawmf jyefajymvdkufrd\/
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nDñw G af &;[m t"duusw,f/ t"duuswv hJ yk if ef;udk atmifjrif ygwDrS ocifoef;xGef; acgif;aqmifaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
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444 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 445
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jynfolY&JabmfwyfzJGU (ArmEdkifiH) [k trnfajymif;onf/ jynfolY &cdkifwdkif; - AdkvfMumvSatmif (ppfawG)
&JabmfwyfzJGU (ArmEdkifiH) \ XmecsKyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk zGJUpnf; yJcl;wdkif; - AdkvfatmifEdkif (tif;pdef)
&mwGif - {&m0wDwdkif; - AdkvfñGefYarmif (ajrmif;jr)
AdkvfrSL;atmif - wyfzJGUaoemywd rauG;wdkif; - Akdvfva&mif (rif;bl;)
AdkvfrSL;zdk;uGef; - 'kwd,wyfzJGUaoemywd rEÅav;wdkif; - AdkvfvSaz (rEÅav;)
Adkvfwdkufpdk; - taxGaxGXmeBuD;rSL; ppfudkif;wdkif; - AdkvfxGef;Munf (ppfudkif;)
Adkvfxdefvif; - zGJUpnf;a&;XmeBuD;rSL; weoFm&Dwdkif; - AdkvfxGef;pdef (Nrdwf)
AdkvfatmifnGefY - 0g'ESifh0efxrf;XmeBuD;rSL; &Srf;jynfe,f - AdkvfAaX;wdkYjzifh zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
Adkvfapmarmif - avhusifha&;XmerSL;BuD; xdktzGJUrsm;tjyif jynfolY&JabmfwyfzJGUonf yDtufzf (P.F)
Adkvfbwif - Oya'XmerSL;BuD; tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ (Political Force) udk zJGUpnf;&mwGif
a':cifMunf - &JarXmerSL;BuD; e,fwGif&dSaom jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUrsm;rS BuHhcdkifoefpGrf;olrsm;udk
a':at;Ek - wGJzuf&JarXmerSL;BuD; [lí zGJUpnf; a&G;cs,Nf y;D XmecsKyo
f aYkd c:,l&ef? Ny;D vQif xdo
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1/ Akv d pf ed rf eS f &nf&G,fcsufrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;NyD;aemuf usef&Sd
2/ AdkvfxGef;vif; aom acgif;aqmifrsm;\vHNk cKH a&;udk umuG,&f efjzpf\/ 0efBu;D csKyf
3/ Adkvfxdefvif; ocifEk\ udk,f&HawmfwyfzJGUwGif yDtufzfrS &Jabmfrsm; yg0if
4/ AdkvfvSat; onf[k od&ygonf/
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6/ Adkvfudkudk vmvmwm\pm ygcJh\/ xdkpmudk OD;ausmfNidrf;xHay;&efjzpfaom
7/ AdkvfjrifhOD; aMumifh a&mufNy;D rMumrDrmS yif OD;ausmNf ird ;f xH pmoGm;ay;ygonf/
8/ Adkvf&JvS OD;ausmfNidrf;u pmudkzwfNyD; -
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10/ AdkvfxGef;a&T vmvmwm\trSmpmrSm awmcdkuGefjrLepfwdkYESifh aqG;aEG;&ef
11/ Adkvfodef;aqG a&;xm;aMumif; tusOf;tm;jzifh uRefawmf od&ygonf/
12/ OD;xGef;td xdkpOfu uGefjrLepfygwD awmcdkNyD; e,fwGif qlylvIyf&Sm;
13/ OD;bpdef wdkYyg0ifcJhMu\/ aejcif;? jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh
446 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 447
tquftoG,f&SdNyD;? e,frsm;wGif vufeufudkif wdkufyGJtwGuf 1947 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeY ESpfem&DwGif AdkvfcsKyf
jyifqifaeonf[k Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDu pGyfpGJcJhonf/ atmifqef;ESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdkY awGUqHk&ef csdef;xm;cJhaMumif;?
xdkpGyfpGJrItjyif AdkvfatmifEdkif awmcdkonf[laom taMumif;jy ocifoef;xGef;u ajymonf[lí od&ygonf/ ajymonfhae&mrSm
csujf zifh jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUGJ XmecsKyrf S acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD; ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ? rif;uif;NrKd Ue,f? awmifwiG ;f acsmiftwGi;f pGeaf csmif
cJhonf/ EdkifiHt0ef;wGif&Sdaeaom jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;udk zrf;qD; &GmteD;&Sd pGeaf csmifacsmif;ab;ü ocifoef;xGe;f u Adv k ñ f eG aYf rmif
Muonf/ (27-7-1948) eHeufrkd;rvif;rD &efukefvufeufudkif tm; ajymcJhaMumif;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u e,fcsJUorm;onf
ykvdyftzJGUu tiftm; 200 ESifh jrif;pD;ykvdyfig;OD;wdkYonf jynfolY wjznf;jznf; twif&h v J mNyjD zpfojzifh vuf0n J ñD w G af &; vdt k yfonfh
&JabmfXmecsKyu f kd 0dik ;f zrf;qD;cJo
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&Jabmf 25 OD; tzrf;cHMu&onf/ jzpfaMumif;? xdak wGUqHak qG;aEG;a&;twGuf uGejf rLepfygwD aygvpf
jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;tm; ay;xm;onfhvufeufrsm;udkvnf; AsL½dktpnf;ta0;xdkifaepOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0efBuD;rsm;
odrf;oGm;Muonf/ vk y f B uH c H & aomowif ; ud k od & aMumif ; ocif o ef ; xG e f ; u
um;ay:odkY wifac:oGm;cH&aom jynfolY&JabmfwdkYu - Adv
k ñf eG aYf rmifukd ajymcJo h nf[í l Adv
k xf eG ;f vif;u ajymcJyh gonf/
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atmf[pfoGm;Muavonf/ taMumif;wpfcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aomtcg
jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUGJ onf vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;&&S&d ef yef;wdik o f Ydk z&efYwpfck&Sd&rnf[k ,lqcJhonf/ Left United Front vuf0J
csDwuf&mwGif tzGJUtpnf;tcsif;csif; nDñGwfa&;onf t"du nDñGwfa&;wyfaygif;pktzGJUBuD; &Sd&rnf[kvnf; &nf&G,fxm;
usonf[k ,HkMunfcJhonfhtavsmuf Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDESifh cJYonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; av;-ig;ESpftwGif;wGif uGefjrLepfESifh
qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm; rnDñGwfEkdifaomaMumifh vlxku olwkdYtm;
rmhufpfvd*fzGJU&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; t*FvefrS
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xkdYaMumifhyif uRefawmhftm; rmhufpfvd*fzGJUpnf;a&;ukd ajymcJh
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ouJo h Ydk Akvd pf ed rf eS t
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ocifEEk iS n hf N§d y;D rmhupf v f *d zf UJG pnf;rnf[í l Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; tm;
pdwf0ifpm;oenf;qdkvQif uRefawmfESifh awGUpOfuyif rmhufpfvd*f
uwday;cJo Y nf/ Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; usq;Hk Ny;D ocifE\ k zqyv
zGJU&rnf[k ajymcJhonf/ þudpöESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tpkd;&vufxuf vGwfvyfa&;&cgpav;umvwGif uGefjrLepfwkdY
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ajymjycJhonfrSm - pmwrf;wkw Yd iG f zqyvtpk;d &ESihf qk&d , S vf pfygwDudk ykwcf wfaom
448 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 449
pmrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0aeMuonf/ zqyvtpkd;&tzGJUESifh xkdrl (4) csufukd jynfolY&Jabmf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu
uGefjrLepfwkdY\qufqHa&;rSm wif;rmvsuf&SdaeaomtajcokdY (26-3-1948) aeYwiG f zqyvtzGUJ csKy?f zqyvtpk;d &? Armjynf
a&mufvsuf&Sdonf/ uGejf rLepfygwDEiS hf Armjynfq&dk , S vf pfygwDwo Ydk Ydk wifjycJo
Y nhtf jyif
jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG onf zqyvtpk;d &ESihf ArmjynfueG jf rLepf EkdifiHawmftoHvTifhXmerSvnf; toHvTifhNyD; wkdif;jynfokdY wifjy
ygwDwkdY\qufqHa&; wif;rmvmonfukd od&SdNyD;jzpfonhftwGuf cJhonf/
(25-3-1948) wGif jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJU tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;u jynfo&Yl aJ bmfrsm;\wifjycsuu f dk zqyvtpk;d &u vufcNH y;D
jzpfay:aeaom EkdifiHa&;tajctaeukd aqG;aEG;NyD; wif;rmrIrsm; xkdaeYeHeufrSmyif tpnf;ta0;wpfck usif;ycJYonf/ xkdtpnf;
ajyvnf&ef rlav;csufukd csrSwfvkdufonf/ xkdrlav;csufrSm - ta0;u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDEiS hf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;tzGUJ wpfzUJG
1/ oefY&Sif;ckdifrmaom zqyvtzGJUBuD;jzpfajrmufatmif zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ tqkdygtzGJUwGif xkdpOfu umuG,fa&;0efBuD;
aqmif&Guf&ef/ Akv
d v f usmf ? Adv k rf LS ;atmif? qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif? OD;0rf;olarmif?
2/ tmPmvkyGJ? jynfwGif;ppfrjzpfatmif umuG,f&ef/ ref;0if;armifESifh OD;ndKxGef;wkdY yg0ifcJhMuonf/
3/ vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;jzpfonhf - zqyvtzGUJ csKyEf iS hf zqyvtpk;d &u zGUJ pnf;cJo Y nhf txuf
(u) uGefjrLepfygwD azmfjyygyk*Kd¾ vrf sm; yg0ifaomtzGUJ u ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDxo H Ydk
( c ) qkd&S,fvpfygwD aqG;aEG;&ef pmykdYvkdufonf/ xkdYjyif tzGJU0ifjzpfol umuG,fa&;
( * ) jynfolY&JabmftzGJU 0efBu;D Akvd vf usmf uvnf; ocifoef;xGe;f xHzek ;f qufNy;D nDñw G af &;
(C) vuf0J0g'ukd axmufcHonhf wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm;ESifh twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef zdwfac:cJhonf/ okdYaomf ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
( i ) rw&m;oif;aMunmcHxm;&onhf tvHeDygwDukd ygwDrS rnfonhftaMumif;ukdrQ wkHYjyefjcif;rjyKcJhacs/ ocif
w&m;oif;aMunmNyD;aemuf pnf;vkH;nDñGwfpGm
oef;xGe;f u ol\tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tm; jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG rS wifjyonhf
vkyif ef;pOfwpfcw
k nf; ygwDwpfcw k nf;jzpfajrmuf
apYpyfnE§d idI ;f a&;rlrsm;ukd zwfNy;D Ekid if aH &;em;rvnfaom rsuu f ef;
atmif aqmif&Guf&ef/
rsKd;cspfrsm;u apYpyfa&;rl[k pum;wif;qkdcJYao;onf/
4/ azmfjycJYaom 1? 2? 3 tcsufrsm;ukd atmifjrif&ef
1948 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif AE¨Kvyef;NcHü vlxk
aqmif&u G af epOftwGi;f tzsuo f abmjzpfonhf oydwf
tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf usif;ycJYonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;rSm Armjynf
arSmufjcif;udprö sm;ukd uGejf rLepfygwDEiS hf oufqidk &f mtzGUJ
uGefjrLepfygwDrS OD;aqmifusif;yaom tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf/
wkdYu wm0ef,lí acwå&yfqkdif;xm;&efESifh tqkdyg
tpnf;ta0;wGif ocifoef;xGef;u rdefYcGef;ajym&m -
oydwfrsm;ukd zqyvtpkd;&tzGJUu jyif;xefpGm ta&;
r,lao;bJ qkid ;f iHxY m;&efEiS hf xkt
d csed t
f wGi;f epfemcsuf ]]qkd&S,fvpfwkdY\t½kd;jzifh Am;u&macsmufukd zkdYypfrnf}} [k
rsm;ukd xda&mufpGmajz&Sif;ay;&ef[lí jzpfonf/ xnfhoGif;ajymMum;cJhonf/
450 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 451
xkd&ufrsm;rwkdifrDuyif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if *kd&S,fu oef;xGe;f tygt0if uGejf rLepfacgif;aqmifwo Ydk nf tzrf;rcH&bJ
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtaejzifh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p tmPm&cgp xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;Muavonf/
zqyvtpkd;&onf aygufcgpysKd;yifESifhwlaMumif;? tjyifrxGuf xkdtcsufukd taMumif;jyKNyD; uGefjrLepfwkdYu tpkd;&u
csifaMumif;? xkdopfyifukd Ekwf&efvG,fonhftwGuf Ekwf&rnf zrf;r,fqw dk modí awmck&d wmyg[líyif tpk;d &ukd tjypfzpYdk um;
jzpfaMumif;? uGefjrLepftmPm&&Sd&ef zqyvtpkd;&tm; oydwfpkH ajymMuao;\/ uGejf rLepfw\ Ydk wyfew
D yfzUJG \ XmecsKyaf cgif;aqmif
olykefx[lí aqmifyk'ft& (From General strike to armed in- rsm;onf tvkH&yfwGif&Sdonf/ xkdolwkdYurl zrf;rnf[laom
surrection) oydwfpkHNyD; olykefx&ef tBuHjyKwifjyonf[lí taMumif;ukdvnf; rod? xGufajy;oGm;aom ocifoef;xGef;wkdY
aemiftcgwGif uRefawmf Mum;&ygonf/ tkypf uk vnf; bmrSowif;ray;aomaMumifh olw\ Ydk wyfzUJG ½k;H wGif
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jzpfygonf/ uGejf rLepfwyfewD yfzUJG (Red Guard) wyfeAD v dk cf sKyf Akv
d o
f ed ;f wef?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf zqyvtpkd;&ukd ykefuef Akv
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ukdvnf; ysufuGufcJhonf/ txufwGifa&;cJYaom taMumif;t&mwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHokdY
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tpk;d &ukd ykeu f ef&ef aqmif&u G af eNy[D í
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zqyvtpk d ; &url Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD o nf tpk d ; &uk d vnf;aumif; od&jcif;jzpfygonf/
ykefuef&ef BuHpnfrnf[lí wxpfcs xifxm;jcif;r&SdcJhay/ uRefawmf\b0wGif ,cktcsdefü b,fu@wGif yg0if&rnf
rwfv 27 &uf ocifoef;xGef;\ Am;u&macsmufukd ukdapmifhae&aom tcsdefykdif;jzpfygawmhonf/
qkd&S,fvpft½kd;ESifh zkdYrnf[laom pum;ESifh aqG;aEG;&efzdwfac:
jcif;ukd rwkHYjyef[laom taMumif;aMumifh uGefjrLepfygwD0if jynfolYpmayaumfrwD
vlBu;D ykid ;f ukd zrf;qD;&ef umuG,af &;0efBu;D Akv d v
f usmf u Akv d rf LS ;csKyf uRefawmfonf AD,uferfrSjyefvmNyD; OD;xGef;0if;tdrfwGif
apmMum'kd;ukd trdefYay;vkdufonf/ wnf;ckdae&ygonf/ cgwkdif; &efukefa&mufvQif wnf;ckdaeus
xkpd Ofu Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf pmMum'k;d \teD;ae (PSO) [kxif&aom ocifra':&SdeftdrfwGif wnf;ckdjcif;rjyKawmhyg/ taMumif;rSm
uGejf rLepfygwD0if Akv d of ufxeG ;f u uGejf rLepfygwD0ifvBl u;D rsm;ukd uGejf rLepfwYdk awmckad omtcg ocifra':&Sed \ f orD;rcifoef;ESihf
zrf;rnho f wif;ukd odomG ;ojzifh ocifoef;xGe;f xHoYdk owif;ay;ykYd orufuo dk ef;a&Two
Ydk nf awmcko
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452 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 453
xkdYaMumifh uRefawmfonf jynfxJa&;0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;\ ocifausmfpdefESifh '*kefOD;vSaz/ pma&;or*¾rSa&mufvmaom
ygvDreftwGi;f 0efjzpfaom OD;xGe;f 0if;\tdrw f iG f wnf;ckyd gonf/ ukud Bdk u;D (aemuftcgwGif rk;d ndKtrwfjzpfvmol) Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifBu;D ?
avqdyfwGif OD;xGef;0if;tdrfrS um;ESifhvmBudKygonf/ ocifcspaf rmif (0d"&l )? ocifviG ?f b@ma&;0efBu;D Xme? twGi;f 0ef
OD;xGe;f 0if;tdrrf mS ae&if; OD;ausmNf ird ;f qDomG ;Ny;D vmvmwm\ OD;bNidrf; (aemifwGif yrnwacgif;aqmif vrf;pOfygwDacwf
pmukd ykcYd \ YJ / uReaf wmf\a&SUvkyif ef;twGuf b,fopYdk pD Of&rnfudk or0g,r0efBu;D )? vuf0pJ mayvkv d m;ol pma&;q&m'*kew f m&m?
pOf;pm;&if;yif Akv d rf LS ;pderf eS u
f dk oGm;awGUcJhygonf/ Akvd rf LS ;pderf eS u
f - OD;ausmfNidrf;? jrefatmif ocifcspfarmif? ocifausmfxGef;? oxkH
]]ukdpef;aiGa& uRefawmfwkdY vuf0JnDñGwfa&;zGJUzkdYu BudK;yrf; ukdodef;armif? Munhfjrifwkdif ukdoef;ESifh uRefawmf armifcspfvIdif
aewkef;yJAsm? 'DtxJ uGefjrLepfawGuawmh awmckdoGm;awmh paomolawG yg\/ xkdtcsdefu uRefawmhftrnf armifpef;aiG
vkHNcHKa&;tajctaetwGuf zqyvtzGJUcsKyftaeeJY wm0efawG r[kwfawmhyg/
ykdvmw,f/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfwkdYuvnf; zqyveJY qkd&S,fvpf jynfolYpmaywkdufukdaxmifNyD; pmtkyfrsm;a&mif;aomtcg
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wnfNidrfa&;? at;csrf;a&;ukd OD;pm;ay;ae&w,f/ jynfolY&Jabmf ukdausmfatmif? ukdatmifvif;? ukdjroef; (jroef;wifh) polwkdY
awGukd xdef;ae&ovkd zqyvukdvnf; wm0ef,lae&wmrkdY ygMu\/
cifAsm;ukd ajymxm;wJhvuf0JnDñGwfa&;zGJUzkdY[m a0;aew,fAsm/ pmtkyfqkdifu a&mif;aumif;aomqkdifjzpfygonf/
cifAsm; OD;AaqGqo D mG ;Munfyh gOD;? olvnf; cifAsm;ukd arQmaf ew,f? qkid w
f iG v
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cifAsm; olwkdYeJYyl;aygif;rSmukd vkdvm;aew,f}} [lí ajymjyonf/ wuúov dk rf S q&mawGvnf;vmNy;D pmtky0f ,fMuygonf/ pnfum;
uRefawmfonf AkdvfrSL;pdefrSefajymaomaMumifh OD;AaqGxH aomqkdif jzpfygonf/
oGm;cJYygonf/ OD;AaqGu - xkdpOfwGif OD;AaqGu uRefawmfhtm; taMumif;t&mokH;ckukd
]]wkaYd wG vuf0n J ñ D w G af &;vky&f if 0g'oabmxm;eJyY wfoufNy;D pmtkyfa&;&ef wm0efay;ygonf/
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wkdYawG 0g'jzefYcsda&;vkyf&awmhr,f/ 'Dvkd0g'jzefYzkdYu pmtkyfawG 'kwd,taMumif;rSm armfpDwkH;a&;onhf 'Drkdua&pDopfpmtkyfukd
vkdtyfw,f/ 'Dawmh wkdYu aumfrwDwpf&yfzGJUr,f/ jynfolYpmay tajccHNyD; jrefrmrIjyKxm;aom 'Drkdua&pDopfpmtkyfwkdY jzpfonf/
aumfrwDvkdY emrnfay;xm;w,f/ tJ'DaumfrwD&JU twGif;a&;rSL; xkdpmtkyfESpftkyfukd &JabmfcspfMunftrnfjzifh a&;cJhNyD;
tjzpf rif;vkyfyg}} [lí ajym\/ uRefawmfuvnf; vufcHvkduf aemufwpftkyf armifcspfMunftrnfESifh rmhufpf0g't& rmhufpf
ygonf/ avYvmenf; (Method of Marxist Study) [laompmtkyf jzpfygonf/
jynfolYpmayaumfrwDtzGJU0ifawG tawmfrsm;\/ rSwfrd xkdpmtkyfukd txl;jyKNyD; a&;ckdif;&m 4? 5? v MumcJYygonf/
oavmuf ajym&aomf Ouú|tjzpf OD;AaqG? refae*smESpfOD;rSm xkdpmtkyfokH;tkyftwGuf wpfESpfeDyg; tcsdefukefcJhygonf/
454 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 455
pmtkyfa&;&if;uyif c&D;xGuf&ao;&m xkdpmtkyfrSm tcsdef uRefawmfwkdYjynf[m ppf'Pftrsm;qkH;cHcJh&vkdY urÇmh
rMumoifhbJ MumcJhaom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf/ Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd vkcd siw f ,f/ urÇmrSm Ekid if BH u;D awG tcsi;f csi;f
uRefawmfhwGif c&D;oGm;&aom Zmwmygonf[kxifygonf/ *kdPf;uGJwmukd uRefawmfwkdY raxmufcHbl;/ t*Fvdyf?
*syefacwfwpfacwfvkH; c&D;oGm;cJh&\/ ppfNyD;cgpwGifvnf; c&D; tar&duef? ½k&Sm;pwJh Ekid if BH u;D awG&UJ nDñw G af &;uko d m
oGm;aomtvkyaf wG vkyaf e&\/ ,ckwpfzef jyefopYl mayaumfrwD axmufcw H ,f/ 'DEidk if BH u;D awG nDñw G rf S urÇmBu;D at;csr;f
twGif;a&;rSL;b0ESifh c&D;oGm;&ef vkyfief;ay:vmygonf/ r,f/ 'gaMumifh ½k&mS ;ESiOhf a&myta&SUykid ;f 'Dru dk a&pDopfEidk if H
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tpkd;&tm; ykefuefMuonf/ xkdacwf\tac: awmckdMuonf/ w,f/ em;vnfrI,l&r,fvkdY qkdjcif;jzpfw,f/ t*Fvdyf?
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uGejf rLepfwt Ydk m; twif;0ifa&muf zrf;qD;aomaMumifo h m awmckd ukd avYvm½krH [kwf ½k&mS ;ponfw&Ydk UJ pepfrsm;? enf;rsm;ukd
&onf[lí jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUu ajymqkdMuonf/ zqyv vnf; avYvm&efjzpfw,f/
tpkd;&taejzifh ocifEktaejzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh aphpyf&ef Ny;D awmh vGwv f yfwEhJ idk if t
H jzpfeYJ uReaf wmfwYdk wkid ;f jynf
rl 15 csuu f dk wifjycJoh nf/ zqyvtzGUJ Bu;D wGiyf gaom qk&d , S v f pf xGufukefypönf;rsm; aps;aumif;aumif;ESifha&mif;&zdkY
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qkdAD,uf½k&Sm;? ta&SUOa&my'Drkdua&pDopfEkdifiHrsm;ESifh
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456 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 457
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476 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 477
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478 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 479
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480 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 481
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482 udkudkarmifBuD; uRefawmfodaom wpf&Ha&mtcgrsm; 483
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vlwef;pm; OD;aqmifrIjyKaom awmifolv,form;tvTmrsm; [lí a<u;aMumfaeMuavonf/
awmae NrKd Uaeqif;&Jom;ESihf vlvwfwef;pm;tvTmrsm;? wdik ;f jynf\ Ek-rludk raxmufcHaom jynfolY&JabmfwdkYonf zqyv
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom rsKd;cspf tpdk;&udkyg oHo,0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkpOfu Armhwyfrawmf\
"e&Sifrsm;? rsKd;cspfynmwwf tpkta0;rsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifonfh OD;pD;csKyrf mS Adv k cf sKypf rpf'eG ;f jzpfonf/ avwyfO;D pD;csKyrf mS Adv k cf sKyf
ñGeaYf ygif;Edik if aH wmftmPmudk xlaxmifomG ;&rnf[al om rl0g'yif apm&S;D ½d;I ? Munf;wyfwiG v f nf; b&pfa*;&D;,m; apmMum'd;k polawG
jzpfonf/ &Sdaeay&m xdkolwdkYudk Ek-rl raxmufcHaom jynfolY&JabmfwdkYu
xdkvkyfief;udk jynfoltrsm;pk\ axmufcHrIudk &&Sdap&ef vuf,morm;rsm;tjzpf xifaeMuonf/
rmhufpf0g'orm;rsm;u qkwfom wufomaomenf;rsm;jzifh qd&k , S v f pfygwD0if jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D rSm xdpk Ofu OD;ausmNf ird ;f
uRrf;usifvdr®mpGm aqmif&GufoGm;&rnf[lí jzpfayonf/ jzpfay&m jynfolY&JabmfwdkYudk vufeufodrf;rnf[k jynfolY&Jabmf
xdkoabmw&m;udk ajym&onfrSm tvGefodrfarGUvSaom awGu xifaeMuonf/ (13-6-1948) wGif atmifqef;uGif;ü
aMumifh *syefacwfu rmhufpfoabmw&m;udk a[m&onfxuf Ekrl 14 csufudk axmufcHvdkuf\/ (10-7-1948) wGif jynfolY
ydrk o
kd rd af rGUonf/ rvG,[ f k uReaf wmf awGU&ygonf/ uReaf wmfEiS hf &JabmftzGJUonf zqyvtzGJUcsKyf rS EkwfxGufvdkufonf/
vkyfazmfukdifzufjzpfol oxHk udkodef;armifonf jynfolYpmay xdkwGif zqyvudkaxmufcHaom jynfolY&Jabmf? raxmufcH
aumfrwDvyk if ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifonfh a&mifjcnfopf*sme,fvyk if ef; aom jynfo&Yl aJ bmf [lí ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;\/ zqyvudk raxmufcH
aom jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwu Ykd kd &JabmfjzL[k uifyeG ;f wyfMu\/ Adv k zf ;kd uGe;f ?
rsm;udk t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf vkyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
Adkvfxdefvif;? AdkvfxGef;vif;wdkY acgif;aqmifMu\/
 484 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm;
zqyvwGifusefcJhaom jynfolY&JabmfwdkYudk &Jabmf0g[lí
uifyGef;wyf\/ AdkvfrSL;atmif (&JabmfoHk;usdyf)? AdkvfpdefrSefwdkY
acgif;aqmifMuonf/
xdkodkY r&Sif;rvif;&SdaeqJrSmyif tpdk;&ESifh uGefjrLepfwdkY
wdkufaeaomppfyGJudk &yfpJNyD;? uGefjrLepf? qdk&S,fvpf? jynfolY
&JabmfwdkY nDñGwfa&;twGuf qufvufBudK;yrf;vdkaom vuf0J
aumifpD[lí ay:vmjyefonf/ (16-7-1948) wGif zGJUpnf;
vdkufaomtzGJUjzpfonf/
vuf0JaumifpD[ktrnfcHaom xdktzGJUudk AdkvfcsKyfae0if; owårydkif;
acgif;aqmifcJhonf/ (xdktcsdefu AdkvfcsKyfBuD; r[kwfao;yg)
uRefawmfwdkYonf e,fwGif Ekrl 14 csufudpö&Sif;&if; vuf0J rdk;oufrkefwdkif; ½dkif;pdkif;jyif;xef
aumifpDudpö&Sif;&if;yif 'kwd,vuf0JaumifpDu ay:OD;rnf/ trSeu f awmh þtcef;\ acgif;pOfi,fukd þpmvH;k avmufEiS hf
ay:vmrnf[lí jzpfaepOfrSmyif jynfxJa&;0efBuD;XmerS jynfolY a&;rjycsiyf g/ þxuf jyif;xefaompmvH;k wdu Yk kd uReaf wmf ra&G;wwf
&Jabmfwv Ykd ufwiG &f adS om vufeufwu
Ykd kd odr;f rnf[al om owif; í þpmvH;k udo k ;kH vdu
k &f ygonf/ pma&;q&m jrwfxef a&;ouJo h Ykd
pum;rsm;aMumifh (16-7-1948) wGif jynfolY&JabmfwkdY awmcdkMu wdik ;f jynfuEkEk ...rkew f ikd ;f uxefxef[k a&;wmyifvQif wu,fh
awmhonf/ &JabmfjzL[lí trnfwGifvmonf/ txufwGif jzpf&yfwdkY Murf;wrf;½dkif;pdkif;vGef;vSygojzifh rvHkavmufao;[k
azmfjycJhonhftwkdif; vuf0JaumifpD[lí jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ uRefawmfxifrd\/
þtajctaersm;aMumifh uRefawmfonf &efukefodkY jyefvm rjzpfpbl; ...xl;jcm;aomjzpf&yfqdk;BuD;wdkUudk uRefawmfwdkY
cJhygonf/ jynfolYpmayaumfrwDtvkyfawGudk vkyf&if; OD;AaqG rsuf0g;xifxifawGUcJhvdkuf&ygawmhonf/ awGUae&ygawmhonf/
wm0efay;aompmtkyfawGudk a&;aevdkufygonf/ vGwv f yfa&;r&cifu vGwv f yfa&;&vQi[ f íl taumif;buf
udo k m uReaf wmfawG;Ny;D arQmv f ifch \
hJ /wu,fv h wG vf yfa&;&aom
tcg uRefawmfarQmfvifhrxm;wmawGom rsm;pGm ...rsm;pGm
jzpfcJh\/ pdwfcHpm;rIwGif &GH&SmpufqkyfrIrsKd;? a'goxGufrIrsKd;?
rcHcsdatmif 0rf;enf;rd ...oem;rdrIrsKd;? pdwf"mwfusrIwdkYyg pkNyHK
cHpm;ae&aomumvwpf&yfudk uRefawmfjzwfoef;ae&ygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wu,fawmh uRefawmfwdkY[kyif oHk;csifyg\/

...(1)
 486 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 487
uRefawmfwdkYwpfEdkifiHvHk; Mum;ae&? jrifae&? odae&onfh rGe?f Arm acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwMf um;cJ\ h / tm;vH;k yifwufa&muf
ordkif;wGif trdkufqHk;? tarSmifqHk;umvudk uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiH cJMh uonf/ xdx k rif;pm;yGüJ apmbOD;Bu;D u rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;&mwGi-f
jzwfoef;ae&aom umvjzpfygonf/ ]]paumhwvefjynf [dkif;vif;'g;vlrsKd;rsm;[m {nhfonf
,cktoufESifhjyefawG;aomtcg avmbpdwfayvm;[lí rdwaf qGukd auR;wJt h cg qm;ygavh&ydS gw,f/ 'Dqm;udpk m;wJv h [
l m
awG;rdygonf/ b,fawmhrS opömrazmufbl;/ raumif;rBuHtyfbl;vdkY t,l&Sdyg
awmfveS af &;Ny;D þNrKd Uay:wGif tajcwus&v dS maom tcgwGif w,f/ jrefrmjynfawmifay:rsm;rSmvnf; ol\xrif;udk pm;Ny;D &if
uGejf rLepfygwDonf olwyYkd gwD\qdik ;f bkwu f kd t&ifwifc\hJ / olw\ Ykd olu Y rkd aumif;rBut H yfb;l qdw
k m &Syd gw,f/ ajrnDrmS vnf;yJ cifAsm;
'kwd,uGef*&ufudk ppfEdkifolwdkU\ uGef*&uf[k orkwfcJhMu\/ auR;wJx h rif;udk vnfyif;xJrmS &Sad o;w,fqw kd hJ pum;eJY (aus;Zl;&Sif
OD;odef;az? ocifpdk;wdkYudk csD;rGrf;axmyemawGjyKMu\/ aemifwGif aus;rpGyfawmhbl;) qdkwJhpum;yHkrsm;vnf; &Sdygw,f}}
ocifp;kd ESiu hf MJG u? zqyvtmPm&aomtcgwGif 0efBu;D ESpaf e&m ]]ckepf&ufMumc&D;xGufcJhpOfu ocifEku uRefawmhfudk
r&í[laomtaMumif;rSpNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: jynfol auR;arG; cJhwJh aus;Zl;&Sdygw,f/ ckawmhocifEk[m uRefawmfh
vlxk\ axmufcHrIudk uGefjrLepfawG rvdkvm;Mu/ rdrdwdkY omvQif wJukyfudka&mufcJhygNyD...ckcgrSm ocifEkudk uRefawmfu auR;&
tmPmudk csKyu f ikd x
f m;&rnf[al om uGejf rLepf0g'udk w&m;ao jyefygNyD/ 'gaMumifh ckawmh (olauR;? uRefawmfauR;) jzpf&ygNyD/
qkyu f ikd x
f m;&mu awmcdo k nfth qifh vufeufuikd af wmfveS o f nfh
'g[m wpfO;D eJUwpfO;D &if;ES;D pGm tjyeftvSef auR;arG;MuwJh &mZ0if
tqifhodkYa&mufcJhygonf/
ygyJ}} [lí jrefrmrsm;ESifhu&ifrsm; &if;ESD;aMumif; opöm&SdpGm &Sdrnfh
þodkY uGefjrLepfwdkYbufujzpfysufaepOfwGif jynfolU&Jabmf
taMumif; pum;rsKd;ajymjzpfygonf/
wyfzUJG onfvnf; Ek-rl &JabmfrEl iS hf aqG;aEG;&mu ESpyf ikd ;f uGo J mG ;\/
jynfolU&JabmfwdkYu olwdkYwGif&Sdonfh vufeufawGudkodrf;rnf[k odkYaomf þpum;rsKd;rajymrDuyif rtlyifaiGwdkufudk u&if
awG;rd pd;k &drrf Nd y;D awmcdMk ujyefonf/ Ek-rlukd axmufc?H awmrcdak om vufeufuikd f (19) OD;u azmufxiG ;f ,lrw I pfcjk zpfc\
hJ / xdt k csuEf iS hf
&JabmfwdkYu &Jabmf0gtjzpf zqyvwGif usef&pfcJh\/ pyfvsOf;NyD; apmbOD;BuD;u -
vlrsKd;tm;jzifhajym&vQif Armtrsm;pkygaomygwDwdkY þodkY ]]u&ifuav; 19 a,mufqakd yr,fh wpfa,mufwnf;vnf;
jzpfaepOfrmS yif u&ifvrl sK;d wdu Yk vnf; acgif;aqmif apmbOD;Bu;D u u&ify?J 19 a,mufvnf;u&ify.J .aiGuvnf;renf;bl;/ 'DaiGawG
0efBu;D csKyo f cifEEk iS w hf uG zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; olwv Ykd rl sK;d udk jzefYvdkufwJhtcg u&ifwpfrsKd;om;vHk;jyefYoGm;r,f/ jyefYoGm;&if
awGESifhywfoufNyD; pdwfylyefjcif;r&Sdap&ef uwdtrsKd;rsKd; ay;cJh u&ifwpfrsK;d om;vH;k olc;kd rsK;d awG jzpfomG ;r,f/ olc;kd rsK;d awG rjzpf&
ayonf/ avatmif uRefawmfudk,fwdkif a&SUaqmifjyKvkyfaqmif&GufzdkY
apmbOD;BuD;u atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf? 1948ck wGif tvHk jy|mef;vdu k yf gNy}D } [lívnf; ajymcJah o;\/ ol\ ud, k yf ikd v
f ,fajr
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rpf&iS vf rf;&Sd u&iftrsK;d om;uvyfwiG f xrif;pm;yGw J pf&yf usi;f y {u (1000) udyk if a&mif;Ny;D qyf&ef pOf;pm;aMumif;yg rdecYf eG ;f wGif
cJh&m xdkxrif;pm;yGJodkY EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfocifEkESifh ucsif? &Srf;? &Snfvsm;pGm ajymoGm;ygao;onf/
...(2)
 488 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 489
odaYk omf autef,?l autef't D kd paomtzGUJ tpnf;wdo Yk nf onf/ vlrsKd;a&;qdk&mwGif ArmvlrsKd;udk tukefowf? tukef&Sif;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&udk twdtvif; ykefuefjcm;em;p [laom rluckd sxm;ouJoh Ukd jzpfpOfrsm;u azmfjyaeonf/ atmufyg
jyKayNyD/ Z,m;rsm;udk Munfhapvdkygonf -
1948 ckEpS u f yif oxHNk rKd Uudo k rd ;f &ef vQKUd 0Supf mG BupH nfaeMu
onf/ oxHkNrdKU\ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzJGUudk zGJUpnf;NyD; (31-8-1948) u&ifaomif;usef;rI aeYpOfrSwfwrf;
&ufaeYwiG f oxHNk rKd Uay:&Sd autef,al cgif;aqmifrsm;? autef't D kd 20-8-48/ / armf c sD ; wG i f autef , l acgif ; aqmif r sm;u
wyfzGJUrsm;ESifh trf;ykvdyf (Arm Police) rsm;yl;aygif;NyD; oxHkNrdKUudk ¤if;wd\ Yk rde;f rrsm;ESiu hf av;rsm;udk a&TUajymif;í?
pwifodrf;ydkuf&ef jyKvkyfcJhMu\/ tpk;d &ukd vufeuftm;ud;k ESiNhf crd ;f ajcmufMuonf/
autef'DtdkwdkYonf tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;opfrsm; a&;qGJNyD; xdkYaemuf ¤if;wdkYonf armfcsD;owåKwGif;rsm;udk
tkycf sKyaf &;tzJUG opfukd zGUJ vdu k af omtcg oxH&k dS wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ odr;f ydu k Mf uNy;D 0dik ,f mvufXmeudk toH;k jyKMuonf/
c½dik &f 0J ef rpöwm'ufw0f uf? c½dik 0f ef apmbwåvmwdo Yk nf autef 20-8-48/ / u&ifeDjynf? u&ifeDjynf&Sd autef,ltzGJUu
'DtdkwdkYESifh yl;aygif;aexdkif&awmhonf/ &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ppf&J (31) a,mufukd yapmif
1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 20 &ufaeYwGif oxHkc½dkifwpfckvHk; wGif vufeufcsapNy;D ? xl;acsmif;wGif (10)a,muf
autef't D rkd sm;\ vufatmufoYkd usomG ;Ny;D aumfoal v; tpd;k & udkvufeufcsapNyD;? vufeufrsm;udk odrf;,l
[lí zGJUpnf;xlaxmifMuawmhonf/ vdkufonf/
autef,o l nf Edik if aH &;OD;aqmiftzGUJ jzpfNy;D autef't D rkd mS 21-8-48/ / xl ; acsmif ; wG i f autef , l r sm;u &S r f ; jynf
wdu k cf u kd af &;[lí u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;u cH,x l m;Muonf/ odaYk omf awmifyikd ;f ppfwyfrS a*:&cg;vlrsK;d wyfom;ckepfO;D
EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh OD;aqmifrIr&SdbJ wdkufcdkufa&;om OD;aqmif wdkY\vufeufrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkufonf/
wdkufcdkufcJhaom u&ifvlrsKd;a&;vIyf&Sm;rI wpfenf;tm;jzifh qlyl 21-8-48/ / u&iftrsm;qH;k yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpk ppfwyfrS
aomif;use;f rIonf rnfrQ&ufpuf,w k rf m½dik ;f pdik ;f aMumif;udk xdpk Ofu ppf&J (67) a,ufwo Ykd nf armfcs;D rdik ;f taemufbuf
xkwfa0aom pmapmif? owif;pmwdkYwGif a&;om;cJhMuonf/ oH k ; rd k i f u G m &S d apmvd k ; &G m autef , l t zG J U 0if
þae&mwGif ppfESvHk;trnf&Sd pmapmifwGif autef'DtdkwdkY\ vlBu;D rsm;xH ¤if;wd\ Yk vufeuf? cJ,rf;? rD;ausmuf
vlrqefpGm aoG;pm½dkif;pdkif;&ufpufyHkwdkUudk a&;om;xm;onfh rsm;udk cstyfMuonf/
pmydk'frsm;udk aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkufygonf/ 21-8-48/ / rGef (200) ESifh u&iftajrmuftjrm;wdkYonf
autef,lwdkY\ rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&;? oxHEk iS u hf sKu
d r© cD ½dik rf sm;wGif pwifyek u f efMuNy;D vQif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

u&ifjynfe,f xlaxmifa&;[laomtcsufudk OD;xdyfxm;cJhMu\/ bm;tHatmufbufü NrKd U&GmumuG,af &; aoewf

wu,hfjzpf&yfum; vlrsKd;a&;rkef;wD;rI OD;wnfaeouJhodkY jzpfae rsm;ESichf , J rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk odr;f qnf;Muonf/
...(3)
 490 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 491
22-8-48/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf abmfvcJ (u&ifeD &SmazGa&; aumfr&Sit f zGUJ wpfzUGJ udk zGUJ pnf; ceft Y yf
jynfe,f) odkY csDwufpOf xl;acsmif;udk odrf;ydkuf onf/
vdkufonf/ 29-8-48/ / tpdk;&wyfrsm;u eef;0J (u,m;jynfe,f) udk
23-8-48/ / oxH k a utef , l r sm;onf ? armf v Nrd K if - rG e f jyefvnfodrf;ydkufonf/
nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;\ tultnDjzifh aumu,uf 29-8-48/ / rGefu&ifaomif;usef;ol (200) wdkYonf bm;tH
XmeESifh u'Dewfuif;Xme (oHvGifc½dkif) rsm;udk Xmeydik f 0if;Muefukd wdu k cf u kd Mf uaomfvnf; ta&;
wdkufcdkufMuonfhjyif? ¤if;wdkYonf 1948 ckepf? ½HI;edrfhoGm;Muonf/ oxHkc½dkifwGif rGefESifhu&if
ZlvdkifvuyifvQif bm;tHNrdKUe,fwGif aus;&Gm wdkYonf wpfNydKifwnf;pwif ykefuefMuonf/
umuG,fa&; aoewfrsm;udk odrf;,lonf/ 30-8-48/ / u&ifaomif;usef;ol (200) wdkYonf ppfawmif;
23-8-48/ / u&ifvufeufuikd f (30) wdo Yk nf ajrmif;jr? uefbhJ ajrmuf b uf w G i f oxH k p H k a xmuf u if ; tzG J Y u d k
udk wduk cf u
kd Nf y;D aiG (3000d^) ausmw f efypön;f rsm; ESdrfeif;wdkufcdkufNyD; ppfawmif;ta&SUbufa'o
udk vk,loGm;onf/ rsm;udk odr;f ydu
k v
f u kd of nft h jyif uif;XmerS cJ,rf;
23-8-48/ / autef,rl sm;onf (u&ifejD ynfe,f) eef>yefwiG f rD;ausmuftm;vH;k udk odr;f ,lNy;D rkyv Ü ifukd odr;f ydu
k f
&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ppfwyfrS wyfom; 11 OD;wd\ Yk vdkufonf/
vufeufrsm;udkodrf;,lNyD; armfcsD;wGif &Srf;jynf 30-8-48/ / c&GJ&Sd oxHkppf&J wyfpdwfudk;ckrS ppf&Jrsm;ESifh
awmifyikd ;f ppfwyfqikd &f m vGKd iaf umfjynfaxmifpk ppfawmif;uif;XmeESihf &JXmerS trIxrf;rsm;onf
ppf&JwyfrS wyfom; 22 a,mufwdkY\ vufeuf u&ifaomif;use;f olwx Ykd H vufeufcstyfMuonf/
rsm;udk odrf;,lvdkuf\/ vGdKifaumfrS rdkif (20) cefY 30-8-48/ / yef;vHkESifhvG,fvif&Sd jynfaxmifpkwyfrS u&if
tuGm&Sd anmifqdkifwGif ya'gif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf ppf&rJ sm;onf awmcdo k mG ;MuNy;D ? rdik yf eG ef ,f (u&if
autef'DtdkwdkYESifh wdkufcdkufMuonf/ jynfe,f) ausmif;pkteD;wGif tpdk;&wyfrsm;udk
24-8-48/ / wGUH aw;NrKd Uudk tpd;k &wyfrsm;u jyefvnford ;f ydu k f wdkufcdkufMuonf/
vdkufonf/ 31-8-48/ / tpd;k &wyfrsm;u uvuJukd jyefvnford ;f ydu k of nf/
25-8-48/ / u&ifeDjynfe,fwGif rm&S,favm ppfOya'udk 31-8-48/ / awmifBuD;ppfwyfrSm jynfaxmifpkppf&Jrsm;ESifh
xkwfjyefaMunmonf/ ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;u vuf&Sd &Sr;f jynf&wJ yfzUGJ 0ifwo Ykd nf vG,v f ifajrmufbuf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uGJvGJcsufrsm;\ taMumif;ZmpfjrpfESifh ¤if;wdkYudk ausmufpkwGif aomif;usef;olrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf

aumif;rGeaf tmif jyKjyifay;&eftwGuf enf;vrf; Muonf/
...(4)
 492 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 493
31-8-48/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olwo Ykd nf oxHck ½dik ?f usKd ux f kd 6-9-48/ / aomif;use;f olrsm;ESihf tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,w f o
Ykd nf
&JXmeudk odr;f ydu k o
f nf/ q*¾ejynfaxmifpk ppf&J armfvNrdKifqdyfurf;? ar,kppfoabFmay:wGif
wyf&if; (4) (u&ifwyf) ESifh rMumrDu zGJUpnf; aphpyfa&;rsm;udk aqmif&u G Mf uonf/ tif;pdew f iG f
cJhonfh u&ifppf0efxrf;wyfwdkYonf rkyÜvif u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm; qufvufNyD; wyfrS
&JXme&Sd u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;bufoYkd cd0k ifomG ; xGufajy;onf/
Muonf/ 7-9-48/ / armf v Nrd K if w G i f autef , l t zG J U acgif ; aqmif
Mo*kwfv/ / u&ifEiS rhf eG af omif;use;f olwo Ykd nf oxHck ½dik w
f iG f rsm;ESifh tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ aphpyfa&;rSm
48 ckESpf aus;&Gmrsm;udk "m;jywdkufcdkufMuonf/ atmifjrifoGm;onf/
1-9-48/ / armfvNrdKifwGif u&if tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;ESifh 7-9-48/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf zmyGeu f kd odr;f ydu
k f
autef,ltzGJU0ifrsm;onf vufeuftm;udk;jzifh vdkufonf/ jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&
NrdKUudkodrf;ydkufvdkufí autef,lacgif;aqmif
trIxrf;rsm;udk tus,fcsKyfESifhzrf;qD;xm;onf/
apmom'ifu aphpyfa&;twGuf aqmif&u G o
f nf/
8-9-48/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf awmifilc½dkif?
1-9-48/ / oxHck ½dik w f pfc½dik v f ;kH vdyk if u&ifaomif;use;f ol
ausmufBuD;udk odrf;ydkufNyD; aiGwdkufrS aiGrsm;udk
rsm;vufatmufodkY usa&mufonf/ armfvNrdKif
,lí ykvdyftzGJU0ifrsm;xHrS vufeufrsm;udk
wGif autef'Dtdkrsm;onf u&ifjynfaxmifpk
ppf&JwyfrS wyfajy;rsm;ESifhtwl ,leDazmif;rsm; odrf;onf/
0wfqifNyD; oGm;vmvsuf&Sdonf/ 8-9-48/ / autef , l t zJ G U 0if w d k Y o nf zmyG e f 0 g,mvuf
2-9-48/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f Xmeudk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf/
v,fjyif rD;&xm;blwmudk wdkufcdkufonf/ 9-9-48/ / armfcs;D rdik ;f wGif u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u ½dik zf ,f
4-9-48/ / yif a vmif ; e,f vH k j yif w G i f tpd k ; wyf r sm;u aoewfrsm;ESifh vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk
aomif;use;f olrsm;udk wdu k cf u
kd o f nf/ aomif;use;f odrf;qnf;onf/
olrsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefwdkufyGJjzpf\/ pOfhul;buf 9-9-48/ / u&if a omif ; usef ; ol r sm;onf awmif i l c ½k d i f
odkY qkwfcGmoGm;&onf/ a&T u sif N rd K Uud k od r f ; yd k u f N yD ; vuf e uf r sm;ud k
5-9-48/ / tif ; pd e f v I d i f j rpf u if ; XmerS u&if & J r I x rf ; odrf;,lonf/
&Spfa,mufwdkYonf jrefrm&JtrIxrf;ESpfOD;wdkYudk 11-9-48/ / u&ifESifh tjcm;aomif;usef;olrsm;yl;aygif;NyD;?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wdkufcdkufNyD; tif;pdefusrf;pmoifwef;ausmif; [Hom0wDc½dkif? uGrf;NcHukef;NrdKUudk wdkufcdkuf&m

bufodkY vufeufESifhwuG xGufajy;oGm;onf/ u&ifaomif;usef;ol (150) usqHk;onf/
...(5)
 494 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 495
12-9-48/ / apmbOD;ESifh autef,ltzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;\ vrf;udk u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u jzwfawmuf
aphpyfzsefajzrIaMumifh oxHku&ifaomif;usef;ol ydwfqdkYxm;onf/
wdkYESifh tpdk;&wdkY em;vnfrI&&Sdonf/ pufwifbm/ / zsmyHck ½dik w
f iG f u&iftpd;k &trIxrf;rsm; xGuaf jy;
12-9-48/ / awmif i l w G i f tpd k ; &t&m&S d r sm;? autef , l 48 ckESpf Muonf[k owif;&&Sdonf/
tzJGU0ifrsm; yg0ifonfh u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;?
a&TusifESifh ausmufBuD;ta&;twGuf em;vnfrI pufwifbm/ / u,m;jynfe,fwiG f pifNyKd it f pd;k &axmifaeaom
&&SMd uonf/ tif;pdew f iG f u&ifrsm;tvH;k t&if;ESihf 48 ckESpf u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;\ acgif;aqmifOD;wDESifh
qufvufxGufajy;Muonf/ aemufvdkuf (16)a,mufudk tpdk;&u zrf;qD;
13-9-48/ / tpdk;&wyfrsm;u xl;acsmif; (u&ifjynfe,f) udk vdkufonf/
jyefvnfodrf;ydkufvdkufonf/ 18-9-48/ / ]]u,m;jynfe,f}} wGif uGrf;NcHukef;yg&Sdaeojzifh
tpd k ; &wyf r sm; ajymif ; a&T U ay;&ef wG H a w;rS
14-9-48/ /ewfpifukef; ([Hom0wDc½dkif) rS autef'Dtkd
autef'Dtdkacgif;aqmifrsm; uGrf;NcHukef;NrdKUodkY
aomif;usef;olwdkYonf uGrf;NcHukef;rS wm0odkY
vma&mufajymqdkonf/
oGm;aom ppf&w J yfom; (15) a,mufukd zrf;qD;Ny;D
21-9-48/ / u&ifaomif;useo f w
l Ykd xl;acsmif; (u&ifjynfe,f)
vufeufrsm;udk vk,lvdkufonf/
wGif tpdk;&wyfrsm;udk taESmifht,SufjyKonf/
17-9-48/ / wGaH w;rS autef't D akd cgif;aqmif apmatmifrif;u 21-9-48/ / uGrf;NcHukef;&Sd autef'Dtdkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&wyfrsm;
rnforl qdk wGaH w;odv Yk mvQif vufeufuikd af qmif onf wGHaw;ESifh uGrf;NcHukef;NrdKUrsm;udk toD;oD;
cGifhrjyKEdkif[k vJAD;wyf&J0efuav;xHodkY pmjzifh tkyfcsKyf&ef oabmwlnDMuonf/ xm;0,fc½dkif
taMumif;Mum;onf/ wGif autef'Dtdkrsm; ykefuefvsuf&Sdonf[k
19-9-48/ / tpd k ; &wyf r sm;u armf c sD ; teD ; wG i f u&if owif;qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonf/ xm;0,fESifh
aomif;usef;ol (ig;) a,mufwdkYudk vufeuf a&;NrdKUwGif vJAD;wyfom;rsm; pkaqmif;vsuf
rsm;ESifhwuG zrf;qD;vdkufonf/ &Sdonf/
20-4-48/ / u&ifjynfe,f? zaqmifAkdvfwJwGif wyfpcef; 24-9-48/ / vGdKifarG;rS jynfaxmifpku&ifppf&JwyfrS ppfajy;
csaeaom trSwf (31) ppf&u J if;tzGUu
J kd tiftm; rsm;onf vGdKifaumfodkYtoGm;wGif vGdKifaumf
rsm;jym;vS a om u&if a omif ; usef ; ol w d k Y u uif;*wfrS vufeufrsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

trSwfrJh 0dkif;0ef;zrf;qD;vdkufonf/ xl;acsmif;&Sd 25-9-48/ / u&iftrsm;yif yg0ifaom jynfaxmifpkppf&J

ppf&u J if;tzGUJ udvk nf; wdu k cf u
kd o
f nf/ vGKd iaf umf wyfcGJ (2) rSu&ifrsm;onf x<uum? vGdKifaumf
...(6)
 496 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 497
NrKd Uudk odr;f ydu
k Mf uonf/ xdo
k Ykd odr;f ydu k &f eftoGm; 22-10-48/ / rGef-u&if aomif;usef;olrsm;onf oxHkc½dkif?
wGif 4if;wdkYonf vGdKifvifaiGwdkufrS aiGESpfodef; aygif&JXmerS vufeufrsm;udk odrf;,lvdkufonf/
vk,loGm;onf/ &Srf;trsdK;om;ppf&Jwyfom;opf 22-10-48/ / a&;NrdKUrS Adkvf'dk;bacgif;aqmifonfh ppf0efxrf;
tcsdKUrSwpfyg; awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd jynfaxmifpk rsm;udk vrdik ;f rStjyefwiG f aomif;use;f ol rGeu f &if
ppf&w J yfyg x<uum wyf&if;rSvufeuftm;vH;k udk (30) u acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfMu&m vJA;D wyfom;
odrf;ydkufvdkufygonf/ av;a,mufESifh &Gmom;ESpfa,muf usqHk;NyD;
2-10-48/ / u&if (20) onf [Hom0wDc½dkif uGrf;NcHukef; wpfa,muf 'Pf&m&&Sdonf/ a&;NrdKUrS t&ef
&JXmetydik f wulyek &f mG odYk oGm;a&mufí &GmolBu;D jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyf tula&mufojzifh aomif;
xHrS (tpdk;&tcGefawmfaiG) (203 usyf) ESifhaiG usef;olav;a,muf usqHk;NyD; (11) a,mufudk
(2778 usyf) wefypönf;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufvk,uf t&Sifzrf;rdvdkufonf/
oGm;onf/ 26-10-48/ / wGHaw;e,fydkifESifh &JXmeydkifwdkYonf uGrf;NcHukef;
NrdKUodkY toGm;tvHeDESifh u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;
4-10-48/ / awmifBu;D ESifh vGKd iv f iftajctaerSm wyfrif;Bu;D
acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfMuojzifh usq;kH oGm;&onf/
apmMum'dk; qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg aumif;rGef
26-10-48/ / autef'Dtdkrsm;onf rkwår&JXmerS vufeuf
oGm;onf/ vGKd ifaumfrmS u&ifx<uolrsm;vufxyJ if
xyfrHodrf;jyefonf/
&Sad eao;onf/ u&ifppfajy;rsm;onf qufvuf
26-10-48/ / autef't D Ekd iS rhf eG w
f o
Ykd nf rkwrå &JXmewGif vTix
hf l
xGufajy;vsuf&Sdonf/
xm;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftvHudk
12^13-10-48/ u&ifaomif;use;f ol (200) wdo Yk nf rtlyif&XJ me jzKwfcsvdkufonf/
tyd k i f tvH & G m ud k wd k u f c d k u f N yD ; ypö n f ; rsm; 30-10-48/ / jynfaxmifpkppf&JwyfrS ykefuefol autef'Dtdk
arTaESmuf,loGm;onf/ 4if;wdkYonf Ak'¨bk&m; apmom{ausmfonf 4if;\ autef'Dtdkwynfh
½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ESifh bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;udk vufom;rsm;ESifhtwl wGHaw;&JXme aetdrfodkY
zsufqD;NyD; &Gmom;ig;a,mufukd ypfowfcJhonf/ ajymif;a&TUoGm;NyD; wGHaw;e,fydkifESifh &JXmeydkifwdkY
15-10-48/ / vG d K if a umf & S d u&if x <uol r sm;tm; ppf w yf aoqHk;NyD;aemuf NrdKUudkodrf;,lvdkufonf/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;\&mZoHudk ay;tyfvkdufonf/ atmufwdk/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf jrpf0uRef;ay:
22-10-48/ / rkwår (oxHk) wGif pcef;csaom apm&efNidrf; bmv t&yfa'ojrpf½dk;wpfavQmufwGif "m;jytBuD;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

acgif;aqmifonfh autef'Dtdkrsm;onf rkwår 48ckESpf tus,w f ukd í f tBu;D tus,f aomif;use;f vsuf
&JXmewGif 4if;wdkY\tvHudk vTifhwifMuonf/ &SdMuonf/
...(7)
 498 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 499
atmufwdk/ / vufeufudkif u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf Edk0ifbmv/ / rtlyifc½dik w
f iG f u&ifrsm;onf "m;jytBu;D tus,f
bmv rtlyife,fwiG f x<uaomif;use;f um "m;jywku d f 48ckESpf qufvufwdkufcdkufaeonf/ tif;pdefc½dkifwGif
48ckESpf usL;vGefvsuf&Sdonf/ u&ifppfajy;rsm; xGuaf jy;aeqJ yif&o dS nf/ oxHk
5-11-48/ / autef'Dtdkacgif;aqmifapmbdk;xdk;u wGHaw;&Sd wGif u&ifppftyk cf sKyXf meudk pwifwnfaxmifNy;D
&JtzGUJ 0ifwt Ykd m; 4if;wd\
Yk vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf ]]ok0PÖwikd ;f }} owif;pOfukd xkwaf 0vsu&f o dS nf/
rsm;udk xm;NyD; xGufcGmoGm;&ef awmif;qdkonf/ 3-12-48/ / autef'Dtdkrsm;onf rkwår (oxHk) &JXmeudk
rkyÜvif&JXme (oxHk) jyefvnfzGifhvSpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfonf/
8-11-48/ / wGaH w;&JtzGUJ u autef't D v kd ufrS tpd;k &tmrcH 6-12-48/ / u&ifEiS hf rGef (100) wdo Yk nf wm&e&Gm (armfvNrKd i)f
aowåmrsm;udk odr;f ydu k v f u kd af omtcg vufeuf wGif &JtzGJUudk wdkufcdkuf&m aomif;usef;ol
rsm;aysmufoGm;onfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ &Spfa,muf usqHk;onf/
13-11-48/ / vufeufuikd f u&ifaomif;use;f olwu Ykd ykord Nf rKd U 7-12-48/ / bm;tHraS utef't D rkd sm; armfvNrKd io
f Ykd armfawmf
awmifbuf (16) rdkif&Sd opfudkif;acsmuft&yfü rsm;oGm;vmjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;vdkufonf/
ZrÁL0if; ac: armfawmfbw k u f kd wduk cf u kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k f 8-12-48/ / tiftm;awmifw h if;Ny;D vufeufjynfph o kH nfh u&if
vdkufonf/ aomif;use;f olwyfrsm;onf uvdeaf ph (xm;0,f)&Sd
13-11-48/ / wGHaw;&JtzGJUonf uGrf;NcHukef;NrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TU jynfaxmifpkppf&Jrsm;udk wdkufcdkufNyD; 0dkif;onf/
onf/ usdKufaxmf ([Hom0wD) rS autef'Dtdk aomif;use;f olo;Hk a,muf usq;kH í aomif;use;f ol
rsm;onf ppf0efxrf;wpfa,mufudk owfvdkuf ig;a,muf 'Pf&m&&So d nf/ aomif;use;f olrsm;rSm
onf/ u&ifaomif;usef;ol (40) ausmfwdkYonf ta&;edrfhoGm;onf/
a&G; (ykord )f wGif jynfaxmifppk pf&w J yfEiS hf tpd;k & 9-12-48/ / xm;0,fc½kdif? 0if;0XmeESihf ausmufrJa'gifXme
wyfrsm;udk wdkufcdkufí *syefvufypfAHk;wpfvHk;? rsm;udk u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u vma&muf
ajcmufv;kH jyL;wpfvufEiS hf 4if;wd\ Yk vlwpfa,muf wdkufcdkufMuNyD;? &JwyfzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh t&yfom;
udkxm;ypfcJhNyD; xGufajy;MuaMumif;/ rsm;udk zrf;qD;oGm;aMumif;/
28-11-48/ / autef'Dtdkrsm;onf wpfzef usdKufxdk (oxHk) 13-12-48/ / odrfqdyfrSautef'Dtdk AdkvfBuD;onf odrfqdyf
&JXmerS vufeufrsm;udk odrf;jyefonf/ &JXmerSvufeufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;oGm;onf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

30-11-48/ / tpdk;&wyfrsm;u vGdKifaumfNrdKUudk tcktcHr&SdbJ 17-12-48/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf Nrw d cf ½dik f yavmuf&dS
jyefvnfodrf;ydkufonf/ owåKwGif;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufMuonf/
...(8)
 500 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 501
17-12-48/ / vufeufudkif rGefaomif;usef;ol (100) wdkYonf 'DZifbmv/ / xm;0,fwGif u&if? jrefrmcspfMunfa&;tzGJUu
armfvNrdKifc½dkif? uwdk;&GmudkwdkufcdkufNyD; ypönf; 48 ckESpf u&ifaumif;rsm; aomif;usef;rIwGif ryg0ifbJ
rsm;udk vk,loGm;Muonf/ tcsKdU"m;pmcHrsm;udk a&Smifae&efEiS hf u&ifq;kd rsm;udk raumif;rIrsm;udk
vnf; ac:aqmifoGm;onf/ &yfqdkif;&ef &mZoHay;vdkufonf/ &mZoHukefqHk;
20-12-48/ / NrdwfNrdKUrS jynfaxmifpkppf&JtzGJU u&ifrsm;onf &ufrSm 1948 ck? 'DZifbmv 29 &ufaeYyif
&Jrif;BuD;xHodkY vufeufcstyfMuonf/ jzpfonf/ jrpf0uRef;ay:ESihf tjcm;a'orsm;wGif
21-12-48/ / xm;0,fc½dkif? uefayguftpdk;&wyfu u&if u&ifrsm; wyfrS qufvufajy;Muonf/
aomif;use;f olrsm;udk wdu k cf ukd o
f nf/ aomif;use;f ol 1-1-49/ / usKu d r© cD ½dik ?f 0JcedteD;wGi?f rGeu f &ifwu Ykd vrdik ;f rS
rsm;onf usqHk;olrsm;udkypfxm;í xGufajy;Mu ppf0efxrf;rsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfMuonf/
&onf/ tpd;k &wyfrsm;onf u&ifaomif;use;f ol 6-1-49/ / BudKUukef; (tif;pdef) axmufyHha&;*dka'gifapmifh
rsm;tm; tenf;i,fcck rH u I kd ESrd ef if;vdu
k Nf y;D uvdef
u&ifrsm;onf *dka'gifudkzGifhí &m&Sifypönf;
atmifudk odrf;ydkufonf/ u&ifaomif;usef;
um;wpfpD;wdkufudk ,laqmifoGm;onf/ 4if;wdkY
olrsm;u (81) rdkifpcef;wGif ppf0efxrf;wyfpdwf
tm; tpdk;&u xkwfay;xm;onfh *syef½dkifz,f
wpfpw d Ef iS hf usKdur© rD &S t
J zGUJ 0ifrsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif;
ajcmufvufESifhtwl wdrf;a&SmifoGm;Muonf/
ypfcwfonf/ aomif;usef;olrsm;u ½dkifz,f
aoewfav;vufudk vk,loGm;onf/ 7-1-49/ / tif ; pd e f u srf ; pmoif w ef ; ausmif ; wG i f wyf p G J
7-12-48/ / u&ifESifhrGef yl;aygif;xm;onfh ppftkyfcsKyfa&; aeaom autef't D w
kd oYkd nf arSmb
f &D XJ meydik Ef iS hf
XmerS xkwfa0onfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk oxHk &JtrIxrf; (6) OD;wdYk vdu k yf gvmonfh vufeufEiS hf
c½dkifwGif a0iSvsuf&Sdonf/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwif x&yfum;udk ypfcwfMu&m
10-12-48/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf omaygif;aiGwu kd Ef iS hf usr;f pmoifausmif; awmifuek ;f a&SUrSmyif ysupf ;D
jynfoaYl xmufyahH &;ypön;f rsm;udk vk,ufomG ;onf/ oGm;onf/ ¤if;autef'DtdkwdkYonf bwfpfum;
10-12-48/ / vufeufudkifu&if (30) wdkYonf rtlyifc½dkif rsm;udk &yfcikd ;f Ny;D &JtrIxrf;rsm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;udk
qufaoG;0teD;wGif orÁerf sm;udk wdu k cf u kd o
f nf/ &SmazGMuonf[k owif;&&Sdonf/
11-12-48/ / u&if a omif ; usef ; ol r sm;onf yef ; waemf u d k 7-1-49/ / BudKUukef;umuG,fa&; tzGJU0ifwyfom;rsm;ESifh
wdkufcdkufvsuf tdrfrsm;udk rD;½dIUNyD; t&yfom; tif;pdefusrf;pmoifausmif;awmifukef; autef
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rsm;ESifh ppf0efxrf;wpfa,mufudk owfypfvdkuf 'DtdkwdkY wdkufcdkufMuonfh vufeufudkif txl;

onf/ wyfcJG (2) rS &Jtyk af rmifazoef;onf wm0efus&m
...(9)
 502 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 503
r*Fvm'Hak v,mOfysq H yd rf t
S jyefwiG f vufeufuikd f 17-1-49/ / tif;pdew f iG f pk½;kH vsu&f o dS nfh u&if (800) cefw Y Ykd
u&if (15) a,mufwdkYu t&yfcdkif;NyD; vufeuf onfh cHww k uf si;f rsm; wl;vsuaf eonf[k owif;
odrf;,lvdkufonf/ &&Sdonf/
9-1-49/ / rtl y if c ½d k i f ? anmif w k e f ; tyd k i f 0g;½H k p G e f ; rS 17-1-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf yef;waemf&XJ meydik f
a&Tva&mif ac: vSat;acgif;aqmifaom tvHeD r&rf;ESi*hf rkH if;wdu
Yk kd rD;½dUI Ny;D ? rtlyifc½dik f yoG,&f mG rS
rsm;ESifh u&if (80) cefYwdkYonf ukefoabFmudk vufeufrsm;udkvnf; awmif;qdkMuonf/ u&if
wdu k cf ukd Nf y;D qeftwd f (6500) udk vk,o l mG ;Muonf/ aomif;use;f ol tajrmuftjrm; yef;waemfNrKd Ue,f
10-1-49/ / u&ifrsm;onf Nrw d x f rif;rpm;&GmwGif jrefrmtdrf
wGif pk½Hk;vsuf&SdMuonf/
av;tdrfudk rD;½dIUvdkufonf/
12-1-49/ / tif;pdefc½dkif o&ufacsmif;blwmwGif rkefwdkif; 17-1-49/ / tif;pdecf ½dik ?f wdu k Bf u;D &JXmeydik ?f vuif;wHwm;udk
wyfESifh u&ifrsm; wdkufcdkufMuonf/ apmifah eaom&JtzGUJ om;rsm;udk u&ifaomif;use;f ol
13-1-49/ / [Hom0wDc½dkifwGif autif'DtdkwdkYu wGHaw;0 wdu Yk acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfMuonf/ &JwyfzUJG ESpOf ;D
wGif wyfpaJG eaom jynfaxmifppk pf&w J yf&if; (4) usqHk;í 4if;wdkY\ vufeufrsm;udk odrf;,loGm;
udk wdkufcdkufMuonf/ Muonf/
13-1-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olwdkUu yef;waemf? a'gifhBuD; 19-4-49/ / tif;pdefwGif zrf;qD;xm;aom u&ifwpfOD;udk
wGif jynfaxmifppk pf&w J yfom; (15) a,mufwu Ykd kd vufeufudkiftapmifhta&Smufrsm;ESifh aq;½HkodkY
wdkufcdkufNyD; tdrfrsm;udk rD;½dIUMuonf/ ,ltoGm; vufeufuikd f u&ifav;OD;wdu Yk vrf;rS
14-1-49/ / Adv k af tmifNrKd iaf cgif;aqmifonfh wyfzUJG udk rtlyif vk , l o G m ;Muonf / tck t awmtwG i f ; wG i f
NrdKUrS rtlyifc½dkif yef;waemftydkif a'gifhBuD;odkY autef'DtdktzGJU0ifrsm;onf tif;pdef tpdk;&
o,faqmifomG ;onfh jynfwiG ;f a&aMumif;o,f,l txufwef;ausmif;wGif wyfpGJaeonfudk awGU&Sd
ydaYk qmifa&;XmerSoabFmudk u&ifaomif;use;f ol
&onf/
wdkYu ypfcwfMuonf/
20-1-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u rtlyifNrKd Uudk wdu k cf ukd f
15-1-49/ / tif;pdefawmifolukef;wGif u&ifOD;a& (400)rS
(500) txd pk½Hk;vsufMuonf/ Muonf/ u&if (2000) cefYuvnf; yef;waemf
15-1-49/ / u&if a omif ; usef ; ol w d k Y o nf rtl y if c ½d k i f NrdKUudk wdkufcdkufMuonf/
yef;waemfNrdKUudk wdkufcdkufNyD;? yef;waemf&JXme 21-1-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf ykord cf ½dik ?f iykawm
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tydik t f wGi;f &Sd rif;q,fEiS hf tjcm;jrefrm&Gmrsm;udk teD;tem;&Sd&Gmrsm;wGif x<uvsuf&Sdonf[k

rD;½dIUvdkufMuonf/ owif;&&Sdonf/
...(10)
 504 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 505
26-1-49/ / u&ifEiS hf uGejf rLepfaomif;use;f olwu Ykd awmifil 30-1-49/ / ykodrfwGif rD;avmifojzifh vlaygif; (300) ausmf
c½dkif Z&yfBuD;udk wdkufcdkufMuonf/ td r f & mrJ h j zpf N yD ; wG H a w;awmBuD ; wef ; ES i f h
26-1-49/ / ykodrfNrdKU jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyf? *sDukrÜPDwyfcGJrS wm0wð o m&yf u G u f r sm; ysuf p D ; oG m ;onf /
u&iftm;vH;k wdo Yk nf ykeu f efjcm;em;MuNy;D ud;k ode;f apmom'ifBu;D u aomif;use;f olrsm; Adv k cf sKyBf u;D
&JXmeudk odrf;ydkufonf/ pDADvdkif;ESifh NrdKUtquf tjzpf yg0if a qmif & G u f í ygvD r ef t rwf
toG,frsm;udk jzwfawmufvdkufonf/ ypfcwf apmarmifa'gufu u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh
rIrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonf/ ]]trft,fvf}} yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&onf/
vufeufwifoabFmESihf ]]qaA;}} ac: vufeufwif 30-1-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf ykord Nf rKd UrS qkwcf mG
oabFmudk tkyfcsKyfonfh a&wyfAdkvfuav; oGm;&mwGif tdrfrsm;udk rD;wif½dIUypfcJhMuonf/
apmxGef;awmufu u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh 30-1-49/ / u&if a omif ; usef ; ol r sm;onf tif ; pd e f w G i f
yl;aygif;oGm;onf/
pk½;kH vsuf nbufwiG f wdu k cf ukd rf nf[x
k if&onf/
27-1-49/ / u&if a omif ; usef ; ol w d k Y o nf u&if ½ d k i f z ,f
31-1-49/ / ppf0efxrf;rsm;ESifh tif;pdefumuG,fa&;wyfom;
wyf&if; (1) u 4if;wdkYbufodkY yl;aygif;vmaom
rsm;yl;aygif;xm;aom tpd;k &wyfrsm;ESihf autef
tcg awmifiludk wdkufcdkufMuonf/
'Dtw kd o
Ykd nf c0JNcEH iS o
hf rdik ;f teD;wGif wdu k yf jJG zpfymG ;
28-1-49/ / rtlyifc½dik ?f wmwayg&JXmeydik ?f yefwbGw0f wGif
u&ifaomif;usef;ol (500) wdkY pk½Hk;vsufaeMu vsuaf e&m autef't D w kd uYkd usr;f pmoifausmif;
onf/ rtlyifc½dik w f iG f u&ifaomif;use;f olwu Ykd awmifukef;aemufrS ckcHvsuf&dSonf/
uke;f a'gifBu;D aus;&GmESihf BuKH ewfawm&Gm&Sd jrefrm 31-1-49/ / ykodrfwGif u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh tpdk;&
tdrfrsm;udk rD;½dIUypfMuonf/ wyfrsm; wdkufyGJqufvufjzpfyGm;onf/ u&if
29-1-49/ / ykodrfNrdKU? udk;odef;jynfaxmifpkppf&Juif;Xmeudk a&wyfom;rsm;u ykefuefjcm;em;um a&wyf
u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;vufrS jyefvnfodrf;,l oabFmrsm;udk ,laqmifNy;D aomif;use;f olrsm;ESihf
vduk of nf/ wdu k yf JG qufvufjzpfymG ;aeao;onf/ yl;aygif;vdkufMuonf/
29-1-49/ / tif;pdefawmifolukef;wGif (1000) xufrenf; 1-2-49/ / tif;pdef½Hk;ESifh 'DpBwdwfaumifpD½Hk;wpf0dkufwGif
autef'Dtdkrsm;onf vufeuftjynfhtpHkESifh u&ifaomif;use;f olwu Ykd tBu;D tus,w f u kd cf u
kd f
wdkufyGJ0if&ef toifhjyifvsuf&SdaeMuonf[k Muonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

owif;&&So d nf/ ordik ;f c0JNcw H iG v

f nf; (600) cefY 1-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;onf ykord pf aumu&if
&Sdonf[k owif;&&Sdonf/ ausmif;ae&mrS BuHhBuHhcHvsuf&Sdao;onf/
...(11)
 506 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 507
2-2-49/ / tif;pdeu f kd odr;f ydu k xf m;onfh u&ifaomif;use;f ol 3-2-49/ / ykodrfwGif u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh tpkd;&
rsm;u tif;pdepf akH xmuf0if;udk 0dik ;f vsuw f ukd cf u
kd f wyfrsm; qufvufwdkufcdkufvsuf&Sdonf/
Muonf/ 3-2-49/ / xm;0,f c ½d k i f Zif ; bES i f h uef a bmuf & J X me
2-2-49/ / ykord w f iG f u&ifaomif;use;f olwu Ykd paumu&if tydkifwGif ppf0efxrf;uif;tzGJUudk u&ifaomif;
t&yfrS a&Tpnf;cHkbk&m;bufodkY tjyif;txef usef ; ol r sm;u acsmif ; ajrmif ; ypf c wf M u&m
wdkufcdkufoGm;Muonf/ ppf0efxrf;rsm;u jyefvnfwdkufcdkufMuonf/
2-2-49/ / [oFmw &JXmetydkif rif;om;pmjzLpk&GmwGif 3-2-49/ / uwdk; (armfvNrdKif) uif;XmerS u&ifppf&J (100)
ppf 0 ef x rf ; wyf c G J u av;wpf w yf u u&if wdo Yk nf oxHu k &ifaomif;use;f olrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;
aomif;usef;olrsm;udk wdkufcdkufonf/ vdkufonf/
2-2-49/ / arNrKd UwGif tpd;k &u u&ifvufeufuikd w f yfrsm;rS 3-2-49/ / vuf e uf tjynf h t pH k ud k i f a qmif x m;aom
vufeufudk odrf;vdkufonf/ u&ifESifh rGefaomif;usef;ol (400) wdkYu vrdkif;
2-2-49/ / wm0 (wGHaw;) wGif ppf&J (16) a,mufu u&if (armfvNrdKif) wdkYudk wdkufcdkufonf? tdrftcsKdUrSm
aomif;usef;olrsm;udk wdkufcdkufonf/ rD ; avmif o G m ;NyD ; &ef o l u d k tpd k ; &wyf r sm;u
2-2-49/ / ajrmif;jrwGif u&ifaomif;use;f olwu Ykd ]][ku d u f if;}} wdkufxkwfvdkufonf/
ac: armfawmfbw k Ef iS v
hf nS v hf nfí wyfom;opf 4-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf oHcsyfumum;
rsm;pkaqmif;aeonf/ wpfpD;? x&yfum; (30) ESifh anmifyifav;NrdKUudk
2-2-49/ / tpdk;&u armfvNrdKifu&ifrsm;xHrS vufeuf jzwfNy;D yJc;l ESihf (25) rdik u
f mG uwkwt f xd csw
D uf
odrf;ydkufvdkufonf/ vmMuonf/
2-2-49/ / oxHkc½dkif? aygif&JXmeESifh rkwår&JXmetydkif 4-2-49/ / rEÅav;&Sd u&ifvufeufuikd w f yfrsm;rS vufeuf
rsm;wG i f ouf q d k i f & m ol B uD ; rsm;rS w pf q if h rsm;jyefodrf;&ef pDpOfvsuf&Sdonf/
ajrydkif&Sifrsm;ESihf ajriSm;rsm;xHrS pyg;rsm;udk 4-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf &rnf;oif;c½dkif
autef't D Ekd iS hf autef,w l u Ykd odr;f ,lMuonf/ twGif;odkY 0ifpjyKavonf/
3-2-49/ / awmifiNl rKd Uudk odr;f ydu k v f ukd of nfh u&ifEiS yhf a'gif 4-2-49/ / ausmufjym;wGif ppf0efxrf;rsm;ESihf u&ifaomif;
aomif;use;f olrsm;vufoYkd yJE, G u
f ek ;f NrKd Uusa&muf usef;olrsm; wdkufcdkufMuonf/
onf/ 4-2-49/ / yJcl;ajrmufbuf (15) rdkifuGm&Sd 0rf;bJtif;wGif
3-2-49/ / x&yfum; (18) pD;ESiv hf maom u&ifaomif;use;f ol tpdk;&wyfrsm;u u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;udk
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rsm;rSm awmuRt J if; (yJc;l ) wGif tpd;k &wyfrsm;u wdkufcdkufMuonf/ u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u

wdkufcdkufojzifh qkwfcGmoGm;&onf/ ydef;Zvkyf (yJcl;) udk rD;½dIUvdkufonf/
...(12)
 508 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 509
4-2-49/ / yk o d r f w G i f u&if w yf o m;rsm;onf u&if 7-2-49/ / tpdk;&wyfrsm;u u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;udk
aomif;use;f olrsm;ESiyhf ;l aygif;&ef awmcdo k mG ;onf/ ESdrfeif;NyD; bk&m;BuD; (yJcl;c½dkif) udk jyefvnf
4-2-49/ / tpd;k &wyfom;rsm;u u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf/
ykodrfNrdKUrS wdkufxkwfvdkufonf/ 7-2-49/ / u&if½dkifz,fwyf&if; (2) rS ykefuefolrsm;onf
4-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;udk yJcl;ajrmufbuf ewfwvif;NrdKUudk odrf;ydkuf? NrdKUudk rD;½dIU? t&yfol
(10) rdkifuGm bk&m;BuD;wGif wm;qD;vdkufojzifh t&yfom;rsm;udk owfNy;D ypön;f rsm;udk vk,o l mG ;
qkwfcGmoGm;&onf/ Muonf/
5-2-49/ / rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd u&ifwyfom;rsm;xHrS tpdk;&u 7-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;? awmcdkwyfom;rsm;ESifh
vufeuford ;f qnf;&m0,f taESmift h ,Suw f pfpkH tpd;k &wyfwrYkd mS yJc;l NrKd UajrmufbufwiG f qufvuf
wpf&m r&SdaMumif;/ wdkufcdkufMuonf/
6-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u pmjzLpk? MucwfuGif; 7-2-49/ / u&if½dkifz,fwyf&if; (2) rS awmcdkwyfom;
([oFmw) udk wdkufcdkufaomfvnf; ta&;½HI;edrfh rsm;onf ewfwvif;NrdKUudk odrf;ydkufNyD; qefpuf
oGm;onf/ wpfpufESifh tdrf (300) udk rD;½dIUoGm;Muonf/
6-2-49/ / u&if½dkifz,fwyf&if; (1) rS ykefuefolrsm;ESifh 8-2-49/ / vGKd iaf umfNrKd U ukrP Ü w
D yfcw JG pfcrk S u&ifo;Hk a,muf
autef'DtdkwdkYu a&wm&SnfNrdKU (awmifil) udk wdkYonf vufeufrsm;? ppfypönf;rsm;ESifhwuG
wdkufcdkuf&m ¤if;wdkYvufodkY usa&muf&onf/ awmcdkoGm;Muonf/ awmifBuD;NrdKUudk txuf
6-2-49/ / jynfNrdKUrS u&if½dkifz,fwyf&if; (2) rS wyfom; jrefrmjynftwGuf u&ifXmecsKyf jyKvyk x f m;onf/
rsm;u ykefuefNyD; awmifbufodkY csDwufoGm; 8-2-49/ / bk&m;BuD;rS qkwfcGmxGufajy;oGm;Muonfh u&if
Muonf/ tif;r (jynfc½dkif) &Sd tpdk;&wyfrsm;u aomif;use;f olrsm;onf 'du k Of ;D NrKd U (yJc;l c½dik )f wGif
tenf;i,fwdkufcdkufNyD; qkwfay;vdkufonf/ tBuD;tus,f vk,ufMuonf/
bd;k omatmifuek ;f wHwm; (om,m0wDc½dik )f wGif 9-2-49/ / rdw¬DvmNrdKU&Sd u&ifwyfom;rsm;xHrS vufeuf
tjcm;wd k u f y G J w pf y G J jzpf y G m ;onf / tpd k ; &u rsm;udk odrf;qnf;vdkufonf/
¤if;aomif;usef;olrsm;udk avwyfESifhwdkufcdkuf 9-2-49/ / ZD;uke;f (om,m0wDc½dik )f awmifbuf&dS prf;&GmESihf
onf/ 0ufaumfwHwm;wGif tpdk;&wyfrsm;u u&if
7-2-49/ / urmupJ (yJcl;c½dkif) rS u&ifppf&Jrsm;onf ½d k i f z ,f w yf & if ; (2) awmcd k w yf o m;rsm;ud k
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vufeufrsm;ESifhwuG awmcdkoGm;Muonf/ wdkufcdkufMuonf/

...(13)
 510 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 511
10-2-49/ / yJcl;c½dkif autef,lwdkYu anmifav;yifudk 18-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf &rnf;oif;NrdKUudk
u&ifwdkY tkyfcsKyfaeNyD[k aMunmvdkufonf/ 0ifonf/
10-2-49/ / [oFmwbufwGif u&ifaomif;usef;olwdkYu 20-2-49/ / tpdk;&wyfrsm;onf rdw¬DvmNrdKUrSxGufcGmonf/
&Gmrsm;udk pD;eif;wdkufcdkufMuNyD; vufeufrsm;udk u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm; jrif;NcHESifh rEÅav;NrdKU
vk,loGm;Muonf/ bufodkY csDwufonf/
11-2-49/ / u&if½dkifz,fwyf&if; (2) awmcdkwyfom;rsm;u 21-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olwo Ykd nf av,mOfysEH pS pf if;ESihf
0ufaumfwHwm;wGifppf&Jrsm;udk ESdrfeif;wdkufcdkuf teD;pcef;odkYoGm;í arNrdKU&Sd wyfrawmftrIxrf;
vdu k of nf/ BuKd Uyifaumuf taemufajrmufbuf rsm;udk trSwfrJh0ifpD;onf/ NrdKUudkodrf;í tpdk;&
ck e pf r d k i f w G i f tpd k ; &wyf r sm;u wd k u f c d k u f & m wyfrsm;rS vufeuford ;f onf/ vufeuford ;f xm;
&efolrsm; z½dkz&JjzpfoGm;onf/ tpdk;&wyfrsm;u aom u&ifwyfom;rsm;udkvnf; vTwfypfonf/
0ufaumfwHwm; (om,m0wDc½dkif) udk jyefvnf
24-2-49/ / tpdk;&u teD;pcef; (arNrKd U) udk jyefíodr;f onf/
odrf;ydkufvdkufonf/
25-2-49/ / u&ifolykefwdkYu eHYomuGif; (yJcl;)udk 0ifpD;í
11-2-49/ / armfvNrKd if ta&SUajrmufbuf&pS rf ikd u f mG wm&e,f
vufeufrsm;udk vk,lonf/
aomif;usef;olpcef;rsm;udk tpdk;&wyfrsm;u
25-2-49/ / 1949 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (26) &ufaeYwGif tpdk;&
acsrIef;wdkufcdkufvdkufonf/
15-2-49/ / tpdk;&wyfrsm;onf u'dk;e,f (armfvNrdKifc½dkif) wyfaygif;pHku arNrdKUudk jyefodrf;onf/
wGif u&ifESifh rGefaomif;usef;olpcef;rsm;udk 25-2-49/ / usd K u© r D c ½d k i f ppf 0 ef x rf ; rsm;u oxH k c ½d k i f ?
wdkufcdkufacsrIef;vdkufonf/ aygif&JXmetydkif zvyf&Gmudk 0ifpD;írD;½dIUonf/
16-2-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm; yJcl;c½dkif 'dkufOD;NrdKUudk autef't D w kd uYkd wdu
k cf ukd &f ef xk&d mG udo
k mG ;Mu&m
odrf;ydkufvdkufonf/ ppf0efxrf;rsm; xGufoGm;ESifhNyDjzpfí rawGUvdkuf
17-2-49/ / tpdk;&wyfrsm;u 'dkufOD;NrdKUudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf &acs/
vdkufonf/ azazmf0g&Dv/ / ¤if;wpfvvHk; jrpf0uRef;ay:a'otrsm;tjym;
17-2-49/ / u&ifESifh uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olwdkYu {vm 49 ckESpf wd k Y ü u&if a omif ; usef ; ol r sm;u uG e f j rLepf
(ysO;f rem;c½dik )f &JXmeESihf ysO;f rem;udk wdu k cf u kd Nf y;D aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;wdkufcdkufonf/
ESpaf e&mpvH;k udk odr;f ydu k v
f ukd o
f nf/ ajrmufbuf 1-3-49/ / u&if a omif ; usef ; ol r sm;u anmif a v;yif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

odcYk sw
D ufomG ;aom aomif;use;f olrsm;udk wyfuek ;f aiGwdkufESifh 'dkufOD;&mZ0wfXmerS oufaocH
rSaeí tpdk;&wyfu ckcHwdkufcdkufMuonf/ ypönf;rsm;udk vk,lonf/
...(14)
 512 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 513
2-3-49/ / 1949 ckEpS ?f rwfv ESp&f ufaeYwiG f acsmif;apmuf 11-3-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u rEÅav;NrKd Uawmifbuf
(ykodrf) &Sd u&ifaomif;usef;oltpkta0;rsm;udk ajcmufrdkifuGm wHcGefwdkif&Gmukd wdkufonf/
tpd;k &wyfaygif;pHu k 0ifíwdu k o f nf/ aomif;use;f 11-3-49/ / awmifiludk u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh wyfajy;
olrsm; qkwfajy;onf/ rsm;u tkyfcsKyfxm;onf/
3-3-49/ / 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufaeYwGif 11-3-49/ / 1949 ckEpS ?f rwfv (10) &ufaeYwiG f tif;pdecf ½dik f
autef ' D t d k w d k Y u jrif ; NcH N rd K Uud k od r f ; onf / uanmifü u&ifaomif;use;f ol ywåa&mifrsm;ESihf
(3) eHygwf u&ifwyfcGJrS wyfajy;u&ifppfom; ppf0efxrf;wdYk wdu k yf jJG zpfMuonf/ u&ifwu Ykd tdrf
rsm;u aomif;usef;olwdkYESifhyl;aygif;onf/ (15) aqmifudk rD;½dIUMuonf/
5-3-49/ / 1949 ckESpf? rwfv oHk;&ufaeYwGif yef;waemf 11-3-49/ / ykord cf ½dik ?f ausmufacsmif;Bu;D ? oJjzLESihf oefvsupf eG ;f
&JXmetydkif oHk;cGESifh usHKwHk;&Gmrsm;udk u&ifESifh &Gmrsm;udk u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u rD;½dIUonf/
uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm;u wdkufcdkufonf/ 5-3-49/ / rEÅav;NrKd UrS u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u ppfuikd ;f
7-3-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u teD;pcef; av,mOfysH udk tajrmufESifhypfonf/
uGif;udkodrf;í rEÅav;bufodkY csDwufonf/ 5-3-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh
8-3-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u zdíwdu k af omaMumifh yl;aygif;í rEÅav;NrdKUudk odrf;onf/
tpd;k &wyfaygif;pHo k nf arNrKd U-rEÅav;vrf; (21) 7-3-49/ / uGejf rLepfEiS hf u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u yl;aygif;í
rdkifrS qkwfcGmonf/ ajrmif;jrc½dkif vyGwåmNrdKUudk wdkufcdkufonf/
9-3-49/ / arNrKd UrS rEÅav;NrKd UbufoYkd csw D ufvmaom u&if xdkaomif;usef;olrsm; wyfvefxGufajy;&onf/
aomif ; usef ; ol r sm;onf (21) rd k i f p cef ; ud k 7-3-49/ / [Hom0wDc½dkif wGHaw;&JXmetydkif uvDaxmf
ausmfoGm;onf/ a&ausmf&GmwGif ppf&JESifh jynfolY&Jabmf (16)
10-3-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olwdkYonf 1949 ck? rwfv a,mufuwpfzuf? autef'DtdkwdkYuwpfzuf
&Spf&ufaeYwGif ykodrfoabFmusif;Xme? pufukef; wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;onf/
&Gmudk rD;½dUI onf/ 1949 ckEpS ?f rwfv (10) &ufaeY 7-3-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olwdkYonf x&yfum; (100)
wGif ausmufacsmif;Bu;D &Gmudk rD;½dUI onf/ u&ifEiS hf ausmfjzifh rEÅav;NrdKUrS xGufonf/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD aomif;usef;olrsm;u 7-3-49/ / yJcl;c½dkif azmifawmfoDESifh 'dkufOD;&JXmetydkif
1949 ck? rwfv (ud;k ) &ufaeYwiG f ykord t f a&SUydik ;f wdkYwGif u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u u&if&Gmom;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vufaqmifuGif;&Gmudk wdkufcdkufonf/ rsm;udk ajymufusm;wdkufenf; oifay;onf/

...(15)
 514 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 515
8-3-49/ / ykodrfNrdKUta&SUawmifbuf ig;rdkifuGm&Sd &Srf;&Gm 31-3-49/ / [Hom0wDc½dik ?f c&rf;Bu;D &Gmudk u&ifaomif;use;f ol
wpf0dkufwGif yl;aygif;aeaom u&ifESifhuGefjrLepf rsm;u wdu k cf u
kd í
f uREJ mG ;rsm;udk vk,o l nf/ &Gmudk
aomif;usef;olrsm;udk tpdk;&wyfaygif;pkHu rD;½dUI Ny;D vQif "m;pmcH (100)udv k nf; ac:oGm;onf/
wdkufonf/ 1-4-49/ / Nrdwfc½dkif? vdyfOaomifudk u&ifaomif;usef;ol
8-3-49/ / 1949 ckESpf? rwfv (17) &ufaeYwGif [oFmw rsm;u wdkufcdkufí &Gmom;rsm;udk owfNyD;vQif
c½dik f edAmÁ ef&XJ metydik f ydawmufuek ;f ESifh tv,fpk &Gmudk rD;½dIUoGm;onf/
&Gmrsm;udk u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u rD;½dIUonf/ 1-4-49/ / [Hom0wD? caemifEiS hf xef;wyif&mG rsm;wGif u&if
20-3-49/ / rEÅav;NrKd UwGif u&ifaomif;use;f olwyfcw JG pfccJG efY aomif;use;f ol (500) ausmf (600) cefu Y t&ef
&Sdaeao;onf[k owif;&&Sdonf/ ppf&EJ iS hf &JabmfjzLrsm;udk wdu k cf u
kd o
f nf/ odaYk omf
23-2-49/ / u&if a omif ; usef ; ol r sm;u [H o m0wD c ½d k i f vnf; aomif;usef;olrsm;yif wyfvefoGm;onf/
1-4-49/ / rEÅav;wGif tpdk;&wyfaygif;pHkwdkYudk u&ifwdkYu
cwå, d ? anmif&mG ? tkwzf &kd mG opfEiS hf aemifay:&Gm
NrdKU½dk;wGif;rSaeí ckcHaeonf/
rsm;udk rD;½dIUonf/
1-4-49/ / ykodrfc½dkif? omaygif;&JXmetydkif? tdrfausmif;
25-3-49/ / 1949 ck? rwfv (24) &ufaeYwGif Nrdwfc½dkif
uav;? Budrfyef;BuD;? opfykyfukef;ESifh ueDjym;&Gm
ykavmü jrefrmESifh u&ifwdkY wdkufyGJjzpfonf/
rsm;udk u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u wdkufcdkuf
29-3-49/ / yJcl;c½dkif ausmufwHcg;udk u&ifaomif;usef;ol rD;½dIUonf/
wdkYu 0ifa&mufpD;Mu&m 4if;wdkYu wyfvefoGm; 1-4-49/ / wm0wGif u&ifESifh tvHeDaomif;usef;olwdkY
Ny;D vQif qkwí f tajy;wGif Z&yfuek ;f &Gmudk rD;½dUI í aygif;í tpdk;&wyfaygif;pHkudk wdkufcdkufonf/
&Gmom; (50) udk owfoGm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYyif wyfvefoGm;onf/
30-3-49/ / 1949 ck? rwfv (25) &ufaeYwGif om,m0wD 9-4-49/ / usKdur© cD ½dik f acsmif;qH&k XJ mewGif rGeaf omif;use;f ol
c½dik f MumjzL&Gmudk u&ifaomif;use;f ol (30) wdu Yk (22) a,muf vufeufcs0ifonf/
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufí a,musfm;ESpfa,mufESifh 9-4-49/ / anmifwkef;udk u&ifaomif;usef;ol (500) u
rde;f rwpfa,mufudk owfNy;D vQif tdraf jc (20)udk wdu k cf u kd af omfvnf; jynfo&Yl aJ bmfrsm;u ¤if;wdu Yk kd
rD;½dIUoGm;onf/ wGef;vSefvdkufonf/
30-3-49/ / tif;pdecf ½dik ?f aygufuek ;f NrKd UESihf &JXmeudk u&ifEiS hf 9-4-49/ / Nrwd cf ½dik ?f tif;rBu;D teD; tpd;k &wyfrsm;u u&if
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tjcm;aomif;usef;olrsm; yl;aygif;í wdkufcdkuf aomif;usef;olrsm;udk wdkufcdkufonf/ aomif;

NyD;vQif vufeufrsm; vk,loGm;onf/ usef;olrsm; ½HI;edrfhxGufajy;&onf/
...(16)
 516 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 517
12-4-49/ / oxHck ½dik ?f Zmojyifü u&ifEiS fh rGeaf omif;use;f ol 22-4-49/ / 1949 ck? {NyDv 21&ufaeYwGif oxHkc½dkifudk
(300) u wdkufcdkufMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; u&ifjynfe,ftjzpfjzifh odr;f ,laMumif; xkwaf zmf
¤if;wdkYyif wyfvefxGufajy;&onf/ aMunmonf/
13-4-49/ / usdKu©rDc½dkif? rk'Hkta&SU ESpfrdkifuGmwGif u&if 22-4-49/ / 1949 ck? {NyDv 18 &ufaeYwGif u&ifaomif;
aomif;use;f olrsm;u tpd;k &wyfrsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif; use;f olrsm;u ykord cf ½dik ?f usKHaysmNf rKd Uudk odr;f Ny;D vQif
wdkufcdkufonf/ tdraf ygif;rsm;pGmESihf bke;f Bu;D ausmif;udk rD;½dUI onf/
14-4-49/ / rtlyifc½dkif? yef;waemfwpfNrdKUvHk;udk u&if jynf o l Y & J a bmf r sm;u 20-4-49 &uf a eY w G i f
aomif;use;f olrsm;u rD;½dUI í NrKd UolNrKd Uom;tcsKd Uudk ¤if;wdkYudk armif;xkwfvdkufonf/
owfypfMuonf/ 4-4-49/ / rEÅav;NrKd Uudk tpd;k &wyfaygif;pHu k jyefíodr;f onf/
16-4-49/ / ykodrfESifh ajrmif;jre,fpyf&Sd jrefrm&Gmrsm;udk 5-4-49/ / u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u zdíwdu k of jzifh tpd;k &
autef'DtdkwdkY rD;½dIUonf/ wyfrsm;onf 'dkufOD;rS qkwfcJhonf/
18-4-49/ / u&if½ikd zf ,fwyf&if; (1) rS wyfajy;rsm; yg0ifaom {NyDv / / jrpf0uRe;f ay:a'orsm;wGif u&ifaomif;use;f ol
u&ifaomif;usef;ol (500) u anmifav;yif 49 ck rsm;u uGejf rLepfaomif;use;f olrsm;ESihf qufvuf
NrdKUudk wdkufonf/ yl;aygif;í aomif;usef;onf/
20-4-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;u anmifav;yifNrdKUudk 5-5-49/ / yJcl;ESihf awmifilc½dkifrsm;&Sd u&ifaomif;usef;ol
odrf;onf/ rsm;onf ausmufBuD;rSjzwfí oHawmifbufodkY
21-4-49/ / yJc;l c½dik ?f u0ESihf xH;k Bu;D udk u&ifaomif;use;f ol ypönf;rsm; ajymif;ydkYonf/
rsm; 0ifípD;onf/ 7-5-49/ / armfvNrdKifc½dkif? Zmojyifuif;XmeESifh cv,f
21-4-49/ / oxHak utef't D w kd u
Ykd tkycf sKyaf &;udo
k rd ;f í uRNJ cH wHceG w f ikd w
f u Ykd kd u&ifEiS rhf eG af omif;use;f ol (600)u
teD; rD;&xm;wHwm;udk zsufqD;ypfonf/ wdkufcdkufonf/
22-4-49/ / tpkd;&wyfaygif;pHku [Hom0wDc½dkif? uvDawmf 8-5-49/ / yJc;l c½dik ?f zd;k OD;pdeu f kd u&ifaomif;use;f ol (100)u
&G m ud k u&if a omif ; usef ; ol w d k Y v uf r S jyef í rD;½dIUNyD;vQif jrefrm (50) udk zrf;xm;onf/
odrf;onf/ 6-5-49 &ufaeYwGif azmifawmfoD? pifulESifh
22-4-49/ / Nrd w f e ,f p yf & S d yavmuf & G m wG i f yavmuf r S ajrmufacsmukef;wdkYudk u&ifrsm;u rD;½dIUonf/
ppf0efxrf;rsm;udk u&ifaomif;use;f ol (300) u 8-5-49/ / 1949 ck? arv oHk;&ufaeYu [Hom0wDc½dkif?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wdu k cf u
kd o f nf/ &Gmudrk ;D ½dUI í &Gmom;av;a,mufukd aumhrSL;&GmwGif autef'Dtdk (50) cefYu tpdk;&
owfoGm;onf/ wyfrsm;udk wdu k of nf/ tjcm;autef't D kd (200)u
...(17)
 518 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 519
iSuaf tmfprf;&GmteD;wpf0u kd w
f iG f vk,ufzsuq f ;D 20-5-49/ / azmifawmfoDESifh 'dkufOD;wdkYudk tpdk;&wyfrsm;u
onf/ jyefodrf;onf/
9-5-49/ / ajrmif;jrc½dkif? bD'Gwfuav;udk u&if (500) 22-5-49/ / tpdk;&wyfaygif;pHku tif;pdefudk jyefodrf;onf/
ausmfu wdkufcdkufNyD;vQif &GmrStajy;wGif &Gmudk 23-5-49/ / ykodrfc½dkif? iykawmNrdKUudk tpdk;&wyfrsm;u
rD;½dIUoGm;onf/ jyefodrf;onf/
12-5-49/ / tif;pdefc½dkif? Z&yfuGif;&Gmudk u&if (300) cefYu 25-4-49/ / yJEG,fukef;rSm aomif;usef;olwdkYvufwGifyif
wdkufonf/ rJZvDacsmif;&Gm&Sd tdrfajc 150 cefY &Sdaeonf/
udkvnf; rD;½dIUoGm;onf/ 16-5-49/ / oxHrk mS aomif;use;f olwv Ykd ufwiG yf if &Sad eonf/
12-5-49/ / 1949 ck? arv 11 &ufaeYwGif ykodrfc½dkif 16-5-49/ / oxHkautef'DtdkwdkYonf pm;eyf&du©mESifh ypönf;
&Sr;f &Gmü u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u tdraf jc (80) rsm;udk zmyGefodkY ydkYaeonf/
ESifhqefpufrsm;udk rD;½dIUonf/
16-5-49/ / 1949 ck? arv 25 &ufaeYwGif ykodrfc½dkif
12-5-49/ / u&ifESifh rGefaomif;usef;ol (50) cefYu a&;udk
omaygif;udk u&if (200) wdkYu wdkufonf/
wdkufcdkufonf/
odkYaomfvnf; wyfvefoGm;onf/
17-5-49/ / [Hom0wDc½dkif? ewfpifukef;½GmwGif u&if (40)
16-5-49/ / u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf omaygif;wdkufyGJrS
cefYu jrefrmtdrf (14) tdrfudk "m;jywdkufonf/
17-5-49/ / 1949 ck? arv 13 &ufaeYwiG f u&ifaomif;use;f ol rajy;ao;rD ydEéJukef;ESifh eHeHyifukef;&Gmrsm;tjyif
rsm;u yJcl;c½dkif qdwfzsHBuD;&Gmü jrefrm (150)udk oabFmqdyfESifh opfqdrfhukef;&Gmrsm;rS qefpuf
tpkvu kd f tNyKH vu
kd f owfjzwfNy;D vQif qdwzf sBH u;D ? rsm;udk rD;½dIUoGm;onf/
acsmif;&if? at;&GmESifh prf;wGif;ukef;&Gmrsm;udk 26-5-49/ / armfvNrdKifc½dkif 0JuavmifwGif u&ifESifhrGef
rD;½dIUonf/ aomif;usef;ol (50) cefYudk tpdk;&wyfrsm;u
17-5-49/ / 1949 ck? arv 13 &ufaeYwGif armfvNrdKifc½dkif? 0ifíwdkufonf / &efolwdkY qkwfcGmoGm;onf/
ig;ajyrES i f h uscwf & G m rsm;ud k u&if E S i f h r G e f 1948 ckESpfrS vGwfvyfa&;&cJYaom jrefrmEkdifiHonf xkdESpf
aomif;use;f ol (70) cefu Y wdu k Nf y;D vQif uREJ mG ;ESihf rSmyif uGejf rLepfygwDEpS cf k tvHjzL-tvHe?D &JabmfjzLwkYd awmckcd MhJ u
ypönf;rsm;udk vk,loGm;onf/ onf/ xkEd pS xf rJ mS yif u&iftrsK;d om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;Bu;D u
17-5-49/ / xm;0,fc½dkifwGif ppf0efxrf;uif;vSnfh wyfpdwf rnfokdYpum;csKdokH;aomfvnf; olrajymcifua&m ajymNyD;rSyg
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wpfpw d u f kd u&ifEiS rhf eG af omif;use;f ol (100) u u&ifwkdYonf vufeufukdifNyD; NrdKUodrf;jcif;? aiGwkdufazmufjcif;

acsmif;ajrmif;wdkufcdkuf atmifjrifonf/ wkdYukd vkyfaeMuayNyD/
...(18)
 520 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 521
1949 ckEpS rf mS um; jrefrmwpfEidk if v H ;Hk yif jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfymG ; xkdYokdYrjzpfrDu tiftm;csdeJYvmaom wkdufckdufx<uvmcJYol
aeaomtcg jzpfaeayNyD/ wkdYonf y&d,m,fwpfrsKd;qifum tpkd;&ukd pdefac:Mujyefonf/
tvHjzL-tvHeD uGefjrLepfolykef? &JabmfjzLolykef? u&ifolykef þae&mwGif u&ifoyl ek w f \
Ydk pdeaf c:rIwpfcu k dk wifjy&rnf
tjyif ArmhwyfrawmfrS wyf&if; (3)? wyf&if; (1) wkrYd S wyfrawmfom;? qkdvQif u&ifvufeufukdifwkdYonf 1949 ckESpf arvtwGif;u
wyfcGJtcsdKUwkdYuyg EkdifiHawmftpkd;&ukd opömrcHbJ awmckdaom yJcl;c½kdif? qdwfysHBuD;&GmwGif trsKd;om; 157 a,mufwkdYtm;
AuywkdYESifhyl;aygif;NyD; &efukefodrf;&ef pDpOfMuonf/ wpfae&mwGif pka0;apNy;D aoewfjzifh ypfcwfowfjzwfvu dk Mf u\/
jrefrmhwyfrawmfukd zGJUpnf;pOfu u&ifwyf&if;[lí u&if
wpf&GmvkH; rkqkd;rjzpfcJh&onf/ tvm;wlyif ausmufwHcg;NrdKUe,f
trsK;d om;rsm;ygaom wyf&if;wkYd &Scd o hJ nf/ ppf&w J yf&if;wGiv f nf;
u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;ygaom wyfwkdY&SdcJh&m xkdwyfwkdYonfvnf; twGif;&Sd &Gmrsm;wGif a,musfm;rSeforQukd owfcJYMuonf/
Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &ay: opömrcHMuawmhay/ autef't D Edk iS ahf ygif;Ny;D jzL;NrdKUe,fwGifvnf; NrdKUolNrdKUom; 2000 ausmfukd NrdKUjyifokdY
EkdifiHawmfukd ykefuefwkdufckdufMuawmhonf/ ac:oGm;Ny;D trsK;d orD;rsm;ukd rw&m;usi\ hf / Ny;D vQif owfvu dk \f /
autef,w l o Ydk nf txufwiG af &;cJo h nht f wkid ;f oD;jcm;u&if trsK;d om;rsm;ukd "m;ESihf aoewfEiS o hf wfcMYJ uonf/ uav;yifrcsef
EkdifiH&&Sda&;ukd OD;wnfcJhonf/ xkdpOfumvu Armhwyfrawmf\ owfjzwfvkdufonf/
OD;pD;csKyrf mS u&iftrsK;d om; Akv d cf sKypf rpf'eG ;f jzpfonf/ avwyfwiG f okomefbek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;wGif bke;f awmfBu;D ok;H yg;&Sad epOf
OD;pD;olrSm u&iftrsKd;om; AkdvfcsKyfapm&SD;½Id;jzpfonf/ Munf;wyf autef'DtkdwkdYu ausmif;ukdrD;½IdU&m bkef;awmfBuD; oHk;yg;vkH;yif
wGifvnf; AkdvfrSL;csKyfrSm u&iftrsKd;om; apmMum'kd;jzpfonf/ rD;avmifaoqkH;cJh&onf/
xkdodkY&Sdae&mu EkdifiHawmfwpf0ef;vkH; vufeufukdifykefuef 1949 ckEpS ?f rwfv av;&ufaeYwiG f jzL;NrKd UESihf ajcmufridk u f mG
onht f wGuf Akv d cf sKypf rpf'eG ;f tp&Sad om wyfrawmft&m&Sd u&if anmifyifomukd wyfrawmfu odrf;ykdufrdonf/ xkdESpf rwfv
trsKd;om;wkdYukd wyfrStNidrf;pm;ay;vkduf&onf/ wyfrawmfukd okH;&ufaeYnuyif jzL;NrdKUe,ftv,f&Sd aps;ESifhwuG vlaetdrf
jrefrmtrsKd;om; AkdvfcsKyfae0if;u wm0ef,luGyfuJNyD; awmckd
rsm;ukd rD;½IdU\/ xGufajy;aom a,musfm;? rdef;r? uav;ygrusef
ykeu f efx<urIrsK;d pku H dk ESrd ef if;&awmh\/ okEYd iS yhf if 1948 ckEpS ?f 1949
owfcJhMu\/
ckESpf? 1951 ckESpfwkdY\ ]]&efukeftpkd;&}} [laom a0g[m&onf
aysmufuG,foGm;&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif qlylrIjzpfyGm;atmif pma&;q&mjrwfxefu ola&;cJhaom wkid ;f jynfuEkEk rkew f idk ;f u
aoG;xk;d ay;Muaom wkid ;f wpfyg;ya,m*aMumifh Ekid if jH cm;owif;pm xefxefpmtkyfwGif tjcm;NrdKUrsm;okdY Armhwyfrawmfu 0ifaom
wkdYu &efukeftpkd;&[k oa&mfcJh&mu Armhwyfrawmf\aus;Zl; tcgwGif NrdKUcHwkdYu BudKMu\/ jzL;NrdKUum; rBudK? wpfNrdKUvkH;
aMumifh &efololykefwkdY odrf;ykdufxm;aomNrdKUwkdYonf EkdifiHawmf wdwfqdwfae\/ wpfae&mwGif vJaeaomolawGukd awGU&í
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tpk;d &\tkycf sKyrf aI tmufwiG f a&muf&v dS mNy;D at;csr;f aoma'o oGm;Munh&f m vlwidk ;f uG,v f eG af eNy;D jzpfae\/ "m;'Pf&mESihf jzpf\
onf us,fjyefYvmcJhonf/ [lí a&;cJh\/
...(19)
 522 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 523
þokv Yd rl sK;d rke;f wD;a&;jzpfcyhJ u
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rsm;jzpfonfh aumfol;avawmfvSefa&;ppfwrf;pmtkyfwGif - jyefay;qGNJ y;D xkid ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwiG &f adS om ulrifwefw½kww f tYdk m;
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zlvaHk &;? jynfov l x l ak xmufcrH pI onfww Ydk iG f igwko
Yd nf twkid ;f rod 1954 ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv 15 &ufaeYwiG f ppfawmif;rS rkwrå okYd
nHhzsif;cJhMuayonf/ ckwfarmif;vmaom rD;&xm;tm; autef'Dtkd olykefrsm;u
igwkpYd wifawmfveS cf sed w f iG f xm;&Scd haJ om 0g'oabmw&m;um; 'ke0f ek ;f blwmESihf odrq f yd bf wl mtMum;wGif rkid ;f cGw
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igwkdYonf usOf;ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;a&;0g'xm;&SdcJhonhf olykefwkdYonf &xm;pD;c&D;onfwkdYxHrS a&TaiG? ypönf; BudKufwm
twGuf EkdifiHa&;tawGUtBuHK oabmw&m;a&; r&ifhusufao; ,laqmifNyD; &xm;ay:wGifygaom ausmif;ydwfíjyefvmonhf
onhf tjcm;nDaemif awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;xJwGifvnf; wuúov dk af usmif;ol 40 ausmEf iS hf c&D;oGm;trsK;d orD; ½ky&f nfvyS ol
usO;f ajrmif;aom trsK;d om;a&;pdwo f nf jyefvnfvrT ;f rk;d vmcJah y 15 OD;ukd "m;pmcHtjzpf ac:,loGm;cJh\/ wkdufol u&ifolykef
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vlrsK;d a&;t"du½kP;f jzpfvmonf/ tjcm;awmfveS af &;tiftm;pk vif;xifonf c&D;onf a,musfm;wkdYtm; ypönf;rsm;ukd
rsm;onfvnf; oabmw&m;a&; Eke,fao;onfhtavsmuf xrf;ap\/ ausmif;ol? t&yfol trsKd;orD; 100 ausmf&Sd\/ Armh
*kP d ;f *Ppdwrf sm;jyif;xefum toif;tzGUJ tcsi;f csi;f vufeufuidk f wyfrawmfrS xufMuyfruGmvkdufwkduf&m vif;xifonf xkdif;
wkdufyGJyif qifETJcJhMuukef\/ usOf;ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;a&;0g' e,fpyfox Ydk u G of mG ;Ny;D xkw
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rarG;? wkdif;wpfyg;tm;ukd;pdwfarG;aom pdwf"mwfaMumifh vkyfoifh vif;xifonf vnf;aumif; Akdvfqvefonf vnf;aumif;
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ulrifwefwkdYukdyifvQif rGefjynfe,fa'ota&mufac:,lcJhMuay rsm;pG m aom w&m;0if r d e f ; rrsm;&S d c J h o nf [ k 1963 ck E S p f u

ao;onf/ wyfrawmfrS zrf;qD;&rdaom pm&if;t& od&ygonf/
...(20)
 524 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 525
oD;jcm;u&ifjynf &&Sda&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifMuaom u&if ½IyfaxG;apaomtcsufwGif vuf½kH;wyf[kac:aom wkwf? "m;?
vufeufukdifwkdY\ vlowf? "m;jywkduf? jyefay;qGJ? rdrdEkdifiHwGif;&Sd 0g;cRe?f 'l;av;ukid f u&ift&yfom; tkypf yk ifjzpfonf/ vuf½;Hk wyf
rGef-Arm-u&if trsKd;orD;i,fwkdYtm; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif usL;ausmf wkdYonf ppfqifa&;ukd tusKd;jyKonfxuf tusKd;,kwfaponfu
aeaom ulrifwefw½kwfwkdYxH vufeufESifhvJcJholawGjzpf\/ vufawGUyifjzpfonf[í l olw\ Ydk OD;wnfcsuaf ysmuf&yk?H &ufpuf
þum; u&ifaomif;usef;olwkdY\ vkyf&yfom jzpfygonf/ Murf;MuKwfykHwkdYukd azmfxkwfokH;oyf xm;cJhayonf/
u&ifoyl ek w f uYdk olw\ Ydk vkyif ef;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D ok;H oyf
xm;onhf aumfol;av awmfvSefa&; ppfwrf;wGif - Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd wu,fvkdcsifwmvm;
ArmtrsKd;om;rsm;\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIukd rcHr&yfEkdifí igwdkY oxkHNrdKUukd 1948 ckESpfuyif u&ifwkdYodrf;ykdufcJh\/ 1949
awmfveS cf MhJ uonf[q k adk omfvnf; igwko Yd rd ;f ykud Nf y;D aom e,fajr ckEpS w f iG u
f m; aomif;use;f rIwYdk ykrd jdk yif;xefvmav&m jrefrmEkid if &H dS
rsm;twGif;&Sd Arm? rGef? ytkdY0f? ukvm;? w½kwf tp&Sdaom vlrsKd;pk NrdKUBuD;NrdKUawmf tawmfrsm;rsm;wkdYonf u&if? tvHjzLuGefjrLepf
rSeforQukd igwkdY zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvuf0g;BuD;tkyfcJhMuonf/ EkdifiHa&; &JabmfjzLwdkY\ odrf;ykdufjcif;cH&onf/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfuvnf;
pum;t&ajymvQif ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g'ukd igwkdYawmfvSefcJhMuaomf odrf;ykdufwmcH&\/
vnf; igwkt Yd mPmpku d xf El idk af om tcsed yf idk ;f uav;wGiyf if tjcm; uReaf wmfonf owif;pmawGudk rSerf eS zf wf\/ wwfEidk o f rQ
vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;ay:wGif igwkdYonf ykdrkd&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom jzpfpOfawGudk rSwo f m;xm;rd\/ aMuuGpJ &mowif;rsm;? Ekid if aH wmf
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rnfonfhvlrsKd;pkrQ t<uif;rJhaxmufcHrIukd igwkdYr&&SdcJhMuonf þokjYd zpfysucf aYJ omfvnf; Armhwyfrawmfom;wk\ Yd opöm&S&d ?dS
omru igwkdYtm;txifao;rI? rkef;wD;&GH&SmrIwkdYukd jzpfay:apcJh ZGJ&Sd&Sd? owådajymifajrmufpGm wkdufckdufcJhaomaMumifh 8-4-49 wGif
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owfjzwf&rf;um;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuav&m tjcm;trsKd;om; rqkd wGif oHviG jf rpfEiS phf pfawmif;jrpfMum;a'oukd wyfrawmfrS odr;f yku d f
xm;bd u&iftrsKd;om;uyifvQif igwkdYtm; &GH&Smpufqkyfum Ekid cf hJ\/ 22-5-49 wGif tif;pdeu f dk jyeford ;f Ekid cf h\
J / 23-5-49 wGif
awmfvSefa&;ukdyif NiD;aiGUvmMuayonf/ ykord ?f iykawmwku Yd dk jyeford ;f Ekid cf yhJ gonf/ 18-12-49 wGif u&if
ppfqifa&;ü t*Fvdyfacwf Armhwyfrawmf? zqyvacwf wkdY\ t"duae&m pmbl;awmif;ukdodrf;EkdifcJh\/
wyfrawmfom;rsm;wGif trIxrf;cJhaom ppfjyefBuD;rsm;uyif þokv Yd Qif zqyv tpk;d &onf &efuek t f pk;d &[kac:ae&mu
autef't D rdk sm;\ pnf;rJu h rf;rJh ppfqifypHk pfqifenf;ukd em;rvnf jrefrmEkid if t H pk;d &tjzpf urÇmo h wif;pmrsm;u a&;&aomtcsed w f iG f
Ekid af vmufatmif jzpfc&hJ ojzifh ¤if;wkEYd iS w hf í JG ppfrwku d wf wfay/ w½kwjf ynfwiG f cseaf u&Sw d t
f pk;d &ppfa&;edrNhf y;D w½kwf uGejf rLepfrsm;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ppfwu dk &f mwGif rD;½IUd ? vlowf? ypön;f ,l? uRq J ?JG EGm;qGJ uk, d ofh abm vTrf;rkd;vmaomtcg csefau&Sdwftpkd;&\wyfrsm; jrefrmEkdifiHokdY
ESifhukd,f ppfwuf? ppfqkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ ppfqifa&;ukd ykdí usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmcJhMuonf/
...(21)
 526 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 527
xkdwyfwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiH usKdif;wkHe,fajrtwGif; 1950 w½kwjf zLta&;tcif;ukd zqyvtpk;d &onf Ekid if aH &;enf;t&
Zefe0g&DvwGif 0ifa&mufvmonf/ tiftm; 200 cefYom&Sdonf ajz&Si;f aomfvnf; ajyvnfrrI &cJah y/ xkpd OfrmS yif w½kwjf zLwko Yd nf
[lí od&ygonf/ xkdYaemufwGif usKdif;wkH-wmcsDvdwfvrf;rBuD; tiftm; 12000 cefYtxd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY a&mufaeayNyD/
rkdifwkdif 81 rS wmcsDvdwftxd odrf;ykdufvkdufMuonf/ Armhwyfrawmfom;wkdYonf e,fcsJUusL;ausmfol w½kwfjzLwkdYtm;
w&kwfjzLwyfwkdYonf w½kwfeDwyfwkdY\ wkdufcdkufrIaMumifh &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH wkdufxkwfvsuf&Sd\/
jrefrmEkdifiHbufokdY 0ifa&mufvmMu&m 1952 ckESpf ESpfOD;wGif 1953 ckEpS ?f rwfv (1) &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmtpk;d &u w½kwjf zL
vm;½Id;e,fajr ta&SUawmifbuf oHvGifjrpftaemufbufurf; usL;ausmrf u I dk ukvor*¾tzGUJ csKyof Ydk wifjy&ef qk;H jzwfvu dk of nf/
txd wk;d csUJ usL;ausmv f mMuonf/ ]0} e,fwiG f wyfom;pkaqmif;&if; rwfv 25 &ufaeYwiG f xkpd Ofu Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D jzpfol apmcGecf sKu d
tajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufaMumif;yg Mum;&ygonf/ 1952 ckEpS f ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfxH w½kwfjzLusL;ausmfrIukd w&m;0if
{Nyv D twGi;f w½kwjf zLwyftiftm; 4000 ceft Y xd wk;d wufvmNy;D wkid Mf um;vku d of nf/ 1953 ckEpS ?f {NyvD wGiu f si;f yaom ukvor*¾
tiftm; 1000 cefYonf rkdif;qwfe,fajrü tajccsae&pfcJhNyD;
tzGJUBuD;\ (7) Budrfajrmuf taxGaxGnDvmcHBuD;wGif jrefrm
tiftm;pktcsKUd rSm oHviG jf rpf0rS ;f twkid ;f ajrmufbufoYdk usL;ausmf
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUu taxmuftxm;ckdifvkHpGm wifjyEkdifcJhonhf
Mu\/
twGuf {Nyv D 22 &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmajrukd usL;ausmaf om Ekid if jH cm;wyf
jrefrmEkid if eH ,fpyfteD;wGif tajcjyKaeaom vDraD cgif;aqmif
tm;vk;H tjrefq;Hk xGucf mG oGm;&eftqku d dk rJcq
JG ;Hk jzwf&m Ekid if aH ygif;
onfh w½kwfjzLrsm;onf 1950 jynhfESpf ZGefvtwGif; rkdif;arm?
rkdif;,rf;? rkdif;yktGef? rkdif;a,mif;? usKdif;wkH? wmcsDvdwf-rkdifwkdif 56 60 teuf 59 EkdifiHu axmufcHrJay;cJhonf/ Mum;ae (1) rJom
ESifhrkdif;yeftxd wkd;csJUvmcJhonf/ ZlvkdifvtwGif;wGif rkdif;yefukd &SdNyD; uefYuGufrJ r&SdcJhay/
jzwfí armufr,fe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,ftwGif; a&mufvmMu zqyv tpk;d &onf þokYd Ekid if aH &;tm;jzifh w½kwjf zLusL;ausmf
onf/ rIukd uefYuGufwifjycJhouJYokdY jrefrmvlxkMum;wGifvnf; rsKd;cspf
w½kwjf zLwyfwo Ydk nf jrefrmEkid if w H iG f ajcuky,
f Nl y;D 1951 ckEpS f pdwf"mwfrsm; Ekd;Mum;vsuf&Sdonf/ Armhwyfrawmf\ w½kwfjzL
arvESifh ZlvkdifvwkdYvnf;aumif;? 1952 ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif; usL;ausmfrIwkdufyGJwkdYukd tm;ay;vsuf&SdMuonf/ 1954 ckESpf?
w½kwfjynfukd wkdufckdufcJhaomfvnf; atmifjrifrIr&cJhay/ rwfv (2) &ufaeYwiG f bk&ifah emif ppfqifa&;? wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif
w½kwjf zLwkt Yd iftm; 3000 cefo Y nf 1952 ckEpS w f iG f rkid ;f arm? autef'DtkdwkdYac:cJhaom w½kwfjzLwkdYukd jr0wDe,fajrü &SifrjzL
rkid ;f wk?H wef,ef;wkw Yd iG f a&mufvmNy;D e,fajrwnfMuonf/ qrm;? ppfqifa&;? 1955 ckEpS w f iG f &efBu;D atmifppfqifa&;wkYd qifEu JT m
qD;rm;paom jrpfBu;D em;ta&SUbufww Ydk iG vf nf; 250 cefY a&mufvm usL;ausmfol w½kwfjzLwkdYukd armif;xkwfcJhonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

cJhonf/ 1953 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif rkdif;yefNrdKU? azazmf0g&DvwGif jrefrmhom;aumif;wkdY\ toufaoG;wkdYjzifh jrefrmhajrukd

rlq,fESifh MuLukwfwkdYukd w½kwfjzLwkdY odrf;ykdufMuonf/ umuG,fcJhMu\/
...(22)
 528 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 529
xkdpOfumvu zqyv tpkd;&udkwkdufckdufykefuefaeaom xkid ;f Ekid if q
H idk &f m jrefrmppforH LS ; 'kw, d Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D rsK;d jrifwh Ydk yg0ifchJ
autef'Dtkd-u&ifaomif;usef;ol tygt0if rGef? ytkdY0f? ya'gif aMumif;vnf; od&ygonf/
paom aomif;usef;olrsm;? ocifoef;xGef; acgif;aqmifaom tqkdygaqG;aEG;yGJukd tar&duefppfoHrSL;jzpfol AkdvfrSL;BuD;
uGefjrLepfrsm;? ocifpkd;acgif;aqmifaom tvHeDuGefjrLepfESifh 'Dyg;vfrm;u BuD;MuyfcJhaMumif;vnf; od&ygonf/ 1953 ckESpf?
jynfolY&JabmfwkdY w½kwfjzLusL;ausmfolukd wkduf&efygrvmMu? Zlvidk v f twGi;f rkid ;f qwf? rkid ;f wk?H rkid ;f ,Ge;f ? rkid ;f a,mif;pcef;rsm;ukd
tpdk;&ESifhvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;vnf; r&SdcJhMuay/ vTJajymif;ay;&ef oabmwlMuonf/ w½kwfjzLrsm;u pcef;rsm;ukd
ryg,krH Qru u&ifwo Ydk nf w½kwjf zL usL;ausmo f w
l u
Ydk dk u½ky?dÜ vTaJ jymif;ay;&ef oabmwlNy;D cgrS jiif;qefMuí aqG;aEG;yGaJ jyvnfrI
yi&Gmpaom yifv,furf;teD;okyYd if a&mufatmifac:,lcahJ o;\/ r&cJhyg/ jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUonf þtcsufaMumifh pufwif
jrefrmhorD;ysKrd sm;ukzd rf;Ny;D w½kwjf zLwyfoYdk ykNYd y;D vufeufawG ,lchJ bmv 17 &ufwiG f befaumufaqG;aEG;yGrJ S Ekwx f uG cf ahJ Mumif;ukd
ao;onf/ vnf; uRefawmfwdkY odvkduf&ygonf/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfurl
tvm;wlyif uGejf rLepfwu Ydk a&SUwGif wkid ;f wpfyg;usL;ausmo f l w½kwfjzLwkdYukd qufvufwkdufckdufMu&awmh\/
ukd wyfrawmfrS wkdufaepOfrSmyif aemufykdif;rStvpfacsmif;NyD; ocifoef;xGe;f acgif;aqmifaom ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDonf
jrefrmhaus;&Gm? NrdKUi,fwkdYukd vdkufwdkufaMumif; Mum;odcJh&ygao; olw\ Ydk XmecsKyu f dk ae&mtrsK;d rsK;d ajymif;ouJo h Ydk vrf;pOftrsK;d rsK;d
onf/ jzL;-anmifyifomwkdYwGif wyfrawmfukd csKHckdwkdufvkduf ajymif;cJhonf/ ESpfESpftwGif; ppfatmifEkdifa&;vrf;pOf? tjyKwf
ao;\/ wkdufa&;vrf;pOfpojzifh vrf;pOfrsm;cscJh&mu aomif;usef;ol
zqyvtpkd;&onf autrfwDusL;ausmfrIukd EkdifiHa&;t& wkdYonf 1948 rS 1952 ckESpfokdY a&mufvmygaomfvnf; olwkdY\
ukvor*¾okdY wifjycJhNyD; þudpöESifhywfoufí xkdif;EkdifiHwGif &nfrSef;csufrSm taumiftxnfray:vmcJhay/
av;EkdifiHaqG;aEG;yGJusif;yNyD; w½kwfjzLwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS 1952 ckESpf? Zlvkdif (4) &ufrS pufwifbm 25 &uftxd
xGufcGma&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJhaMumif;ukdvnf; aemiftcgwGif ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD? tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwDEiS hf jynfo&Yl aJ bmftzGUJ
uRefawmfwdkYodvmMu&ygonf/ wkoYd nf ygwDwpfcw k nf;jzpfay:a&;twGuf ok;H ygwDrS acgif;aqmif
tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k xkid ;f ? jrefrmESihf azmfrq kd mtpk;d &wk\ Yd rsm;? uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;? ok;H ygwDnñ D w G af &;uGezf &ifu h si;f yMuonf/
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ygaom tpnf;ta0;ukd xkdif;EkdifiH? befaumuf xku d eG zf &ifrh mS 75 &ufMum\/ Nird ;f csr;f a&;ñGeaYf ygif;tpk;d & vrf;pOf
NrdKUwGif 1953 ckESpf? arv 22 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhMuonf/ ukd aqG;aEG;oabmwlcJhMu\/
jrefrmEkdifiHrS ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf AkdvfrSL;BuD;atmifBuD; (aemif Armjynf jynfolY'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;\ tajccH0g'ESifh
AkdvfcsKyfatmifBuD;) u acgif;aqmifNyD; 'kwd,acgif;aqmifftjzpf vrf;pOf xm0pOfNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wpfrsKd;om;vkH; aoG;pnf;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

'kw, d Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D ode;f armifu aqmif&u G cf o

hJ nf/ tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf nDñGwfMu[laom a<u;aMumfoHjzifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh nDñGwfa&;
AkdvfrSL;ukdukd (OD;pD;-'k)? 'kAkdvfrSL;BuD;xGef;pdef (ajrmufykdif;wkdif;) ESifh vrf;pOfuydk if qk;H jzwfMuygaomfvnf; txuftzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f
...(23)
 530 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 531
rSmyif Ekid if aH &;t,ltquGv J rJG aI Mumifh atmufajcokYd xko d abm (u) uGefjrLepfygwDw&m;0ifwnf&Sda&;?
w&m;rsm; ra&mufcJhay/ ( c ) 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;ay;a&;?
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G af &;rjzpfouJo Y yYdk if Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD ( * ) EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; vTwfay;a&;[laom tcsuf
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avYvmawGU&Sd&\/ ygwDwGif;rSmvnf; wyfrawmf\ xkd;ppfrsm; &yfwnf&rnf/ Oya'twGi;f 0ifa&mufNy;D rS tmPm&&Sad &;twGuf
aMumifh wkdif;? c½kdif? NrdKUe,frsm;wGifvnf; tpnf;ta0; rxkdifEkdif vkyfaqmifMu&rnf/ awGUqkHaqG;aEG;a&;jzpfajrmuf&ef ppfa&;
Muawmh a y/ xk d Y j yif wk d i f ; (3) tk y f p k [ l í ay:vmonf / vIyf&Sm;rIESifh Oya'wGif; vIyf&Sm;rIukd aygif;pyf&rnf/
atmufArmjynf wkdif;aumfrwDonf A[kd\csKyfukdifrIukd remcH t"durSm Oya'wGif;wkdufyGJoP²mefukd azmfaqmifMu&rnf
aMumif; uRefawmfwdkYMum;&ygonf/ [líazmfjyxm;onf/
tcsKyfukdajym&vQif uGefjrLepfygwDonf olwkdY\ e,fajr tcsKyt f m;jzifq
h adk omf 55 vrf;pOfonf Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS
usKHUvmcJh\/ XmecsKyfukd ae&mtajymif;tvJ tBudrfBudrfvkyfvm
tmPm&,la&;vrf;pOfyif jzpfawmhonf/
&\/ cscJhaomvrf;pOfwkdif; atmifjrifrIr&cJh/ ygwDxdyfykdif;wGif
wu,f h t ajctaerS e f r S m Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD o nf
tusyftwnf; awGUaeNyD[lí uRefawmfwdkYxifaerd\/
okH;ygwD obmywdtzGJU\ oabmwlnDcsuft& okH;ygwDvrf;pOf
xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifocifoef;xGef;onf (2) ESpftwGif;
a[mif;ukd ½kyfodrf;NyD; vrf;pOfopfukdcsrSwf&ef wm0ef&Sdaeonf/
ppfEkdifa&;vrf;pOf? tjyKwfwkdufa&; vrf;pOfpaom vrf;pOfwkdY
ratmifjrifbJ&SdaeNyD; aemufxyfvrf;pOfcs&ef tusyfawGUaepOf okaYd omf ok;H ygwDnñ D wG af &;rSm ckid rf mrIr&So
d jzifh ok;H ygwDvrf;pOfudk
Ekid if jH cm;rS oHBuKd ;pmwpfapmif ocifoef;xGe;f xH a&mufvmcJo h nf/ rcsrS w f & ao;rD tjcm;vk y f a qmif & ef oabmwl n D c suf t &
xkpd mwGif vrf;pOfcsay;rnfh wpfv;Hk wpfyg'rQrjrif& þtwkid ;f om ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf rdrd\ vrf;pOfopfukd &Smae&onf/
vkyf[lí wif;usyfpGm owday;xm;\/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf a&SUvkyfief;pOftwGuf rnfokdY
xkdvrf;pOfum; 55 vrf;pOf[lí xif&Sm;aom 1955 ckESpf aqmif&u G &f rnf? vrf;pOfcs&rnf[í l wdwu d susr&Sb d J jzpfaeonf/
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD\ tajccHvyk if ef;pOftjzpf aMunm&onhf xkpd OfwiG f ocifoef;xGe;f onf ygwDA[kad umfrwD tpnf;ta0;ukd
vrf;pOf jzpfayawmhonf/ xkdvrf;pOf\ qkdvkdcsufrSm - av;vrS ajcmufvMumonftxd usif;ycJYonf/
- zqyvtpkd;&onf e,fcsJUtpkd;&ESifh vkH;0yl;aygif; xkud mvwGif atmufajcrSvnf; txuf\ acgif;aqmifru I dk
oGm;jcif;r[kwf? xkdYaMumifh aygif;vJaygif;? wkdufvnf; t,kHtMunfr&Sdawmh? tkyfpkzGJUjcif;rsm;&Sdvmonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif
wkduf&rnf/ wpfzufEkdifiHa&muf ocifAodef;wifwkdYu xkdEkdifiH\uGefjrLepf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

- zqyv tpkd;&onf trsKd;om;"e&Siftpkd;&jzpfonf/ ygwD t ul t nD j zif h 55 vrf ; pOf u k d a&;yk d Y v k d u f a omaMumif h

awGUqkHaqG;aEG;&mwGif ocifoef;xGef;tzdkY touf½SLayguf&apcJh\/
...(24)
 532 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 533
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDonf wpfEidk if rH aS y;aom tBut H pnf zqyv tpk;d &onf vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D puyif Ekid if aH wmfwiG f
twkdif; taumiftxnfazmf&ef 28-12-1955 wGif EkdifiHawmf qlyal omif;use;f rIrjzpfay:a&;twGuf Akv d &f efatmif? Akv
d of ed ;f wef?
tpk;d &xHoYdk awmif;qkcd suf ok;H csuf ykv Yd u
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f nf/ xkt d csurf sm;rSm - Akv d af tmifrif;polwt Ydk m; axmifcsxm;&mrS ac:xkwNf y;D aqG;aEG;
1/ Armjynftpk;d &onf t*Fvyd -f tar&duefe,fcsUJ orm;wk\ Yd cJzh ;l \/ rauG;wGif aqG;aEG;rnf[ak jymaomaMumifh rauG;wGiv f nf;
usL;ausmf a &;*k d P f ; twG i f ; ok d Y ryg0if b J trsKd ; om; oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;cJhzl;\/ u&iftzGJUESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;cJhzl;\/
vGwv f yfa&;ESihf Nird ;f csr;f pGmtwl&adS &;[laom 0g' (ay:vpD) ocifEkukd u&ifEk[líyif owif;pmawGu a&;&onftxd
ukd jywfom;pGm usifhokH;&rnf/ vku d af vsmcJah Mumif; uReaf wmfwrYkd w S rf ad eygonf/ þtaMumif;ukd
2/ wpfjynfvkH;wGif 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; ay;&rnf/ uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHa&;avmuxJrS vli,frsm;Mum;odcJh&onf/
jynfolwkdY\ 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tmrcH&rnf/ ,ck 55 vrf;pOfupd w ö iG f zqyvtpk;d &onf ol\,kMH unfcsu?f
uGefjrLepfygwD0ifESifh tjcm;wkd;wufaom EkdifiHa&; ol\taxmufawmfwkdY\ owif;ay;csufaMumifh AuywkdY\
tusOf;om; tm;vkH;ukd axmifrSvTwfay;&rnf/ tusyftwnf;rS touf½SLayguf&a&;twGuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;
3/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&SdorQ 'Drkdua&pDygwDrsm;? vlxk vrf;pOfy[ J í
l rSw, f Nl y;D Auywk\ Yd awmif;qkcd sut f & vkud af vsmjcif;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ Oya'wGif;wnf&SdcGifhESifh vkyfukdif r&SdcJhay/
aqmif&GufcGifhrsm;ukd tmrcH&rnf/
azmfjycJhaom awmif;qkdcsuf&&Sdygu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 1949 - 50 ckESpfrsm;twGif;u uRefawmf
onf Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifí &yfwnfoGm;rnf/ jynfwGif;ppf txufygtcef;wGif azmfjycJah om taMumif;rsm;wGif uReaf wmf
&yfpJa&;twGuf tpkd;&ESifhwkdufckdufaeaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ukd,fwkdifodcJh&aom tcsufrsm;ygouJhokdY tcsKdUtcsufrsm;rSm
rsufESmpkHnD aqG;aEG;rnf[lí pum;oHvTifhonf/ xkdvrf;pOfukd xkpd Ofu uReaf wmfwx Ydk uf 0g&ifah om Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;\
55 vrf;pOf Nird ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOf[í l wpfEidk if vH ;Hk u yg0ifaxmufcH pum;rsm;? owif;pmrsm;wGiyf gaom taMumif;rsm;ukd uReaf wmfwYkd
ap&ef ppf&yfpaJ &;vIy&f mS ;rI wpfjynfv;Hk us,jf yefv Y map&ef BuKd ;pm; rSwfom;rdorQ a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
vmMuonf/ 1950 jynfhESpfaemufykdif;wGif uRefawmfwdkYonf EkdifiH&yfjcm;
tpkd;&u 1955? atmufwkdbm (1) &ufrS 1956? rwfv wkdif;wpfyg;wGif a&mufaeav&m xkdEkdifiHwkdY&Sd jrefrmoH½kH;rsm;wGif
(31) &uftxd vufeufcsolrsm;twGuf vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhukd &&Sdaom jrefrmowif;pmrsm;ukd zwfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? oH½kH;
xkwfjyefaMunmay;cJhonf/ 0efxrf;rsm;ajymaompum;rsm;ukd wpfqifMh um;&ojzifv h nf;aumif;
Ekid if aH &;trnfcNH y;D vlowfr?I "m;jywku d rf ?I rk'rd ;f rI? wHwm;csK;d rI? uRefawmfrSwfrdorQ a&;om;&jcif; jzpfygonf/
EkdifiHawmfopömazmufrI? usL;vGefolwkdYukdrl EkdifiHa&;orm;tjzpf txufwpfae&mwGif azmfjycJo h nft
h wkid ;f 1948 ckEpS ?f ZGev
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

owfrSwfNyD; jyefrvTwfay;EkdifaMumif; xkdrQru vufeufukdifae cefYwGif jynfolYpmayaumfrwDukd zGJUpnf;NyD; uRefawmfu twGif;

oa&GU uGefjrLepfygwD w&m;r0ifEkdifaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ a&;rSL; wm0efukd,l&ygonf/ aumfrwD0iftjzpf yg0ifaom
...(25)
 534 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 535
oxku H o dk ed ;f armifu a&mifjcnfopf*sme,fudk xkwaf 0onhw f m0ef rk;d ukwjf ynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG 0ifrsm;tm; Ekid if aH &;tajctaeukd
ukd ,l&ygonf/ uRefawmhftm; OD;AaqGu rmhufpfvDeif0g'ESifh &Si;f jyNy;D ,cktcg jynfwiG ;f ppf oabmrsK;d jzifah eNy;D Akv d rf if;acgif?
ywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm;a&;ckdif;ojzifh a&;&ygonf/ yxrqkH; Akv
d rf LS ;atmif? Akv d pf ed rf eS w
f Ydk acgif;aqmifaom jynfo&Yl aJ bmf wyfzUJG
a&;aom pmtkyfrSm - uJhokdY tpkd;&ukd axmufcH&efjzpfaMumif;? ta&;BuHKygu rkd;rdwfrS
1/ &JabmfcspfMunf - trnfcHNyD; rmYufpfvDeif0g' rk;d ukwo f Ydk a&mufaeaom &Sr;f wyfpEk iS hf rk;d ukwNf rKd U &JabmfwyfzUJG ESihf
2/ armifcspfMunf - trnfjzifh armfpDwkH;\ 'Drkdua&pDopf tquftoG,f,lNyD; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMu&ef rSm&ygonf/
pmtkyf &Sif;vif;csuf rk;d ukwef ,fyidk 0f efaxmuf OD;at;armifxo H mG ;Ny;D vkt d yfygu
3/ armifcspMf unf ? &Sr;f jynf -ukw d ifat;? oxk-H uko d ed ;f armif jynfo&Yl aJ bmfEiS hf NrKd Ue,f&w J yfzUJG qufo, G &f mwGif yg0ifaqmif&u G f
wkdYyl;wGJNyD; - rmhufpfavYvmenf; zkdY rSm&ygonf/
4/ trnfrcHyJ qk&d , S v f pfygwDu wm0efay;ojzifh a&;onhf uReaf wmf rk;d ukwrf mS &Sad epOfrmS yif rEÅav;NrKd UBu;D olyek af wG
oifb,fvJ[laom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ 0efBuD;OD;AaqGu vufokdY usaMumif;Mum;&\/
acgif ; aqmif ñ T e f M um;onh f t wk d i f ; a&;onh f p mtk y f uRefawmfhrSm &efukefjyef&efom tvkyf&Sdawmh\/ okdYaomf
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zqyvtpkd;&ESifhawmckdolwkdY\ taetxm;ESifhjcm;em; twGuf pOf;pm;&awmh\/ xkdokdYpOf;pm;&mwGif a&TbkdwGif&Sdaom
csuf u k d a zmf j yaom pmtk y f j zpf o nf / pmtk y f o nf jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG ukd owd&rdygonf/ xkw d yfzUJG onf uReaf wmfEiS hf
awmfawmfvnf; xda&mufaom pmtkyfjzpfavonf/ cifrif&if;pGJwyfzGJUjzpfaomaMumifh rkd;ukwfe,fykdif OD;at;armifESifh
txufygpmtkyrf sm; a&;aeqJyif uReaf wmfonf OD;AaqGxH wkdifyifNyD; rkd;ukwfrS xGufcJhygonf/
cGifhyefNyD; rkd;ukwfNrdKUokdY xGufcJhygonf/ rdk;ukwfodkY oGm;&jcif; uRefawmfhwGif usnfqef 100 cefYygcJh\/
taMumif;&if;udk yÍöyikd ;f wGiaf zmfjyNy;D jzpfaomfvnf; xyfraH zmfjy&ef xkdpOfu u&ifwkdY\ qlylrIt&Sdefuvnf; wufqJjzpfay&m
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zGJUpnf;NyD;jzpfaom jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUrSm uRefawmfzGJUpnf; uRefawmhfpdwfwGif apmaeygonf/
ay;cJhaom wyfzGJUjzpfygonf/ xkdwyfzGJU0ifwkdYonf uRefawmf\ rkd;ukwfrS a&TbkdokdYoGm;&mwGif ,cifuvrf;½kd;twkdif; oGm;í
acgif;aqmifrIukd ,kHMunfMu\/ &efukefwGif jynfolY&Jabmfrsm; r&awmhyg/ Akv d pf v
H S vrf;jyonht f wkid ;f xGucf MhJ u&m uReaf wmfwYdk
a&SUquf&rnfh Ekid if aH &;oabmxm;rsm;ukd &Si;f jy&ef oGm;jcif;jzpfyg onf oydwfusif;NrdKUwpfzufurf; cifOD;e,f oifaygif;um;okdY
onf/ olwkdYuvnf; uRefawmf\obmxm;ukd apmifhaeMuonf/ a&mufygawmhonf/ oifaygif;um;wGif a&Tbjdk ynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG rS
xkdpOfu rEÅav;onf olykefvufokdY rusao;yg/ uRefawmf acgif;aqmifAkdvfMunfESifh awGUygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rEÅav;okYd av,mOfysEH iS o hf mG ;Ny;D rEÅav;rSoydwu f si;f xkrd S rk;d ukwof Ydk Akvd Mf unfum; uReaf wmfEiS t hf wl r*Fvm'kAH v dk of ifwef;ausmif;
a&mufcJhygonf/ 'kwd,ywfwGif wufcJholjzpfygonf/
...(26)
 536 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 537
uReaf wmfu Akv d Mf unftm; uReaf wmf\ qE´jzpfaom ]]u&if AkdvfausmfaZmu -
wyfrsm;tu,fí wufvmvQif ArmhwyfrawmfEiS yhf ;l wGw J u dk Mf uyg/ ]]uRefawmfvnf; &efukefjyefrvkdYbJ/ rMumcif AkdvfMunf[ef
tvHeDukdvnf;twlwlygyJ/ rkd;ukwf? jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUtaeeJY vmr,f? olrY ed ;f rukv d mBuKd rmS ? olaY v,mOfysu H dk uReaf wmfapmifah e
awmh u&ifa&m tvHeyD gwufvm&if cHwu dk Mf urSmyJ/ cifAsm;wkv Yd nf; wmyJ? av,mOfysv H m&if cifAsm;yg twlwv l u dk cf }hJ } [k ajymygonf/
wkdufMuyg/ uRefawmfuawmh cifAsm;wkdYukd 'gyJay;Ekdifw,f}} [k av,mOfysrH vmrD ESpn f cefY zqyv OD;oef;armiftrd w f iG yf if
ajymNy;D uReaf wmfw h iG yf gvmaom usnq f ef 100 cefaY y;vku d o f nf/ uRefawmfwnf;cdkygonf/
ay;&if;uyif ]]uReaf wmfrY mS 'gyJygw,fAsm? tck uReaf wmf &efuek f av,mOfysHrSm ti,fpm;av;jzpf\/ av,mOfuGif;uvnf;
oGm;zdx Yk uG cf w hJ m? [krd mS usnq f aH wmif;vk&Yd rvm;vk}Yd } [k ajymvku d f trnfc½H aHk v,mOfuiG ;f jzpfygonf/ xku d iG ;f rSyif Akv d Mf unf[efEiS hf
ygonf/ ZeD;? AkdvfausmfaZm? uRefawmfyg av,mOfi,fESifh &efukefokdY
aemifaomtcgwGif Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D pk;d ode;f [k trnfwiG v f mrnfh xGufcJhMu\/
ukpd ;dk ode;f onf (xkpd Ofu ppfuidk ;f c½kid f qk&d , S v f pfygwDtwGi;f a&;rSL;) Akv
d af usmaf ZmrSm tjcm;olr[kwyf g/ ,ck Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f
&JabmfjzLAkdvfxGef;MunfESifh aqG;aEG;NyD; rEÅav;rS u&ifolykefwkdY om,ma&;ESizhf UHG NzKd ;a&;aumifpD 'kw, d Ouú| 'kw, d Akv d cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D
ppfuidk ;f buforYdk ul;&ef wku d af y;zkYd aqG;aEG;cJ&h onf/ jynfo&Yl aJ bmf armifat;\ tpfukdjzpfygonf/
AkdvfxGef;Munfu oabmwlaomaMumifh ppfukdif;wkdif;twGif;okdY &efukefa&mufvQif jynfxJa&;0efBuD;\ ygvDreftwGif;0ef
autef't D udk &ifwYdk rvmEkid af wmhay/ ukpd ;dk ode;f u jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwYdk OD;xGef;0if;\ tdrfwGifwnf;\/ uRefawmf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm
xHokdY vufeuf 100 cefYay;vkdufojzifh jynfolY&JabmfwkdYuvnf; uReaf wmfonf aemufaeYwiG f Akv d pf ed rf eS uf o dk mG ;awGUrnf[k &nfreS ;f
tiftm;awmifhoGm;onf/ (xkdukdpkd;odef;onf ,cktcgwGif xm;ygonf/
ra[oDr*¾Zif; refae*smwm0efukd ,laeoljzpfygonf/) aemufaeYwiG f OD;xGe;f 0if;tm; Adv k pf ed rf eS q f D oGm;rnft h aMumif;
Akvd Mf unfu uReaf wmfu h dk cifO;D NrKd Uem;txd vku d yf \Ydk / xku d rS ajym&m OD;xGef;0if;u -
um;BuHKpD;NyD; a&TbkdokdY xGufcJhygonf/ a&TbkdokdYa&mufvQif a&Tbkd ]]tkd ... raeYu cifAsm;ukd rajymrdbu J ;dk ? Akv d pf ed rf eS f raeYu
zqyv½kH;ukdoGm;NyD; tzGJU0ifa&Tbkdom; zqyvtrIaqmif 'Pf&m&vmcJhwm ckaoNyDAsm}} [kajymvkdufygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
OD;oef;armifqDoGm;ygonf/ OD;oef;armifu uRefawmfhtm; OD;xGef;0if;u vdkufydkYygonf/ AdkvfpdefrSeftdrfwGif ZeD;jzpfol
a&TbNdk rKd UpGew f pfae&m&Sd Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;wpf&if;okYd vdu k yf yYkd g a':at;Munftm; txl;pdwx f cd u
kd &f aMumif; ajymjyNy;D Akv d pf ed rf eS f
onf/ xkw d yfwiG f Akv d af usmaf Zmukad wGU&\/ olum; tjcm;r[kwf udk *g&0jyKcJhygonf/
uReaf wmfEiS t hf wl r*Fvm'kAH v dk o f ifwef;'kw, d ywfwiG f twlwufchJ AkdvfpdefrSefonf &efukefwkdif; txl;wkdif;rif;BuD;jzpfonf/ ol
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ol? a0gwGif awmfveS af &;umv 0Jysw H u dk yf w JG iG f twlww l u dk cf ahJ om ok;H q,f-om,m0wDbufoYdk Ak;H BupJ pfav,mOfjzifo h mG ;Ny;D Ak;H BupJ Of
AkdvfausmfaZm jzpfygonf/ atmufrS jyefvnfypfcwfaomaMumifh usqkH;jcif;jzpfonf/
...(27)
 538 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 539
Akv
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AkdvfpdefrSefrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif;u olYtdrf av;pm;tm;ukd;pdwfawGvnf; &SdcJhMuayvdrfhrnf/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
wGiyf if uReaf wmfaecJ&h \/ uReaf wmf\ oifwef;ay;a&; vkyif ef; a&;&aomf xko d w
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Ydk aoG;xk;d vIUH aqmfjcif;? ajrm§ ufyifah y;jcif;vnf;
awGukd tultnDay;cJhonfhtjyif vlrIqufqHa&;? vlxkESifh &Sdaumif;&SdEkdifayvdrfhrnf/
qufo, G af &;vkyif ef; wkw Yd iG vf nf; uReaf wmft h m; tpfuBdk u;D ozG,f xkaYd Mumifh u&ifoyl ek w f Ydk jrefrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &ukd ykeu
f ef&ef
ñTefjywwf\/ vrf;pOfcsrSwf&mwGif -
uReaf wmfu ocifomcifEiS hf OD;xGe;f 0if;wkt Yd m; rk;d ukw?f a&Tb?dk &nf&, G cf suf - oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom u&ifjynfxal xmifa&;?
cifOD;? oydwfusif;wkdY tajctaersm;ukd ajymjyNyD; AkdvfpdefrSefxHrS u&ifvlrsKd;wnfwHha&;/
vufeufawmif;vkdívmaMumif; ajymrdygonf/ t"du&efol - zqyv tpkd;&/
OD;xGef;0if;? ocifomcifwkdYu - 'kwd,&efol - ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD? tvHeDuGefjrLepf
]]'gawGu Akv d pf ed rf eS rf &Sad wmhvyk v
f Ydk rjzpfawmhb;l uG? 'Dawmh ygwD? jynfolY&JabmftzGJU? awmckd bm;rm;
OD;AaqGcidk ;f wJt h wkid ;f jynfopYl mayaumfrwDvyk if ef;awGyJ vkyaf y ½kdifz,f/
omrn&efol - ArmvlrsKd;
awmh}} [lí ajymMuygonf/
t"du0if½kd; - ArmvlrsKd;tm; qefYusifrkef;wD;a&;/
okjYd zifyh if uReaf wmfonf pmtkyaf wGa&;jcif;? a&;&efpmzwfjcif;?
wm0efrsm; - u&ifvufeufukdif wyfrsm;onf Armh
a&mufvmonhf pmay&Jabmfrsm;ESihf pum;ajymjcif;jzifh tcsed u f ek f
vufeufukdifwyfrsm;\ ckcHrIukdtm;ESifh
oGm;awmhonf/ acsrIef;NyD; ArmawGUvQifowf? Arm&GmrD;½IdU?
uRefawmf &efukefwGifxkdifaeygaomfvnf; ppfowif;awG Armypönf;vkNyD; u&ifpD;yGm;a&; xlaxmif
uawmh &yfraeyg/ &efuek -f jynfvrf;r? &efuek -f awmifiv l rf;rwkYd ay;/ _ _ _ _ _ ArmwpfjynfvkH;ukd
ay:wGif autef'DtkdwyfwkdYonf &efukefNrdKUodrf; wkdufyGJqifETJ&ef odr;f ydu
k í f u&ifjynf[k jyefvnftrnfay;
tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdygonf/ xdktaMumif;rSm a&SUwGifygNyD;jzpfaomf uifyGef;wyfí[líyif OD;wnfcsuf xm;cJh
vnf; xyfrHazmfjy&ef&Sdojzifh qufvufazmfjyyg&ap/ Mu\/
&efukefukdodrf;&ef olwkdYtBuH xkdYaMumifh wdwfwqdwfEkdifiHjcm; tultnD&&ef qufoG,f
jcif;? vufeufpk? vlpkjcif;? NrdKUodrf;onfh ae&modrf;jcif; (oxkHukd
xkdumvu tif;pdefNrdKUwGif u&ifolykefwkdYonf wdwd odrf;wmrsKd;)? aiGwkdufazmufonhftcg azmufjcif; (wGHaw;?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vif;vif;yif jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&ukd ykefuefjcm;em;aom tae anmifwkef;aiGwkdufazmufrIrsKd;) wkdYukd 1948 ckESpftwGif;rSmyif

txm;wGif &Sdaeonf/ pwifvkyfaeMuayonf/
...(28)
 540 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 541
xkdvkyf&yfwkdYukd xkdpOfu zqyv0efBuD;csKyf ocifEkonf xkdaeYum; 8-2-1949 jzpfonf/
u&ifacgif;aqmifykdif;ESifh nd§EIdif;rIwkdY tBudrfBudrfvkyfcJh\/ trSerf mS jrefrmtpk;d &bufu owif;[líomjzpfrnf/ u&if
u&ifwkdY\ ajym½kd;ajympOfpum;rSm wkdYuawmh bGif;bGif;yJ wkoYd nf olwYdk uGi;f tcsw d t f quf &S[
d efwal yonf/ taMumif;rSm
ajymwwfw,f? cspf&ifcspfw,f? rkef;&ifrkef;w,fvkdY ajymwm? &efukef-rEÅav;vrf;&Sd awmifilukd u&ifwkdYodrf;ykdufNyD;jzpfonf/
y&d,m,fr&Sb d ;l [laomtok;H rsK;d ok;H wwfcMhJ uaomfvnf; wu,f olwkdYonf anmifav;yifta&mufwufcJhMuNyD; yJcl;ukd odrf;zkdYyif
wGif u&ifacgif;aqmif apmbOD;Bu;D onf ocifEt k ygt0if jrefrm useaf wmhonf/ yJc;l ukjd zwfausmNf y;D ygu &efuek af &muf&ef rcJ,Of;
vlBuD;wkdYukd xrif;pm;yGJjzifh{nfhcHjcif;? aiGwkdufazmufí tpkd;& awmhay/
aiGawG qkH;½IH;rIukd olYv,f{u 1000 a&mif;NyD; jyefay;r,f[k xkdYaMumifh jynfaMumif;rS azazmf0g&D 8-9 &ufwkdYwGif jynfrS
ajymjcif;? aiGwu dk af zmuforl mS u&if 19 a,mufomjzpfaomfvnf; xGucf ohJ uJoh Ydk awmifial Mumif;rSwyfwv Ydk nf; azazmf0g&D (4) &uf
aiGawGjyefYoGm;onhftwGuf u&iftrsm;pkvufwGif aiGawG&SdEkdif (7) &ufwkdYwGif csDwufcJhMuonf/
ay&m u&ifwpfrsKd;vkH; olckd;[k txifrcHEkdif? 'gaMumifh jyefqyf þppfaMumif;ESpfzufn§yfygu &efukefonf u&ifvufokdY
rSm[k ajymjcif;wkdYjzifh tcsKdowfNyD; y&d,m,fpum;awGokH;cJh\/ rkcsus&rnf[k olww Ydk u
G cf ahJ yrnf/ olwaYdk Munmcsio f vkd jrefrmjynf
11-9-1948 wGif t*Fvef Ekid if rH S a';vD;ar;vfowif;pm\ r[kwf u&ifjynf[k aMunmEkdifrnfrvGJ[k olwkdY ,kHMunfykH
owif;axmuf tvufZE´m; uif;bJvfonf &efukefwGif&Sdaeckduf &ygonf/
umvuwåm;NrdKUwGif&Sdaom (136) wyfrS ume,fwl;avmhokdY
pmwpfapmifay;vkdufonf/ xkdpmukd bDtkdatpDav,mOfaMumif; 0ufaumfwkdufyGJ
vkid ;f rS av,mOftrIxrf;tkid 'f q D idk ;f rGe;f rSwpfqifh vlBuKH yg;vku
d \
f / jynfrS u&ifwyfwo Ydk nf azazmf0g&D (8) (9) &ufavmufwiG f
xkpd mum;xkpd Ofu &efuek o f rd ;f &ef tBuyH suo f mG ;onhf u&ifwyfwYdk ,mOftpD; 180 ausmf vufeufpjHk zifh ,kMH unfrt I jynfjh zifh csw
D uf
twGuf EkdifiHjcm;tultnD&&ef awmif;aompmjzpfayonf/ cJhMuonf/
þokdYwkdif;wpfyg; tultnDukd txifBuD;tm;ukd;aom jrefrmhwyfrawmfrS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u tqkyd g u&ifppfaMumif;
u&ifwyfwkdYonf tif;pdefwGif tiftm; 2000 ausmf&Sdaom ukd [efYwm;xm;&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aom trSwf (1) Armh
vufeufukdifwyfwkdY&SdaeaomaMumifh &efukefokdY odrf;&ef vG,ful aoewfukdifwyf&if;ukd wm0efay;onhftwGuf 1949 ckESpf?
rnf[lícH,lMuonf/ azazmf0g&Dv &Sp&f ufaeYwiG f ,mOftpD; 30 jzifh csw D ufapcJo h nf/
u&ifwyfwo Ydk nf jynfNrKd UrSwpfqifh &efuek -f jynfvrf;twkid ;f xkw d yfzUJG wGif Armha&wyfrawmfrS Akv d Bf u;D ausmo f ed ;f vGif uGyu f NJ y;D
&efukefbufokdY tiftm; 1500 ausmfESifh csDwufcJhMuonf/ tiftm; 14 OD;yg&Sdaom 40 rr abmfzmtajrmufwHjrufpnf;ukd
armfawmf,mOftpD; 180 ausmyf gonf/ vufeufBu;D ? vufeufi,f ,mOfEiS q hf NJG y;D wGí
J csw
D ufc&hJ onf/ r*Fvm'ko H aYdk &mufvQif trSwf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tjynfhtpkHygonf/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf? tajrmufrsm;? b&if; (1) ajcvsifwyf&if;rS ajcmufaygif'gtajrmuf 0g;&if;wkwfukdyg

u,f&D,mESpfpD;yg yg0ifavonf/ wGJNyD; wufcJhMuonf/
...(29)
 542 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 543
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv ukd;&ufwGif eHeufrkd;rvif;rDyif &efol\ wyf&if;rSL;tygt0if tjcm;okHYyef;trsm;tjym;? b&if;
BudKUyifaumufokdY a&mufcJh\/ u,f&D,mESpfpD;? armfawmf,mOf ajcmufpD;? 6 aygif'gtajrmuf
BuKd UyifaumuftvGew f iG f 0ufaumfww H m;&So d nf? ZD;uke;f NrKd U ESpfvuf? okH;vuf? pdefajymif; &Spfvuf? ½kdifz,f 190 ESifh cJ,rf;
ESiBhf uKd UyifaumuftMum; um;vrf;ESi&hf xm;vrf;eD;uyfpmG NyKd iw f ef; rD;ausmuftrsm;tjym; odrf;qnf;&rdcJhonf/
aeonf/ xkdae&m ajrjyifwGif wyfukdjzefYNyD;ae&m,lcJhaMumif; 0ufaumfwkdufyGJwGif yg0ifqifETJcJYaom a&wyf? abmfzm
od&ygonf/ tajrmuftyk pf u
k olw\ Ydk rSwrf o
d rQudk rSwpf ak &;xm;&m yl;wGw
J ifjy
xkdpOfu 0ufaumfwHwm;wGif ppf0efxrf;wyfESifh ppf&Jwyf vkdufygonf/ rSwfpka&;olrSm AkdvfBuD;ausmfodef;vGifjzpf\/
wkdYu ae&m,lxm;Muonf/ azazmf0g&Dv (9) &uf? 1949 xkdwyfzGJUonf tif;pdefwkdufyGJwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhay&m olwkdY\
noef;acgifavmufwiG f &efopl pfaMumif;wkYd csw D ufa&muf&v dS mMu\/ tpktzGJUtrnfrsm;ukdyg rSwfwrf;tjzpf azmfjyay;vkdufygonf/
0ufaumfwHwm;&Sd ppf0efxrf;wyfESifh ppf&JwyfwkdYonf BudKwif
qkwx f m;ESi&hf m Akv
d rf LS ;cspNf rKd if acgif;aqmifaom trSwf (3) Armh orkdif;0if 0ufaumfwkdufyGJjzpfpOf
aoewfukdifwyf&if;onf a&SUwef;cHppfaMumif; jzpfcJhawmhonf/ jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f olrsm;onf (31-1-49) &ufwiG f tif;pde?f
AkdvfBuD;ausmfodef;vGifu wyfMuyfBuD;rsKd;jrifhtm; abmfzm wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;wkdYtm; odrf;ykdufEkdifcJYNyD; &efukefNrdKUawmftm;
tajrmufjzifh &efol\ b&if;u,f&D,mukd wkduf½kdufypfcwf e,fNrKd Ursm;ESihf uke;f vrf;? a&vrf;wkrYd mS tquftoG,jf zwfawmuf
ckdif;vkdufjcif;jzifh wkdufyGJpcJhawmhonf/ xm;EkdifcJhonf/ xkdYtjyif jynfbufrSm ppfaMumif;wpfaMumif;?
&efolwkdYuvnf; 6 aygif'gtajrmuf ESpfvuf? okH;vuf? awmifilbufrSm ppfaMumif;wpfaMumif; xyfrHqif;vmcJhonf/
pdefajymif; &SpfvufwkdYjzifh tjyif;txef ypfcwfwkdufckdufonf/ jynfbufrmS ppfaMumif;wGif tiftm; (1500) ausmEf iS hf vufeufBu;D
&efolwGif usnftiftm;? vufeuftiftm;aumif;onf/ &efol vufeufi,f tjynfhtpkH? cJ,rf;rD;ausmuftajrmuftjrm;?
ig;csuf rdrdwpfcsufom ypfEkdifcJh\/ csufaumif;ukd xdrSefapcJh\/ b&if;u,f&Dom;ESpfOD; tygt0if ,mOftpD; (180) ausmf yg&Sd
abmfzmtajrmufukd wpfcsufypfNyD;wkdif; wpfae&mokdY a&TUay; cJhonf/
vku d &f \/ &efou l abmfzmtajrmufou H rdk eS ;f Ny;D jyefypfaomfvnf; &efopl pfaMumif;tm; [efw Y m;&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aom
abmfzmukd rxdawmhay/ trSwf (1) Armhaoewfuidk f wyf&if;tm; (8-2-49) &uf rGe;f vJyG idk ;f
þwkdufyGJrSm 9-2-1949 nrS pwif&m 12-2-1949 txd wGif ,mOftpD; (30) jzifh ,mOfwef;pkzGJUpOf Armha&wyfrawmfrS
rNyD;qkH;ao;ay/ 13-2-1949 wGif avwyfrSypfulay;cJhonf/ Akv
d Bf u;D ausmof ed ;f vGiu
f yG u
f NJ y;D tiftm; (14) OD;yg&Sad om 40 rr
av,mOfi,fwpfpD;? wHjrufpnf;tajrmuf? 6 aygif'g abmfzmtajrmuf wHjrufpnf;ukd ,mOfjzifq h v
JG mí wGw J ufco
hJ nf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tajrmuf okH;vuf? pdefajymif;wkdY\ ypftm;jzifh trSwf (3) Armh ,mOfwef;xGufcGmNyD; r*Fvm'kHta&mufwGif trSwf (1) ajcvsif
aoewfukdifwyf&if;rS wkdufyGJ0ifcJh&m &efolwkdY t½IH;BuD;½IH;cJh&\/ wyf&if;rS 6 aygif'gtajrmuf ]]0g;&if;wkwf}} ukd xyfrHwGJwuf
...(30)
 544 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 545
cJhonf/ qufvufxGufcGmvm&m 9-2-1949 &uf (03;00) em&D Ak d v f B uD ; ausmf o d e f ; vG i f o nf wH j ruf p nf ; tajrmuf t m;
wGif BudKUyifaumufokdY a&muf&SdcJYonf/ ZD;ukef;ESifhBudKUyifaumuf wpfcsuEf pS cf suyf pfNy;D onfEiS hf um;jzifq h íJG ae&ma&TUajymif;apcJ&h m
tMum; um;vrf;ESifh &xm;vrf;eD;uyfpGm NydKifwef;ajrjyifwGif rlvae&mokdY &efolvufeufBuD;\usnfrsm; usa&mufaygufuGJ
wyfjzefYcGJae&m,lcJhonf/ 0ufaumfwHwm;wGif ppf0efxrf;ESifh cJhonf/ &efolwyfrsm;\ tBudrfBudrfvSHpGyfxkd;wkdufyGJqifETJrItm;
ppf&Jwyfukd ae&m,l0yfMuonf/ 9-2-1949 &uf eHeufykdif;wGif wHjrufpnf;tajrmufjzifh xda&mufpGm ypfulay;NydKuGJapcJhonf/
&efolppfaMumif;a&muf&Sdvm&m 0efxrf;ESifh ppf&JwyfwkdYonf tpD 6 aygif'gtajrmufESifh okH;vufrpdefajymif;wkdYuvnf; ypfulay;
tpOftwkdif; BudKí qkwfcGmvmMuojzifh wyfcGJokH;cGJjzifh zGJUpnf; wkdufckdufcJhMuonf/ 10-2-49 &ufwGif wpfzufESifhwpfzuf
xm;aom trSwf (3) Armhaoewfukdifwyf&if;onf a&SUwef;cH vufeufBuD;rsm;jzifh ypfcwfwkdufcdkufNyD; &efolonf rdrdvufeuf
ppfaMumif; jzpfcJhonf/ BuD;rsm; usnfukefap&ef enf;y&d,m,fqifí em&D0uftwGif;
9-2-49 &uf noef;acgif,HtcsdefwGif &efolppfaMumif; wpfBudrfcefY ypfcwfwkdufckdufcJhonf/
qufvufcsw D ufvm&m Akv d Bf u;D ausmo f ed ;f vGio
f nf wyfMuyfBu;D 12-2-49 &ufwiG f &efow l Ydk t½kPOf ;D wku
d yf qJG ifEv JT monfudk
rsKd;jrifhtm; &efolYb&if;u,f&D,mukd wkduf½kdufcsdefwG,f ypfcwf wGe;f vSeEf idk cf o hJ nf/ aeYv,fyidk ;f wGif rdrv d ufeufBu;D rsm;ukd NyKd u&JG ef
xdreS af pjcif;jzifh wkud yf pJG wifco hJ nf/ 6 aygif'gtajrmuf ok;H vufrS &efoo l nf 6 aygif'gtajrmufwpfvuftm;a&SUokx Yd w k í
f teD;uyf
pdefajymif;av;vufwkdYjzifh ypfcwfcJhonf/ wHjrufpnf;tajrmufrS wku d cf u
dk yf pfcwf&ef BuKd ;yrf;rItm; rdrw d jH rufpnf;tajrmufEiS hf rdrd
usnrf sm;onf vrf;ay:wGif &yfwefaY eaom &efo, l mOfwef;tm; wku Yd acsreI ;f cJo h jzifh &efo\ l 6 aygif'gtajrmuftm; odr;f qnf;&rd
tBuD;tus,fysufpD;apcJhonf/ &efolonf 6 aygif'gtajrmuf cJo
h nf/ 13-2-49 eHeufyidk ;f avaMumif;ypfu&l &Scd o hJ nf/ av,mOf
ESpfvuf? okH;vufr pdefajymif; &SpfvufwkdYjzifh ypftm;jyif;xefpGm ysiH ,fwpfp;D wHjrufpnf;tajrmuf 6 aygif'gtajrmuf? ok;H vufr
wku d cf ukd cf o
hJ nf/ &efow l iG f cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tvkt H avmufyg&SNd y;D pdefajymif;wkdY\ ypftm;jzifh trSwf (3) Armhaoewfukdifwyf&if;rS
rdrd\ vufeufusnfwpfawmifhwkdif;wGif &efolrSusnfig;awmihf wkdufyGJqifETJcJh&m &efolwyfysufcJh&onf/ xkdwkdufyGJwGif &efolY
jyefvnfypfcwfEkdifcJhonf/ wyf&if;rSL;tygt0if &efolokHYyef;rsm;? b&if;u,f&D,m ESpfpD;?
10-2-49 t½kPfwufcsdefwGif trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkif armfawmf,mOf (86) pD;? 6 aygif'gtajrmuf ESpfvuf? okH;vufr
wyf&if;onf olowfukef;wGifvnf;aumif; &efolwyfonf pdefajymif; &Spfvuf? ½kdifz,f 190 vufESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf
u&ifuek ;f wGiv f nf;aumif; wyfcí JG &ifqidk x f m;cJMh uonf/ xkad eY tajrmufjrm;tm; odrf;qnf;&rdcJhonf/
wpfaeYvkH; vufeufBuD;rsm;jzifh ypfcwfwkdufcdkufcJhMuonf/ þwku d yf wJG iG f atmifjrifro I nf jrefrmEkid if \
H orkid ;f aMumif;
,mOfwef;&Sd cJ,rf;wif,mOfrsm;tm; ]]wHjrufpnf;}} tajrmufrS tm; BuD;rm;aom ajymif;vJrIBuD;ukd jzpfay:aponhf tEÅ&m,frS
usnrf sm;xdreS af ygufucJG o hJ nf/ rdrpd ed af jymif;rsm;\ ypfcwfraI Mumifh umuG,fEkdifcJhygonf/ rdrdtiftm;xuf vl? vufeuf? cJ,rf;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

&efol 6 aygif'gtajrmuf wpfvufajcaxmufusKd;í ypftm; tiftm; tqrwefrsm;jym;aom&efoltm; ppfenf;y&d,m,f

avsmhenf;oGm;apcJhonf/ <u,f0pGmjzifh wGef;vSefNzdKcGJEkdifcJhonf/
...(31)
 546 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 547
Armhwyfrawmf? a&wyfrawmf? avwyfrawmfw\ Ydk yl;aygif; 14/ wyfom; xGef;nGefY tzGJU0if
aqmif&GufcJYaom orkdif;0if wkdufyGJBuD;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ 15/ wyfom;cifarmifat; tzGJU0if
wHjrufpnf;tajrmufwyfzGJU\ &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH ppfenf;y&d,m,f 16/ wyfom;cifarmifvS tzGJU0if
ajymifajrmufpGm pGefYpm;wkdufyGJ0ifcJhygonf/ Armhwyfrawmf\ 17/ wyfom; ausmfwifh tzGJU0if
*kPfukdazmfaqmifrnfh orkdif;rSwfwkdif pkdufxlEkdifcJhygonf/ 18/ wyfom; oef;at; tzGJU0if
19/ wyfom; rif;atmif tzGJU0if
wHjrufpnf;tajrmuf 20/ wyfom; ½kdaZ;&D,kd tzGJU0if
1949 jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rI ESdrfeif;a&;umvwGif Armh
wyfrawmfESifhtwl wGJzufí pGrf;pGrf;wrH yg0ifwkdufyGJ0ifcJhaom 0ufaumfwkdufyGJ
vufeufjzpfonf/ 1/ AkdvfBuD;ausmfodef;vGif tajrmuft&m&Sd
wHjrufpnf;tajrmufwyfzGJUwGif yg0ifxrf;aqmifcJhaom 2/ wyfMuyfBuD;rsKd;jrifh tzGJUacgif;aqmif
wyfzGJU0ifrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf - 3/ wyfMuyfaumfvAuf tzGJU0if
4/ wyfMuyfrmefz&daumv tzGJU0if
tif;pdefwkdufyGJ 5/ wyfMuyf rufuif tzGJU0if
1/ AkdvfBuD;awmfrD½kdum tajrmuft&m&Sd 6/ wyfMuyf pdefvIdif tzGJU0if
2/ wyfMuyfBuD;at;pdef tzGJUacgif;aqmif 7/ wyfMuyf orkdif; tzGJU0if
3/ wyfMuyfBuD;rsKd;jrifh tzGJUacgif;aqmif 8/ wyfMuyf boef; tzGJU0if
4/ wyfMuyfBuD;oef;armif tzGJU0if 9/ wyfom; oef;vGif tzGJU0if
5/ wyfMuyfboef; tzGJU0if 10/ wyfom; cifodef; tzGJU0if
6/ wyfMuyfarmifpdef tzGJU0if 11/ wyfom; cifarmifat; tzGJU0if
7/ wyfMuyfoef;armif tzGJU0if 12/ wyfom; cifarmifjr tzGJU0if
8/ wyfom;xGef;atmifausmf tzGJU0if 13/ wyfom; cifarmifvS tzGJU0if
9/ wyfom;cspf,Of tzGJU0if 14/ wyfom; ajymufusm; tzGJU0if
10/ wyfom;oef;vGif tzGJU0if
11/ wyfom;csefb tzGJU0if bk&m;BuD;wkdufyGJ
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

12/ wyfom;wkd;at; tzGJU0if bk&m;BuD;&Gmonf yJcl;NrdKUrS (10) rkdifcefYa0;aom&Gmjzpfonf/

13/ wyfom;rmefz&Dawvm tzGJU0if xk d & G m wG i f r[m0d Z ,bG J U awmf & S d o nh f apwD a wmf B uD ; wpf q l
...(32)
 548 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 549
&Sdavonf/ bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;BuD; [Hom0wDNrdKUodrf; wkdufyGJ wyf&if;onfvnf; jynfuo dk rd ;f xm;&mu jynfr&S efuek o f Ydk OD;wnf
atmifjrifjcif;txdr;f trSwt f jzpf wnfxm;aom apwDawmf[í l csDwufvmcJYonf/
yJcl;NrdKU&Sd a&S;vlBuD;rsm;ajymaMumif; Mum;zl;ygonf/ xkpd Ofu yJc;l -ausmufwidk u f ef&mG teD;wGif trSwf (6) aoewfuidk f
usKdufxD;½kd;bk&m;zl;oGm;olwkdY bk&m;BuD;vrf;cGJrS oGm;&aom wyf&if;&Sdae\/ wyf&if;rSL;rSm 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;wifOD;jzpfonf/
aMumifh todrsm;aom &GmBuD;jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;wifOD;onf &efukefokdYrxGufcGmrD a&wHcg;
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv av;&ufaeYwGif &efukef-rEÅav; wm0? blwmwm0? ausmufwef;&Sd aoewfukdifwyf&if; (6) rS
um;vrf;rBu;D twkid ;f autife'f t D dk u&ifoyl ek w f o
Ydk nf um;tpD; wyfrsm;ukd ppf&Jrsm;ESifhvJvS,fNyD; yJcl;wGif tqifoifhjzpf&efESifh
40 ausmfjzifh bk&m;BuD;&GmokdY a&mufcJhMu\/ xkdaeYu olykefwkdY a0g? jrpfusKd;wGif&Sdaom ppf&Jwyf&if; (4) ukd yJcl;okdY jyefvnf
bk&m;BuD;ukdrjzwfEkdifbJ qkwfcGmoGm;Mu&avonf/ ½kyfodrf;&ef ñTefMum;cJh\/
xkw d u dk yf jJG zpfpOfudk xkpd Ofu uk, d w f idk yf g0ifcahJ om 'kAv dk rf LS ;Bu;D yJc;l &Sd aoewfuidk w f yf&if; (6) rS wyfcEJG pS cf rJG mS txufjrefrm
cifarmifaomif; «aemifwGif 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD; (Nidrf;) uavmif jynfokdY ykdYxm;ojzifh yJcl;wGif wyfcGJESpfcGJ tiftm;om&Sdayonf/
trnf rkd;rkd;wma&mpef» u ]]rkefwkdif;ukdrrI tefwkavaomf}} 1949 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYu yJc;l wGi&f adS eaom wyf&if;
trnfjzifha&;cJYonfh pmtkyfwGif yg0ifa&;om;cJhonhftwkdif; (6) wGif wm0efusaeonhf ,cifu tajrmufwyfwiG f wm0efxrf;
azmfjy&vQifykdNyD; odomxif&Sm;rnfjzpfygonf/ zl;onfh Akdvf? tMuyf? wyfom;tiftm; 100 cefYonfvnf; yJcl;
1949 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek üf wyfrawmfrS wyf&if;rSxu G cf mG oGm;cJ&h m aoewfuidk w f yf&if; (6) wGif vltiftm;
wyf&if;rsm; nDvmcHusi;f yrnfjzpfonf/ xkn d v D mcHoYdk wyfwidk ;f rSL; txl;avsmhoGm;awmh\/
rsm;? wyfr[mrSL;rsm;? wyf&if;rSL;rsm;tm;vkH; &efukefokdY BudKwif usef&Sdaeaom wyfcGJESpfcGJukd ppfaMumif;wpfaMumif;tjzpf
a&muf&ef zdwfac:xm;avonf/ zGJUpnf;NyD; ppfaMumif;rSL; AkdvfBuD;cifarmifausmfu wm0ef,l&ef
xkt d ajctaeukt d cGiahf umif;,lNy;D u&ifwo Ydk nf Ekid if t H wGi;f &Sd wyf&if;rSL;u wm0efay;\/
NrdKUtcsdKUukd odrf;ykdufvkdufMu\/ awmifilNrdKU&Sd trSwf (1) u&if OD;pD;wyfcEJG iS hf tkycf sKyrf w
I yfcrJG sm;wGif ppfqifa&;rjyKEidk af om
aoewfuidk w f yf&if;rSL; 'kw, d Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D apmrif;armif? trSwf (2) *dvme&Jabmfrsm;om usefMuygonf/ okdYaomf ta&;ay:tcsdef
u&ifaoewfuidk w f yf&if;rSL; 'kw, d Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrarmifwo Ydk nf wGif tokH;jyKEkdif&ef toifhjyKxm;&ygonf/
&efukefokdY nDvmcHwuf&ef vmcJhMuaomfvnf; a&mufaMumif; xkdtajctaetjynfhtpkHukd q&mBuD;rkd;rkd;wma&mpefu
owif;ykdYNyD; olwkdY\ wyf&if;rsm;&Sd&mokdY jyefoGm;Muavonf/ a&;xm;&mwGif -
'kAv dk rf LS ;Bu;D apmrif;armifonf 27-1-49 &ufaeYu awmifiu l dk trSwf (6) Armhaoewfuidk w f yf&if;½k;H ukd yJc;l -ausmufwidk u f ef
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

odr;f ykud Nf y;D tif;pde&f dS u&ifoyl ek rf sm;ESiahf ygif;Ny;D &efuek u f o dk rd ;f &ef av,mOfuiG ;f a[mif;rS yJc;l NrKd U a&Tarmfa"mbk&m;vrf;&Sd [ku d pf ul;
awmifilrS qif;vmMuonf/ jynf&Sd trSwf (2) u&ifaoewfukdif ausmif;wGif ajymif;a&TUzGifhvSpfxm;ygonf/ azazmf0g&Dv (4)
...(33)
 550 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 551
&ufaeYeHeuf &Spfem&DcefYwGif uRefawmfwyf&if;rSL;½kH;cef;okdY uRefawmfonf AkdvfBuD;rsKd;jrifhESifhtwl wyf&if;½kH;cef;okdY
a&mufaomtcg ½kH;cef;wGif &JabmfjzLacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh oGm;Muygonf/ ½k;H cef;wGif &JabmfjzLvlBu;D rsm; &Sad eqJjzpfygonf/
Akdvfaomif;Munf? Akdvfvif;? Akdvf½ly? Akdvfpnfol? AkdvfxGef;jrifhESifh wyf&if;rSL;u aMu;eef;ukdzwfNyD;aemuf ]]wyfr[mrSL;u bmajym
Akv d o f ef;wkuYd dk awGU&onf/ olwEYdk iS w hf yf&if;rSL;wkYd ouúv? tkEw Jé iG f ao;vJ}} [k ar;ygonf/ wyfr[mrSL;rSm AkdvfrSL;BuD;'gvfZmcef
&Sad eaom &JabmfjzLwyfrsm;ukd yJc;l NrKd Uay:okYd ajymif;a&TUvm&ef udpö jzpfygonf/ AkdvfBuD;rsKd;jrifhu ]]wyfr[mrSL;u 'DaMu;eef;ukd
ukd aqG;aEG;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ &JabmfjzLrsm;onf awmckdolrsm; Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D qDycYdk idk ;f vkYd vmykw Yd myg}} [k jyefajymonf/ wyf&if;rSL;u
jzpfMuí NrKd Uay:wGif twdtvif;vma&mufMu&ef ac:,lonhu f pd ö ]]'Dvkdqkd usKyfukd wm0efay;vkdufwJh oabmaygh}} [k ajymNyD;
rSm tEÅ&m,frsm;vSayonf/ tBuw d t f e,f aqG;aEG;MuNy;D aemuf &JabmfjzL acgif;aqmifrsm;bufokdYvSnfhNyD; -
yJc;l NrKd Uonf &efuek Nf rKd UBu;D rusq;Hk a&;twGuf umuG,&f ef aemufq;Hk ]]Akvd af omif;Munf cifAsm;wkw Yd yfawG yJc;l ukd tjrefq;Hk 0ifcidk ;f
tqifhwGif &Sdaeonf/ &efukefNrdKU rusqkH;a&;rSm EkdifiHawmfta&; ayawmh}} [k ajymvkduf\/ Akdvfaomif;Munfu -
jzpfonf/ yJc;l &Sd rdrw d yf&if;tiftm;enf;yg;aecsed w f iG f wm0efoo d d ]]wyfawGjyefp&k OD;r,f/ 24 em&DtwGi;f awmh ra&mufEidk b f ;l ?
vma&mufyl;aygif;rnfh rnfonhftiftm;ukdrqkd vufcH&rnfom aemufNy;D uReaf wmfwv Ydk al wGrmS vlaphwufaphvufeufr&SMd ubl;}}
jzpfonf/ okdYjzpfí aemufqkH;wGif wyf&if;rSL;u &JabmfjzLwyfrsm; [k jyefajymonf/ um;tpD; 40 NyD;awmh avYusifha&;jynfh0wJh
yJcl;odkY0ifa&muf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufygonf/ wyf&if;rSL;\ wm0ef,l tNrJwrf;u&if vG,fygrvm;[k pOf;pm;aeykH&onf/
qk;H jzwfcsuo f nf &J&ifjh ywfom;vSonf/ qk;H jzwfNy;D ñTeMf um;Ny;D vQif ]]anmifav;yifeYJ yJc;l 48 rkid yf J a0;w,f/ 'DaumifawG eHeuf
wm0efvnf;,lonhf acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfygonf/ av;em&D anmifav;yifudk jzwfw,fq&dk if cktcsed yf cJ ;l uko d mru
tcsed rf mS eHeuf uk;d em&Dcefo Y m&SOd ;D rnf/ uReaf wmfwyf&if;rSL; &efuek af wmifa&mufavmufNy/D vrf;rSm ,ltrfyaD wG ppf0efxrf;awG
½k;H cef;rS xGuv f mcJNh y;D yJc;l NrKd U ajrmufbuftxGuu f *dwo f Ydk tajc &Sad ew,f/ t[eft Y wm;awG&adS evko Yd m ra&mufao;wmjzpf&r,f/
taeavYvm&ef armfawmfqidk u f ,fjzifv h mcJ&Y m vrf;wGif wyfr[m ta&;BuD;w,f? cifAsm;wkdYwyfawG yJcl;ukd tjrefqkH;a&mufatmif
(2) rS axmufvSrf;a&;rSL; AkdvfBuD;rsKd;jrifhESifh awGUygonf/ AkdvfBuD; vmMu? usKyfrSm vufeufawG&Sdw,f? ½kdifz,f tvuf 300 eJY
rsK;d jrifu h uReaf wmhu f dk vufjyt&yfcikd ;f Ny;D ]]u&ifawG anmifav; usnfqefawGay;r,f}}
yifudk ausmv f mNyAD sKUd }} ta&;wBu;D atmfajymvku d o
f nf/ olv Y ufxrJ S xkpd Ofu yJc;l &Sd oeu (6) wGif tiftm;enf;aeonft h wGuf
aMu;eef ; pmuk d j yí zwf M unh f v k d u f & m ''Karens by passed awmckdjynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJU? axmifus&Jabmfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;
Nyaunglaypin with forty trucks 7 a.m this morning" [lí rsm;ukdyg wyfzGJUNyD; yJcl;NrdKUrus&ef pDpOf&jcif;jzpfonf/ oeu (6)
jzpfygonf/ wyf&if;rSL;onf yJc;l NrKd UrS cHppfuOdk ;D pD;&ef Akv d Bf u;D cifarmifausmtf m;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aMu;eef;rSm >yefwefqmrD;&xm;blwm½kHykdifBuD;u yJcl;½kHykdif wm0efay;xm;\/ Akv d Bf u;D cifarmifaomif;tm; yJc;l &Sd BuKd ;wHwm;
BuD;xH wm0efodpGmay;ykdYvkdufaom aMu;eef;jzpfygonf/ ukdzsuf&ef wm0efay;xm;\/
...(34)
 552 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 553
tu,fí oeu (6) yJcl;cHppfukdrEkdifygu oeyfyifbufokdY r[kwyf g/ okaYd omf b&if;*ef;ESiyhf pfcwfraI Mumifh &efo\ l ypfcwfrI
qkwf&efvnf; pDpOfxm;cJY\/ tenf;i,fawmh wefYoGm;onf/
aeY 12 em&Dcefw Y iG f wyf&if;rSL;u Akv d Bf u;D cifarmifaomif;tm; ]]wl;tifhcsfukd ESdyfNyD;ypfMunfhprf;a[h}}
]]acG;rom;awG bk&m;Bu;D a&mufaeNyu D G rif;oGm;wku d &f r,f}} [lí ]]AkdvfBuD;jzpfyghrvm;}}
trdefYay;\/ AkdvfBuD;cifarmifaomif;onf tMuyf? wyfom; 40 ]]eifhtaruvGm; igckdif;wJhtvkyfvkyf vQmr&SnfeJY}}
cefu Y adk &G;Ny;D wyfpw d f av;pdwzf UJG \/ Akv d cf ifapm? wyfMuyfoef;ñGe?Yf &Jabmfba&T 12 vufr pdefajymif;ukd opfyifwGifaxmufNyD;
wyfMuyfvSodef;ESifh tiftm; 20 cefYESifh okH;vufrpdefajymif; ypfonf/ odyfrESdyf&Jojzifh tay:rSausmfoGm;onf/ Akdvfcifapm
ESpfvufESifhtwl yJcl;rSxGufcJhMuonf/ ypfcwfaom ok;H vufrpdeaf jymif;Ak;H rsm; vrf;qkEH iS ahf jrmufbufwiG f
NrdKUtxGufuvd*dwfwGif AkdvfMumñGefY\ ppf0efxrf;wyfu om w0kef;0kef; aygufuGJvsuf&Sdonf/ uRefawmfwkdY &Sdae&mukd
olwkdYygvkdufrnf[k ajymojzifh olwkdYukdygac:oGm;&onf/ odaeí tuGmta0;ukdravQmh&J/ a0;&mokdYom ypfae&jcif;
bk&m;Bu;D ra&mufrD vrf;ta&SUbufab;wGif ukuKdú yifBu;D rsm; jzpfonf/
&S&d m xkt d yifBu;D rsm;ukd tumtuG,, f Nl y;D tajctaeukad vYvm&if; xkdtcsdefu AkdvfBuD;cifarmifaomif;ESifhtzGJUonf um;vrf;
wku d yf t JG wGuf jyifMu\/ xko d jYdk yifaepOfyif &efou l &if vufajzmifh taemufbuf&dS usK;H a[mif;wGif ae&m,lxm;onf/ &efo\ l oHcsyf
wyfom;wkdY\ aoewfoHukdMum;&\/ umum;onf um;vrf;ay:a&mufvmNy;D Akv d Bf u;D cifarmifaomif;
AkdvfcifapmESifhtzGJUu tajrmufjzifh &GmwGif;okdYypfav\/ wkdY&Sd&mokdY oHcsyfumum;ay:rS ypfaejcif;jzpfonf/
AkdvfBuD;cifarmifaomif;ESifh wyfpdwfwpfpdwfu &GmodkY twif; tcsdefrSm naeig;em&DcefY&SdNyD/ AkdvfBuD;cifarmifaomif;wkdY
ajy;wuf twif;ypf&m &Gmtaemufbufuvnf; &efolwdkY\ wyfpw d af v;onf uvd*w d o
f Ydk qkwv
f mNy;D uwkwu f si;f wl;? tum
jzwfypfjcif;udk cH&\/ xdt k ajctaeudk q&mBu;D rd;k rd;k wma&mqefu tuG,fawGvkyfae&\/ n 10 em&Dxkd;NyD/ eHeufpma&mnpmyg
a&;&mwGif- rpm;Muao;/ rem;Mu&ao;yg/
]]q&mpdef0if; trf(r)Edkif;at0rf; ighqDvTwfvdkufprf;}} 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv av;&ufaeY naeu bk&m;BuD;rS
wyfMuyfBuD;pdef0if;udk trdefYay;vkdufaomfvnf; trf(r)Ekdif; u&ifolykefrsm;qkwfí oGm;Mu\/ Akdvfcifapm\ tajrmufu
at0rf;u a&mufrvmyg/ wpfem&DtwGif; &&mvufeufjzifh AkdvfBuD;cifarmifaomif;wkdYtwGuf tumtuG,f&&ef ypfay;ae
ta&;ay:zGJUpnf;NyD; csDwufcJh&aom uRefawmfwkdYwyfzGJUwGif onfukd &efolwkdYu Armhwyfrawmfonf tvkH;t&if;ESifh csDwuf
vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; jynfhjynhfpkHpkHrygcJhMuyg/ &efolwGif oHcsyfum vmonfxifNyD; qkwfcGmoGm;Mujcif; jzpfavonf/
um;rsm;ygvmvdrfhrnf[k uRefawmf rarQmfvifhcJhyg/ trf(r)Ekdif; n 10 em&Dausmw f iG f wyf&if;XmecsKyrf S Akv
d Bf u;D cifarmifaomif;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

at0rf;rygí oHcsyu f m,mOfudk b&if;*ef;jzifo h m ypfcwf&ygawmh xH wyf&if;rSL;uac:aMumif; owif;a&mufvm\/ wyf&if;rSL;xH

onf/ b&if;*ef;onf oHcsyfumum;ukd NzdKcGif;Ekdifaom vufeuf oGm;Ny;D awGUvQif wyf&if;rSL;u bk&m;Bu;D wGif &efoal wGr&Sad Mumif;?
...(35)
 554 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 555
bk&m;BuD;ukdodrf;&ef wm0efay;\/ 5-2-49 wGif oeu (6) rS okaYd omf jynfcspw f yfrawmfom;wkt Yd wGuf rnfou l rS rqifh
Akv
d Bf u;D cifarmifaomif;wyfonf bk&m;Bu;D ukad &mufMu\/ u&if rqkdygbJ xrif;xkyfawG wyfpcef; befumusif;txd a&mufvm
olykefrsm;u raeYu &GmxJwGifawGUaom vli,f 12 a,muftm; wwfMu\/ xrif;[if;rQru csD;usL;tm;ay;aompmrsm;? ykdufqH
vufjyefBudK;wkwfNyD; vHSpGyfjzifhxkd;owfcJhonhf tavmif;awGukd rsm;yg xnfhay;vkdufMu\/ &JabmfwkdYaysmfMu\/ ZmwfyGJxJu
tpkvkduftNyHKvkdufawGU&onf/ ajymovkd &ifESpfjcrf;Asef;Asef;uGJygap? om;pOfajr;jrpf ajymxkH;
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv ckepf&ufaeYjzpfonf/ jzpfatmif þrw&m;aomppfukd wGef;vSefrnf[lí ckdifrmaom
xkdaeYwGif u&ifolykefrsm; bk&m;BuD;&GmokdY pdwfrausyGJ oEé|d mefudk þtm;ay;csurf sm;aMumifh csco hJ nfrmS wyfrawmfom;
csw D ufvmonf/ olwo Ydk nf yJc;l ukjd zwfausmNf y;D &efuek u
f dk trdt& wkdif;yif jzpfayawmhonf/
odr;f yku
d &f ef OD;wnfcsu&f adS yonf/ av;&ufaeYuvkyd if oHcsyu f m wu,fawmh u&ifoyl ek w f oYdk nf anmifav;yifujdk zwfEidk &f ef
um;rsm;? ,mOfwef;rsm;? vufeufc, J rf;rsm;tjynft h pkH wku d &f nf0 rvG,af y/ anmifav;yifwiG f trSwf (2) ArmYaoewfuidk w f yf&if;
aeaom ppfom;rsm;jzifh a&mufvmMuonf/ &Sdonf/ wyf&if;rSL;rSm 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmrl'D jzpfavonf/
okdYaomf azazmf0g&Dav;&ufu a&Smifwcifjzpfí bk&m;BuD; anmifav;yif\ ajrmufbufydef;Zvkwf? yJEG,fukef;wkdYwGif Armh
wGif tumtuG,fr&SdcJhaomfvnf; þaeYum; bk&m;BuD;wGif
aoewfukdifwyf&if; (6) rS csif;wyfom;rsm; &SdMu\/ xkdwyfwkdYukd
cHppfukd toifhjyifxm;EkdifcJh\/ aoewfukdifwyf&if; (6) rS wyfcGJ?
u&ifolykefu 0kdif;xm;vkdufonf/ xkdYaemuf 'kAkdvfrSL;BuD;apmrl'D
jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJU? ,ltrfyDwyf? ppf0efxrf;wyfwkdY&SdMu\/
tm; olwu Ydk dk anmifav;yifrS jzwfciG ahf y;&rnf[í l vnf;aumif;
bk&m;BuD;&GmESifh bk&m;uav;&GmMum; ukdazav;wHwm;ukd
olyek wf Ydk rausmjf zwfEidk &f ef tpk;d &wyfrsm;u OD;wnfcsux f m;Mu\/ qkd\/ ray;ygu zrf;xm;aom csif;wyfom;rsm; tm;vkH;ukd
aeY 12 em&Dcefw Y iG f olyek w f Ydk csw
D ufvmMujyefonf/ ,mOfwef;Bu;D owfrnf[í l Ncrd ;f ajcmufaomaMumifh 'kAv dk rf LS ;Bu;D apmrl'u D u&if
rsm;? oHcsyfumum;rsm;yg\/ okdYaomf jrefrmhwyfrawmfwyfaygif; olykefrsm;ukd anmifav;yifrS jzwfcGifhay;vkduf&onf/
pk\ckcHrIukd razmufxGufEkdifbJ aemufjyefqkwfoGm;&aMumif; yJcl;&Sd aoewfukdifwyf&if; (6) onfvnf; olwkdY0ifvm&ef
Mum;Mu&awmhonf/ pk;d &drNf y;D wwfEidk o f rQ cHppftwGuf pDpOfygaomfvnf; u&ifoyl ek w f Ydk
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv av;&ufESifhckepf&ufwGif jzpfyGm; þrQ jrefjrefa&mufvmrnfukd BudKNyD;rodEkdifcJhay/
cJah om bk&m;Bu;D wku d yf w JG iG f atmifjrifcrhJ o
I nf &efuek Nf rKd Uodr;f &ef wm0efodaom >yefwefqmrD;&xm;½kHykdifBuD;u yJcl;rD;&xm;
vufwpfurf;tvkdrS vGwfajrmufapcJhaom wkdufyGJjzpfayonf/ ½kHykdifBuD;ukd rD;&xm;XmeokH; aMu;eef;ESifhowif;ykdYíom yJcl;u
xkpd Ofu wyfrawmfom;wkrYd mS &dum© pkad om &dum© ajcmufaom u&ifolykefrsm;ukd ckcHEkdifjcif;jzpfawmhonf/
bmrSr&? &jyefvQifvnf; csufpm;zkdY tcsdefr&? 0,fpm;&efuvnf; þoko Yd m aMu;eef;r&cJhygu yJc;l onf u&ifoyl ek w f vYdk ufwiG ;f
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufyif&Sdaeaomfvnf; wyfrawmfom;wkdY vc usa&mufrnfjzpfNy;D u&ifoyl ek w f u Ydk yJc;l ukjd zwfNy;D xk;H Bu;D &Sd u&if
r&Muao;/ rsm;ESiahf ygif;Ny;D tif;pdeu f &ifoyl ek Ef iS yhf g aygif;rdNy;D &efuek f tajc
...(36)
 556 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 557
taevnf; ajymif;oGm;Ekid af om tajctaejzpfEidk yf gonf/ xkpd Ofu ukd,fhjynfaxmifpkom; tcsif;csif;yif jzpfygonf/
yJc;l &Sd u&ifwo
Ydk nf olw\
Ydk u&ifoyl ek w
f yfrsm; yJc;l okYd aocsmayguf aoG;rawmfom;rpyf wkdif;wpfyg;tm;ukd; jynfaxmifpkukd
a&mufrnf[k wGufxm;Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh a&mufvmrnfh u&if opömazmufMuí jyefwkdufMu&onf/ &ufpufvkdufykHrsm;rSm olwkdY
olykefwyfukd auR;&ef 0ufom;[if;? xrif;wkdYcsufxm;Muonf/ ,leaD zmif;rSm Armhwyfrawmf ,leaD zmif;jzpf\/ ArmhwyfrawmfEiS hf
opfyifay:wufNyD; rSefajymif;jzifh u&ifwyfawGb,fa&mufNyDukd vluGJ&ef tusÐcRwfNyD; olwkdYwkdufyGJ0ifMu\/ usqkH;&SmolwkdY\
MunhMhf uonf/ aemifwiG f taxmufawmf wpfa,mufu xkt d jzpf tdwfwGif t&ufykvif;ESifh rpm;&ao;aom aumufn§if;xkyfykdif;
awGukdawGUNyD; wyfukdowif;ykdYonhftwGuf xkdvlpktm; ta&;,l uav;ESifh ... /
&onf[k xkdpOfu tjzpfukdodcJhaom yJcl;om;wpfOD;u ajymjy okaYd omf olwqYdk yH ifw&Ydk n
S af eMu\/ ukyaf y:yif0u
J saeolawG
onfukd rSwfrdvkdufygonf/ &Sdygonf/
&efukefa&mufrS qHyifn§yfrnf[lowJY/
vufckyfuGif;wkdufyGJ þtxd olw, Ydk MHk unfxm;Mu\/ txufwpfae&mwGif a&;cJh
vufckyfuGif;&Gmonf &efukef-rEÅav;rD;&xm;vrf;ay:wGif ygonf/ ArmjynftjzpfrS u&ifjynftjzpf urÇmukd aMunm&ef
wnf&adS om&Gmjzpfonf/ &efuek Ef iS hf rkid f 70 ausmaf vmufumG a0;\/ ygwJh/
&Gm\ta&SUbufwGif rD;&xm;vrf;NyD;vQif v,fuGif;jyifus,fBuD; xkdtcsdefu u&ifolykefr&Sdaom &Gmrsm;wGif uGefjrLepfrsm;
jzpfonf/ &Gm\ taemufbufwGif yJcl;½kd;rawm\ tEG,ftyGm; &SdMu\/ wpfa,mufwavaomwyfrawmfrS wyfom;wkdY olwkdYqD
awmtkyfuav;rsm;&Sdonf/ uRo H mG ;ygu vk,uf- vufeuf,?l n§O;f yef;Mu\/ Ekid if u H dk odr;f &ef
BuHolwkdYukd wkdufzkdY0ifrulcJh/
Armhaoewfukdifwyf&if; (2) onf anmifav;yifrS qkwfcGm
xkdtajctaeawGMum;rSmyif u&ifolykefwkdY tiftm;ESifh
ay;cJY&NyD;? >yefwefqm? 'kdufOD;? azmifawmfoD? &Srf;pk? ysOf;rvGif?
zdwu dk o
f nht f wGuf uwkw&f mG rESiahf zmifawmfot D Mum;wGif Armh
uwkw&f mG ? uwkwb f &k m;Bu;D paom &Gmwko Yd nf ppfe,fajrtwGi;f
wyfrawmfrS usqkH;olwkdY tawmfhukdrsm;cJhygonf/ oeu (6) rS
usaeaom &Gmrsm;jzpfMu\/ oeu (3) rS ppf0efxrf;? ,ltrfy?D oeu (5) wkyYd ifygovm;rod/
ppfe,fajrusxt dk &yfww Ydk iG f jynforl sm; vGw&f mokYd xGuaf jy; aq;ausmif;rS wyfxJ0ifvmaom AkdvfBuD;rGefaxmfoufñGefYyif
MuaomaMumifh vl[lí rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&SdvSay/ u&ifolykef xkdem;wGif usqkH;cJh&\/ ,aeYcgwGif trSwfw&pkdufxlxm;aom
wko Yd nf 'ku
d Of ;D &Sd Armhwyfrawmfom;wku Yd dk twwfEikd qf ;Hk ausmjf zwf ausmufwkdifi,fawmh&Sdaeygonf/
Ekdif&ef wkdufMu\/ xkdpOfu 'kdufOD;wGif aoewfukdifwyf&if; (6)? wyfonfaemufykdif;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pepfrus
ppf&Jwyf&if; (4)? ppf0efxrf;paom wyfaygif;tiftm;wkdY&SdMu\/ Ekdifatmifyif a&SUwef;twGuf tvkyfvkyfMu&&m emrusef;udpö?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

xkdokdYaom wyfom;wkdYonf EkdifiHawmf jynfta&;rkdY u&ifolykef axmufyHhaMu;udpö? cGifhudpötpp pm&if;awG½Iyf&onftxd jzpfcJh

wkdYukd &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH wkdufcdkufcJhMuonf/ aom umvawGjzpfygonf/
...(37)
 558 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 559
1949 ckESpf? arv (3) &ufaeY jzpfonf/ txufvBl u;D rsm;uvnf; usnq f efuadk >cwmok;H &ef owday;ae\/
xk d & uf w G i f uwk w f b k & m;BuD ; teD ; 0ef ; usif w G i f Armh AkdvfBuD;cifarmifaomif;? 'kt&mcHAkdvfapmxGef;? tajrmufwyf
wyfrawmfrS wyfawGtawmfyif pk½kH;aeaMumif; od&ygonf/ AkdvfBuD;&JxGef;wkdY\ &Gyf&GyfcRHcRHwkdufcdkufrIaMumifh arv (3) &uf
uwkwfbk&m;BuD; oeu (3) rS 'kAkdvfrSL;BuD;cspfNrdKif? oeu (6) rS aer0ifrDyif atmifjrifpGmwkdufyGJNyD;oGm;cJh\/ &efoltavmif;awG
'kAkdvfrSL;BuD;wifOD; AkdvfrSL;wifarmif? oeu (5) rS AkdvfrSL;vSarmf vufcyk u f iG ;f &Gmta&SUbufuiG ;f jyifwiG f 200 ausmu f secf ahJ Mumif;?
tp&Sdaom ppfbuft&m&SdBuD;rsm; &SdMu\/ xkdt&m&SdBuD;rsm; vufcyk u f iG ;f &GmpyfwiG v f nf; usow l \ Ydk tavmif;awGrsm;aMumif;
wyfrsm;onf anmifav;yifukd jyefodrf;&efwmplaejcif; jzpfyg od&onf/
onf/ u&ifolykefwkdYonf 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv av;&ufaeY?
vufckyfuGif;&GmwGifvnf; wyfawG&Sd\/ AkdvfBuD;&JxGef;\ ckepf&ufaeYww Ydk iG f xk;H Bu;D rSm wpfBurd v
f efc\ hJ / ArmhwyfrawmfwiG f
tajrmufav;vufonf vufcyk u f iG ;f &Gm ta&SUbufum;vrf;ESihf vufeuf? vltiftm;? usnq f eftiftm;enf;onfuo dk Nd y;D a&SUwef;
&xm;vrf;Mum;wGif wkdufyGJ0if&ef toifhjyifxm;\/ uGyfuJa&;XmecsKyfjzpfaom uwkwfbk&m;BuD;ukdywfNyD; vufckyf
u&ifoyl ek w f oYdk nf uwkwb f &k m;Bu;D &Gmajrmufyidk ;f ukd prf;Ny;D uGif;ukd 0ifwkdufMu\/ Armhwyfrawmfom;wkdY ,ckuJhokdY ckcHrI
ypfaeMu\/ Armhwyfrawmfurl cHppfjyK&efpDrHaeMuqJjzpfonf/ r&Sdygu &efukefokdY wkduf½kdufa&mufoGm;rnfh OD;wnfcsufonf
b,ftcsdefwGif b,fbufuvmrvJ[lí awG;ae&\/ um;vrf; atmifjrifoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
twkid ;f awmhvmrnfr[kw[ f k wGux f m;Mu\/ &Gm\taemufjcrf; xkdpOfu wkdufyGJwGif wu,fhyg0ifwkdufcJhaom q&mBuD;
&Gmjyifu awm&dyfckdum vmvdrfhrnf[lí xifrSwfxm;Mu\/ rkd;rkd;wma&mpefu olwkdY zdeyfrcRwfbJ tdyfMu&\/ tcif;r&Sd?
vmrnhv f mawmh &Gm\ta&SUbuf&xm;vrf;\ ta&SUbuf tum acgif;tk;H r&S?d NcKH p&mapmifr&S?d ajray:wGiyf if tdycf &hJ \[lí a&;cJh
tuG,frJhaomuGif;jyifrS u&ifolykefwkdYa&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpf\/ onf/ xkdacwfu ckacwfuJhokdY 0kdif,mvuf tquftoG,fr&Sd/
1949 ckEpS ?f arv (3) &ufaeYot Ydk 0if eHeuf ESpef m&Dcefw
Y iG f vufckyfuGif;wkdufyGJtajctaeukd uwkwfbk&m;BuD;uGyfuJa&;
a&mufvmNyD; pwifypfcwfawmhonf/ &xm;vrf;ESifhteD;qkH; pcef;u aoewfoHawGomMum;ae&\/ tajctaerSefukdrod/
tajrmufukd0ifqGJaomaMumifh AkdvfBuD;&JxGef;rSm tajrmufawGukd AkdvfBuD;cifarmifausmfu &xm;wpfpD;ukd vufckyfuGif;okdY
qGJNyD; usKdufpaumokdYa&TU&\/ xkdrS ysOfykHBuD;okdYqufa&TU&onf[k ykdYay;&efajym&m &xm;xGufvmNyD; usKdufpauma&mufrS a&xnfh
od&ygonf/ &OD;r,f[k jyefvSnfhoGm;í vufckyfuGif;wkdufyGJ tajctaeukd
u&ifoyl ek f 1000 cefjY zpfonf/ vufeufaumif;awG usnq f ef rod&awmh/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

awG teifo h m;? vufajzmifw h yfom;uvnf; acgif;axmifonfEiS hf vufckyfuGif;wkdufyGJum; yJcl;ajrmufjcrf;wGif u&ifwkdY

ypfvu dk &f m &JabmfwpfO;D rsucf ;Hk ESpcf Mk um;ukrd eS Nf y;D toufq;Hk &\/ aemufxyf rvIy&f mS ;Ekid af tmif OD;csK;d cH&aom wku d yf jJG zpfavonf/
...(38)
 560 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 561
xkdrSqufNyD; 'kdufOD;? >yefwefqm? anmifav;yifwkdYyg Armh jynfNrdKUolykefwyfaygif;pk
wyfrawmfrSjyefNyD; odrf;ykdufEkdifcJhawmh\/ Armhwyfrawmfonf 0ufaumfwu dk yf w
JG iG f u&ifoyl ek wf tYdk m;
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 16 &ufwGif 'kdufOD;NrdKU? 1950 wGef;vSefwkdufckduf atmifyGJqifcJhouJhokdYyif yJcl;wkdif;ta&SUjcrf;
ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufwGif >yefwefqmESifh anmifav;yif? wGifvnf; bk&m;BuD;wkdufyGJ? vufckyfuGif;wkdufyGJwkdYü &efolu&if
rwfv 5 &ufwGif jzL;NrdKU? rwfv 19 &ufwGif awmifilNrdKUwkdYukd olykefwkdYtm; acsrIef;atmifjrifatmifyGJqifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
ArmhwyfrawmfrS jyefvnfodrf;ykdufEkdifcJhonf/ ArmhwyfrawmfrS þokYd u&ifwt Ydk m; wku d af epOfwiG f 'kud Of ;D -
1949 ckESpftwGif;uvnf; rwfv 22 &ufwGif rdw¬Dvm? anmifav;yif0ef;usif&Sd aus;&GmwkdYwGif vlaetdrfajc&Sdygu
{NyDv 17 &ufwGif jyifOD;vGif? arv 22 &ufwGif tif;pdef? 24 uGefjrLepfwkdY xkd&GmwkdYwGif ckduyfaeMuonf/ zqyvtpkd;&tm;
&ufwGif rEÅav;? arv 13 wGif BudKUyifaumuf? 14 wGif ZD;ukef;? qJqkdBudrf;0g;jcif;? Armhwyfrawmftm; iEk\acG;rsm;[kac:jcif;?
ewfwvif;? ZGefv 10 &ufwGif a&eHacsmif;? 17 &ufwGif wGHaw;? iEk\acG;awGvmvQif rnfokdYokwfoifypfrnf[k tmaygiftm&if;
21-7-49 &ufwGif oxkH? Zlvkdif 1 &ufwGif rvIdif? Zlvkdif 16 oefpGmajymNyD; aus;&Gmom;wkdY\ xrif;ukdpm;vsuf [efa&;jy
&ufwiG f om,m0wD? Mo*kwv f 15 wGif vufyw H ef;? pufwifbm aeonf/
1 &ufwGif vm;½Id;? 14 - odEéD? 17 - vGdKifvif? 25 - oHk;cGESifhc&rf;? 'kdufOD;teD;&Sd rtl½kd;? aumvd,a&Ttif'kHponhf &GmwkdYukd
Ek0d ifbmv 6 &ufwiG f anmifwek ;f ? 23 - wGif awmifBu;D ? 29-wGif wyfrawmfrS odrf;ykdufNyD;aomtcg qmygNcHK? awmifovJajrmif
"EkjzL? 'DZifbm 10 wGif pmbl;awmif;ukd Armhwyfrawmfu paom &GmwkdYwGif rSDckdaeaom uGefjrLepfwkdYonf aemufuswJh
jyefvnfodrf;ykdufEkdifcJhonf/ ajcaxmuf opömazmuf[laom xkH;ukdESvkH;jyKNyD; xkd&Gmrsm;rS
tvm;wlyif tjcm;NrdKUrsm;onfvnf; wpfpwpfp? wpfNrdKUNyD; xGufcGmajy;oGm;Muawmh\/ aus;&Gmom;wkdYu -
wpfNrKd U Armhwyfrawmfu jyefvnford ;f yku d Ef idk af omaMumifh &efuek f ]]AkdvfBuD;wkdY - AkdvfBuD;wkdYajymawmh iEkacG;awGvm&if tao
tpk;d &[k oa&mfa&;cJah om Ekid if jH cm;owif;pmwk\ Yd a&;om;csuw f Ydk owfypfr,fajymw,f? ckvkd xGufoGm;awmh uRefawmfwkdY b,fvkd
&yfqidk ;f oGm;onf/ jrefrmEkid if t H pk;d &[lí a&;azmf&vmMuawmh\/ vkyf&rvJ}} [kar;Muaomtcg jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;qkH;½IH;&ef
1948-49 - 50 jynfhESpftwGif; jynfwGif;ppfaMumifh jyif;xefpGmwkdufaeaom u&ifolykefwkdYukd ckcHaeonhf Armh
pku d yf sK;d ajrwk[
Yd m 35 &mckid Ef eI ;f aum oGm;\/ vlO;D a&ok;H oef;cefw Y Ydk wyfrawmftm; apmfum;odum© cs? jynfou l adk wmh odr;f oGi;f aeonhf
tk;d tdrrf jhJ zpfc\ hJ / t&yfom;ESpaf omif;ESpaf xmifEiS hf tpk;d &trIxrf;? uGefjrLepfwkdYu -
ppfrIxrf; 5700 aoqkH;cJh\/ ]]uk, d Mhf ur®m uk,
d zf efw;D Mu}} [laom pum;wpfceG ;f omajymNy;D
jynfolykdifypönf;wefzkd; 95 oef;zkd; qkH;½IH;cJhonf[lí aus;&GmawGrS okwfajcwif xGufoGm;Muawmh\/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tar&duefpma&;q&m &pfcsyfbwf0J(vf) u a&;cJhaMumif;[k yJc;l wkid ;f taemufyidk ;f wGirf l 1949 ckEpS ?f rwfv 24 &ufaeY
pma&;q&mjrwfxefu azmfjycJhonf/ wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD? &JabmfjzLwyfzGJU awmfvSefaom Armh
...(39)
 562 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 563
wyfrawmf (awmcko d mG ;aom ArmhwyfrawmfrS tpdwt f ykid ;f wyfzUJG wyfzGJUe,fajr? awmfvSefaomArmhwyfrawmfe,fajr [lícGJjcm;
tcsKUd ) wko Yd nf jynfo'Yl rD udk a&pD wyfaygif;pk[í l zGUJ pnf;vku d Mf u xm;avonf/
onf/ wyfaygif;pkzUJG Ny;D rS tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwD? u&ifoyl ek f zqyv
tqkdygwyfaygif;pkwGif ocifoef;xGef;u Ouú|tjzpf tpk;d &wyfwEYdk iS hf rMumcP wku d yf jJG zpfMu&m wyfaygif;pkrmS rckid Nf rJ
aqmif&u G Nf y;D &JabmfjzLwyfzUJG jynfc½kid af cgif;aqmif Akv
d u f eG ;f aZmfu NydKuGJvm&onf/
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G o
f nf/ wyfaygif;pk\ acgif;aqmif Ayuonf jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;? Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf nDñw G af &;
rsm;rSm AuyrS ocifoef;xGe;f ? ocifZifEiS hf ocifoef;NrKd iw f jYdk zpfNy;D ? a<u;aMumfcMhJ uaomfvnf; 1948-49 0ef;usiu f mvwGif tpk;d &\
&JabmfjzLwyfzGJUrS Akdvfzkd;uGef;? AkdvfxGef;vif;ESifh AkdvfuGef;aZmfwkdY tumtuG,frJhaom NrdKUi,ftcsKdU aus;&GmtcsKdUukdodrf;ykdufrdMu
jzpfonf/ awmfveS af om ArmhwyfrawmfrS Akv d af Z,s? Akv d &f x J #G Ef iS hf aomaMumifh tmPm,pfr;l vmMuonf/ jynfo'Yl rD u dk a&pDwyfaygif;pk
AkdvfpdefwifwkdY yg0ifcJhMuonf/ \ aqmifyk'fESifhEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfwkdYyg aysmufuG,fvmawmhonf/
jynfNrdKUwGif usif;ycJhaom jynfolY'Drkdua&pDwyfaygif;pk 1950 jynhf? rwfv 12 &ufaeYwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
tpnf;ta0;wGif ocifoef;xGef;u rdefYcGef;ajym&m ]]igwkdYzGJUpnf; OD;aqmifí wyfaygif;pk uGezf &ifu h si;f ycJo h nf/ tqkyd guGezf &ifu h dk
vkdufonhf wyfaygif;pkonf zqyvuJhokdY tzGJUrsKd;r[kwfaMumif;? &JabmfjzLwyfzGJUukd,fpm;vS,frsm; rwufa&mufcJYay/ &JabmfjzL
tvkyform;? v,form;vlwef;pm;wkdY\ r[mrdwftzGJUjzpfNyD; wkdYonf AyuwkdYtm; tvHjzLuGefjrLepfrsm;[lívnf;aumif;
vlxkBuD;\ EkdifiHa&;tzGJU wpfckwnf;aom pnf;rsOf;udkvufcHí pGyfpGJNyD; wyfaygif;pkuGefz&ifhukd todtrSwfrjyKaMumif; tzGJU
tvkyform;? v,form;wkdY tmPm&&Sda&;? wpfenf;tm;jzifh acgif;aqmifAkdvfzkd;uGef;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; AkdvfxGef;0if;wkdYu
ypö n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm; tmPm&S i f p epf u k d vuf c H M uaomtzG J U aMunmvkdufonf/
jzpfaMumif;? wyfaygif;pkonf uGefjrLepfr[kwfapumrl uGefjrLepf jynfueG zf &ifo h Ydk &JabmfjzLtzGUJ u rwufouJo Y Ydk wyfaygif;pk
ygwD\ a&SUaqmifrIukd vufcHNyD; uGefjrLepfygwDukd rqefYusifbJ uGefz&ifhukdvnf; &JabmfjzLtzGJUu todtrSwfrjyKonhftjyif
vkdvm;onhf tzGJUjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyonf/ uGefjrLepfygwDukd ykwfcwfvmcJYonf/
jynfolY'Drkdua&pD wyfaygif;pkwGif yg0ifonhf uGefjrLepfygwD uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; &JabmfjzLwyfzGJUtm; tpkd;&olvQKd[k
onf &JabmfjzLtzGJUESifh awmfvSefaom ArmhwyfrawmfwkdYonf pGyfpGJcJYonf/ uGefjrLepfygwDu -
oD;jcm;vufeufukdifwyfukd,fpD&SdMuaomfvnf; wkdufyGJrsm;wGif ]]jynfo&Yl aJ bmftzGUJ [m ,cifu zqyv tpk;d &ESihf vufwcJG hJ
atmifjrifr&I cJv h Qif &&So d nhvf ufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmufrsm;? aiGrsm;? aomfvnf; igwkdYu oifay;EkdifonhftwGuf vrf;rSefokdYa&mufcJh
ypönf;rsm; cGJa0a&;wGif rMumcP tjiif;yGm;&awmhonf/ aMumif;? ,cktcg zqyvtpkd;&ESifh wdwfwqdwfqufoG,fae
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;wGif yl;wGJtkyfcsKyfrI rqkdpavmufom&SdcJh aMumif;? wyfaygif;pkukdzsufí jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmukd

wwfNyD; trsm;tm;jzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDe,fajr? &JabmfjzL twif;odrf;,l&ef? wyfaygif;pkaiGrsm; ypönf;rsm;ukdzsufqD;&ef
...(40)
 564 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 565
e,f&&dS aJ bmfjzLrsm;tm; ñTeMf um;xm;aMumif;? rESpu f rauG;NrKd UwGif jynfo'Yl rD u
dk a&pDwyfaygif;pkwiG f uGejf rLepfygwDEiS hf awmfveS f
usif;yonhf &JabmfjzLuGefz&ifhwGif AuyESifhtwl c&D;roGm; aom Armhwyfrawmfom&SdcJh&m aemifwGif awmfvSefaomArmh
Ek d i f a Mumif ; ? jynf o l Y & J a bmf n D v mcH r S twG i f ; a&;rS L ;Ak d v f r S L ; wyfrawmfonf uGefjrLepfygwDESifhvkH;0aygif;pnf;oGm;awmh\/
xGe;f vif;\ tpD&ifcpH mwGif txufygtwkid ;f qk;H jzwfxm;onfudk
AkdvfatmifBuD;\BudK;yrf;rI
awGU&aMumif; -
ocifoef;xGef;\ rdefYcGef;wGif - wkdif;jynfBuD; z½kdz&JNydKuGJrnfhtajctaeukd jynfolvlxk
]]&JabmfjzLawG[m acG;av;aygufpvkd [ku d u dk cf sif 'Duudk cf sif wpf&yfvkH;uvnf; rvkdvm;ay/ aus;vufawm&Gmae vlxkrSm
eD;&m"m;aMumuf&onht f jyif "m;jyvlq;dk wku Yd vnf; awmaMumif
jzpfwmukd qkH;r&rnf}} [líwpfrsKd;-
vufcarmif;cwf[lbdokdY qkd;ckd;wkdufckdufrIwkdY&SdMujyef&m vlxkrSm
]]wpfzufuaumif;wJhvrf;aMumif;0g'ukdjyr,f? wpfzufu tm;uk;d &mrJt h ajctaewGif &yfwnfae&ayonf/ Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &
rSefwJhvrf;aMumif;0g'ukdjyNyD; vkyfckdif;r,f? 'grSr&&if aoewf ykdif;uvnf; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIumvwkdYwGif vufwGJvkyfcJhMu
ukdifNyD;twif;vkyfckdif;&r,f}} [líwpfrsKd;/ aom nDaemifyrm &Jabmf&Jbufrsm; pdwf0rf;uGJrIukdrvkdvm;ay/
]]awmfvSefa&;ukd qefYusif&if&ufpuf&rSmyJ? uRefawmfwkdYu wkid ;f oljynfom;wkYd 'kuy© ifv,fa0aeaom tjzpfuv dk nf; rvkv d m;
t&ifu w&m;rQwawGwmomvkycf w hJ ,f/ 'gayr,fh awmfveS af &;ukd onft h avsmuf tuGu J jJG zpfaeonfh *dP k ;f tzGUJ toD;oD; nDñw G af &;
qefYusifvmolukd tomav;Munhfae&rvkdjzpfcJhw,f/ tck twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef qE´&SdMuonf/
jynfolY&JabmfawG[m wyfaygif;pkukd zsufzkdYBudK;pm;cJhw,f/ 'g[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;wm0efukd ,lonfrSm aemiftcgwGif
awmfveS af &;ukzd suq f ;D wmyJ/ awmfveS af &;ukd zsuq f ;D &if &ufpuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifBuD;[k xif&Sm;vmrnfh AkdvfatmifBuD;jzpfonf/
&rSmyJ &ufpufraS MuuGo J wJ}Y } [lí 1950 jynhEf pS ?f rwfvtwGi;f Akv
d cf sKyaf e0if;u Akv d zf ;dk uGe;f xHoYdk pmwpfapmifa&;Ny;D xkpd mukd
jynfwyfaygif;pk uGezf &ifw h iG f ocifoef;xGe;f u txufygtwkid ;f AkdvfatmifBuD;u,lí jynfNrdKUokdYoGm;cJh\/ xkdtcsdefwGif jynfNrdKUü
ajymcJh\/ okH;ygwDtuGJonf ykdNyD;xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf &JabmfjzLrsm;r&Sad wmhay/ Akv d &f xJ #G Ef iS yhf ifawGU&m Akvd zf ;dk uGe;f wkx Yd H
oGm;&ef pOf;pm;oifah Mumif;? tJ'rD mS vnf; tajctaeawG raumif;
wGiu f m; wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf vk;H 0aphpyfí r&awmhaom &efoal wG
bl;vkdYMum;w,f/ vrf;c&D;uvnf; raumif;bl;vkdYMum;w,f/
jzpfoGm;awmh\/
'gaMumifh oGm;oifh roGm;oifh pOf;pm;yg[lí ajymavonf/
o&ufNrdKUukdodrf;xm;aom awmfvSefaom Armhwyfrawmf xkaYd Mumifh Akv
d af tmifBu;D onf &JabmfjzLacgif;aqmifAv dk zf ;dk uGe;f
trnfcAH v dk pf ed w
f ifEiS hf Akv
d of ufxeG ;f wk\
Yd wyf&if; (1) ukd &JabmfjzL wkdYESifh awGU&efroGm;cJhawmhay/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;u Akdvfzkd;uGef;okdY
wkdYu tvkH;t&if;ESifh0ifa&mufwkdufckdufcJhonf/ jyif;xefaom ajym&ef pum;rsm;ukd Akdvf&JxG#ftm;ajymjy\/ Akdvf&JxG#fu
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wku d yf BJG u;D jzpf\/ ESpzf ufpvk;H tustqk;H rsm;&Scd \ hJ / Akv d o f ufxeG ;f ? xkdpum;rsm;ukd pmESifha&;NyD; Akdvfzkd;uGef;xHay;vkdufonf[k od&
AkdvfpdefwifwkdYwyfrsm; o&ufrS qkwfcGm&awmhonf/ ygonf/
...(41)
 566 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 567
1/ Akvd cf sKyaf e0if;u apckid ;f vkYd Akv
d af tmifBu;D onf 19-3-49 ,rf;bDv;l Ak;H wkrYd sm;pGmwifNy;D vlrygbJ xk&d xm;ukd ompnfbw l mokYd
u jynfoaYdk &mufvm\/ Akv d zf ;dk uGe;f ukd vmac:wm[kajym wGef;vTwfvkduf\/ &xm;wGJwGif xnfhxm;onhf csdefukdufAkH;onf
onf/ ompnfblwm a&SUwnfhwnhfwGif aygufuGJ&ef pDpOfxm;\/
2/ Akv
d zf ;dk uGe;f u tpk;d &tzGUJ ukd acgif;aqmifNy;D zGUJ yg/ Akv
d zf ;dk uGe;f tu,fí aygufuGJcJhaomf ompnfcHppfysufrnf/ okdYjzpfvQif
yg0ifapcsifwJh olawGukdvnf; xnfhEkdifygw,f[lí ompnfujdk zwf awmifiu l adk &mufNy;D &efuek o f Ydk wuf&efjzpfEidk rf nf
od&aMumif; uRefawmfwkdYwpfqifhMum;&ygonf/ [laom &nfrSef;csufjzpfonf/
wyfrawmfpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;ESifhjynfolwkdYtm;ay;axmufcHrI okdYaomf ompnf&Sd wyfrawmfom;wkdYonf xkd&xm;BuD;ukd
blwmra&mufrBD uKd Ny;D aoewfEiS yhf pfvu dk &f m &xm;wGBJ u;D twGi;f rS
1949 - 50 wpf0kdufqDu EkdifiHwpf0ef;wGif aomif;usef;rI vufeufrsm; aygufuGJ\/ wyfrawmfom;wpfa,mufrS txd
trsK;d rsK;d ESihf BuKH awGUae&\/ aMuuG0J rf;enf;zG,jf zpf&yftzkzH w Hk EYdk iS hf tcdkufr&SdcJh/ tvm;wlyif bk&m;BuD;wkdufyGJ? 'kdufOD;-uwkwfwkdYukd
BuHKawGUae&\/ ajzodrfhp&m[lí r&SdcJhay/ ywfNyD; vufckyfuGif;ukd 0ifwkduf&mwGifvnf; t½IH;ESifhomawGU&
xkpd Ofu wyfrawmfwiG f pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;wyf? pdw"f mwfa&; aomaMumifh yJcl;c½kdiftwGif;wGif vufckyfuGif;wkdufyGJaemufü
wyf[í l oD;jcm;r&Scd ahJ o;ay/ okaYd omf xkw d yfrsK;d ESithf vm;wlaom þxufBuD;aom wkdufyGJrjzpfawmhbJ &efukefodrf;a&;tpDtpOf
tvkyfrsKd;ukd wyfrawmfrSpwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ pwifcJholrSm
ysufjy,fcJh\/
aemiftcgwGif 0PÖausmx f if? aZ,sausmx f ifbUJG &? tu,f'rDqk
jynfaMumif;wGiv f nf; jynfrx S u G v
f maom u&ifaoewfuidk f
ESpfxyfuGrf;&&SdcJhaom ½kyf&Sifo½kyfaqmifAkdvfrSL;Aukd jzpfonf/
wyf&if; (2) onf armfawmf,mOf tpD; 80 ausmf oHcsyfumum;?
AkdvfrSL;Aukdonf jrefrmhtoHrS npOfnwkdif;toHvTifhNyD;
olyek w f v Ydk ufeufcs&ef wku d w f eG ;f onf/ xkpd Ofu tif;pdew f iG f u&if b&if;u,f&D,m ponfwkdYESifh &efukefodrf;&ef pDrHNyD;csDwufcJhyg
olykefwkdY tvkH;t&if;ESifh&SdMu\/ xkdu&ifolykefwkdYonf olwkdYtm; aomfvnf; BudKUyifaumufteD; 0ufaumfwHwm;wkdufyGJwGif
&efuek o f rd ;f yku
d Ef idk af &;twGuf awmifirl S ppfurl sm;vmrnf/ jynfrS t½IH;ESifhomBuHKawGUcJh&onf/
ppfulrsm;vmrnf[lí ,kHMunfNyD; rD;ukef;,rf;ukefwkdufyGJ0if tif;pdefukd tajccHwkdufaeaom u&ifolykefwkdYonf xkdpOf
aeMuonf/ tcgu jynfvrf;? yJcl;vrf;wkdYokdY xGufívnf;r& 0ifvmrnfh
trSefpifppf ompnfNrdKUESifh ompnfblwmukd oeu (6) rS ppfulukdvnf; arQmfvifhír&aomtcsdef jzpfaeonf/
AkdvfrSL;wifarmif (aemifwGif q&mjrwfxef) \wyf? AkdvfwifhaqG tif;pdef&Sd u&ifwkdY\ xGufaygufrSm xef;wyif0ef;usifom
(aemiftcg 0efBu;D jzpfvmcJo Y )l \ ppf0efxrf;wyfwu Ydk tckid t f rm jzpfonf/ xkdpOfu xef;wyif NrdKU0ef;usifukd &JabmfjzLwyfrSL;
wyfpGJNyD; rdw¬Dvm&Sd u&ifolykefESifhrEÅav;bufu qif;vmaom AkdvfatmifEkdifwyfu xdef;xm;onf/ olYxHokdY u&ifwkdY0ifír&/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

u&ifolykefwkdYu tckdiftrm ckcHvsuf&SdMu\/ u&ifwkdYonf þtajctaewGif u&ifwkdY tif;pdefwGif usm;ukwfusm;cJ

½kd;½kd;wkdufí r&aomtcg ompnf\ txufbufrS &xm;wpfwGJ zufwG,fwkdufcdkufae&qJjzpfonf/
...(42)
 568 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 569
jrefrmhtoHrS npOfnwkdif; AkdvfrSL;Aukdu u&ifolykefrsm; ausmif;om;rsm;bufuvnf; txufwef;ausmif;om;BuD;
jrefrmEkid if wH pf0ef;vk;H ukd odr;f yku
d rf nf[al om &nf&, G cf surf atmif rsm;? tpkd;&ukdaxmufcHonhf wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;uvnf;
EdkifaMumif;? ppfrsufESmtoD;oD;wGif u&ifolykefwkdY t½IH;ESifhom wyfxJokdY0ifNyD; wkdufyGJwGifyg0ifwkdufckdufcJhonf/
awGUae&aMumif;? rnfonhpf pfrsuEf mS wGirf nfrQ usq;Hk aeaMumif; &efukefNrdKU vlxkonf þokdYwkdufyGJawGMum;uyif ta&mif;
vufeufcs tnHhcHjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&SdawmhaMumif; t0,frysufMu? pmtkyfxkwfa0olrsm;vnf; pmtkyfxkwfrysuf?
pdwf0ifpm;atmif a[majymcsuf&Sd\/ owif;pmrsm;uvnf; aeYpOfxGuf&SdaeNyD; ½kyf&SifESifh jyZmwfwkdYu
AkdvfAukd\ a[majymcsufrSm &efukefvlxkukdvnf; pdwftm; vnf ; jyoqJ j zpf o nf / vl x k u vnf ; jyZmwf M unh f r ysuf ?
wufapouJhokdY a&'D,kd&Sdaom NrdKUwkdYrSvnf; AkdvfAukdtoHukd ½kyf&Sifvnf; MunfhNrJESifhyif &efukefNrdKUonf pnfum;NrJjzpfay\/
Mum;ae&aomaMumifh þppfyGJonf jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;& zqyv Ekid if w
H iG ;f &Sd vlxu k þokpYd w d "f mwfBuchH idk o f uJo h Ydk tpk;d &tae
tpkd;&Ekdifrnf[k tckdiftrm,kHMunfaeMuonf/ jzifhvnf; rdwfrysufqufqHa&;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;ESifh
Akvd Af uku
d toHMoZmjynf0h ouJo h Ydk qGaJ qmifraI umif;aom
qufoG,faqmif&GufcJhonf/
toHvnf;jzpfonf/ ynmA[kokw<u,f0aomol jzpf&um;
yxrtaejzifh vGwfvyfa&;&onhf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv
ajymorQpum;vk;H wko Yd nf wpfzufom;Mum;oltm; tm;wwfpw d ?f
av;&ufaeYuyif a'gufwm[dck srD if; acgif;aqmifaom AD,uferf
,kHMunfrIukd wkd;wufap\/ qefYusifbuf bufawmfom;wkYdurl
'Drkdu&ufwpfor®wEkdifiHrS 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfjzpfol a'gufwm
AkdvfAukdtm; tpdrf;vkduf ukduf0g;pm;csifatmif xdrdaompum;
zefEo dk ufu olw\ Ydk AD,uferfEidk if w H iG f wpfzufu 'kw, d urÇmppf
wkdYjzifh ajyma[mEkdifcJhayonf/
,cktcgrSm orkdif;vrf;qkH[kac:aomae&monf &efukef&Sd rjzpfru D tkycf sKypf ;dk rk;d cJah om jyifopftpk;d &onf AD,uferfEidk if \ H
wyfrawmfom;wkdY\ a&SUwef; ppfrsufESmjzpfae\/ uvm;acsmif;? wpf0ufe;D yg;ukd tkypf ;dk xm;&m xkt d yk pf ;dk olwt
Ydk m; jyefvnfweG ;f vSef
OD;pudeú af usmif;? apmbifqifNcH ponfwu Ydk m; ppfyaJG 'ojzpfae\/ &mwGif rsujf rifu, dk af wGU Munf½h aI vhvm&efzw d af c:cJ\h / jrefrmEkid if H
okaYd omf xkod aYdk om a&SUwef;ppfrsuEf mS okYd &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd trsK;d orD; tpkd;&ykdif;u þzdwfac:csufukdvufcHNyD; uRefawmftygt0if
apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJU? jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&; trsKd;orD; tpnf; vli,fwpfzUJG ukd AD,uferf'rD u dk &ufwpfor®wEkid if o H Ydk wdww f qdwf
t½kH;? odrfBuD;aps;&Sd aps;olaps;om;rsm;? Munfhjrifwkdifaps;BuD; apvTwfNyD; pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& axmufcHtm;ay;cJh\/
aps;olaps;om;rsm; tp&Sdojzifh &efukefNrdKUolNrdKUom;wkdYonf wpfzufuvnf; 'ku d Of ;D OD;xGe;f atmif? a&TusiOf ;D jrav;wku Yd
a&SUwef;okYd oGm;a&mufNy;D vkt d yfaom tok;H taqmifrsm;ay;jcif; &Srf;jynfe,frSwpfqifh vmtkdEkdifiHe,fpyfokdY vmapmifhaeaom
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

pm;aomufzG,fwkdY auR;jcif;jzifh wyfrawmfbufu tifwkduf vmtkdawmfvSefa&;wyfESifh AD,uferfor®wEkdifiHokdY vufeufrsm;

tm;wkduf &yfwnfcJhMuonf/ ay;ykdYulnDcJh\/
...(43)
 570 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 571
uReaf wmfwt Ydk zGUJ onf jrefrmEkid if oH Ydk acsmarmpGm jyefa&mufchJ rEÅav;okdYwpfacguf
aMumif;? txufwpfae&mwGif azmfjyNy;D jzpfygonf/ OD;xGe;f atmif? tif;pdeo f nf jrefrmtpk;d &\ vufoaYdk &mufc\ hJ / cgwkid ;f uJoh Ydk
OD;jrav;wkdYvkyfief;wGif usqkH;aom&Jabmfrsm;&SdcJh\/ &efukefESifhtif;pdefonf um;ESifh&xm;oGm;aeMuNyD/ tvm;wlyif
tvm;wlyifjrefrmEkid if u H vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D aomfvnf; jrefrm jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd olykefvufatmufokdYa&mufaeaom NrdKUwkdYvnf;
Ekid if u
H o hJ Ydk ukv d edk jD zpfcahJ om tif'edk ;D &Sm;Ekid if wH iG f Ekid if BH uKd uo
f r®w jrefrmEkdifiH\ tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif &SdaeavNyD/
qlumEkdu olwkdY\ tpkd;&ukdjzKwfcs&ef 'kwd,urÇmppf rjzpfrDu pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? qufoG,fa&;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wkdY
tif'kdeD;&Sm;ukduRefjyKol 'wfcsftpkd;&\wyfrsm;u wkdufaeay&m ykHrSefvnfywfaeay&m EkdifiHa&;? pnf;½kH;a&;vkyfief;wkdY vkyfEkdif&ef
jrefrmtpkd;&taejzifh vma&mufavhvm&ef zdwfac:cJh\/ zqyv tzGJUcsKyfBuD;onf pwifvIyf&Sm;&ayNyD/
xkdpOfu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif aomif;usef;olrsm; ykefuefx<u yxrOD;pGmrEÅav;NrdKUukd pnf;½kH;a&;vkyfEkdif&ef tpjyKcJh\/
aeqJjzpfonf/ okdYaomf jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&onf ta&SUawmif aomif;usef;olwkdY\ vufokdYusNyD;aemuf rEÅav;NrdKU\
tm&Swu dk f Ekid if t
H csi;f csi;f ½kid ;f yif;ulnaD &;[laomoabmxm;jzifh Ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIonf nDñw G rf I tm;enf;oGm;onf/ xkt d csuu f dk
tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiHokdY pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& axmufcHtm;ay;&ef jrifaom zqyvtzGJUcsKyf pnf;½kH;a&;XmeBuD;u rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd
cspfMunfa&;oHwrefwpfOD; apvTwfcJh\/ xkdolum; rkd;ukwf zqyv tzGJU0ifrsm; pnf;½kH;vIyf&Sm;rIyHkrSefjzpfap&ef pnf;½Hk;a&;
ocifomcif jzpfonf/ aumfrwDwpf&yfzUJG pnf;Ny;D rEÅav;odYk apvTwv f ukd af vonf/ tzGUJ
ocifomcifonf zqyvtzGUJ csKyüf ta&;ygonhf wm0efudk acgif;aqmifrSm OD;0if;jzpf\/
,laeoljzpf\/ bmwm0ef&,fvkdY wdwdusus uRefawmfrodyg/ OD;0if;tm; txl;wdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpf wm0efay;vdkuf\/
ocifomcifonf 1949 ckEpS f? Ek0d ifbmv yxrywftwGi;f u OD;0if;onf txl;wdkif;rif;BuD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm
avaMumif;jzifh pifumyloYdk xGuo f mG ;cJ\
h / olwnf;cko d nhf [kw d ,f tjynfhtpHk &&Sdvmoljzpf\/
cef;ESiu hf yfaeaom tjcm;tcef;rS pum;ajymoHwu Ydk dk Mum;&aom EdkifiHa&;pnf;½Hk;a&;rQomru tkyfcsKyfrItmPmESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI
aMumifh em;pGifhvkdufaomtcg 'wfcsftpkd;&u qlumEkdtpkd;&½kH; tmPmudkyg oHk;pGJydkifcGifh&Sdonfh txl;wdkif;rif;BuD;jzpfonf/
pkduf&m *smumwmNrdKUokdY avaMumif;rS vQyfwpfjyufqif;NyD; xdt k zGUJ wGif 'kw,
d acgif;aqmifrmS Adv k cf ifarmifav;? tzGUJ 0if
wkdufrnfh tpDtpOfjzpfaeawmh\/ ocifcspfarmif (jrefatmif)? wD,lpDbD-udkpdef0if;wdkYESifhtwl
ocifomcifonf tif'edk ;D &Sm;okYd oGm;rnfch spMf unfa&;rpf&iS f uRefawmfarmifcspfvdIifyg0ifonf/ rSwfrdorQqdkvQif rEÅav;wGif
jzpfay&m tqkyd gowif;uk&d vQif tif'edk ;D &Sm;tpk;d &okYd wifjyojzifh &Sdaom ocifcsefxGef; (oHtrwfBuD;a[mif;) vnf;yg0ifonf[k
qlumEkt d pk;d &onf toifjh yifEidk cf haJ vonf/ vQyw f pfjyuf xk;d azmuf xifygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wkdufcdkufvmaom &efol'wfcsfwkdYukd vG,fulpGmatmifjrifatmif txl;wdik ;f rif;Bu;D ½H;k wGif tajcwusaexdik Nf y;D vIy&f mS ;vkyu f ikd f
wkdufckdufEkdifcJh\/ &olrSm OD;0if;jzpfNyD; Adkvfcifarmifav;ESifY ocifcspfarmifwdkYu
...(44)
 572 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 573
&efukefESifhrEÅav;udk oGm;csnfjyefcsnf vkyfae&\/ ukdpdef0if;ESifh OD;0if;tm; zqyvtzGJUcsKyfu jyefac:aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY
uRefawmfwdkYu zqyvESifh qdk&S,fvpfygwDwdkYESifh ywfoufNyD; vkyfief;½kyfodrf;&rnf&Sdaomtcg rEÅav;vlxku OD;0if;tm;
vkyf&\/ EIwfquf*kPfjyKyGJ usif;yjcif;udk Munfhjcif;jzifh odEdkifygonf/
zqyvudkjyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif;? oabmxm;rwdkufqdkifrIudk EIwqf ufyu JG kd 0if;rif;0if;b&m;om; OD;ausm0f if;? OD;ausmrf if;?
nd§EdIif;ay;jcif;? qdk&S,fvpfygwD uvyfpnf;rsm;udk NrdKUe,ftvdkuf OD;pdef0if;wdkYu wm0efcHusif;yMuygonf/ NrdKUvlxkuvnf;
jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif;paom tvkyfwdkYudk OD;0if;u apcdkif;onfh pnf;um;odkufNrdKufpGm wufa&muftm;ay;Muygonf/
twdkif; vkyfay;&\/ udkpdef0if;u tvkyform;tpnf;t½Hk;ESifY xdktcrf;tem;wGif rEÅav;NrdKUay: &yfuGuftoD;oD;&Sd
ywfoufaom udpörsm;udk udkifwG,faqmif&Guf&onf/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u OD;0if;tm; *kPfjyKpum;rsm;ajymNyD; csD;rGrf;
OD ; 0if ; onf rEÅ a v;wG i f & S d a om vl w ef ; pm;toD o D ; \ axmremjyKMuygonf/ OD;0if;ujyefajym&mwGif -
udk,fpm;vS,fudk ac:awGUjcif;? NrdKUay:wGif&Sdaom yk*d¾Kvftkyfpk ]]rEÅav;udk 'Dvdkvmaqmif&Guf&wm uRefawmfwdkYudk,fwdkif
toD;oD;udkac:,lawGUqHkjcif;? 0efxrf;rsm;ESifhawGUqHkjcif;? xdkodkY pdwf0ifpm;vdkY vmcJhwmyg/ uRefawmfwdkY zqyvtzGJUBuD;udkvnf;
awGUqH&k mwGif awGUqHo k nfh vlwikd ;f \oabmxm;udek m;axmifjcif;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&SdpOfuvdk nDnDñGwfñGwfeJY tm;ay;axmufcH
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifY awGUqHk&mwGif ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY udk,fwdkif Muyg/ zqyvtpdk;&tzGJUu Nidrf;csrf;a&;&wmeJYtwl wdkif;jynf
oGm;a&mufNyD; q&mawmfrsm;\qE´oabmxm;udk avhvmjcif;? aumif;pm;a&;twGuf jynfot l m;vH;k &&Scd pH m;Edik af tmif vkyo
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xdrk w S of m;em;axmifrw I u
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tavQmYtwif;vkyf&ef vdktyfygu wpfzufESifhwpfzuf aphpyf 'Dvdk rEÅav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;awGu uRefawmfhudk *kPfjyKwm
n§ d E d I i f ; ay;jcif ; ? oH C mawmf r sm;\qE´ u d k tod t rS w f j yKNyD ; aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ 0rf;vnf;omygw,f/ 'Dvdkatmifjrifatmif
q&mawmfrsm; BudKufEdkifatmifaqmif&Gufjcif; pojzif vkyfay;cJh vkyfEdkifwm[m uRefawmfOD;0if;r[kwfygbl;/ wu,fvkyfoGm;
onfhtwGuf rEÅav;NrdKUrSvlxkonf OD;0if;\ aqmif&GufyHkudk oluawmY qdk&S,fvpfwpfa,mufu vkyfoGm;wmyg}}/
auseyfMu\/ &[ef;ysKdtzGJUvnf; auseyfaMumif;od&ygonf/ pum;ajymNy;D pu cPwdwo f mG ;\/ rMumrDrmS yif vufcyk o f H
OD;0if;uapvTwí f rEÅav;wdik ;f twGi;f &SNd rKd Ursm;? ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f rsm; wajzmif;ajzmif;Mum;&\/ awmfawmfeJYudkvufckyfoHrpJcJhyg/
&SNd rKd Ursm;odYk uReaf wmfomG ;&Ny;D vlx\ k xifjrifcsuo f abmxm;udk
&&Sdap&ef avhvmpHkprf;cJh&ygonf/ Ek - rlwpfausmYjyef
rEÅav;NrdKUwGif xdktcgrSpNyD; tpdk;&ay:wGif tjrifrMunfrI 1950 jynfhESpf? azazmf0g&Dv [kxifygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;\/ jynfolvlxkESifh ygwDtzGJUtpnf;wdkY OD;0if;acgif;aqmifaom uRefawmfwkdYtzGJUonf &efukefodkY

oHo,jzpfrIrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;Mu\/ þodkYjyK&onfrSm jyefcJh\/ uRefawmfwdkY\acgif;aqmif OD;0if;onfvnf; &efukef
...(45)
 574 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 575
a&mufNy;D 0efBu;D &mxl;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif\/ uReaf wmfwEYkd iS Yf jynfov l x l Ek iS hf zqyvtzGUJ 0ifrsm; tjcm;aomvufvyk v f ufpm;
ygvmaom tzGJU0iftoD;oD;onfvnf; us&mwm0efudk,lNyD; vltrsm;ESifhpum;ajymMunfh&mwGif tm;vHk;uyif-
tvkyfvkyfaeMuNyDjzpfonf/ uRefawmfhudkrl qdk&S,fvpfygwD ]]uRefawmfwdkYuawmYAsm pdkufysKd;pm;wJhvlawGyJ? olykefoluef
acgif;aqmif OD;AaqGuac:NyD; - r&S?d &Gmjyifxu G f pdu k yf sK;d &dyo f rd ;f csiw
f mAsm? wpf&mG ESiw hf pf&mG ul;wm
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ay;ygawmhonf/ 'Dvakd t;ae&ifBuKd uw f mygyJ}} [lí ajymjywmudk Mum;cJ&h ygonf/
olay;vmaomwm0efrmS Edik if w H iG f olyek &f ef at;oifo h avmuf uRefawmf &efukefjyefa&mufNyD; tawGUtBuHKudk OD;AaqGxH wifjy
at;aeNyjD zpfonf/ NrKd Ursm;wGif rlvtwdik ;f a&mif;0,fazmufum; tpD&ifcHygonf/
aeNyjD zpfonf/ xdUk aMumifh uReaf wmft h m; xdx k akd omNrKd UwdoYk o
Ykd mG ;Ny;D oBuFefrwdkifrDuav; &efukefjyefa&mufaomf uRefawmfhtm;
pnf;½H;k a&;vky&f efEiS hf vlx\ k qE´EiS xhf ifjrifcsuf (Public Opinion) rdk;ukwfNrdKUrS ocifomcif\rdcifu uRefawmfrdk;ukwfodkYvm&ef
udk &,l&eftjyif ocifE\ k rl (14) csuu f kd xyfr&H iS ;f jyNy;D a&SUvkyf ac:ygonf/
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uReaf wmf\ud, k af &;ud, k w f m udp&ö yfrsm;udk a&;aompmr[kwyf g/
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twwfEikd q f ;kH uReaf wmf\ud, k af &;taMumif;udk rxnfb h aJ &;aom
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aMumif;? xdkaMumifh EdkifiHwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&efESifh w&m;Oya'
udk,fa&;taMumif; ygrnfjzpfygonf/
pdk;rdk;a&;uvnf; ta&;BuD;onfjzpf&m w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh
ocifomcif\nDrESifhuRefawmf wpfcsdefwGif vufxyf&ef
wdkif;jynfNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;u pnf;½Hk; &nfreS ;f xm;cJ\ h / olu (10) wef;ratmifao;í ausmif;qufae
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Nird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;onfh yHkpHrsKd;ajym&rnf[k OD;AaqGu xdef;Edkifrnfhvkyfief; r&Sdao;yg/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh vufxyfrnhf
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ausmufqnfwUkd tjyif rH&k mG c½dik t f wGi;f &Sd NrKd Ursm;udvk nf; a&mufchJ aetdro f Ykd jyefcsed rf &atmif jzpfaeonf/ xdaYk Mumifh orD;jzpfot l m;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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kd nf; a&mufc&hJ \/ xdNk rKd Ursm;wGif OD;AaqG uReaf wmfEiS hf tjrefq;kH ae&mcscsiaf eygonf/ odjYk zpfí arvavmuf
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...(46)
 576 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 577
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avmufom zdwfMum;NyD; uRefawmfvufxyfcJhygonf/ uRefawmf twGuf qdk&S,fvpf0g'taMumif;udk ocifpdk;wdkYuJhodkY wwfod
rd;k ukww f iG f ZGe-f Zlvikd t
f xdaecJyh gonf/ Zlvikd u f ek cf geD;wGif OD;AaqGu em;vnfrI&Sdonf[k uRefawmf,lqrdygonf/ ocifpdk;uJhodkY 0g'
&efukefjyefvm&efrSmaomaMumifY uRefawmf &efukefjyefcJh&\/ t,ltq jyif;xefrI&SdaecJhonf[k uRefawmfrSwfom;xm;rdyg
OD;AaqGu - onf/ uRefawmfhrSm OD;ausmfNidrf;bufodkY csOf;uyfrIr&SdouJhodkY
*syefacwfu ocifpdk;bmomjyefcJhwJhvDeif0g' tajccHrsm;
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ay;prf;yg/ igvnf;zwfawmhzwfz;l ygw,f/ 'gayr,fY igvkycf siw f hJ ac:,lyaYkd qmifay;cJo h rl mS aemifaomtcg Adv k rf LS ;csKywf jYkd zpfvmrnfh
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uRefawmfhwGif xdkpmtkyf\ rl&if;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfvnf; &Sdaomfvnf; uRefawmhftaeESifhrl OD;udkudkBuD;udk av;pm;vsuf&SdcJh
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onf/ jzpf&\/ olEkwfxGuf&jcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; uRefawmfMum;&onfh
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Munfjh rifwikd f udo k ef;wdvYk nf; ol&mS cdik ;f aom pmtky?f a&;cdik ;f aom ypönf;rSmaomaMumifh qdyfurf;wGifypönf;a&mufvmonfhtwGuf
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; tpdk;&tzGJUwGif OD;udkudkBuD;onf ul;oef; ukefaps;EIef;BuD;jrifhrIaMumifh vlxkrausreyfjzpfrnfudk rvdkvm;

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...(47)
 578 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 579
ukefonfrsm;ESifh 'PfaiGtjynfhay;aqmifonfh jrefrmukefonf xdt k cgwGif 0efBu;D csKyf ocifEak cgif;aqmifaom tpd;k &tzGUJ
rsm;rSm aiG&if;EDS;rIwGifuGmjcm;NyD; ,SOfNydKifukefoGif;EdkifcGifh avsmYus onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tjzpf qufvufwm0ef,lvsuf&Sdonf/
oGm;rnf[al om tajctaeaMumifh 'PfaiGupkd wdtjzpfom ½du k &f ef aemufxyf uRefawmfrSwfrdonfhtcsufrSm 1950 jynfhESpf
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;Xmetaejzifh qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ ukefcgeD;wGif qdk&S,fvpfygwDonf ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;awmh\/ cGJxGuf
þodkY pwd'PfaiG½dkufaomaMumifh tpdk;&b@maiGepfemonf[k olrsm;rSm 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif[kausmfMum;vmrnfh om,m0wD
OD;udkudkBuD;u&Sif;jycJhonf/ ocifcspfarmif? a&eHajrocifvGif? ocifA[ef? ocifvSauR?
þudpEö iS yhf wfoufNy;D tpd;k &\b@maiG 14 ode;f epfemonf OD;udkudkBuD;ESifh t,ltqcsif;wlonfh qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifvli,f
[laom tMumif;jycsujf zifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihf axmufyahH &; au'grsm; tm;vH;k wdt Yk jyif zqyvtzGUJ rS trsK;d orD;rsm;yg0ifc\ hJ /
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(48)
 580 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 581
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tpd;k &tzGUJ udk acgif;aqmifcMhJ u\/ qd&k , S vf pfygwD0ifrsm;omru cJhay/ ytdk0f;wdkYESifY&Srf;wdkY oifhjrwfrIudk vdkvm;vsuf&Sdayonf/
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zqyvtzGUJ csKyw f iG f qd&k ,
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f pfygwD? jynfoUl &Jabmf0gwd&Yk adS e OD;AaqGu xdkvkyfief;udkvkyf&ef uRefawmfhtm; wm0efay;jyefyg
MuNy;D a&S;uxuf ydrk akd ygif;pnf;rdomG ;Muonf/ zqyvtzGUJ csKy\ f onf/
tiftm;onfvnf; ydkrdkawmifYwif;vmawmY\/ jynfolY&Jabmfu OD;AaqGonf xdo k w Ykd m0efay;&mwGif uReaf wmfrw S rf o
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taejzifh tiftm;aumif;vmcJhayawmhonf/ oljzpfapcsifwmudkajymjy\/ vkd&if;csKyfíajymonf[lí qdkEdkif
aumif;yg\/ vkyrf nfu h Reaf wmfwu Ykd om tajctae tcsed t f cgudk
awmifBuD;odkYwpfacguf MunfNh y;D vlBu;D rsm;qE´jznf&h ef pGr;f aqmifEikd o f rQ vkyMf u&ygonf/
1950 jynfhESpf? azazmf0g&D vqef;vmNyD/ OD;AaqGu uRefawmfhudkrSm&mwGif -
xdktcgwGif c&D;xGufzdkYBuHKvmjyef\/ ]][ddka&muf&if wyfudkawmhowif;ydkYaygY? wyfrSmawmhraeeJY
uReaf wmfomG ;&rnfch &D;u awmifBu;D NrKd Ujzpfyg\/ awmifBu;D rif;oli,fcsi;f armifpaH tmif&w dS myJ/ olq Y rD mS wnf;csiw f nf;aygY?
oGm;&ef ñTefMum;olrSmxHk;pHtwdkif; qdk&S,fvpfygwDrS zqyv igawmh vif;ac;OD;xGe;f jrifw h ?Ykd OD;xGe;f jrifu
h av;wdYk OD;cGew f ;D paom
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vdkw,f}} [lí ajymygonf/
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olwdkYwyfwGifyif wnf;cdkcdkif;ygaomfvnf; uRefawmfvufrcHyg/
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a&mufvmMuNy;D tcGeaf wmfrsm;aumufcjH cif;paom tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf awmifBuD;a&mufNyD; 4-5 &uftwGif;rSmyif udkpHatmifu
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ytdk0f;wdkY\tjrifwGif ½Srf;apmfbGm;wdkYu ytdkif;wdkYay:wGif rdwfaqGrsm;teuf OD;pHazudk uRefawmfrSwfrdae\/ OD;pHazrSm
rw&m;tcGeaf umufonf/ w&m;rQwrI r&Sb d J tkycf sKyo
f nfpaom yef;csDESifhyef;ykq&m jzpfygonf/
txifvGJrIrsKd; txifrSm;rIrsKd;wdkY &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifhyif uRefawmfa&mufNyD; ajcmuf&ufcefYtMumwGif udkpHatmifu
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wpfzufESifhwpfzuf y#dyu©oabmrsKd; wdkufvm;cdkufvm; tajc awmifBuD;teD;wGif&Sdaom zmyGef&GmodkY oGm;cJh\/ wpfntdyfNyD;rS

taersKd;awG jzpfvsuf&Sd\/ jyefvmcJhonf/
...(49)
 582 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 583
zmyGe&f mG wGif ytd0k ;f acgif;aqmif ud[ k ed af rmifEiS hf udpk aH tmif ud[k ed af rmifonf azmfa&GyiG v Yf if;olwpfO;D jzpf\/ touf 30
wdkY aqG;aEG;cJhMu\/ ausmcf ef&Y ydS gonf/ oGuv f ufzswv f wfaom trlt&m&S\ d / olt Y m;
ytdk0f;wdkYu ½Srf;jynfe,fwGif xdkpOfu tkyfcsKyfaeaom uRefawmfvm&jcif;taMumif;udk ajymjy&\/
&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;\oabmxm;udk rauseyfMu/ tcGifhomvQif ]]'Dvdk udk[defarmifa& uRefawmfvm&wJh taMumif;uawmh
apmfbmG ;\vufatmufcH &Sr;f ykvyd pf olwu Ykd kd wdu
k cf ukd w f wfMu\/ uRefawmfhudk qdk&S,fvpfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfwJh
ud[ k ed af rmif acgif;aqmifaomytd0k ;f vufeufuikd w f Ykd wyfzUJG onf OD;AaqGu vTwv f u kd wf myg/ olwo Ykd abmxm;uawmY ya'o&mZf
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wGJzufacgif;aqmifonfh vlESpfa,mufyg rD;zdkab;wGif0dkif;xdkifNyD; cspcf spcf ifcif&if;&if;ES;D ES;D qufqMH uwmudk vdv k m;ygw,f/ 'g[m
pum;ajymMu\/ uRefawmfwdkY&JUoabmxm;ygyJ}} [k uRefawmfu ajymjyonf/
...(50)
 584 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 585
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aeoGm;ygOD;}} [k ajymygonf/ oabmxm;udk oxHk-OD;vSaztm; ajymay;ygrnf[k uwday;
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xdkifpOf wHcg;0rS vlESpfa,mufwufvmMu\/ olwdkY 0kef;ceJ udk[defarmifu ytdk0f;OD;vSazxHodkY uRefawmfajymcJhaom
ay:vmNy;D olwv Ykd ufwiG f pufaoewfuav;ygvm\/ aoewfukd pum;wdu Yk okd mG ;ajym\/ uReaf wmfq h jD yefajymrnfqykd gu tenf;qH;k
Murf;ay:wGif aqmifhcsNyD; ]]a[h rvIyfeJY}} [katmfvdkufNyD; 15 &ufcefYMumrnf[kod&ay&m uRefawmf awmifBuD; udkpHatmif
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w,f rodb;l / 'gaMumifh rpOf;pm;bJa&mufvmwm}} [k ajymygonf/ vlBuD;udk ajymjyygr,f}} [lí ajymvdkufygonf/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

pm;NyD; pum;ajymaeMu\/ pum;ajymaewkef;rSmyif udkpHatmif rif;&Siaf emif) awmifBu;D odv Yk mrnfjzpf&m olu Y akd pmifNh y;D ola&mufrS
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...(51)
 586 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 587
uRefawmf OD;pdef0if;udkapmifh\/ wpfvcefY tcsdefMumoGm; &Srf;jynfe,frSm&SdwJh &Srf;vli,ftiftm;pkawG? EdkifiHa&;
ygonf / oBuF e f N yD ; rS ol u a&muf v mcJ h \ / uRef a wmf o nf tkyfcsKyfa&;ynm&yfawGudk avhvmvdkufpm;NyD; wwfuRrf;aezdkY
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kd ,f/ tJ'grSom cifAsm;wdYk
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taeay;rS jzpfEdkifr,f/ pnf;½Hk;Edkifr,fqdk&ifawmh cifAsm;&JUEdkifiHa&;atmifjrifrIwpf&yf
ya'o&mZfqefYusifa&;qdkwm apmfbGm;udk tmPmpGefYa&;? jzpfygvdrfhr,f/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rpGeaYf &;qdw k m wpfcw k nf;eJrY vHak vmufb;l / ya'o&mZftyk cf sKyaf &; 'Dawmh olwu Ykd kd vdrv
f rd rf mrm aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif; qufqH
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...(52)
 588 udu
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ajymvdkufygonf/
uReaf wmfonf olEiS hf ok;H -av;&ufqufaeNy;D aemuf&efuek f
odkY jyefcJhygonf/

t|rykid ;f
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(53)
 590 udu
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(54)
 592 udu
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(55)
 594 udu
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(56)
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ Mu&mwGif ½k&mS ;ukv d v dk m;aom uGejf rLepfEidk if w H Ydk axmufcaH qG;aEG;
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...(57)
 598 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 599
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w½kwfESifhAD,uferfukd,fpm;vS,fwkdYu axmufcHaqG;aEG;Mu ajymygonf/
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t*FvefwGif oDwif;ESpfywfcefYapmifhyg/ NAdwdoQuGefjrLepfygwDukd
tawmfav;ukd rSwo f m;p&mygvm;[lí cH,v l u dk rf yd gonf/ yk*Kd¾ vf taMumif;Mum;rnf[k ajymygonf/
ukd;uG,frIrjyK&aom uGefjrLepfwkdY\ tjyKtrIaywnf;/ uReaf wmfwYdk {nfo h nfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;onf uGejf rLepftpk;d &
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vdypf may;ESihf aysm&f iT pf &mvli,fb0rsK;d jzpfawmh\/ tpnf;ta0; ,leD,H rnfokdYrQtaMumif;rMum;ojzifh vef'efokdY jyefcJhygawmh
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(58)
 600 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 601
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wpfO;D jzpfaomaMumifh Ekid if jH cm;wGif Mum&Snrf aeEkid yf g/ uReaf wmf jzpfonf/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(59)
 602 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 603
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uRefawmhfukdyg zdwfygonf/ vef'efrS rD;&xm;pD;oGm;&onf/ Apfwm[l;bk;d vrf;&Sd jrefrmoH½;Hk okYd oGm;a&mufygonf/ uHtaMumif;
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(60)
 604 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 605
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uRefawmfwkdY ajymMua[mMuwm wpfNrdKUvkH;Ekd;Mum;oGm;wm ... a'gufwm*Grfavsmifra&mufao;yg/ ukdoef;armifa&mufvmNyD;
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awmif;qkdMuwm ...'geJYvGwfvm&wmAsm}} [k ajymNyD; ]]aeygOD; ar;ygonf/
cifAsm;wkYd bmudpv ö mMuwmvJajymygOD;}} [k ajymygonf/ uReaf wmf OD;jrpdefonf uRefawmfwkdYtm; jyifopfEkdifiH EkdifiHa&;tajc
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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dk Mf uygonf/ ygw,f}} [lí ajymvkduf&m a'gufwm*Grfavsmifu -
...(61)
 606 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 607
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uRefawmfu ajymvQif - ay;NyD; uRefawmhfukd olYqDvm&efrSmNyD; jyefoGm;ygonf/
]][m 'gjzif&h wmaygh ...wpfEpS af vmufawmhaevkaYd vmufyg aemuf ESpf&ufwGif Akdvfodef;vIdif jrefrmjynfokdY jyefygonf/
w,f}} bDtadk tpD avaMumif;vkid ;f ESihf yg&DrmS apmifph ;D Ny;D jyefomG ;ygonf/
]]'DrSmaeyg ausmif;tyfay;r,f}} [k a'gufwm*Grfavsmifu uReaf wmfa&m oHtrwfBu;D OD;jrpdeyf g avqdyo f Ydk vkud yf MYdk uygonf/
ajymygonf/ Akdvfodef;vIdifjyefoGm;NyD;aemuf a'gufwm*Grfavsmifaeaom
oluqufNyD; ]]tJ'Dausmif;u jyifopftpkd;&eJY aqmfbGef; vufwifumG wmokYd oGm;ygonf/ vufwifumG wm[lonf a&S;tcg
wuúokdvfwkdYu jyifopfbmompum;eJY jyifopfpmay jyefYyGm;a&; uyif vufwifpum;ajymolawG taersm;aom&yfuGufjzpfaom
twGuf zGix hf m;wJaY usmif;yJ ..ausmif;emrnfu Alliance Franfaise aMumifh ac:jcif;jzpfaMumif;od&ygonf/ xk&d yfuu G o f nf aqmfbeG ;f
yJ Armvkd jyefr,fq&dk ifawmh jyifopfr[mrdwaf usmif;yJ ... tJ'D
wuúokdvf&Sdaom &yfuGufjzpfygonf/ a'gufwm*GrfavsmifxH
ausmif;rSmarmif[m wpfESpfcGJ ESpfESpfavmufae&r,f/ tJ'Du
olay;aom zkef;trSwfjzifh zkef;qufNyD;rS oGm;vkdufygonf/
atmif&if aqmfbGef; Sorbonne wuúokdvfrSm pmaya&;&m r[m
olYtcef;wGif ol\ZeD; t*FvdyftrsKd;orD;ukdawGU&\/ xkdurS
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Raspaille vrf; uRefawmfae&rnfh jyifopfr[mrdwfausmif;okdY
oifwef;ausmif;ukd wufcGifh&r,f}} [lí ajymygonf/
uRefawmfu - olu vku d yf yYdk gonf/ ausmif;wGif tcuftcJr&S/d Passpost jy&wmyJ
]]'gjzifh tawmfyJ uRefawmfu ArmjynfrSm q,fwef;txdyJ &Sdygonf/ ausmif;om;tjzpfvufcHvkduf\/ ausmif;vcuvnf;
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*Grfavsmifu - ygonf/
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vkduf&m ukdoef;armifu - oGm;Mu\/ a'gufwm*Grfavsmifuyif 'umcHygonf/ pm;aomuf
]]rylygeJY uRefawmfeJYaerSmyg ...uRefawmfhrdef;ruvnf; &if;yif a'gufwm*Grfavsmifu -
ArmjynfjyefomG ;vkYd uReaf wmfw h pfa,mufyJ ol&adS wmh tawmfygyJ}} ]]'Dausmif;rSm ae½keH rYJ Ny;D ao;bl;uG,/hf armif&ifu h jdk yifopfvdk
[lí ajymvkdufonf/ jrefjrefajymwwfatmif q&mrwpfa,mufqDrSm tyfay;r,f/
Akdvfodef;vIdifrSm jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmukd zwfaeonf/ oluaq;ausmif;olav; ...aiGvkdvkdYpmjyay;wm ...oleJY
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uReaf wmfwo Ydk nf ausmif;wuf&ef? ae&eftqifajyoGm;aom okH;vavmuf oifvkduf&if armif&if[m jyifopfvkdtawmfBuD;

aMumifh a&mufwwf&m&majymMu&if; aeYv,fpmpm;csdefa&muf ajymEkdifvmvdrfhr,f}} [k ajymygonf/
...(62)
 608 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 609
uReaf wmfah usmif;rSm aemuftywfwevFmaeYrS wuf&rnfjzpf jyrnf[ak jymygonf/ a'gufwm*Graf vsmifu wpfaygifydk ay;vku d f
ygonf/ uReaf wmfaernhf jrefrmoH½;Hk &S&d m&yfuu G rf S ajratmuf&xm; yg[k ajymaomaMumifh av;aygifay;vkdufygonf/
pD;Ny;D oGm;&ygonf/ ajratmuf&xm;blwm½k\ H ajray:blwm½kw H iG f zavmf&ifrSm olYtpfrESifhaeygonf/ aemifwGif uRefawmf
uReaf wmfomG ;vkad om blwm½k&H o dS nhf cvkwu f Edk ydS v
f u
dk af omtcg iSm;aeaom [kdw,fwGif pmvmjyay;ygonf/
,ck&yfaeaom rnfonhf blwm½k?H aemufb,fbw l m-blwmwku Yd dk uRefawmf\ pmoifcsdefrSm wevFmESifhaomMumaeYwkdY\
ausmfNyD;aomf uRefawmfoGm;rnfh blwm½kH okdYa&mufrnf[laom eHeufykdif;rsm;wGif jyifopfr[mrdwf ausmif;wGif pmoif&NyD;
vrf;ñTefonhf vQyfppf"mwfvkdif;ygaom vrf;ñTefajrykHay:vm aomMumaeY nae? paeaeYeHeufwGifzavmf&ifESifhpmoif&\/
ygonf/ þtwkdif;oDwif; av;-ig; ywfcefYNyD;aomf zavmf&ifu -
c&D;onfwkdYtwGuf tcuftcJr&Sd oGm;apEkdifygonf/ þokdY ]]&Sifhukd uRefrrdwfaqGawGeJY rdwfqufay;r,f ...tJ'DrSm
c&D ; oG m ;a&;vG , f u l & ef pD r H x m;onh f t wG u f tazmf r ygbJ uRefrvm&wmvJeD;w,f}} [k ajymNyD; 0wf½kHjzLvrf;&Sd rdom;pk
ausmif;oGm;ausmif;jyef jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/ [kw d ,fwpfcw k iG f tcef;iSm;ay;ygonf/ tcef;crSm wpfvok;H aygif
uRefawmf ukdoef;atmiftdrfwGif aeygonf/ a'gufwm ay;&\/ [kdw,fykdif&SifrSm Monsiern Revel rdom;pkykdifaom
*Graf vsmifrmS paeaeYwidk ;f jrefrmoH½;Hk okYd vmwwfojzifh uReaf wmf [kwd ,fjzpf\/ 0wf½jHk zLvrf;ukd jyifopfbmomjzifh Rue du Blanc
olEiS hf tqufrjywf qkaH wGUaecJyh gonf/ awGUwkid ;f uReaf wmfh tajc Manteau [k ac:ygonf/ &bJvf\ wpftdrfMum;wGif Monsieur
taeukd ar;wwfygonf/ Legal rpf q ,mv*g;\ td r f j zpf y gonf / ol w k d Y r d o m;pk E S i f h
oDwif;ESpyf wfceft Y MumwGif a'gufwm*Graf vsmifu uReaf wmf uReaf wmfu h dk rdwq f ufay;ygonf/ wpfywfavmuf olvmNy;D aemuf
ausmif;qif;csed w f iG f vmapmifah c:Ny;D Hotal Deville ac: jyifopf wpf v ausmf a usmf r Q a'guf w m*G r f a vsmif a &m zavmf & if y g
NrdKUawmf0ef½kH;teD;ü aexkdifaom aq;ausmif;oltrsKd;orD;wpfOD; uRefawmfhqD rvmawmhyg/
xHokdY ac:oGm;ygonf/ xkdtrsKd;orD;\ emrnfrSm zavmf&if uReaf wmft h m; &bJvrf o d m;pk? v*g;rdom;pkwuYdk cifcifrifrif
(Floraine) [k ac:ygonf/ jyifopfvdk Mademoiselle rmh'r f mG ZG,f qufqaH ygif;oif;Muaomfvnf; uReaf wmhrf mS zavmf&ifudk pdww f dk
zavmf&if [kac:ygonf/ rmh'frGmZG,f[lonfrSm tysKd trsKd;orD; aerdygonf/
t*Fvyd v f dk Miss [k ok;H aom tok;H rsK;d jzpfonf/ b,fv*f s, D vH rl sK;d t*Fvdyfpum; vkH;0rwwfonhftdrfwGif jyifopfvkdom
jzpfygonf/ ajym&&m em;rvnfwmawGrsm; aeygonf/ rsm;aomaMumifh
olonf &nfrGefaom azmfa&Gaom trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf BudK;pm;avYusifhojzifh uRefawmf [kdem;'Dem;oGm;vmjzpfNyD;?
jzpfygonf/ a'gufwm*Graf vsmifu uReaf wmht f aMumif;ukd ajymjy aps;0,fEdkifoGm;ygawmhonf/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh jyifopfpum;oH
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

&mwGif ausmif;vcrSm t*FvdyfaiG okH;aygifom awmif;ygonf/ av,l a vod r f ; uk d v nf ; aumif ; ? jyif o pf p mrS 0gusrsm;uk d
wpfywfwGif ESpfBudrf? aomMumnaeESifh paeaeYeHeufykdif;wGif vnf;aumif; em;vnfvmygawmhonf/
...(63)
 610 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 611
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uRefawmhfxH NyHK;pdpdrsufESmay;ESifh a&mufvmygonf/ *ku d v
f yk &f olxw J iG f Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;vnf;ygygonf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D
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k f uReaf wmfausmif;rwufb?J olcidk ;f
rSmrkdY wrifrvmwm}} [k zavmf&ifu ajymygonf/ a'gufwm onht f vkyv f yk af y;? ykcYd ikd ;f onhf ae&mykaYd y;ae&ygonf/ uReaf wmfh
*Grfavsmifuyg oabmwlypfxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;vnf; od&yg twGuf aumif;onfrmS uReaf wmf xrif;0,frpm;&awmhyg? pm;orQ
awmhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;uom tukefcHygonf/ uRefawmhf axmufyHhaMu;aiG
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dk wfwm ..Ekrd &Ydk iS u f jyifopfvdk rukefawmhyg/ jyefcgeD;wGif uRefawmfhukd aygif 50 yifay;oGm;
rwwfbJ uRerf om t*Fvyd pf m wk;d oGm;rSm}} [k qufajymygonf/ ygao;onf/
a'gufwm*Grfavsmifu - þokdY yg&Dvrf;ñTefvkyf&if;? ausmif;wuf&if;? avYvm&if;
]]armif&if 'DrmS qufaeEkid af tmif armif&ifaewJY ausmif;tkyf jzifyh if uReaf wmfonf jyifopfpmayukd tawmftuRr;f 0ifrv d m\/
Bu;D &JU axmufccH suf ..jrefrmoH½;Hk &JUaxmufccH su/f Ekid if jH cm;a&;½k;H
jyifopfpmayavmurS owif;pmq&mwkdYESifhvnf; &if;ESD;cJh&yg
&JU axmufccH suaf wGawmif;ay; ..armif&ifh Passport ay; tm;vk;H
onf/ þokdYjzifh uRefawmfonf jyifopfjynfwGif aeom;wus
ukd igyJvyk af y;r,f ...armif&ifvu dk zf rYdk vkb d ;l }} [lí ajymygonf/
&SdvmcJhygonf/
þokjYd zifh uReaf wmfonf jyifopfEidk if w H iG f aemufxyf wpfEpS f
we*FaEGESpfywfvQif wpfBudrfrQ a'gufwm*Grfavsmif (aemif
wdwd aecGifh&oGm;ygonf/
tcgwGif jrefrmEkdifiHü a'gufwm armifjzL;jzpfvmol) ESifhtwl
þokdY ae&jcif;taMumif;aMumifh uRefawmfonf jyifopf
jynf\apwemh0efxrf;c&D;oGm; vrf;ñTef*kduf&mxl;ukd &&Sdvkdufyg jrefrmoH½;Hk okYd oGm;vnfMuNy;D jrefrmEkid if rH o S wif;pmrsm;ukd zwfavh
awmhonf/ &Syd gonf/ xkt d csed wf iG f jrefrmoH½;Hk ü oHtrwfBu;D wm0ef,al eolrmS
jrefrmEkid if rH aS &mufvmMuonhf tpk;d &tzGUJ 0if0efBu;D rsm;rStp OD;aZmf0if;jzpfNyD; ZeD;rSm a':0ifeDjzpfygonf/
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wpfcgwpf&HwGif oDwif;wpfywfcefYae&olawGtwGuf c&D; OD;aZmf0if;wkYd rdom;pkEiS hf uReaf wmftwlw&l if;ES;D pGm aexkid q f ufqH
oGm;vrf;ñTeftzGJUwkdYESifh xnfhvkduf&wmrsKd;awG &Sdwwfygonf/ cJhMuygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uRefawmf vkdufrykdY&aom olwkdYrSm ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cif? a':'*kef rdom;pkrsm;uvnf; ½k;d om;jzLpifMuNy;D cifrifpmG qufqw H wf
cifcifav;ESihf ½ky&f iS rf if;orD;ar&Djrifw h u Ydk o
dk m vku d rf yk&Yd jcif;jzpfyg olrsm;jzpfMu\/
...(64)
 612 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 613
uRefawmfESifhcifrifaom 'kwd,rdom;pkrSm 'kwd,twGif;0ef ]]rylygeJAY sm...armif&ifpmqufoif&rSmyg...}} [kajymNy;D
OD;pkd;wifh? a':cifMunfrdom;pkjzpf\/ orD;wpfOD;&Sd&m wl;wl;[k uReaf wmft h m; jyifopfEkdifiH? EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme? EkdifiH&yfjcm;
ac:Mu\/ oabmaumif;vSaom rdom;pkjzpfygonf/ qufqHa&;XmerS t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfol Mosieur Jovan Grandi
½kH;tzGJUrSL;jzpfonhf ukdoef;atmifrSm uRefawmf jyifopfwGif rpöwma*smfAef*&ef'DESifh awGUqkHrdwfqufay;ygonf/ olonf
aepOfrSmyif jrefrmjynfokdY jyefoGm;\/ olYae&mokdY a&muf&Sdaom ta&SUEkid if rH sm;ukd pdw0f ifpm;ol oabmaumif;ol wpfO;D jzpfonf/
u&iftrsK;d om; OD;apmz½l;wkYd rdom;pkEiS vhf nf; uReaf wmftxl;yif a'gufwm*Graf vsmifu uReaf wmfonf uk, d phf &dwEf iS u
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cifrifcJhygonf/ xkdrSwpfyg;jyifopfEkdifiH&Sd jrefrmoH½kH;wGif wm0ef pmoifaeoljzpfaMumif;ajymí rpöwm*&ef'Du pdwf0ifpm;oGm;NyD;
xrf;aqmifaeMuaom jyifopfEkdifiHom; ,mOfarmif;? pma&; uRefawmhftm; ynmoiftaxmufyHhcH ausmif;om;tjzpftwGuf
(t*FvdyfvlrsKd;) polwkdYESifhvnf; cifrif&ygonf/ Bourser (blpda,) &&Sd&ef ulnDrnf[kajymygonf/ uRefawmfh
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[l;*kdvrf;rS Rue Ampere (½l;atmef;yJ) vrf;okdY ajymif;a&TUNyD; vnf; ykdírvG,fyg/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf jyifopfEkdifiHtpkd;&\
jzpfygonf/ EkdifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ukd axmufyHhonfh taxmuftyHhcH
ausmif;om;tjzpf a'gufwm*GrfavsmifaMumifh &&SdoGm;ygawmh
tawGUtBuHKrsm;aom a'gufwm*GrfavsmifESifhtwl onf/
1952 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufumv xkdaiGukd ausmif;jyefzGifhaom 1952 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv
jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfu aEG&moDoifwef;rsm;ukd wufvsuf&Sdyg wpf&ufaeYrS pwifcHpm;cGifh&vkdufygonf/
xkdokdYvG,fulpGm taxmuftyHh&&Sd&jcif;taMumif; wpfcsuf
onf/ taMumif;rSm ausmif;ydwf&ufumvtwGif; jyifopfpmESifh
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tm;ay;aeaom tcsed jf zpfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh Ekid if &H yfjcm;rS jyifopf
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pmoif,lolwkdYtm; axmufyHhaMu;ay;avh&Sday&m uRefawmfonf
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vufwiG &f xdS m;aom aygifaiGuav;rSm enf;-enf;vmawmhonf/ tvrf;ukd &&SdcJhygawmhonf/
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jyifopfpmESifhpum;ukd toifhtwifhajymEkdifa&;Ekdifaom qufo, G Nf rJ qufo, G vf su&f ydS gonf/ usL&Sivf c&,fvrYdk [kwb f J
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uReaf wmfonf jyifopfjynfrS atmifvufrw S w

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txd pmqufoifcsifaeygonf/ a'gufwm*Grfavsmifu - owif;pmrsm;zwfEkdif&ef oifay;cJhygonf/
...(65)
 614 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 615
1952 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv\ wpfeeH ufcif;jzpfygonf/ we*FaEG rmh'frGmZG,f*smeif;a&an (Janine Re Gnier)
aeY jzpfygonf/ zkef;oHMum;aomaMumifh ukdifvkdufaomtcg Janine Re Gnier rSm touf 30 ausmc
f ef[
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uRefawmfhtm; rdwfaqGjzpfcsifaMumif;? tm;vyf&ufwpf&ufwGif tvSBuD;r[kwfaomfvnf; Munhfaysmf½Iaysmf&Sdaom &kyf&nf&Sdyg
vmawGUvkdaMumif; ajymygonf/ uRefawmfu ,ckyif uRefawmf onf/ olt Y m; jrefrmoH½;Hk rS 'kw,
d twGi;f 0efO;D pk;d wifu h rdwq
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tm;ygonf[kajymí rMumrDyif ola&mufvmygonf/ ay;í od&jcif;jzpfonf/
olonf vlacsmwpfa,mufjzpff\/ [kdw,ff\ {nfhcef;wGif
xkdaeYu oH½kH;okdYoGm;aeusr[kwfaom aomMumaeYwGif
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OD;pkd;wifhu rdwfqufay;aomtcg -
wwfojl zpf\/ ta&SUzsm;bmompum;rsm;ukd avYvmaeoljzpf\ f /
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jrefrmpmoifvkdí uRefawmfhukd rdwfqufjcif;jzpfygonf/
pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f/ uRefr oD[kdVfuRef;ukdvJa&mufzl;ygw,f/
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olESifhuRefawmfrSm a&S;a&puf&Sd[efwlygonf/ uRefawmfESifh ajym\/
pawGUonhfaeYrSpNyD; cifrifoGm;awmh\/ uRefawmftvGefpdwf0ifpm;oGm;ygonf/ tHhMooGm;onf/
olu uReaf wmht f m; jrefrmEkid if t
H aMumif; ta&SUzsm;Ekid if rH sm; Ak'b¨ momjyifopftrsK;d orD;? Ak'b¨ momwJ?h owif;axmufw?hJ
taMumif;uko d cd sio f jzifh uReaf wmfEiS hf rdwaf qGzUJG &aMumif; ajymyg xkdpum;vkH;wkdYaMumifh olYukd uRefawmfpdwf0ifpm;oGm;ygonf/
onf/ olzdwfac:ojzifh olYtdrfokdYa&mufcJhygonf/
uRefawmfuvnf; ½k&Sm;jynfoGm;csifoljzpfaMumif;? okdYaomf ESpfOD;om;jrefrmEkdifiHtaMumif;? Ak'¨bmomtaMumif;wkdY
oGm;cGifhrBuHKcJhojzifh yg&DwGif aomifwifae&aMumif;? ½k&Sm; ajymMu&if; uReaf wmf½&k mS ;jynf ra&mufco hJ nft h wGuf b0ifrus
taMumif;ukd odcsifaMumif; olYukdajymygonf/ wmESifhywfoufNyD; *smeifa&anu -
okEYd iS yhf if oltY m; uReaf wmfu jrefrmpmoifay;ouJo h Ydk olu ]]&Sif½k&Sm;ukd ra&mufwm0rf;omvkdufyg/ olwkdY0g'jzefYwJh
vnf; t*Fvyd v f b dk momjyefxm;onhf jyifopf0w¬Kwu Ydk dk &Smay;Ny;D ? uGef&ufxJa&mufoGm;&if jyefxGufzkdY cufoGm;Ekdifw,f/ olwkdY
,SOfzwfckdif;NyD; jyifopfpmwkd;wuf&ef tultnDay;ygonf/ vQKUd 0Su&f tJ zGUJ u tm;aumif;w,f/ olwu Ydk olwq Ydk aD &mufomG ;wJh
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

þokdYjzifh &if;ESD;cJhay&m ol\tdrfonfyif uRefawmf\ pm;tdrf olqkd&ifjyefxGufcGifhr&atmif tuGufqifwwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh

aomuftdrf jzpfvmygawmhonf/ ra&mufwmuHaumif;ygayw,f}} [k ajymygonf/
...(66)
 616 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 617
uRefawmf\pdwfwGif ½kwfw&uftHhMooGm;onf/ uRefawmfh rpöavmifpfbm&D\ toHrSm MoZm&Sd\/ ol\wynfhwkdYukd
txifwiG f ½k&mS ;wko Yd nf [pfwvmemZDavmufrqk;d [k xifrcd \ hJ / aumif;pGm xde;f Ekid \
f / wynhw f u Ydk vnf; olu Y adk v;pm;yk&H ygonf/
uReaf wmfwYdk uGejf rLepfrsm;onf ½k&mS ;ESiyhf wfoufvQif tvGef ]]t}} w&m;rSww f mem;cku
d w
f iG f a&anu uReaf wmfEiS hf rpöavmifpf
avh&SdMu\/ bm&Dudk rdwq f ufay;\/ t*Fvyd v f jdk zpfygonf/ uReaf wmfuvnf;
uReaf wmfwYdk uGejf rLepfrsm;onf½&k mS ;\ twGi;f o½kyu f rdk odbJ t*Fvdyfvkdajymojzifh tqifajyoGm;ygonf/
½k&Sm;jynfxJokdYvnf; ra&mufbl;yJ? ½k&Sm;wpfa,mufukdrSvnf; rpöavmifpfbm&Du -
rodygbJ ½k&mS ;ESiyhf wfoufvQif wpfzufouf,MkH unfwwfMuonf/ ]]uRerf 'DrmS vkyw
f m[m uRerf wkAYd 'k b ¨ momuajymwJY y#dywåd
xkaYd Mumifh uReaf wmfwo Ydk nf ½k&mS ;ESiyhf wfoufvQif vlt oufouf tvkyf ...vufawGUw&m;usiw hf hJ tvkyyf jJ zpfygw,f/ vef'efu
awG jzpf&awmhonf/ oifay;wJhtwkdif;oifay;wmyg/ 'DuvlawG avhusifhMuygw,f/
wpfaeYwGif rmh'frGmZG,f-a&anu uRefawmfhtm; olYtdrfokdY uRerf u pmpum;xuf vufawGUusiw hf mukBd uKd uof vkd 'DuvlawG
ac:ojzifh ol\tdro f o Ydk mG ;cJyh gonf/ olaeaom &yfuu G t f rnfudk
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rrSwfrdawmhyg/ a&anu rpö-avmifpfbm&D Miss Louns Burry
[k ajymygonf/
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olwkdYukd rpöavmifpfbm&Du ur®|mef;jyaeonfukd awGU&ygonf/ vnf; qufajymygonf/
rpöavmifpfbm&Donf Ak'¨bmom0if trsKd;orD;jzpfNyD; olu uReaf wmfonf olpY um;ukd Mum;&aomtcg ESpaf xmif;tm;&
jyifopfov Ydk mNy;D Ak'o ¨ moem jyefyY mG ;atmif aqmif&u G af eaMumif; jzpfrdygonf/
od&ygonf/ q,frdepfcefYMumaomf olwkdY 0ifavxGufavrSwfjcif;ukd
uReaf wmfwaYdk &mufomG ;aomtcg ol\ w&m;usio fh w l t Ydk m;- wpfzef jyefpMu\/ uReaf wmfEiS ahf &anwko Yd nf tvku d of pd mG yif
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ok;H Burd q f cdk idk ;f wmukd awGU&\/ jyifopfbmomjzifh pdwu f w dk nfNird zf Ydk jyifopfjynfrSmaepOfcg
vkad Mumif;? pdww f nfNird &f ef 0ifavxGuaf vukd rSw&f efajymygonf/
þokdYESmoD;zsm;rS 0ifvmaomav? xGufvmaomavukd rSwfrS þenf;tm;jzifyh if uReaf wmfonf jyifopfjynfwiG f aeom;us
pdwNf ird rf nf/ pdwNf ird rf S w&m;a[mrnf/ tdrrf mS vnf;vkyEf idk af Mumif; vmygonf/ uReaf wmfEiS &hf if;ES;D aeNyjD zpfaom rmh'rf mG ZG,zf avmf&if?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ajymygonf/ 15 rdepfcefY 0ifavxGufavrSwfNyD; em;ckdif;wmukd rGefpD,m*Refy,f&ef? a&anpolwkdYESifh tawGUrysuf? oH½kH;okdYvnf;

awGU&\/ paeaeYwkdif; jrefrmowif;pmrsm;zwf&ef toGm;rysufcJhyg/
...(67)
 618 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 619
xkjYd yif uReaf wmftm;vyfcsed rf sm;wGif jywku d rf sm;okYd oGm;Munhf olum; jyifopfpmjyq&mwpfOD;jzpfNyD; uRefawmfoif,laeaom
jcif;? jyZmwfMunhfjcif;? ½kyf&SifMunhfjcif;wkdYvnf; wpfOD;wnf; jyifopfr[mrdwfausmif;rS q&mwpfOD;jzpfonf/ jyifopfEkdifiHa&;
Munhw f wf? avYvmwwfvmygonf/ xkrd w S pfyg; jyifopfw;D 0kid ;f rsm; wuúokdvfausmif;rS q&mjzpfoifbGJUukd &&Sdxm;olvnf;jzpfonf/
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wD;rIwfazsmfajzaom wD;0kdif;rsm;jzpfMu\/ ygwDrmS rS yg0ifjcif;r&Sb d J "r®"|d mefusus a0zefo;Hk oyfaeavh&o dS l
txl;ojzifh atmfy&m ac: (Opera) jyifopf*EÅ0ifwv D ;Hk rsm;? jzpfonf/ olu uRefawmfhtm; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymqkdavh&Sdygonf/
*Dwrsm;ukd em;axmifwwfvmygonf/ rmh'rf mG ZG,-f a&an\ tul olaY Mumifyh if jyifopfjynf\ Ekid if aH &;tajctaeukd txku d t
f avsmuf
tnDjzifh pmayynm&Sifrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;\ a[majymyGJrsm;okdY od&edS m;vnfciG &hf cJyh gonf/ olaY Mumifyh if jyifopfEidk if aH &;ESihf urÇmY
vnf;wufa&mufem;axmifcJh&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh emrnfausmf EkdifiHa&;taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd "r®"d|mef ususa&;om;azmfjyavY
jyifopfuGefjrLepfuAsmq&m Louis Aragon (vl0Dtm&m*Gef) \ &Sdaom Le Monde (vrGef;) þurÇmtrnf&Sd odu©m&Sdaom
a[majymyG?J jyifopf'óeq&mBu;D Jeam, Paul Sartre (*Reaf ygvf owif;pmBuD; wpfapmifukd pGJpGJNrJNrJzwfjzpfcJhonf/
qwf) \ existentialism tdwfufZpfwif&S,fvpfZif ac: emrnf þae&mwGif Mum;jzwfa&;&rnfqkdvQif jyifopfowif;pm
ausmf tawG;tac:0g'ukd em;axmifcJh&ygonf/ ,if;tawG; ESpfapmifukd zwf&\/ wpfapmifrSm þurÇmrS owif;pmjzpfí
tac:0g'ukd ]]jzpfwnfrIt"du0g'}}[k qkdavY&SdMuygonf/ zavmf&ifu ckid ;f ojzifzh wf&\/ pmawGujdk yay;\/ a&;om;ok;H EIe;f
trSeftwkdif;ajym&vQif jzpfwnfrI0g'omru vufiif; ykHawGukd od&\/
vufawGU awGUBuHKcHpm;xdckdufrIjzpfapaom taMumif;w&m;u aemufowif;pmwpfapmif\ trnfrSm L' Humaninte
jy|mef;ay;onf[laom 0g'tqkdvnf;jzpfygonf/ vsLrmeDaw; owif;pmjzpf\/ vlYabmif avmu [lí jrefrmvkd
jyifopfwGifaeí jyifopfpmayukd oif,l&if;&onhftcsdefwkdY a&;&ygvdrfhrnf/ þokdYr[kwfygu vlYtzGJUtpnf;[ka&;&rnf
wGif jyifopf\ vlaerIb0rsm;? ,Ofaus;rIrsm;? orkid ;f jzpf&yfrsm;ukd xifygonf/
avhvmcJhovkdyif jyifopfjynf\ EkdifiHa&;&yf0ef;ukdvnf; rarh xkdowif;pmonf jyifopfEkdifiHwGif tawmfBuD;yif MoZm
ravsmh avhvmrdygonf/ vTrf;rkd;aeEkdifaom uGefjrLepfygwD\ owif;pmjzpfygonf/
q&mBuD; a'gufwm*Grfavsmif? oHtrwfBuD;OD;jrpdefwkdYu xkod wif;pm\ xl;jcm;csurf mS jyifopfpma&;om;zGUJ pnf;yku H dk
Oa&myEkid if rH sm;\ Ekid if aH &;ukad vYvmvkv
d Qif yg&Donf taumif;qk;H vltrsm;em;vnfatmif a&;om;wifjyEkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/
jzpfonf/ Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;\ EkdifiHa&;taMumif; avhvm&ef uReaf wmfonf xko d wif;pmukzd wf&if;ESiyhf if jyifopfpmukd aumif;pGm
vG,fonf[lí ajymcJhMu\/ em;vnfvmcJhygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

þokdYavYvmod&SdEkdif&ef a&anuJYokdYyif olwpfOD;&Sdonf/ zavmf&ifzwfcdkif;onhf tjcm;owif;pmrSm France Soir

xkdolrSm rwfqD,m-vmyGefYpf (M. La Ponce) qkdoljzpfonf/ jyifopfnaecif; owif;pmjzpfonf/ xko d wif;pm\xl;jcm;csurf mS
...(68)
 620 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 621
wpfaeYu&dk pS Bf urd x f wk af 0\/ ESpef m&DwiG f wpfapmifxu G Nf y;D owif; ywfoufvQif vGepf mG Ek;d Mum;wuf<uNy;D pnf;pnf;vk;H vk;H aqmif&u
G f
tpkqH ;Hk owif;pmjzpfygonf/ uAsm? pmnGe?Yf 0w¬Kw?dk aqmif;yg;ESihf aom vu©Pm&Sdonfukd uRefawmfawGU&onf/
owif;awGyg\/ wpf&ufwnf; &SpfBudrfxGufaomfvnf; owif;
vnf;rxyf? 0w¬K? uAsm? pmñGefY? aqmif;yg;wkdYvnf; rxyfaom urÇmhppfjyefppfrIxrf;a[mif;rsm; nDvmcHokdY
owif;pmjzpfygonf/ c&D;oGm;0goemygaom uReaf wmfonf jyifopfjynfyg&DNrKd UwGif
jyifopfwGifaeckduf olwkdY\ qufqHa&;ukdavhvmrdonf/ txku d tf avsmuf aexkid w f wfcNhJ y/D avYvmp&mwku Yd dk avYvmjzpfchJ
jyifopfwo Ydk nf cifrif&if;ES;D vG,o f rl sm;jzpf\/ Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;ukd Ny/D ausmif;pmwGiv f nf; rSerf eS w f ufNy;D twef;pmar;yGw J iG f tqifh
vnf; cGjJ cm;cGjJ cm; rvkyw f wf/ wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D awGUvQif jrefrmrsm; redrfhvS/ b0wGifaeaysmfaeaomtcsdefwGif 1952 ckESpf 'DZifbm
uJhokdY pum;ukdatmfajymwwfonf/ wpftdrfESifhwpftdrf vSrf;NyD; vv,favmufwGif jyifopfEkdifiHjrefrmoH½kH;rS uRefawmhfxH
pum;ajymwwfonf/ &efjzpfvQifvnf; toHus,fus,fESifh owif;wpfck a&mufvmonf/
atmf[pfajymqkdMuonf/ xkdowif;um; uRefawmhf MopBwD;&D;,m;EkdifiH AD,ifem
aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;okdYoGm;aomtcg jrefrmaus;vufrsm; Vienna NrdKUawmfwGif usif;yrnfh urÇmhppfjyef ppfrIxrf;a[mif;
uJYokdYyif wpf&GmvkH;ukd wpfOD;u odaewwf\/ wpfa,mufESifh tpnf;t½kH; World Veterans Organization nDvmcHokdYwuf&ef
wpfa,muf &if;ES;D yGiv hf if;pGmqufq\ H / rodíar;vQif ajzwwf\/ jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&u taMumif;Mum;aomaMumifh xkdc&D;ukdoGm;&ef
olw\ Ydk vlrq I ufqaH &;ukd tykid ;f ESpyf idk ;f cGí J avYvm&rnfqv dk Qif - BuHKjyefawmhonf/
jyifopfEidk if wH pf0ef;vk;H wGi&f adS eMuaom awmNrKd Uuav;rsm;ESihf jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&u jyifopfEkdifiH jrefrmoH½kH;okdY uRefawmf\
aus;vufawm&Gmrsm; tm;vkH;onf jyifopftrsKd;om;wkdY\ ½kd;&m
oGm;vma&;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef ñTeMf um;vku d of nft h wGuf jrefrm
oabmraysmufbJ qufqHaygif;oif;aexkdifwwfMu\/
oH½;Hk rS av,mOfvufrw S Ef iS w
hf uG c&D;oGm;a&;ukd pDpOfay;ygawmh
yg&DNrdKU? rmaq;NrdKUrS tp tjcm;aomNrdKUBuD;NrdKUi,fwkdYwGif
onf/
pufrIxGef;um;í qdyfurf;ukefwif ukefcsrsm;í? vrf;yef;
trSerf mS uReaf wmfonf rnfonhf ppfrx I rf;a[mif;tzGUJ 0ifrQ
qufoG,fa&;tcsuftcsmusí? tqkdygt&yfwkdYonf wkd;wuf
aomtoGifwkdY &SdMuaomfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufwGif jynfopf r[kwyf g/ okaYd omf Ekid if aH wmfu oGm;[k apaomtcgwGif Ekid if aH wmf
trsKd;om; p½kdufvu©Pm Nationational Character rysufbJ twGuf AD,ifemNrdKUawmfokdY xGufcJh&jyefygonf/
vlrsK;d pkH aygif;oif;qufqaH &;vu©Pm Cosmopolitan Character BudKqkdaom MopBwD;&D;,m;trsKd;orD;u uRefawmhftm;
vnf; &Sdaeonfukd awGU&onf/ jyifopfvkd EIwfqufBudKqkd\/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

jyifopfvrl sK;d wko Yd nf jrefrmwkEYd iS w hf al omtcsurf mS wpfO;D ESihf MopBw;D &D;,m;Ekid if o H nf *smrefbmompum;ajymaom Ekid if H
wpfOD; cyfcGmcGmoabmrsKd; &Sdwwfaomfvnf; trsKd;om;a&;ESifh jzpf\/ NrKd Uaevlwef;pm;rsm;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;u jyifopfvdk ajymol
...(69)
 622 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 623
rsm;Mu\/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGifvnf; jyifopfvkdajymolrsm; wku d yf w JG iG af wGUcJ&h onhf tawGUtBuKH rsm;? tcsKUd u MuifempGm tul
&Sdygonf/ tnD ay;rItaMumif;? tcsKdUu toufab;vGwf&ef ajy;vTm;cJh&
uRefawmhfukd nDvmcHusif;y&ef cef;rBuD;ESifh reD;ra0;&Sd ykHawG? tcsKdUu &,fp&mtjzpf BuHKawGUcJh&onhf tawGUtBuHKawG
[kw d ,fwpfcw k iG f ae&mcsxm;ay;\/ ukeu f sp&dwu f adk y;&efrvkyd g/ ajymMu\/ cef;rBuD;twGif; &,foHawGESifh vQHaeygonf/
xkdwGif owdxm;rdaomtcsufrSm MopBwD;&D;,m;vlrsKd;wkdYonf uRefawmfurl wpfOD;wnf;aom ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfí bmrS
*smrefwkdYuJYokdYr[kwf? udef;cef;rBuD; azmfa&GMu\/ &if;ESD;pGm ajymcGifhr&yg/ uRefawmf\ ab;wpfzufpDwGif b,fvf*sD,HESifh
qufqHMu\/ blvfa*;&D;,m; ppfrIxrf;a[mif;awG xkdifMuygonf/ olwkdYvnf;
ae&m&NyD;aemuf nDvmcH BudKqkdae&mcsxm;a&;XmeokdY bmpum;rSrajymMuyg/
oGm;NyD; owif;ykdYygonf/ xkdYaemuf [kdw,fwGif jyefem;\/ tcrf;tem;rSm aeY 12 em&Dcefw Y iG f &yfem;ygonf/ aemufaeY
aemufaeYeeH uf q,fem&DwiG f nDvmcHpygonf/ raeYu BuKd qdk wGifvnf; eHeuf q,fem&DrS pNyD; 12 em&DcefYwGif NyD;\/
aom trsKd;orD;uyif nDvmcHcef;rokdYac:oGm;ygonf/ cef;rBuD; trSefrSmtpnf;ta0;oabmraqmifyg/ awGUqkHaqG;aEG;
xJokdY 0ifvkdufaomtcg EkdifiHaygif;pkHrS ukd,fpm;vS,faygif;pkHukd MuonfhyGJoabm jzpfygonf/ tm;vkH;aysmf&TifauseyfaeMuaom
awGU& ygonf/ pifjrifah y:wGif obmywdtzGUJ rsm; xkid af eMuonf oabmukdawGU&\/ nwGif npmpm;yGJusif;yav&m tm;vkH;yif
ukd awGU&ygonf/ obmywdrsm;\ aemufausmbufwiG f pmwrf;Bu;D aysmf&TifpGmpm;aomufNyD; uyGJBuD;usif;yMuawmh\/
wpfckawGU&ygonf/ a&;xm;onhft*Fvdyfpmukd ajym&vQif - uReaf wmfu ruwwfaomaMumifh olrsm;uwmukd xkid Mf unhf
]]ppfwu dk cf ahJ om uReaf wmfwYdk ppfom;awGavmuf Nird ;f csr;f a&; ae&\/ uReaf wmfah &SU pm;yGaJ y:wGif 0kid jf zLwpfyv k if;? MuufaMumfEiS hf
ukd jrwfEkd;aomolrsm;r&SdEkdif}} [lí jzpfygonf/ tjcm; pm;zG,fawGcsxm;\/
xl;jcm;csufrSm xkdnDvmcHokdY qkdAD,uf½k&Sm;ESifhtjcm;aom vmBudKaomtrsKd;orD;u -
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d pf m;vS,rf sm; rwufMuyg/ xl;jcm;aom ]]ruwwf&if bmvkdcsifygovJ}} [k ar;í uRefawmfu -
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a[mif;rsm; wufMuygonf/ xkdolwkdYtm; nDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,f xkdtrsKd;orD;u aysmhaysmif;nifomaom wD;vkH;oHawGygonhf
rsm;u vIdufvJSpGm EIwfqufpum;ajymMuygonf/ uufqufukdcsxm;ay;ygonf/
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aMumif;? ajymrnfph um;rsm;ukd yGiv hf if;vGwv f yfpmG ajymEkid af Mumif; tm; [kdw,fokdYvkdufykdYygonf/
wkdYukdyif ajymygonf/ uRefawmf\ tjyefc&D;rSm rD;&xm;ESifhjyefcsifonhftwGuf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

EkdifiHt&yf&yfrS ppfrIxrf;a[mif;rsm;u xNyD;ajymMu\/ olwu Ydk rD;&xm;'kw, d wef;ESihf pD;cGi&hf &efppD Ofay;\/ &xm;rsm;u
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...(70)
 624 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 625
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(71)
 626 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 627
OD;ausmNf ird ;f acgif;aqmifaom tzGUJ wGif Munf;-a&-av wyfrS u xku d Re;f okv
Yd m&ef zdwMf um;ygonf/ OD;ausmNf ird ;f acgif;aqmifaom
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&Sdrnf/ uRefawmfuawmh uRefawmfhtxif ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m; wifjyxm;onhftwGuf OD;ausmfNidrf;u *sD;ywfpftm; -
'kw, d or®wjzpfol ,l*q dk vm;AD;,m; uGejf rLepfygwD aygvpfAsL½kd ]]Comrade uGe;f r&dwcf spv f idI u
f uGe;f r&dw*f s;D vyfpef YJ qk&d , S v f pf
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

b&Da,mfeD (Brioni Island) uRef;wGif a&mufaeygonf/ tqkdyg aMumif; ...,ck uGefrifazmiftzGJUeJY 'kwd,urÇmppfrwkdifrDu
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...(72)
 628 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 629
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vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJawGukd ulnDzkdYjzpfaMumif;/ taMumif;awGyJa&;&wmrsm;w,f/
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tjrif rvGrJ mS ;&atmif qkAd , D ufEidk if u H urÇmuh eG jf rLepftzGUJ csKyu
f dk taeeJY oifhavsmfovkd vkyfaqmifcsifMuygw,f/ olwkdYu olwkdY
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dk vm;AD;,m;Ekid if H ½k&mS ;awG&UJ MoZmcHtjzpfeYJ ae&r,ft h aetxm;rsK;d ukd jzpfapcsiMf u
uvnf; oabmwlygaMumif;/ ygw,f/ uReaf wmfwu Ydk ½k&mS ;jynf Ekid if rH [kwwf t YJ wGuf ½k&mS ;awG
,ck uGerf ifazmiftzGUJ qkw d muawmh Communist Information ajymwkdif; vkdufrvkyfwmursm;vmygw,f/ aemufqkH;usawmh
olwkdYu uRefawmfwkdYukd uGefrifazmifu xkwfy,fvkdufygw,f/
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uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;jynfukdawmh 0ifrwkdufygbl;/
tzGUJ zGUJ cJah Mumif;? 'DtzGUJ ukd Cominform vkaYd c:aMumif;? 'DtzGUJ &JU
xkwfypfvkdufwJY &nf&G,fcsufuawmh wpfurÇmvkH;rSm&SdwJY
a<u;aMumfoHESifh owif;pmuawmh tm;vkH;ESifhqkdifwJY tywfpOf
uGefjrLepfygwDawGU&JU 0kdif;y,fjcif;cH&atmif txD;usefjzpfatmif
owif;pmuawmh Weekly Bulletin 0D;uvD;blvw f if&UJ acgif;pnf;
vkyfvkdufwJY oabmyJ/ uRefawmfwkdYukd txD;usefjzpfNyD; tm;i,f
u a<u;aMumfoHESpf&yfukd aygif;pnf;xm;wJY acgif;pD;jzpfw,f/ oGm;atmif vkyv f udk w
f o hJ abmyJ/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmfwYdk tm;i,f
tJ'guawmh - roGm;ygbl;/ ykdNyD;awmif tm;BuD;oGm;ygw,f/ bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh
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For A People's Democracy jzpfygw,f/ qufqHEkdifwJh tcGifhaumif;BuD;ukd &cJhwmaMumifhjzpfygw,f/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uGefjrLepfygwD XmecsKyfjzpfygw,f/ armfpukdrSm&SdwJY XmecsKyfyg/ ajruGuif ,fav;wpfck avmufomykid Nf y;D usew f muawmh pkaygif;
uRefawmfwkdYukd tjrJwrf;BuD;MuyfuGyfuJygw,f/ aemifrSmawmh v,f,muom ykdifygw,f/
...(73)
 630 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 631
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&wJY v,form;awG MoZmr&Sb d J ygwDAsL½ku d &ufawG ckid ;f wJt h wkid ;f awGUMur,f}} [k rSmcJh\/
vkyfukdifcJh&wmrsKd;jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfrsKd;uawmh tpkd;&u OD ; ausmf N id r f ; onf rm&S , f v f w D ; wk d ; tyef ; ajzaeaom
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pkaygif;v,f,mavmufawmif rwkd;wufbl;/ xHwGifusefcJhygonf/ rm&S,fvfwD;wkd;\ ukd,fa&;twGif;a&;rSL;
NcKH vudk &f if ½k&mS ;jynfrmS vGwv f yfpmG vkyuf idk cf iG rhf &wJt h wGuf rpöwm*s,f*sD,myg usefcJhygonf/
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uRefawmfwkdYwkdif;jynfrSmawmh uRefawmfwkdYu AsL½kdua&pD *sD;vyfpfu -
enf;eJY pDrcH efcY w JG rYJ 0l g'ukd pGev Yf wT vf u dk yf gw,f/ v,f,mvkyif ef;eJY ]]uJ odcsiw f mawGar;Asm ...uReaf wmfwu Ydk vnf; cifAsm;wkYd
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(74)
 632 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 633
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ship of Proletariat t&if;rJh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;\ tmPm&Sif
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pum;&yfu Sovereignty of Labour vkyt f m;ykid &f iS w
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tcg twdtus a&;om;azmfjycJhwmuawmh - *sD;vyfpfu qufajymonfrSm -
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"e&SifblZGm vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ae&mwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf vlYabmif ajymcJhonfrSm "All I know is that I am not a marxist " [lí
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wGif vlwpfO;D csi;f pD\ vGwv f yfpmG jzpfay:wk;d wufroI nf vltm;vk;H ukd usio hf ;Hk Mur,fh qk&d ,S v
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bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we (or®musrf;pm) vkd oabmrxm;bJ odyÜHynm&yfukd avYvmovkd
shall have and association, in which the free development of avYvm&r,f}} [lí ajymygw,f/
each is the condition for the free development of all xkdpum; ajymNyD;pum;ukd cPem;vkdufNyD;rS qufajymonfrSm -
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(75)
 634 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 635
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vkyif ef;awGrmS atmifjrifrrI &bl;/ 'Dtcsed rf S vDeifu 1922 ckEpS rf mS tdef*s,fvfwkdY[m rdrdwkdYomawmfw,f rdrdwkdYomwwfw,fvkdY
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vkyfaqmifEkdif&ef qGD'ifEkdifiHü t"dutm;jzifh aqmif&GufaewJY ]]usKyfajymwmawG oabmwlyg&JUvm;}} [kar;ygonf/
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vkaYd jymcJwh ,f/ ajymcJw h tYJ wGi;f rSmyJ vDeif[m aoewfEiS t hf ypfc&H Ny;D ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ rodwmawGtrsm;Bu;D ukd od&vkYd auseyf
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(76)
 636 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 637
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b&Da,mfeDuRef;ukd roGm;awmhbl;? or®wu yg&DukdoGm;ckdif;vkdY 0ifcGifh&jcif;jzpfygonf/
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odcsifwmawGod&\/ axmufyHhaMu;&onfh EkdifiHjcm;om;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;
uRefawmfwnf;ckdonfh [kdw,fcef;okdYa&mufvQif uRefawmf pDpOfxm;onhf jyifopfpmayorkid ;f ESihf jyifopfbmomqkid &f m rGr;f rH
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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twGuf uRefawmfausmif;wufNrJ qufwufaeygonf/ rodyg/
...(77)
 638 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 639
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jynf\ Ekid if aH &;tajctaeukd avYvmaerdygonf/ qufE, T ef ;D pyf jyifopfqkd&S,fvpfygwD\ tiftm;onf tawmfyif BuD;rm;
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ukdvnf; avYvmrdvkdufygonf/ tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;ay:wGif tawmfyifoufa&mufcyhJ gonf/
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tawmfrsm;rsm; - EkdifiH vIyf&Sm;rIygwDonf jyifopfvlxkay:wGif MoZmanmif;aom
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(78)
 640 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 641
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G af &;ygwD w,fvDzkef;qufygonf/ uRefawmfhtm; tjrefqkH;jyefvm&ef
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taMumif;ukd txl;ajym&efrvkdyg/ ]]'DrSm wpfESpfxyfae&if bGJU&awmhrSm ...bGJU&wJhtxd
taemuf*smreD F.R.G rSm t"dutm;jzifh ygwDBuD;ESpfygwD aeyg&apOD;}} [kajym&m AkdvfcsKyfatmifBuD;u -
&Sdygonf/ c&pf,mef'Drkdu&ufygwDESifh qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufygwDwkdY ]]bGUJ vkcd si&f if aemufxyf xyfyaYdk y;r,f? ckawmh jrefjrefjyefc?hJ
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ukd zefw;D aeMuonfh ygwDjzpfygonf/ wpfvn S pfh aD &G;aumufyw JG iG f rMumrD uRefawmhftjyefp&dwftwGuf aiGa&mufvmygonf/
tEkdif&MuNyD; tpkd;&tzGJU zGJUEkdifMuonf/ av,mOfysHESifhjyefvm&ef jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfonf xkdaiGrsm;ukd
taemuf*smreDwGif uGefjrLepfygwD tiftm;ajymyavmuf
a<u;wifaeojzifh a<u;qyfvkduf\/ uRefawmf 1955 ckESpf
atmif r&Sdyg/
twGif;okdY a&mufonftxd rjyefjzpfao;yg/
tDwvDEkdifiHwGifum; EkdifiHa&;ygwDtawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdygonf/
xkdtcgwGif jrefrmEkdifiHokdY B.B. Line oabFmvkdif;ESifhjyef&ef
tDwvDueG jf rLepfygwDum; tiftm;aumif;aom ygwDjzpfygonf/
oabFmvufrw S u f dk vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH½;Hk rS pDpOfay;&ef wm0efay;
okdY&mwGif tpkd;&tzGJU zGJUEkdifonftajctaeokdY ra&mufcJhyg/
tpkd;&rzGJUEkdifaomfvnf; a'oEÅ&a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,f ojzifh vef'efjrefrmoH½;Hk u taMumif;Mum;aomaMumifh uReaf wmf
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pydefEkdifiHwGifrl pydefAkdvfcsKyfBuD;z&efukd\ tpkd;&tzGJUu rxGufcGmrD yg&D&Sd zavmf&ifpaom rdwfaqGrsm;ausmif;rS
wpfygwDpepfykHpH tkyfcsKyfaeonfukd awGU&ygonf/ tmPm&Sif rdwaf qGrsm;ukEd w I q f uf\/ jyifopftpk;d &xHwiG f uReaf wmfjh yefac:í
z&efuo dk nf 1939 ckEpS u f pydeEf idk if v
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jzKwfcsNyD; tmPm&&SdvmcJhaomoljzpfygonf/ olwkdYqDwGif ESpfESpfeD;yg; oifwef;wufcJhaMumif; axmufcHpm
qGD'ifEkdifiHESifhywfoufí avYvmrd&mwGif qDG'ifEkdifiHonf ay;vkduf\/ a'gufwm*GrfavsmifrSm jyefESifhNyDjzpfí EIwfquf&ef
or0g,rpepfjzifh xGef;um;aeaom 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHjzpfonf/ rvkdawmhyg/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfvsuf&SdMu\/ uGefjrLepfygwDum; vkyfNyD; vDAmylqdyfurf;okdY qif;cJh\/ xkdtcsdefum; 1955 ckESpf?

xkdEkdifiHwGif vkH;0vIyf&Sm;í r&cJhay/ Zefe0g&Dv aemufqkH;ywf[k rSwfrdvkdufygonf/
...(79)
 642 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm;
uRefawmhfxHykdYaomaiGrsm;rSm jr0wDr*¾Zif;wkdufrSykdYaom
aiGrsm;jzpfaMumif; jr0wDt,f'w D mcsKyf jzpfol ukjd rvIid u
f ajymjyyg
onf/ yxrwifyaYdk y;aomaiGrsm;ukd uReaf wmfa<u;qyfvu dk af om
aMumifh csufcsif;rjyefcJhjzpfyg/ jrefrmEkdifiHjyefa&mufaomtcg
jr0wDr*¾Zif;wGif pma&;NyD; pmrlcrsm;ukd uRefawmf a<u;qyfvkduf
onhfaiGtwGuf jzwf,lMuí uRefawmfpmrlcr&cJhyg/
yg&DwGif aomifwifcJhpOfu aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;omvQif
pmzwfolrsufarSmufokdY wifqufEkdifcJhygawmhownf;/

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1955 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvukefcgeD;jzpfonf/
uRefawmfpD;vmaom B.B. line oabFmonf &efukefjrpf
twGif;okdY wa&GUa&GU0ifcJhavNyD/
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av;ESpfausmfa0;cJhaom jrefrmjynfjzpfygonf/
yifv,f0uyifpwifNyD; a&Ta&mif0if;vsuf&Sdaom a&Twd*Hk
apwDawmfBuD;udk zl;awGU&\/ uRefawmf\ &ifonf MunfEl;rIjzifh
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uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmrsm;\ txdrf;trSwf tarGtESpftjzpf
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aomfvnf; uRefawmfonf oabFmay:rS apwDawmfBuD;tm;
zl;ajrmf&if; auseyfaerdygonf/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(80)
 644 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 645
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a&mufNyD; tdrfwGif ESpf&ufrQomaeygonf/ onfvdkYa&;Asm}} [k ajym\/ uRefawmfu ]]tJ'Dvdkra&;csifbl;Asm?
uRefawmf OD;AaqGudk oGm;awGUygonf/ uRefawmfu 'Dxufus,f0ef;wm a&;p&mawG&Sdaew,f}} [k
]]tpfudkBuD;OD;AaqG uRefawmfjyefa&mufygNyD/ AkdvfatmifBuD; ajymrd\/ udkjrvdIifu ]]a&;Asm? tck rwfvqef;rSmyJay;/ {NyDv
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f ikd Nf y;D uReaf wmf
OD;AaqGu ]]at;uG? Akv d af tmifBu;D ac:wmvnf; igwkeYd w YJ idk yf ifNy;D rS a&;&rnfhacgif;pOfudk pa&;vdkuf\/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wpfcgrSroHk;
ac:wmyJ/ 'DrSm tvkyfawG&Sdw,f/ zqyvudk jyefpnf;½Hk;zdkYyJ/ aompmvHk; ]]yg&DwGifaomifwifcJhpOfu}} [líjzpf\/ uavmif
ckawmh rif;em;csif&if wpfvavmufem;vdkufOD;}} [kajymonf/ trnfudk udkudkarmif[lí ay;cJh\/
uReaf wmf OD;AaqGqrD t S jyefwiG f Akv
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awGUNyD;ygNyD}} rGepf ,
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ajymygonf/ Akv d af tmifBu;D rSm uReaf wmfEiS hf oxHo k ed ;f armifwu Ydk kd q&mru uRefawmfhtm; rGefpD,mudkudk[lí ac:vdkufygonf/
axmufyHhulnDoljzpfygonf/ wpfwef;vHk; yGJusoGm;\/
ppf½;kH rStjyefwiG f uReaf wmfjr0wDr*¾Zif;wku d o f Ydk oGm;ygonf/ uRefawmfu udk,fhudk t*Fvdyftu©&mau (K) ESifhaygif;\/
32 vrf;wGif&Sd\/ xdkwGif udkjrvdIifESifhawGU&ygonf/ xdkpOfu jyifopftoHxGufrSm pD (C) ESifhaygif;\ pDtdk (CO CO) rSm
udkjrvdIifrSm jr0wDr*¾Zif;\ t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfaeNyD/ udkjrvdIifu a,mufsm;uav;i,fwkdYtm; cspfpEdk;ac:onfhtrnfjzpfygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

NyHK;pdpdrsufESmxm;ESifh ]]cifAsm; uRefawmfwkdYudk awmfawmfacgif;½Iyf xdkYaMumifh uRefawmfhtm; udkudk[kac:vdkufjcif;rSm uav;av;udk

atmifvkyfwJhvlyJAsm? AkdvfcsKyfwifazu cifAsm;udk tawmfa'gyG ac:wmESifhwlí 0dkif;&,fMujcif;jzpfygonf/
...(81)
 646 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 647
uRefawmf uavmifemrnfa&G;aomtcg udkudk[ka&G;\/ aemifaomtcgwGif yrnwacgif;aqmifjzpfvmrnfh zqyv
okaYd omf pma&;q&mudu k u
kd &SNd y;D om;rdYk udu
k akd emufwiG f armifwpfv;kH wGifyg0ifaom awmifolv,form; tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmif
wdk;NyD; udkudkarmif[lí uavmiftrnfwGifcJhyg\/ tcsKdUonf xkdpOfu 0efBuD;vnf;jzpf? awmifolv,form;tpnf;
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tajctaeudk owif;pmrsm;zwf&if; rdwaf qGawGEiS ahf jymMu&if;u tpnf;t½Hk;rS acgif;aqmiftcsdKUonf wkwf? "m;? ykqdef ponf
odvm&aomtcsufudk ajymjycsifygonf/ wkdYudkudkifNyD; owif;pmwdkufrsm;udk zsufqD;cJhMuonf/
xkt d csuuf m; tmPm&zqyvtzGUJ Bu;D \ tm;enf;csuaf wG xdkumvuyif vlxk\ tHhMorItxifao;rIwkdY pwifcJh&mu
taMumif;jzpfygonf/ 1955 ckEpS yf ikd ;f umvokaYd &mufaomtcg rif;vS ajcmufavmif;NyKd if
zqyvtzGJUBuD;onf 1945-48 ckESpfwGif vlxkMum;ü jzpf&yf? igef;ZGeaf v;avmif;NyKd ijf zpf&yf tp&Sad omjzpf&yfwu Ydk vnf;
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jzpfonftxd tm;aumif;cJ\ h / okaYd omf Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;&Spd Ofu vmapcJhaMumif; rjiif;omapaom taMumif;rsm;jzpfcJhonf/
vlxk\MunfndKtm;udk;rI&cJhaom zqyvtzGJUBuD;onf 1955 xkt d aMumif;rsm;aMumifh zqyvtzGUJ csKyu f jkd yefvnfzUJG pnf;&ef
tzGUJ csKyaf cgif;aqmifrsm;u pDpOf&awmh\/ xdaYk Mumifh 1955 ckEpS f
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ESifhqkdifaom? tcGifhtmPmESifh zqyvESifhqkdifaom? tzGJUcsKyfESifh ]]'DaeY zqyvtzGUJ csKy&f UJ tajctaet& zqyvtzGUJ csKyu f kd
qkid af omta&;wkw Yd iG f a&maxG;,Suw f if zqyvtzGUJ 0iftcsKUd u jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&r,f/ zGJUpnf;wJhtcgrSm NrdKUe,ftvdkuf udk,fwkdif
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(82)
 648 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 649
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onf/ uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;zGJUpnf;a&;aumfrwDOuú|rSm b@ma&; u rEÅav;csrf;jrompnfavqdyfrSapmifhNyD; av,mOfpD;ygonf/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(83)
 650 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 651
Muawmhbl;/ rav;pm;Muawmhbl;/ vlxku av;pm;axmufcH of dialectics) udk aumif;pGmavhvmenf;vnf; cH,lxm;aom
aewmu jyefMum;a&;t&m&Sd ocifvaS rmifuykd /J Ny;D awmh ppfuikd ;f aMumifh jzpfygonf/
OD;bdk;oif;yJ/ olwkdY ESpfa,mufudkyJ ppfudkif;c½dkifwpfckvHk; wav; xdaYk Mumifh ppfuikd ;f jyóemudak jz&Si;f &ef cufcufccJ aJ jz&Si;f &ef
wpm;axmufcHMuw,f}} [lí ajymygonf/ BuKd wifawG;rxm;cJyh g/ b,fvakd jz&Si;f &rnfukd uReaf wmf odaeyg
OD;wifu - onf/ xdaYk Mumifh &efuek jf yefa&mufNy;D ESp&f ufceft Y MumwGif ppfuikd ;f
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&efukefjyefvdkufOD;r,f}} [k ajymvkdufygonf/ uRefawmfu - ysOf;rem;wGif jzpfygonf/ rEÅav;a&mufvmaomtcg ocif
]]vm&r,fq&dk ifawmh uReaf wmfyJ t&ifvmrSmyJ/ olev YJ m&if armifarmifat;tdrfwGif wpfntdyfygonf/ rEÅav;taMumif;
b,ftrd rf mS wnf;&rvJrodb;l / uReaf wmfu rnDñw G wf hJ ESpzf uf od&efjzpfyg\/
pvHk; acgif;aqmifawGeJYvnf; cifaew,f/ ocifvSarmifeJYvnf; ocifarmifarmifat;u rEÅav;\tajctaeudk ajymjy&m
cifaew,f/ 'Dawmh rwnf;csifbl;}} [k ajym&m OD;bpef;u - wGif rEÅav;wGiv f nf; ppfuikd ;f uJo h yYdk if tuGt
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uReaf wmf Mum;jzwfajym&rnfqv dk Qif uReaf wmfonf ocifp;kd ]]roGm;eJY ... uReaf wmfac:ay;r,f}} [kajymNy;D ocifvaS rmifukd
OD;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwD (Armjynf) wGif tzGJU0ifjzpfcJhzl;í tac:vTwfvdkufí a&mufvmygonf/
wpfaMumif;? rmhufpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'taMumif;t&mrsm;udk ocifvSarmifu olvnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyfcsifaMumif;? 0efxrf;
tawmfyif pHpk akH phaphavhvmEkid cf o
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t,ltqrsm;t& vlwef;pm;tvTmrsm;\ oabmobm0rsm;udk wpfaeYukefoGm;ygonf/
aumif;pGmoabmaygufxm;jcif;uwpfaMumif;? uReaf wmfomru aemufaeYwiG f 0efBu;D OD;wifa&mufvmygonf/ acRwmpkaqmif;
uRefawmfuJhokdY uGefjrLepfau'gjzpfzl;ol awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf a&;rif;BuD; OD;pef;armifvnf; ygvm\/ okdYaomf OD;pef;armifu
rdrrd suaf rSmufjyK&aom Ekid if aH &;tajctaeESihf tvm;tvmrsm;udk ol\ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpöjzifh a&mufvmNyD; rHk&GmokdY xGufoGm;
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

MuonfrSm tjcm;aMumifhr[kwfyg/ ocifpdk;\tvdkt& tEk y #d ta0; zdwv f u

kd íf a&mufvmMuygonf/ wpfzUJG ESiw hf pfzUJG MunfomyHk
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...(84)
 652 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 653
zGUJ pnf;a&;tzGUJ acgif;aqmifO;D wifu ppfuikd ;f okv Yd m&jcif;taMumif; tzGJUxJ rygayr,fh zqyvtzGJU0ifawGqkdawmh tzGJUtpnf;&JU
udk &Sif;jyygonf/ uRefawmfhtvSnfhwGifrl uRefawmfu - wd;k wuf&mwd;k wufaMumif;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyMf uyg/ taMumif;&S&d ifvnf;
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zGUJ pnf;rSmjzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfwo Ydk abmeJY zGUJ rSmvnf;r[kwyf gbl;? pum;ajymygonf/
'DNrKd Ue,fu zqyvtzGUJ 0ifawG&UJ oabmuswo hJ ul o kd m a&G;Muyg/ 0efBu;D OD;wifrmS ol\rdwaf qGtrd w f iG w
f nf;ygonf/ OD;wifu
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tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUxJygEkdifr,fh ol&JUtrnfudka&G;yg/ 'Demrnf OD;Eku ]]'DaeU aumif;rIawmfukd zl;r,fu}G } [kajymNy;D aumif;rIawmf
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NyD;rS oabFmay:okdY jyefvmygonf/
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OD;EkvmpOfu aemifwiG f ukvor*¾twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyjf zpfrnfh
tvkyt f rIaqmifjzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ 'gaMumifh NrKd UcHzqyvtzGUJ 0ifawGu
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oabFmay:okdYa&mufvmaomtcg OD;Eku uRefawmfwkdYtm;
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pma&;q&mBu;D ppfuikd ;f OD;bd;k oif;onf zqyvtzGUJ 0iftjzpf ]]uJ ocifcspv f iId f b,fvv kd u
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ta0;okdY wufa&mufjcif;rjyKyg/ okdYaomf olu ]]igrvmayr,fh ausmif;om;or*¾uvmwmyg}} [líajym&m ]]at; arhvu Ykd mG rif;
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onf/ OD;wifu ]]uRefawmfwkdY at;at;aq;aq;yJNyD;ygw,f? Ouú|
tpnf;ta0;wufol 30 ausmfausmfwGif ocifvSarmif ocifvSarmifudk a&G;ygw,f}} [kajym&m OD;oefYu -
trnfa&;xm;onfph m&Gurf mS 28 &Guf jzpfaeygonf/ useaf v;OD; ]]'Dvlu vlaumif;yJ? 0efxrf;jzpfaewmyJ ajymp&m&Sdw,f?
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

]]tckywfa&G;cs,fyGJwGif rdrdwkdYryg0ifaomfvnf; aemuf oabFmay:okdY a&mufvmygonf/ OD;Eku azmfa&GcsKdomaom

a&G;cs,fyGJwGif yg0ifvmEkdifygw,f/ ,ckywfrSm tvkyftrIaqmif rsufESmESifh -
...(85)
 654 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 655
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awGrSm cifAsm;wkdYawG EkdifiHat;csrf;a&;twGuf yg0ifcJhwJhtwGuf xm;wJhvludk oGm;ac:vdkufyg}} [kckdif;vdkuf&m rMumrDrSmyif ocif
vnf; uReaf wmfwu Ydk todtrSwjf yKygw,f? topfa&G;cs,x f m;wJh vSarmif OD;Ek&Sd&mokdY a&mufvmygonf/
trIaqmiftzGJUeJYvnf; vufwGJvkyfMuyg/ a&G;aumufyGJuvnf; ocifvaS rmifu OD;Ektm; acgif;ikEYH w I qf ufNy;D OD;Ekxikd af eaom
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ukvm;xdik Ef iS hf "m;vG,cf w
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ppfuikd ;f zqyvtzGUJ 0ifrsm;udk 0efBu;D csKyu f oabFmay:wGif [kajymNyD; tenf;i,f axGaxG&m&majymNyD;aemuf ocifvSarmif
eef;BuD;okyfESifh {nfhcHygonf/ ppfudkif;zqyvtzGJU0ifwkdY jyefoGm; jyefoGm;ygonf/
aomtcg uRefawmfu - aemufaeYwGif OD;EkjyefoGm;\/ 0efBuD;OD;wifvnf; jyefvdkuf
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ESpzf UJG [m jyefwnfrh ,f rxifawmhb;l / tmCmwawG Bu;D Muygw,f/ OD;bpef;tdrfwGifyif wnf;cdkae&ygonf/
ckzUJG pnf;xm;wJh zqyvtzGUJ topfeyYJ J qufpcef;oGm;&awmhrmS yJ}} ppfudkif;wkdif;wGif NrdKUe,f (29) NrdKUe,f&Sd&m xkdNrdKUe,fwkdif;okdY
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]][kww f ,f? udck spv f iId af jymwm? olwuYdk kd uReaf wmfMunf&h wm oGm;cJ&h m (25) NrKd Ue,foaYdk &mufcyhJ gonf/ tcsKd UNrKd Ue,frsm;udk c½dik rf S
tcJrauswJhrsufESmawGeJYAsmh/ udkcspfvdIifvkyfwm rSefw,f? 'g[m wpfqifhac:NyD; awGUqHkygonf/
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csif;wGif;ESifh{&m0wDokdY tpkeftqefoGm;cJh&ygonf/ 'Dvkd
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oGm;&if;uyif &efukefESifhppfudkif;udk ul;csD? oef;csDvkyfae&m
u OD;oefYajymonfudk acgif;ndwfaxmufcHvsuf&Sd\/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

urÇmhukvor*¾\ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf jzpfvmrnf[lí uRefawmf ESifh0efBuD;OD;wifudk ac:awGUygonf/ xdkokdYawGUpOf OD;Ek\zqyv

BudKwifNyD; rcefYrSef;rdEkdifcJhyg/ XmecsKyf½Hk;wGif 0efBuD;OD;bapmudkvnf; awGU&ygonf/
...(86)
 656 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 657
OD;Eku 'Dwpfcg uRefawmfhudkac:yHkrSm - onf/ tiftm;rsm;aomfvnf; tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;wkdYudk
]]armifcspv f iId v
f muG}} [kac:vku d \f / ocifcspv f iId [
f k rac: wpfzufvlu odrf;oGif;xm;aomaMumifh tm;enf;ovdkjzpfae
awmhyg/ uRefawmfhtm; armifcspfvIdif[kac:wm oabmusyg onf/ trSet f uef 'Drukd a&pDenf;usus aqmif&u G Mf urnfqydk gu
onf/ OD;Eku qufíajymonfrSm - ocifr a':odef;wifwkdYtzGJUonf jynfNrdKUe,fwGif zqyv\
]]rif; ppfuikd ;f rSm vkyof vdk jynfrmS oGm;vkyaf y;ygOD;? rSew f v hJ l vkyif ef;rsm;udk wGiu f s,af tmifaqmif&u
G Ef idk rf nf[k OD;Eku ajymyg
wufEidk af tmifvyk af y;yg}} [kajymygonf/ uReaf wmfu ]]ppfuikd ;f rSm onf/
vkyo f vdrk sKd ; vky&f r,fq&dk if uReaf wmfvyk Ef idk yf gw,f? uReaf wmfu uRefawmfhtm; OD;Eku ]]ppfudkif;rSmvdkvkyfMunfh&if trSef
'Dru kd a&pDenf;qk&d if BuKd uyf gw,f? rJy;kH axmifwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDenf;udk tuefawGvkyfvkdY&oGm;rSmyJ}}[lí ajymygonf/
uRefawmfBudKufw,f}} [k ajymvdkufygonf/ uRefawmfonf yJcl;wdkif;wGif uRefawmfuJhokdY wkdif;twGif;
OD;Eku uRefawmfhudk NyHK;NyHK;BuD;pdkufMunhfaeygonf/ NyD;rS - a&;rSL;jzpfol uRefawmfESifh Oa&myokdYoGm;cJhonfh Akdvfodef;vIdifudk
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armifodef;vdIifuawmh jynfrSm rvkyfcsifbl;vdkYajymaevdkY rif;ukd ]]cifAsm;oGm;wm aumif;w,fAsm? uRefawmfu ESpfzufvHk;eJY
ykdY&wm}} [k OD;Eku ajymygonf/ &if;ES;D aewm/ rsuEf mS emw,f/ 'gayr,fh [dv k al wGu (vltrnfukd
uReaf wmfonf Ouú|jzpfoOl ;D Ek (xdpk Ofu ocifE)k \pum;udk
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uRefawmfwkdYuJhokdY vli,frsm;ygaom wkdif;pnf;½Hk;a&;tzGJUi,frsm; uRefawmfESifhtwl jynfudkvkdufcJhzdkYajymygonf/
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Muygonf/ xifrd\/ ]]'gayr,fh OD;av;wifudkajymAsm? olcGifhjyK&ifvdkufcJh}}[k
OD;Eku jynfudpöudkajym&mwGif jynfzqyvtzGJUtwGif; rnD ajymvkdufygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(87)
 658 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 659
jzpfí OD;av;wifEiS o hf mG ;awGUvQiyf if ]]vdu k cf ahJ v}} [lí ajymvdu k f a&muf v mMuonf / ol w k d Y a &muf N yD ; aemuf a eY r S m yif Nrd K Ue,f
ygonf/ ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;usif;y\/
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uRefawmfwkdY jynfokdYoGm;cJh\/ a&mufvQif jynfNrdKUydkif½Hk;okdY eJY wpfEidk if v
H ;kH rSmzqyvtzGUJ awG jyefvnfzUJG pnf;&r,fqw dk hJ rlt&
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uReaf wmfww Ydk nf;cdrk nfh oHwo J yYdk aYdk y;\/ tdy&f mae&m jyifay;Muyg a&G;rSmjzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYuawmh rJyHk;axmifNyD;a&G;rSmyg?
onf/ uReaf wmfwYdk bmrSpu G zf ufrmS r[kwyf gbl;? 'DrmS &Sw
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xm;onfh tdwpf onfwx Ydk m;cJNh y;D udpk aH tmifu NrKd UxJox Ydk uG of mG ;\/ uReaf wmfu rJy;kH axmifNy;D ]]Ouú|ESihf tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ \
owif;awG penf;emay;&efjzpfygonf/ uReaf wmfu a':ode;f wif
trnfrsm;udk a&;NyD;xnfhMuyg/ trsm;qHk;oluawmh ta&G;cH&rSm
tdrfokdYxGufcJh\/
ygyJ}} [kajym\/
]]uRefawmf armifcspfvdIifyg? tzGJUcsKyfwm0efeJYvmwmyg}} [k
tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufolwkdYu olwkdYOuú|jzpfapcsifol\
EIwfqufvQif a':odef;wifu -
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]]uReaf wmfu h kd OD;wwfrac:ygESichf ifAsm? uReaf wmfu tpfrBu;D yHk;xJokdYxnfhMu\/
xuftrsm;BuD;i,fygw,f}} [k jyefajymygonf/ a':odef;wifu ocifra':ode;f wiftm; vdv k m;olwb Ydk ufu rJta&twGuf
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trSet f wkid ;f vkyvf &Ykd vmwJt h ajzudk ausauseyfeyfvufcrH mS }} [lí uReaf wmfrrSwrf yd g/ ocifra':ode;f wiftm; axmufco H w l u
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ppfudkif;wkdif;rSmjzpfcJhygw,f? tpfrBuD;vnf; Mum;NyD;a&maygh? aMumifh uRefawmfwkdY &efukefjyefcJhMuygonf/ aemufaeYwGif
uReaf wmfuawmh rJy;kH axmifrmS yg}} [kajymvku d \ f / a':ode;f wifu - 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkxH a&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD;aMumif; OD;av;wifESifh
]]tpfrBu;D wku Yd apmapmuajymcJo h vdk trSet f wkid ;f vkyv f &Ykd uRefawmfwkdY owif;ykdYygonf/
vmwJhtajzudk vufcHrSmyg}} [lí ajymvdkufygonf/ aemufaeYwiG f zqyvtzGUJ csKyf wGzJ uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aemufaeYwGif uRefawmf oHwJwGifyif em;aevdkufygonf/ ocifomcifudk oGm;awGU&ygonf/ uRefawmf ppfudkif;oGm;rnfh

xkdaeYrSmyif 0efBuD;OD;wif (OD;av;wif) ESifh 0efBuD;OD;bapmwkdY taMumif;ajymygonf/ ocifomcifu -
...(88)
 660 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 661
]]rif; ppfuikd ;f oGm;r,fqw kd m tawmfy?J wkq Yd rD mS owif;&aewm tjzpf &yfwnfaeygonf/ okdYaomf tqkdyg yrnwtzGJUtpnf;
&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'guawmh yrnw ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f pnf;½H;k a&;rSL; udpk ;kd ode;f onf Ekid if aH wmftm; tefwak eaom? wpfenf;tm;jzifh awmcdt k zGUJ
(om,m0wD) u wkeYd aYJ qG;aEG;csiw f ,fajymw,f/ 'Dawmh oleaYJ wGUyg/ tpnf;wkdY\ ausmaxmufaemufcH&&Sd xm;aomtzGJU? tquf
aqG;aEG;wmawG ighqo D wif;jyefyyYdk g}} [kajymygonf/ uReaf wmfu - toG,&f aSd omtzGUJ [k tpd;k &ydik ;f u em;vnfxm;aom tzGUJ tpnf;
]]uRefawmf zkef;eJYyJowif;jyefykdYr,fAsm}} [k ajymvkduf\/ jzpfygonf/
ckwpfacguf ppfuikd ;f oGm;aomtcg uReaf wmfonf wkid ;f rif;Bu;D vma&mufaqG;aEG;aom udpk ;kd ode;f onfyifvQif ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f
OD;bpef;tdrfwGif rwnf;awmhbJ ocifvSarmiftdrfwGif wnf;yg twGif;&Sd awmcdktzGJUtpnf; tcsKdUwkdYESifh qufoG,frI&Sdaeol[lí
onf/ udkpdk;odef;u uRefawmfhxHvmawGU\/ olu - uRefawmf,HkMunfxm;ygonf/
]]'DrmS udck spv f iId ?f ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f rSm 29 NrKd Ue,f&w dS ,f/ vmr,fh okaYd omfvnf; olonf ppfuikd ;f NrKd Uay:wGif w&m;0ifaexkid Nf y;D
a&G;aumufyGJrSm uRefawmfwdkYuvnf; 14 NrdKUe,f 15 NrdKUe,f ol\ yrnwpnf;½Hk;a&; tvkyfudk w&m;0ifvkyfaeoljzpfaom
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tJ'DNrdKUe,fawGudk cifAsm;wkdYbufu raESmihf,SufeJYAsm/ cifAsm;wkdY vdu k af ompum;rsm;udk em;vnfrt I & wkid ;f twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;onf
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uRefawmf wkdYbufu raESmifh,Sufbl;}} [líajymjy\/ jyKorl sm;udk oufqidk &f m&JtzGUJ tm;zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmifap&ef ajymMum;
xdk 1955 ckEpS 0f ef;usiu f m; jrefrmEkid if w H iG f qlyal omif;use;f rI EkdifcGifh&SdaMumif; odcJh&ygonf/
tiftm;onf rsm;pGmavsmeh nf;cJah yNy/D wku d yf BJG u;D [lí r&So d avmuf ppfudkif;wkdif;NrdKUe,ftcsdKUwdkYwGif yrnwrS yrnw[lí
yif/ okdYaomf tcsKdUaom EkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmpufESifh pGJolawGtawmfrsm;rsm;&SdMu\/ zqyvudk tMunfndKrJhap&ef
tvSr;f uGmaomt&yfww Ydk iG f tpd;k &tm; tefwo k w l &Ydk adS eMuygao; a[majymolwkdY&SdMu\/ xdkolwkdYaMumifh zqyva&G;aumufyGJ
onf/ ajymifajymifwif;wif; oGm;vmrIrsdK;r[kwfyg/ tcsdeftcgrJh ½IH;oGm;Ekdifonf[k ,lqxm;aom zqyvvli,ftzGJU0iftcsKdUu
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awmh &Sdaeayao;onf/ uRefawmfhwGif uRefawmfhygwDrJEkdif&ef wpfzufygwD0ifwkdYudk
a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf rJq, G pf nf;½H;k rnfo h w l t Ydk m; tvpfwiG f zrf;rS[al om tawG;vH;k 0r&Syd g/ uReaf wmf wpfzufowftEkid rf ,l
vnf; acsmif;ajrmif;tEÅ&m,f jyKEkdifao;onf/ þvdktajctae csifyg/ uRefawmfu fair fight rQwaom? w&m;aomwdkufyGJrsKd;
wGif udkpdk;odef;u vmaqG;aEG;jcif;jzpf\/ jzifo h m wku d cf siyf gonf/ rw&m;aomwdu k yf rJG sK;d udk toH;k rjyKcsiyf g/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

udkpdk;odef;onf yrnw\udk,fpm; vmaqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfyg aumufuspv f nS zhf sm;jcif;rsK;d udk vkycf sipf w

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...(89)
 662 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 663
vnf; w&m;ojzifhEkdifcsif\/ ,if;onfyifvQif uRefawmf\ onf/ rH&k mG &Sd vlwpfpo k nf td;k pnfAakH rmif;wD;Ny;D uReaf wmfwnf;cdk
EkdifiHa&;rl0g' jzpfygonf/ aom e,fydkif0efaxmuf OD;jrñGefYtdrfa&SUokdYvmNyD; zqyvudk
xdkYaMumifh udkpdk;odef;tm; ]]cifAsm;ajymwJhtaMumif;udk ½Iwcf saom ykwcf wfaom oDcsi;f rsm;qkNd y;D avSmifajymifMuygonf/
uReaf wmfv h Bl u;D awGqD wifjyvdu
k rf ,f}} [k ajymvku d \
f / udpk ;kd ode;f rcHcsiaf tmifpMuygonf/ uReaf wmfu rnforYdk S wkjYH yefjcif; r&Scd yhJ g/
uvnf; ]]tif;? uReaf wmfuvnf; uReaf wmfv h Bl u;D awGukd ajym&OD; pdwfwGifvnf; rnfokdYrS cHpm;csufr&SdcJhyg/
rSmAsmh}} [k jyefajymygonf/ e,fydkifOD;jrñGefYu -
uRefawmfu udkpdk;odef;tm; - ]]uRefawmfhudkvnf; zqyvvdkvm;wJh e,fydkifvdkY ½IwfcsMu
]]uReaf wmfwYdk a&G;aumufyeJG ;D rSawGUMupk?Yd tJ'aD wmhrS uReaf wmf w,fAsm}}
wkdYoabmwlxm;wJhtwkdif; vkyfMuwmaygh}} [k ajymvkduf\/ [kajym\/
udkpdk;odef;u oabmwlygonf/ zqyvudk txifao;aom yrnwudktxifBuD;aom
vlxkpum;ESifh pnf;½Hk;&wJhuRefawmf rHk&GmNrdKU\ vufzuf&nfqkdif? vlpkpk&Sdonfhae&mwkdYwGif zqyv
udpk ;kd ode;f ESiahf wGUNy;D uReaf wmf &efuek o f Ydk cPjyefc\
hJ / þokYd tzGJU0ifwkdY\ raumif;owif;awGom Mum;cJh&\/ a&G;aumufyGJ
rjyefrD uRefawmfonf ppfudkif;wkdif;twGif;&Sd NrdKUe,frsm;okdY oGm;cJh wGif yrnwwkdYom tEkdif&vdrfhrnf/ tpdk;&tzGJUEkdifvdrfhrnf[lí
ygonf/ jynfolvlxk\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk avhvm&ef jzpfyg tmaygiftm&if;oefoefESifh ajymaeonfudk Mum;cJh&ygonf/
onf/ tcsKUd aomolwu Ydk rl ]]uReaf wmfwu Ydk awmh zqyvudk tm;ay;
ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f twGi;f c½dik if g;c½dik &f &dS m uReaf wmfonf yxrqH;k csiyf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Du a&G;wifvu dk w f t
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yrnwxdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol OD;bNidrf;um; rHk&Gm tcsKdUNrdKUe,fvlxku -
c½dkifom;jzpf\/ bkwvifNrdKUonf OD;odef;azjrifh\ Zmwdjzpf\/ ]]uRefawmfwkdYu zqyvudk tm;ay;csifygw,f? 'gayr,fh
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ykvJ ponfhNrdKUe,frsm;okdY uRefawmfoGm;a&mufcJh\/ rHk&GmwGif ygw,f/ olwu Ydk pum;awG Bu;D Bu;D us,u f s,af jym? &efyakH iGawmif;
uRefawmfESifhcifaom e,fydkif0efaxmufOD;jrñGefY&Sd&m xdktdrfwGif awmh ay;&? xrif;csufckdif;awmh csufauR;&? 'Dvdkb0rSmqkdawmh
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wnf;cdyk gonf/ xdo k Ydk wnf;cdak epOfyif zqyvtzGUJ csKyrf S ppfuikd ;f a&G;aumufyrJG mS b,forYl aJ y;&r,f rodygbl;Asm}} [k ajymonfukd
wkid ;f pnf;½H;k a&; twGi;f a&;rSL;a&mufaeonf[k owif;&[efwyl g Mum;cJh&\/
...(90)
 664 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 665
tcsKdUNrdKUe,frsm;rS vlxkurl - ukpd ;kd ode;f ESihf aphpyfoabmwlru I kd w&m;0ifciG jhf yKMuonfawmh
]]uRefawmfwkdYu 'DNrdKUe,fu zqyvawGudkawmh rBudKufbl; r[kwyf g/ awmfovdv k yk &f efom EIwjf zifah jymMu\/ pmaywGirf &S/d
Asm/ 'gayr,fh zqyvudak wmh Ekid af pcsiw f myJ/ bmjyKvv Ykd q
J adk wmh azazmf0g&DvokdYa&mufaomtcg uRefawmf ppfudkif;okdY
vuf&adS eaeustwkid ;f at;at;csr;f csr;f aecsiw f ,f/ vky&f wmvnf; jyefvmygonf/ ocifvaS rmif tdrw f iG w f nf;ygonf/ udpk ;kd ode;f ESihf
rlvtvkyaf wG vkyaf ewm yHrk eS 0f ifaiG&aeMuw,f/ r&Srd &Sm;bJAsm/h xyfrHawGUygonf/ uRefawmfu -
48-49 wke;f utjzpfawGukd rBuKH csiaf wmhb;l Asm/ toufuzkd ufeYJ
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xkyfxm;&wJhb0 reufudk rsufESmopfp&macgif;rS&Sdyghrvm;qkdwJh
aqG;aEG;MuNy;D uReaf wmfh ay:yJvcJT svu kd Mf uw,f}} [k udpk ;kd ode;f udk
b0rsKd;awG tNrJpdk;&drfae&wmrkdY tck&SdwJh zqyvvdkat;csrf;wJh
b0ay;wJt h pd;k &rsK;d yJvckd siwf ,f/ uReaf wmfwrYdk mS ygwDawG? Ekid if aH &; ajymygonf/ udkpdk;odef;uvnf; -
0g'awGrodygbl;Asm/ ud, k vf yk rf S ud,k pf m;&wJo h al wGyg}} [kajymMu\/ ]]uRefawmfhvlBuD;awGuvnf; 'DvdkygyJAsm/ OD;bNidrf;qkd&if
cEÅ;D NrKd Ue,frS vlwpfO;D u (trnfrrSwrf í d razmfjyEkid af wmhyg) uefYuGufw,fAsmh/ 'DaqG;aEG;wmudk vufrcHcsifbl;/ OD;cspfarmif
]]b,ftpd;k &wufwuf? wufwt hJ pd;k & usKyw f t Ydk pd;k &yJAsm}}[k (0d"l&) uawmh udkpdk;odef;a& cifAsm;ajymwm uRefawmfvufcH
ajymonfholvnf;&Sdygonf/ ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh okdokdodyfodyfayghAsmvdkY ajymw,fAsmvdkY}} [lí
uReaf wmfonf jynfov l xl \ k xifjrifcsuw f uYdk kd odcsiaf om ajymygonf/
pdwf&Sd\/ zqyvay:wGif xm;aomvlxk\ oabmxm;udk od& wu,fawmh ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f wGif yrnwwkYd tiftm;omMuyg
rnfh wm0ef&ydS gonf/ okyYd gí uReaf wmf wm0efus&m ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f onf/ awmwGi;f vufeufuikd f tzGUJ tpnf;wko Yd nf tkypf rk rsm;aomf
twGi;f &Sd NrKd U&Gmrsm;okYd a&mufEikd o f rQ a&mufatmifomG ;Ny;D vlx\ k vnf; (10) a,muf (15) a,mufavmufEiS hf nOfyh ikd ;f wGif aus;&Gm
xifjrifcsufudk avhvmcJhygonf/ awGoYdk 0ifxu G af ewwf? qufaMu;aumufaewwf\/ NrKd Ui,fav;
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdvQif a&S;jrefrmbk&ifrsm;uJhokdY penf;em ESifhaus;&GmwkdYonf tpdk;&\ tmPmvufvSrf;rrDwrD &Sday&um;
onf[lí ajym&rnfxifyg\/
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xdok Ydk NrKd Ue,frsm;? tcsKUd NrKd Ue,fww Ydk iG f aus;&Gmrsm;txdomG ;a&muf
avhvmcJhaom uRefawmfonf &efukefodkY 1958 ckESpfqef;prSmyif tm; axmufcrH aI y;aeay&m tpGet f zsm;aus;&Gmrsm;/ NrKd Ui,frsm;
jyefcJhNyD; e,ftajctaeudk zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; wifjy onf a&G;aumufyGJwGif yrnwokdYom rJay;rnf[k ,HkMunf&\/
onf/ ukdpdk;odef;ESifh aqG;aEG;cJhaMumif;udk tpD&ifcHaomtcg ppfuikd ;f ? a&Tbpkd aomNrKd UBu;D wkw Yd iG rf l Ekid if aH wmf\ tmPmvufvrS ;f
zqyvtaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqGu uReaf wmf\tpD&ifcrH I rDaoma'owkjYd zpfav&m awmwGi;f rSorl sm;\ t&dyv f wG \f / NrKd Uae
udk oabmwlygonf/ OD;ausmfNidrf;u odyfb0ifuscsifyHkr&yg/ 0efxrf;rsm;taejzifhvnf; zqyvtpdk;&ay:wGif ,HkMunfrI&Sd\/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

okdYaomf ocifomcifuvnf; tajctaet&yf&yfudk &Sif;jyonfh xkdYaMumifh zqyvtrwfavmif;wkdY rJ&rSm aocsmoavmuf

twGuf OD;ausmfNidrf;u rnfokdYrQ rajymawmhyg/ jzpfay&m ppfudkif;wkdif;wpfwkdif;vHk;wGif ESpfzGJUpvHk;tukefr&Ekdif
...(91)
 666 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 667
[laom ,HkMunfrIudk uRefawmfa&m udkpdk;odef;ygodaeMuovdkyif &rnfrSm aocsmoavmuf&Sdaeygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
jzpfygonf/ olYtm; wpfe,fvHk;u MunfndKav;pm;&if;pGJ&SdaeaomaMumifh
xkaYd Mumifh ol&oifw h m&ygap? ud, k &f oifw h m&&ef? þokv Yd Qif jzpfygonf/
aphpyfru I kd jyKMu&awmh\/ vlBu;D rsm; oabmwl&efawmh wpfxpfcs xdaYk Mumifh ocifvaS rmiftwGuf uReaf wmft h aejzifh pdwaf t;
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(92)
 668 udu
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f Ydk ppfuikd ;f rSmaqmif&u G w
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(93)
 670 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 671
vlxu k cH,v l w
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em;rvnfMubl;? em;vnfatmifvnf; zqyvacgif;aqmifydkif; ajymvkduf\/ OD;Eku -
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(94)
 672 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 673
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(95)
 674 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 675
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uReaf wmfwo Ydk ;kH OD;tm; tvkyw f m0efcaJG 0ay;yHrk mS þokYd jzpfyg jzpfygonf/
onf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf udk,fpDudk,fiS rdrdESifhqkdifaom bmom&yf
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vIHYaqmfa&;wm0efudk ay;tyfonf/ OD;apmOD;onf okawoe rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tpDtpOfjyKpjk cif;tp&Sad om tvkyrf sm;
tvkyf? a&;om;jyKpkrItvkyf? a[majymykdYcsrItvkyfwkdYudk vkyf&ef udk vkyaf qmifaecJMh uygonf/ 1957 ckEpS t f wGi;f pdw"f mwfppfqif
jzpfonf/ a&;vkyfief;qkdif&m oifwef;ykdYcsrIrsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufEkdif&ef
Akdvfodef;vdIiftm; pD;yGm;a&;bmom&yfqkdif&m wm0efudk &nfrSef;xm;Muygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY\tvkyfonf jznf;jznf;
ay;onf/ olonfvnf; a&;om;jyKpkrIESifh a[majymykdYcsrIwkdYudk rSerf eS yf ifw;kd wufaeygonf/ tvsipf vdrk &Sv d yS g/ xdt k awmtwGi;f
vkyf&rnfjzpfygonf/ Akv
d Bf u;D pef;vGiEf iS Ahf v
dk Bf u;D azMunfwo Ydk nf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
uReaf wmfth m; Ekid if aH &;odyb HÜ mom&yfqidk &f m wm0efuakd y;yg okYd c&D;xGuMf uygonf/ tar&duefwyfrawmf\ pdw"f mwfppfqif
onf/ txl;tm;jzifh rmhufpf 0g'qkdif&mESifh qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepf a&;vkyfief;udk avhvm&efjzpfygonf/
0g'qkid &f m taMumif;t&mwku Yd kd avhvmqef;ppfa0zefo;kH oyfjcif;? uRefawmfwkdYonf jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;tajctaeudkvnf; waph
jrefrmhvlYabmifb0ESifh oifhavsmfonf/ roifhavsmfonfwkdYudk wapmif;qko d vdk avhvmrSwo f m; ae&ygonf/ xdt k csed u f mvu
ydkif;jcm;wifjyjcif; tp&Sdaom tvkyfwm0efudk ay;ygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ EkdifiHa&;tajctaerSm wnfNidrf[ef&Sdaomfvnf;
uRefawmfhtm; xdkwm0efudk ,HkMunfpGmjzifh ay;tyfolrSm EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;tm;NydKifrIrsm;u wpfpHkwpf&maom
Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D yif jzpfygonf/ uReaf wmfonf 1940 jynfEh pS f ajymif;vJrIrSwfwkdifokdY a&GUvsm;aeouJhokdY &SdcJhygonf/
0ef;usirf pS Ny;D trsK;d om;a&;pmayrsm;? rsK;d csppf w d "f mwfukd vIaYH qmf t"dutm;NydKifrIrSm awmcdka&mifpHkolykeftzGJUtpnf;rsm;u
ay;aom pmayrsm;? e*g;eDpmtkyw f u dk rf S xkwaf 0aom vuf0pJ may wpfzuf? tmPm&zqyv (zufqpfqefu Y siaf &;? jynfov Yl w G v f yf
rsm;? *syefacwf ocifpdk;OD;pD;aom uGefjrLepfygwD (Armjynf) rS a&;tzGUJ csKy)f ? AFPFL (The Anti-Facist People's Freedom League)
jzefcY sad ompmtkypf mwrf;rsm;? Ekid if &H yfjcm;wkid ;f wpfyg;okYd a&mufciG hf u wpfzufjzpfygonf/
BuKH pOfu avhvmcJzh ;l aom rmhupf 0f g'qkid &f mpmayrsm;? rmhupf 0f g' Oya'abmiftwGi;f &yfwnfaeMuaom twku d t f cH Ekid if aH &;
r[kwaf om tjcm;aom qk&d , S v f pfpmayrsm; tp&Sad om Ekid if aH &; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;uvnf; zqyvtpd;k &\ vkyaf qmifcsurf eS o f rQ
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

pmayrsm;udk qnf;yl;cJyh gonf/ zufqpf*syefukd awmfveS Mf uonfh udk qefYusifwkdufcdkufaeMuonf/ zqyvtpdk;&udk yk*¾dKvfa&;
umvtNy;D wGif Armjynfq&dk , S vf pfygwD (OD;AaqG? OD;ausmNf ird ;f wkYd oHa,mZOfESifh EkdifiHa&;oHa,mZOft&vnf;aumif;? 0wå&m;t&
...(96)
 676 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 677
vnf;aumif;? umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;aeonfh tzGJUtpnf;rSm oifwef;\&nf&G,fcsufESifhywfoufí rdefYcGef;>rufMum;&mwGif
wyfrawmftzGJUtpnf;omjzpfygonf/ zqyvESifh wyfrawmfwkdY ]]wyfrawmfonf Ekid if aH &;ynm&yfukd wwfoed m;vnf&ef avhvm
onf wpfpw d w f pf0rf;wnf;? wpnf;wvH;k wnf; &Sad ecJMh uygonf/ oifhaMumif;? okdYaomf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ EkdifiHa&;udpörsm;wGif
zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI\ yg0ifrIr&SdoifhaMumif;? wyfrawmfonf EkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
c&D;Murf;umvwGif udk,fusKd;pGefYum yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhMuolrsm; tajccH O ya'ud k o m umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf & rnf j zpf a Mumif ;
jzpfcJhMuygonf/ olwkdY\ EkdifiHa&;rl0g'rSmvnf; qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk ponfjzifh &Sif;vif;rdefYMum;oGm;cJhygonf/ (xdkrdefYcGef;onf
tenf;ESifhtrsm;tajcjyKxm;Muygonf/ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmif wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkdufü &Sdaernfjzpfygonf/)
rsm;onfvnf; qkd&S,fvpf0g'\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk a,bk,s xdkoifwef;wGif wufa&mufMuolrsm;rSm AkdvftqifhESifh
tm;jzifh vdkvm;cJhMuygonf/ olykefxaeMuaom uGefjrLepfygwD Akv
d Bf u;D tqif&h adS om t&m&Sd (30) OD; jzpfygonf/ xdt k &m&Srd sm;udk
rsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfudk vdkvm;aomvuf0JygwDrsm;\ t,ltqESifh a&G;cs,af pvTwaf y;olrmS xkt d csed u f ppf&mxl;cefY twGi;f 0efjzpfol
aemiftcgwGif jynfaxmifpq k &dk , S v f pfor®wEkid if aH wmf\ 'kw, d
vky&f yfrsm;udrk u l m; zqyvtpd;k &ESihf wyfrawmfwu Ydk nDñw G pf mG
ajrmuf or®wjzpfcJhol? uG,fvGefol AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pef;,kjzpfygonf/
yif qefYusifaecJhMuygonf/
pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;oifwef;rsm;udk xdkyxrywfoifwef;rS
wyfrawmf\ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;½Hk;tzGJU
pwifí 1959 ckEpS u f ek t
f xd (Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; 0efBu;D csKyt f jzpf
onf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifwu Ydk csrw S ñ f eT Mf um;ay;aomrl0g'ESihf
aqmif&GufcJhaom tdrfapmifhtpdk;&acwfwpfavQmufvHk;) tquf
tnD jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if \ H zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccH Oya'udk rjywf zGiv hf pS yf cYdk scMhJ uygonf/ ppfbuf? e,fbuf? 0efxrf;t&m&Sd
umuG,af &;? awmcdo k yl ek w
f \ Ydk vrf;pOftoD;oD;udk qefu Y siaf csy rsm; wufa&mufcJhMuygonf/
wkdufcdkufa&;? wyfrawmfudk jynfolvlxku MunfndKaxmufcH oifwef;wGif tNrw J rf;yHrk eS yf cYdk sorl sm;rSm uReaf wmfwYdk pdw"f mwf
tm;ay;apa&; tp&So d nfwu Ykd kd aqmify'k t f jzpfc, H u
l m pdw"f mwf ppfqifa&;½H;k tzGUJ 0ifrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ jyify{nfo h nf yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;
ppfqifa&;oifwef;rsm;zGifhvSpf&ef jyifqifaecJhygonf/ jzpfMuaom urÇmAh 'k w ¨ uúov kd f ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;q&m OD;azatmif?
oifwef;wGiyf cYdk s&rnfh oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf;0if pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; owif ; pmq&mES i f h pma&;q&mBuD ; armif x if (OD ; xif z wf ) ?
udk Akv
d rf LS ;pHjrifx h aH y;tyf& Ny;D ? Akv d rf LS ;pHjrifuh oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf;0if wpfcef;&yf wefjyef0g' jzefYcsdrIjyZmwfq&m OD;&efEkdifpdefwkdYvnf;
pmtkyif ,frsm;udk tqifoif&h adS p&ef wm0ef,al qmif&u G yf gonf/ oifwef;okdY vma&mufykdYcsMuygonf/
1957 ck? 'DZifbmv wpf&ufaeYwGif r*Fvm'HkwyfNrdKU oifwef;wGif ydcYk sMu&aomtaMumif;t&m bmom&yfrsm;rSm
awmifyikd ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKy0f if;twGi;f &Sd oifwef;rsm;ykcYd s&mcef;rü 0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifh vIHYaqmfa&;qdkif&m? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;qkdif&m?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;t&m&Sd oifwef;trSwpf Of (1) udk Akv d cf sKyBf u;D pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;tajccHrsm;ESifh vufawGUvkyfief;qkdif&m?
ae0if;ud, k w f idk f wufa&mufumzGiv hf pS af y;cJyh gonf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u EkdifiHa&;odyÜHbmom&yfqdkif&mwdkY jzpfMuygonf/
...(97)
 678 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 679
uReaf wmfEiS q hf ikd af om ykcYd srwI m0efrmS urÇmEY idk if aH &;oD0&Drsm; 0efBuD;csKyfocifEkESifh 0efBuD;ocifwifwkdYacgif;aqmifaom
udk tusO;f csKyyf cYdk sNy;D aemuf txl;tm;jzifh rmhupf 0f g'ESihf vDeif0g' ]]zqyvoefY&Sif;a&;}} tzGJUu wpfzuf 0efBuD;OD;AaqGESifh 0efBuD;
qkid &f mrsm;udk a0zefqef;ppfaomenf;jzifh ykcYd s&ygonf/ &nf&, G cf suf OD;ausmfNidrf;wkdYacgif;aqmifaom ]]zqyvwnfNrJa&;}} tzGJUu
rSm awmcdkuGefjrLepfygwDrsm;\ vufeufudkifjynfwGif;ppfvrf;pOf wpfzuf ESpfzGJUuGJMuonf/ owif;pmrsm;u Ek-wiftkyfpkudk
ESifh toGiftrsKd;rsKd;aqmifaom tmPm&Sif0g'oabmxm;rsm;udk ]]oefY&Sif;tkyfpk}} [lívnf;aumif;? aqG-Nidrf;tkyfpkudk ]]wnfNrJ
qefYusif&efjzpfygonf/ tkyfpk}} [lívnf;aumif; uifyGef;wyfMuonf/ zqyvuGJ&
qkd&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'qdkif&mrsm;udkrlum; qefYusif onfrmS twku d t f cHEidk if aH &; ygwDrsm;\ ya,m*aMumifrh [kwyf g/
a[majymykdYcsjcif;rjyKcJYyg/ qefYusifp&mtaMumif;vnf; r&SdcJhyg/ tmPm& zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;tcsif;csif; txiftjrifvGJrSm;
wyfrawmf\ tjyifavmuwGif&Sdaom EkdifiHa&;tajctae vmrI? rmefrme,SONf yKd irf ?I yk*Kd¾ vt f yk pf x
k al xmifrI ponfwaYdk Mumifh
rSm vIy&f mS ;vsu&f adS eavonf/ uGejf rLepfvv kd m;aom vuf0yJ gwD omjzpfygonf/ zqyvtzGJUBuD;\ uHMur®monf qkwf,kwfysuf
,Gi;f &rnfv h rf;aMumif;twGi;f okYd 0ifa&mufvmonfEh , S &f adS yawmh
rsm;u zqyvtpdk;&udk wufwuf<u<uqefYusifvIyf&Sm;vm
onf/
Muonf/ awmcdkuGefjrLepfygwDrsm;\ ppfqifwkdufcdkufrI t&Sdef
xdt k csed u f Ekid if aH &;tajctaerSm vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D uwnf;
t[kefrSm aES;auG;NyD; ,kwfavsmhpjyKvmygonf/ wyfrawmf\
u tmPm&vmaom zqyvwyfaygif;pkwGif tjcm;tzGJUrsm;
ppfqifrIrsm;rSm atmifjrifvsuf&Sdaeygonf/
z,f&Sm;jcif;? xGufcGmoGm;jcif;rsm;jzpfcJhonf/ ygwDESifhtzGJUtpnf;
xdtk csed w
f iG f tmPm&zqyv\taetxm;rSm rwnfrNird f [lí OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidrf;wkdYOD;aqmifonfh qkd&S,fvpfygwDESifh
jzpfvmaeavonf/ 1956 ck? {Nyv D aemufq;kH &ufowåywftwGi;f ocifwifwdkYOD;aqmifonfh awmifolv,form;tpnf;t½Hk;wkdY
usif;ycJhaom 'kwd,ajrmuf ygvDreftaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJBuD; tm;NydKifaeMuonf/
NyD;pD;NyD;aemufydkif;wGif zqyvacgif;aqmifydkif;tMum; pdwf0rf; xdt k csed w f iG f wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifyikd ;f onf wnfNird pf mG yif
uGjJ ym;rIrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ tajccHEidk if aH &;0g't& tjcm;em;Bu;D &yfwnfaecJhygonf/ yk*¾dKvfa&; oHa,mZOft& [dkbuf 'Dbuf
jcm;em;vSonf r[kwyf gbJvsuf acgif;aqmiftcsi;f csi;f yk*Kd¾ vaf &; udik ;f ñGwrf rI sK;d &Sad umif;&Srd nfjzpfaomfvnf; wdusaompnf;urf;jzifh
t& txiftjrifvrJG rI sm; jzpfymG ;vmMuonf/ yk*Kd¾ vaf &; *dP k ;f *P zGUJ pnf;xm;onfw h yfrawmfonf zqyvtuGw J iG f b,fbufurkd Q
tkyfpkudk zGJUvmMuonf/ rvdu k yf gbJ rdr\ d taetxm;ESihf nDñw G pf mG rdrwd m0ef0w¬&m;udk
1958 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 29 &ufaeYwGif zqyvtzGJUcsKyf\ om xrf;&Gufvsuf&SdaecJhygonf/
nDvmcHukd usi;f ycJo Y nf/ xdn k v D mcHwiG f rnDrñGwjf zpfymG ;rIonf 1958 ckEpS ?f ZGev f av;&ufaeYwiG f jynfov Yl wT af wmf tpnf;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

pwifvmcJhonf/ xdkESpf {NyDv 27 &ufaeYwGif zqyvtzGJUBuD; ta0;udk usif;yaomtcg ]]wnfNrJ}} tkyfpk0if 0efBuD;rsm;onf
ESpfjcrf;ESpfzGJUuGJMuonf/ tpdk;&tzGJUrS EkwfxGufMuonf/ tpdk;&tzGJUwGif rnfonfhygwD
...(98)
 680 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 681
tzGJUtpnf;udkrQ tajccHrxm;aom yk*¾vduoabm&Sdonfh 0efBuD;csKyf ocifEk\ tpdk;&tzGJUonf okH;vESifh 17 &uf
0efBuD;csKyfjzpfol OD;EkESifh OD;Ekvkdvm;olrsm; oefY&Sif;tzGJU0ifrsm; umvrQom ouf w rf ; &S d c J h o nf / tjyef t vS e f p G y f p G J r I r sm;?
vTwfawmfwGifusef&pfcJhonf/ tjyeftvSef qefYusifvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? rwnfNidrfrIrsm;aMumifh
xkdtajctaewGif EkdifiHwpf0ef;e,fawGü qkd&S,fvpfygwDrS ]]okdYavm .... okdYavm}} tajctaersKd; jzpfaecJhonf/
e,fpm;qefqefyk*¾dKvfrsm; wefcdk;xGm;vmNyD; ,if;e,fy,frsm;ukd xdtk csed f xdt k ajctaewGif wyfrawmfrS Akv d rf LS ;csKyo
f ;Hk OD;u
pkd;rkd;cJhonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;uarmufurjzpfí cH&csufrsm;aom 0efBuD;csKyfocifEkxHokdY oGm;NyD; EkdifiHa&;tajctae rwnfNidrfrI
jynfolrsm;u 0efBuD;csKyfxHwkdifMum;rIrsm;&Sdvmonf/ wynfhawG? ysufjym;ap&ef wyfrawmfudk tmPmvTJay;zkdY awmif;qdkaMumif;
trsK;d taqGawG ruif;&mruif;aMumif;awGygvmonf/ OD;Ekbuf uRefawmfwkdY Mum;od&onf/
ESihf qk&d ,
S vf pfygwDbufwo Ydk nf Ekid if aH &;tkycf sKyaf &;vkyyf u
kH ikd yf akH wG þowif;jzpfEkdifaMumif;udk uRefawmf\ rsufjriftaMumif;
rwlnDjzpfvmonf/ rausrvnf jzpfvmonf/ txufazmfjyyg tcsufwpf&yfudk a&;jyvdkygonf/ xdktaMumif;rSm uRefawmfwkdY
taMumif;tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmu cGJa&;uGJa&;vrf;aMumif;ay:okdY pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;enf;jyoifwef;rS enf;jyq&mAkv d Bf u;D azMunf
a&mufcJhMu&onf/ onf ppfxGuf0wfpHktjynfhtpHk 0wfqifxm;um umbdkifaoewf
1958 ckEpS ?f ZGevf ig;&ufaeYwiG f ]]oef&Y iS ;f }} tkypf 0k if 0efBu;D wpfvufuv kd ,G vf suf t&m&Sd pm;aomuf&yd o f mok0Yd ifvmonfukd
topfrsm; usrf;usdefMuonf/ awGU&onf/ pm;aomuf&dyfomwGif uRefawmfwpfa,mufom
ZGefv ukd;&ufaeYwGif jynfolYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;ü &SdaeqJ AkdvfBuD;azMunfa&mufvmonf/ olYudkMunfhNyD; uRefawmf
]]wnfNrJ}} tkyfpk0iftrwfrsm;u 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom tHhMooGm;\/ uRefawmfu -
tpdk;&tzGJUudk t,HktMunfr&SdaMumif; tqkdwifoGif;onf/ ]]AsKdU AkdvfBuD;azMunf ... cifAsm;u c&D;oGm;0wfpHkeJY
vTwfawmftrwfrsm;u qE´rJay;NyD; qHk;jzwfMuonf/ aoewf e J Y b,f o G m ;rvd k Y v J } } [k a r;&m Ak d v f B uD ; azMunf u
tpd;k &tzGUJ udk ,HMk unfaMumif;? qE´raJ y;aom trwfO;D a&rSm at;at;oufomyif-
(127) OD;&SdNyD; r,HkMunfaMumif; qE´rJay;ol trwfOD;a&rSm ]]'Dvdkq&mudkcspfvdIif ... 'DaeY wyfu usKyfwkdYvlBuD;awG
(119) OD;&Sdonf/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;wkdY AkdvfrSL;csKyf armifarmifwkdYawmhygw,f
0efBu;D csKyo
f cifEt k pk;d &u rJ&pS rf jJ zifh tom&um tEkid &f oGm; ajymw,f/ ckcsed q f &kd if oGm;aervm;bJ/ 0efBu;D csKyq f u D kd uReaf wmfh
onf/ ,if;okdY tEkdif&vdkuf jcif;aMumifh ocifEkonf 0rf;omjcif; udk awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf Akvd rf LS ;csKyb
f vdy&f UJ ud,
k pf m;pDrcH efcY JG
r&SdvS[k owif;pmavmurS owif;xGufvmonf/ aew,fvdkY uRefawmfwkdY em;vnfxm;&wJh 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;
ocifEkonf qE´rJtiftm; BuD;BuD;rm;rm;&csifyHk&Sdonf/ ausmfjrifhu uRefawmfeJY wjcm;vlawGudk ac:ajymw,f/ wyfu
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

okdYrSom ol\rl0g'rsm;udk pdwfcsvufcs vkyfaqmifEkdifrnf[k 'DaeYuyk f (Coup) vkycf siv f yk v

f rd rhf ,f/ jyifqifxm;MuvdaYk jymw,f/
,lqxm;yHk&onf/ tJ'gaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY 'Dvdkaeae&wm}} [lí ajymygonf/
...(99)
 682 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 683
uRefawmfu - uRefawmfu -
]]'gjzifh oifwef;u b,fvdkvJAsm}} [kar;&m - ]]'gjzifh EkdifiHa&;tajctae ajymif;oGm;NyDvm;}} [k ar;vkduf
]]'gu 'Dtwkdif;ay;&r,f ... bmrSrxl;bl;}} [k AkdvfBuD; onf/ olu ]]ajymif;rajymif;awmh uReaf wmfrodb;l ? uReaf wmfwYdk
azMunfu ajymygonf/ q&mwdv Yk yk af ewJh tvkyaf wmhqufvyk &f r,f}} [kajymNy;D uReaf wmfh
]]'gawmh [kwfygNyD ... 'Dudpöudk uRefawmfwdkY 'g½dkufwm tcef;rS AkdvfBuD;azMunfxGufoGm;ygonf/
AkdvfrSL;BuD;boef;wkdY AkdvfrSL;pHjrifh wkdYodNyDvm;}} [k uRefawmfu olYudk uRefawmfMunfhvdkuf&m olYacgif;ay:wGif ppfOD;xkyf
ar;&m AkdvfBuD;azMunfu - aqmif;xm;onfudk rawGU&yg/
]]Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D boef;u ppf½;kH udo
k mG ;w,f ... olocd sio f v
d rd hf Akv
d Bf u;D azMunf\pum;udk uReaf wmfuaxmufNy;D Akv d cf sKyBf u;D
r,f ... AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhESifh Akdvfpef;vGifawmh armfuGef;wkdufudk ae0if;u OD;EkxrH t S mPmodr;f &ef Akv d rf LS ;csKyof ;Hk OD;udk apvTwo f nf
oGm;w,f ... olwaYdk wmh odr,frxifb;l }} [k at;at;aq;aq; [laomowif;onf rSefuefcJhonf[k uRefawmf,lqrdygonf/
yif ajymjyygonf/ AkdvfBuD;azMunfonf vdar®mf&nfwpfcGuf uReaf wmfMum;onfh owif;t& tmPmvTaJ y;&ef awmif;qdk
rSmaomufNyD; pm;&dyfomrSxGufoGm;\/ uRefawmfvnf; t&m&Sd cJhMuaom AkdvfrSL;csKyfoHk;OD;tm; 0efBuD;csKyfocifEku ,ckvdk
tdyfaqmifokdY jyefcJhygonf/ tmPmodr;f yHpk rH sK;d jzifh wkid ;f jynftmPmudk vT, J yl gu wyfrawmf
naeav;em&DcefYwGif AkdvfBuD;azMunfonf tdyfaqmifokdY twGuv f nf;raumif;? rdrt d wGuv f nf;aumif;raumif;jzpfrnf/
jyefvmygonf/ olESifhuRefawmfwkdYrSm tdyfaqmifwpfaqmifwnf; okdYjzpfí AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifhol em;vnfrIjzifh tvTJtajymif;
wGif tdyMf uolrsm;jzpfyg\/ olt Y cef;ok0Yd ifNy;D rS uReaf wmft
h cef;okYd vkyfay;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymonf[kod&ygonf/
0ifvmygonf/ ol\ycHk;wGif umbdkifaoewfudk rawGU&yg/ xdak eYnwGif Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D boef;taqmifwiG f jyeftyd yf gonf/
olt Y rlt&mrSm apmapmu uReaf wmfawGUcJo h vdk cyfat;at; AkdvfrSL;BuD;boef;u AkdvfBuD;azMunfajymonfhtwkdif; rSefuef
trlt&myJ&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfu - aMumif;twnfjyKajymqdkygonf/
]]b,fvdkvJAsmh}} [k ar;vkduf&m olu NyHK;pdpdrsufESmESifh - xdaYk Mumifyh if 0efBu;D csKyo f cifEo k nf 1958 ck? pufwifbmv
]]q&mudkcspfvdIif ... cifAsm;udk uRefawmfajymcJhwJh Coup 26 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;xH tajctaet&yf&yfudk
awmh rvkyfjzpfawmhbl;Asm ... AdkvfrSL;BuD;ausmfjrifhpum;t& xdef;odrf;ay;&efESifh w&m;rQwaom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk
awmh 0efBuD;csKyf ocifEku usKyfwkdYAkdvfcsKyfBuD;udk vTwfawmfu usi;f yay;&ef tdraf pmift h pd;k &tzGUJ udk zGUJ ygrnfth aMumif; zdwMf um;pm
wpfqifh tmPmvTJajymif;ay;r,fqkdwJh owif;Mum;cJh&w,f/ wpfapmif a&;ykdYonf/
'Dawmh 'DaeYnae Coup awmh rvkyfjzpfbl;Asm... Cook AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifydkif;0if
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uawmhvyk rf ,f ..usKy&f yd o f mrSm Muufom;csuzf Ydk oGm;ajymr,f}} yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifhwkdifyifum 0efBuD;csKyfocifEk\ zdwfMum;pmudk

[kajym\/ vufcHcJhayonf/
...(100)
 684 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 685
pufwifbmv 28 &ufaeY jynfolYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0; azmfjycJah om yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;ESihf 0efBu;D csKyf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf
wGif tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJUudk acgif;aqmifNyD; zGJUpnf;ay;Ekdifap&ef ol\tdraf pmift h pk;d &tzGUJ ukd acgif;aqmifNy;D Ekid if \ H wm0efrsm;ukd
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tm; 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;tyfESif;zkdY tqdkwifoGif; xrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/
onf/ xdktqdkudk jynfolYvTwfawmfu oabmwlcJhonf/ þokdY aqmif&GufaepOf 1959 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 11 &uf
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf w&m;0ifqufvufwnf&Sdaeaom aeYwiG f ucsijf ynfe,f0efBu;D 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f ? u,m;jynfe,f0efBu;D
jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm; (jynfe,fOuú|rsm;ESifh csif;a&;&m0efBuD;wdkY p0f0PÖ? csif;jynfe,f0efBuD; OD;xefvsef;wkdY okH;OD;u '*kH&dyfomokdY
tygt0if)? EkdifiHa&;orm;rygaom t&yfbuftxufwef; oGm;a&mufNy;D tdraf pmift h pk;d &tzGUJ 0efBu;D csKyf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;ESihf
0efxrf; t&m&SdBuD; ukd;OD;wkdYyg0ifaom tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJUudk awGUqkHonf/ xkdokdYawGUqkHpOf tajctaet& w&m;rQwaom
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&ef rjzpfEkdifao;[kqkdygu AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJUonf 1958 ck? pufwifbmv 28 &uf uyif aemufxyf ajcmufvqufNyD; EkdifiHawmftmPm,lNyD;
aeYrSonf 1960 jynhf? {NyDv okH;&ufaeYtxdjzpfaom umv aqmif&Gufay;yg&ef arwåm&yfcHMuonf/ xkdjynfe,f0efBuD;
twGif; &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;? okH;OD;\ arwåm&yfcHcsufukd AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u pOf;pm;ygOD;rnf
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;y&efvkdtyfaom tajctaersm; [lí wkHYjyefcJhavonf/
jzpfay:apa&;? w½kwf-jrefrme,fjcm; e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;? 1959 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYpGJjzifh tdrfapmifhtpkd;&
EkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyf,EÅ&m; ykHrSefpnf;urf;usea&; ponfwkdYukd tzGJU 0efBuD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u EkdifiHawmfor®wxHokdY ol\
tm½kHpkduf aqmif&GufcJhayonf/ EkwfxGufpmukd wifoGif;vkdufavonf/
Akvd cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ tpk;d &tzGUJ onf 1959 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D wGif trsm;u tHhtm;oifhapaom EkwfxGufpmjzpfcJh\/
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJukd usif;yay;&ef wm0efcHxm;onf/ jynf w G i f ; jynf y owif ; pmrsm;u trsKd ; rsKd ; a0zef c suf ?
tdraf pmift h pk;d &pwifwm0ef,o l nfrmS 1958 ckEpS ?f atmufwb dk mv okH;oyfcsufwkdY a&;cJhMuonf/
29 &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmEkid if zH UJG pnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccHOya'yk'rf 56 jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'
(2) t& jynfaxmifpt k pk;d & tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf ceftY yfcMH u&onf/ (1947) wGif ygvDreftrwf r[kwo f l wpfO;D tm; 0efBu;D csKyt f jzpf
ceft Y yfNy;D aemuf xkad eYrmS yif 0efBu;D csKyEf iS thf wl Ekid if aH wmfor®w ajcmufvxufyí dk rcefx
Y m;&ef xnfo h iG ;f a&;qGcJ o hJ nfh yk'rf 116
a&SUarSmufwGif 0efBuD;rsm; usrf;opömusdefqkdcJhMu\/ jzpfonf/
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUwGif 0efBuD;csKyf xkdtwkdif;qkdygu 1959 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif taxGaxG
tygt0if 0efBuD; 14 OD;yg0ifcJh\/ ,ciftpkd;&rsm;vufxufu a&G;aumufyu JG si;f y&rnf[í l pum;cH&adS y&m xkpd Ofu Ekid if t H wGi;f
0efBuD; 23 OD;&SdcJhayonf/ 0efBuD;OD;a&enf;oGm;onhftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJusif;yEkdifa&;twGuf vkHjcHKa&;tajctaeESifhwuG
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ tdraf pmift h pk;d &0efBu;D rsm;onf ,cif tpk;d & tjcm;aomjyifqifrI t00twGuf tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzkdY rjzpfEkdif
tzGJU0efBuD;rsm;xuf wm0efykdNyD;BuD;cJhayonf/ aom tajctaejzpfvsuf&Sd\/
...(101)
 686 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 687
aemufqkH;wGif vTwfawmf? EkdifiHawmfor®w? Oya'ynm&Sif Akvd rf LS ;csKyw
f ifazonf 0efBu;D OD;cspaf omif;wm0ef,al om 0efBu;D
ponfwEYdk iS hf aqG;aEG;ndE§ idI ;f Ny;D yk'rf 116 ukd ,m,Djyifqifay;Ny;D XmeokH;ckteuf owåKwGif;ESifhtvkyform;0efBuD;XmeESifh oD&dysHcsD
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;ukyd if 'kw, d tBurd f tdraf pmift
h pk;d &tjzpf xyfrH OD;xGe;f wifwm0ef,al om jynfov Yl yk if ef;ESihf tdr&f maqmufvyk af &;
zGJUpnf;NyD; EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wm0efvTJtyf&awmhonf/ 0efBuD;XmeESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;0efBuD;Xme ESpfckaygif;NyD;
wm0ef,lvkduf&onf/
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ 'kwd,tBudrf tdrfapmifhtpkd;& 1959 ckESpf? rwfv aemufykdif;wGif w&m;rQwNyD; vGwfvyf
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t Hk ajccHOya'yk'rf 116 ukd ,m,Djyifqifjcif; aom a&G;aumufyGJusif;yEkdifa&;twGuf tiftm;jznfhwif;xm;
rSm Akvd cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;tm; 0efBu;D csKyt f jzpf qufvufwm0ef,al p aom tdrfapmifhtpkd;&ukd xyfrHzGJUpnf;vkdufonf/
vkad omaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1959 ckEpS ?f azaz:0g&Dv 27 &ufaeY tdraf pmift
h pk;d &vufxufwiG f tpk;d &tzGUJ ukd taxmuftul
wGif jynfolYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;ü 0efBuD;csKyf trnfpm&if; jyKEidk &f ef ppfbuft&m&Srd sm;ukd 0efBu;D XmetoD;oD;ü cefx Y m;cJo
h nf/
wifoGif;&m wifvTm 32 apmifwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ trnf tdrfapmifhtpkd;&u þokdYcefYxm;aom taxmuftultzGJU
uko d mwifoiG ;f Muonf/ þokjYd zifyh if xkad eYusi;f yaom vTwaf wmf\ rsm;wGif 0efBu;D csKy½f ;Hk twGuf Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h dk cefxY m;cJo
h nf/
Ouú|u Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;tm; Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKytf jzpf ceft
Y yf Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifo
h nf e,fjcm;a'otkycf sKyaf &;Xme\ wm0efudk
&ef Ekid if aH wmfor®wxHoYdk jynfov Yl w
T af wmfrS trnfwifoiG ;f jcif; xrf;aqmif&ef jzpfvmcJhonf/
cH&aom yk*¾dKvfjzpfonf[k aMunmvkdufonf/ 'Drkdua&pDa'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh a'oEÅ&tzGJUrsm;qkdif&m
1959 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 27 &ufaeY nae ig;em&DwGif 0efBu;D \ taxmuftultzGUJ wGif Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D xGe;f pdeo
f nf &efuek f
EkdifiHawmfor®w\ aetdrfawmf&Sd yv’ifcef;raqmifü 'kwd, jrLeDpy,ftzGJUwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&NyD; &efukefNrdKUawmf0ef
tBurd f zGUJ pnf;vku d af om Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;trSL;jyKonhf tdraf pmifh jzpfvmonf/
tpk;d & tzGUJ 0if0efBu;D rsm;? or®wa&SUarSmufwiG f uwdopömqko d nhf
tcrf;tem; usif;ycJhonf/ tqkdyg 0efBuD;rsm;rSm - tdrfapmifhtpkd;&\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
'kwd,tBudrfzGJUpnf;vkdufaom tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUwGif tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUonf w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;? Nidrf0yfydjym;
,ciftdrfapmifhtpkd;&xuf 0efBuD;wpfOD;ykdvmonf/ ,ciftpkd;& a&;wm0ef? w&m;rQwNyD; vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;
vufxuf 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf OD;odrf;armifrSm touft&G,ft& wm0efwkdYukd OD;wnfaqmif&GufaepOfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHESifhw½kwf
tem;,lvu dk &f onf/ OD;bMum;ae&mwGif ppfypön;f ñTeMf um;a&;0ef jynfolYor®w EkdifiHtMum; e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;vkyfief;ukd
OD;oD[efukd cefYxm;cJhonf/ vkyfukdifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

1959 ckESpf? arv 14 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifazukd yxrOD;pGm e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;ukd azmfjy&rnfqkdvQif

0efBuD;tzGJUwGif tiftm;wkd;NyD; 0efBuD;tjzpfcefYxm;vkdufonf/ 1952 ckESpf 0ef;usifuyif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiHrS wkdufxkwf
...(102)
 688 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 689
vkdufaom csefau&Sdwf\ wyfom;wkdYonf jrefrme,fpyfukd tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhtm; EkdifiHawmf
jzwfausmfNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ajcukyf,lum w½kwfjynfrBuD;tm; 0efBuD;csKyf½kH;wGif topfzGJUpnf;cJhaom e,fjcm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;
jyefvnfwu dk cf u
dk vf su&f o dS nf/ atmifjrifru I m; r&cJah y/ okaYd omf t&m&SdcsKyf cefYtyfvkdufonf/
csefau&Sdwfwyf<uif; w½kwfwyfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; qufvuf 1960 jynfEh pS f Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; tdraf pmift h pk;d &vufxuf
usL;ausmfjrJ usL;ausmfvsuf&SdcJh\/ jrefrmwkdYtac:rSm w½kwfjzL AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf 0efBuD;csKyf½kH;okdY ajymif;a&TU&NyD; topf
[líjzpf\/ zGJUpnf;vkdufaom e,fjcm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdcsKyf jzpfvmyg
1954 ckEpS ?f atmufwb dk mvwGif Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyo f cifEk onf/ ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf &Sr;f jynfe,frS w½kwjf ynfEiS hf qufpyfae
ESifh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;wkdYonf azmfjycJhonhf aome,frsm;? &ckid -f ygupöwefqufpyfaeonhf ar,ke,fjcm;c½kid f
tajctaeukd umuG,f&efvkdtyfNyD[k odMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh rsm;\ vkNH cKH a&;? tkycf sKyaf &;? e,fjcm;a'ozGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufa&;twGuf
&Srf;jynfe,fwGif wm0efusaeaom wyfr[m (4) rS wyfrif; txl;tav;ay; aqmif&Guf&onf/ e,fedrdwfrowfrSwf&ao;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhtm; wm0efwpf&yf ay;cJh\/ aom e,fpyfwpfavQmufwGif BudKwifjyifqif&onf/
xkdwm0efum; w½kwf-jrefrme,fjcm; ppfwHcGefcsDwuf&ef? 1960 jynfEh pS w f iG f Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;ESihf
e,ferd w d o f wfrw S af &;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; avhvmpkpH rf; w½kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH 0efBuD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;wkdYonf jrefrm-
&ef? jynfrESifhtquftoG,fa0;aeaom e,fpyfaewkdif;&if;om; w½kwf e,fedrdwfowfrSwfrI oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqkdMuonf/
rsm;tm;pnf;½k;H &ef? e,fjcm;wk;d wufa&;twGuf tpk;d &u bmawG ,if;pmcsKyft& jrefrm-w½kwf e,fedrdwfyl;wGJaumfrwDukd tpkd;&
vkyaf y;oifo h nfudk tpD&ifc&H ef? Ayursm;wpfzufEidk if o H Ydk oifwef; toD;oD;u zGJUpnf;ay;onf/ jrefrmzufrS AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;
wuf&efoGm;jcif;? wpfzufEkdifiHrS w½kwfeDrsm; jrefrmEkdifiHokdY acgif;aqmifí tzGJU0ifig;OD;yg0if&m AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf
a&mufcjhJ cif;ukd taxmuftxm;ESiw hf uG wifjy&ef wm0efjzpfay tzGJU0ifwpfOD;tjzpf wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ w½kwfzufrS
onf/ rpöwm,lcsKHrif;acgif;aqmifí tvm;wl ig;OD;yg0ifygonf/
xkdYjyif AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhtm; ajrmufykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf\ ESpEf idk if H e,ferd w
d yf ;l wGaJ umfrwDu oabmwltwnfjyKonhf
qufoG,fa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf cefYxm;wm0efay;vkdufao;\/ e,fjcm;rsO;f aMumif;ukd vufawGUuGi;f qif;wkid ;f wmcsuüf taumif
xkdYaMumifh ,drf;EGJUyg;ppfwHcGeftzGJUjzifh rkdifaygif; 1000 ausmf txnfazmf&mwGif vkt d yfonhcf idk rf maom ausmufwidk rf sm;pku d xf l
&Snfvsm;aom w½kwf-jrefrme,fpyfwpfavQmufokdY 1954 rS 56 &ef? wkdif;wm&ef? ajrykHopfrsm; a&;qGJ½kdufESdyf&ef vkyfief;rsm;ukd
ckESpftxd okH;ESpfwkdifwkdif csDwufcJhNyD; e,fpyftajctaeukd umuG,fa&;0efBuD;XmerS wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&ef tpkd;&u
avhvmEkdifcJhonf/ owfrSwfay;onf/ xkdYaMumifh wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifNyD; ]]bb
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tdrfapmifhtpkd;&rwufrDuyif EkdifiHawmftBuD;tuJwkdYonf ppfqifa&;}} trnfjzifh 1960 jynfhESpf? Zlvkdifv 10 &ufaeYwGif

e,fpyfa'oudpu ö dk pdw0f ifpm;Ny;D wm0efay;cJo h uJoY Ydk 1960 jynfh pwifqifETJygonf/ ,if;bbppfqifa&;ukd 'kwd,umuG,fa&;
...(103)
 690 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 691
OD;pD;csKyu f wm0ef,&l onf/ okaYd omf 'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf jrefrm-w½kwf yl;wGJaumfrwD nd§EIdif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;? yl;wGJ
Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D u uGi;f qif;aqmif&u G &f onhf ]]bbppfqifa&;}} ajrwkdif;ausmufwkdifpkdufjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif&m tppt&m&m
vkyif ef; tprStqk;H wkid af tmifjrifap&eftwGuf Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifh acsmarmajyjypfvSonfawmhr[kwfyg/ rMumcP w½kwfwkdYESifh
tm; 'kwd,acgif;aqmif okdYr[kwf bbppfqifa&;\ OD;pD;csKyf tjiif;yGm;&? &efjzpf&? wpfcgwpfcg vkyfief;BuD;wpfckvkH;yif
tjzpf xyfqifh vTJtyfwm0efay;ygonf/ &yf&awmhrvkdxd vdyfcJwnf;vnf;jzpf&ygonf/ þuJYokdY tcuf
bbppfqifa&;ukd ok;H ykid ;f cGíJ aqmif&u G &f onf/ yxrykid ;f rSm tcJBuKH widk ;f acgif;aqmifvyk o f l Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D u Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D
1960 jynfhESpf? Zlvkdifv 10 &ufrS atmufwkdbmv ESpf&ufaeY apmjrift h m; ajz&Si;f &ef txl;wm0efay;tyfojzifh Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifh
txd &ufaygif; 85 &uf? jrefrm-w½kwf e,ferd w d af wmifxyd cf Re;f rS onf enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh ajz&Si;f ay;&onfh tBurd af ygif;rsm;pGm&Syd gonf/
'dz;l vcg;awmifMum;vrf;txd (ucsijf ynf e,fpyfa'oESihf uGr;f vkH xkdtcsdefu yg0ifolvlBuD;rsm; todjzpfygonf/
e,fjcm;c½kdifa'orsm;) bb ppfqifa&;yg0ifolrsm;tm; EkdifiHawmfrS bGJUrsm;csD;jr§ifh
'kw, d ykid ;f rSm 1960 jynfhEpS ?f Ek0d ifbm wpf&ufrS ZGev f 15 onf/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifv
h nf; ]]oa&pnfo}l } bGUJ &onf/ e,ferd w d f
&uftxd &ufaygif; 227 &uf? jrefrm-w½kwfe,fjcm; csdrvd vufrw S af &;xk;d yG?J atmifyrJG sm;ukd yDuif;-&efuek w f iG f usi;f yonf/
awmifMum;vrf;rS rJacgifEiS hf erfv h efjrpfqt Hk xd (ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf cspfMunfa&;tzGJUawG oGm;vmMuonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf
&Srf;jynfe,fpyfa'orsm;)?
tzGJU 150 ausmf yg0ifaom ,Ofaus;rIukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd
wwd,ykdif;rSm 1961 ckESpf? arv ckepf&ufrS Zlvkdifv 31
acgif;aqmifí w½kwjf ynfomG ;&onf/ e,ferd w d of wfrw S Nf y;D aom
&uftxd &ufaygif; 86 &uf? jrefrm-w½kwf e,fedrdwf csdrvd
tcg ESpfEkdifiHe,fjcm;wpfavQmufae wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm;
awmifMum;vrf;rS 'dzl;vcg;awmifMum;txd/
bbppfqifa&;vufawGUwkdif;wmcsuft& w½kwf-jrefrm jrefrmwkdYu qefESifhqm;ay;í w½kwfwkdYu t0wftxnf?
e,fedrdwfrSm rkdifaygif; 1357 rdkifausmf &Snfvsm;onf/ jrefrmESifh yef;uefay;ojzifh ,if;vufaqmifrsm; pkpH aHk pYapY e,fjcm;ae &Gmol
w½kwyf ;l aygif;Ny;D ausmufwidk af ygif; 402 wkid f pku d cf ohJ nf/ trsm; &Gmom;rsm; vufwGif;a&mufatmif AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhwkdYu
tm;jzifh cufcjJ rifrh m;aomawmifBu;D rsm;? qD;ESi;f a&cJz;Hk awmifrsm;? ]]arwåmppfqifa&;}} jzifh aqmif&Gufay;&ygonf/
rwfapmufaom csKdifh? a&pD;oefaom jrpfacsmif;rsm; jzwfausmfí e,fjcm;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdcsKyftaeESifh e,fjcm;a'o
yifyifyef;yef; ajrwkdif;wmjcif;? ckdifrmaom ausmufwkdifrsm; wkdif;&if;om;zGHUNzdK;a&;ukd okH;-av;ESpf aqmif&Gufay;cJhygonf/
o,f,lpkdufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&? rdrdwkdYbufrS aiGusyfodef; 60 ausmf vrf;azmuf? wHwm;aqmuf? aq;½k?H aq;ay;cef;? ausmif;aqmuf?
ukefusí wyfrawmfom;ESifh ajrwkdif;tzGJU0if 5500 cefYyg0if? avS u m;xpf v,f , mazmf x k w f ? pk d u f y sKd ; a&;NcH w nf a xmif ?
ppfqifa&; txrf;orm;rsm; 6655 a,muf? t&yfarmfawmf,mOf pkdufysKd;arG;jrLa&;pepf pwifcJh? w½kwfacs;aiG twkd;r&Sd uka# 40
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

967 pD;? wyfrawmf,mOf 172 pD;? vm;aumifa& 5114 okH;pGJcJh& &atmif wkdufwGef;ojzifh ESpfEkdifiH0efBuD;csKyfwkdY oabmwlpmcsKyf
onf/ csKyfcJh/ ,if;aiGrS ESpfEdkifiHe,fjcm;twGuf uGrf;vkHwHwm;BuD;
...(104)
 692 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 693
wnfaqmufcí hJ usKid ;f wko
H mG ; wmaumfww
H m;vnf; wnfaqmuf ,aeY vlaexlxyfNyD; pnf;um;wkd;wufaeaom awmifOuú
cJyh gonf/ xkt
Yd jyif a&tm;vQypf pfrsm;wnfaxmif&ef wkid ;f wmjcif;? vmyNrdKU? ajrmufOuúvmyNrdKU? omauwNrdKUwkdYonf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\
uGrf;vkH? [kdyef? rkdif;arm? yefqef; [laom ukd;uefYESifh 0 e,f tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxuf NrdKUawmf0ef AkdvfrSL;BuD;xGef;pdef\
awmifykdif; ajcmufykdif; qufoG,frnfh r[mAsL[mvrf;rBuD;ukd aqmif&GufrIaMumifh ay:xGef;vmcJhaom NrdKUopfrsm;jzpfayonf/
w½kwfacs;aiGESifhazmuf&ef jyifqifwkdif;wmonf/ okdYawmf &efukefNrdKUxJ usL;ausmf&yfuGufwGif aepOfu pnfyifu
wyfr[m (6) wyfr[mrSL; AkdvfrSL;BuD;cspfNrdKifu uefYuGufí csxm;ay;onhf vrf;ab;a&wkid rf S a&ukd vG,u f pl mG &cJ\ h / oGm;vkd
vkyfief;&yfqkdif;vkduf&onf/ &mokYd bwfpu f m;jzifh tvG,o f mG ;Ekid cf UJ \/ NrKd Uopfww Ydk iG f zGichf gpu
a&tcuftcJ? oGm;vma&;tcuftcJwYdk BuKH awGUMu&onf/ NrKd Uopf
NrdKUopf? ajropfwkd;csJUzGJUpnf;jcif; om;wkdY þtcuftcJukd BuHKawGU&Muonf/ bwfpfum;vkdif;rsm;
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif ,cif ,ckacwfavmufrrsm;onfh umvjzpf&m bwfpu f m;usyo f nfudk
1949 - 50 wpf0u dk u f e,frsm;ü aomif;use;f olrsm;aMumifh rae&J vnf; BuHKMu&\/
aom awmaevlxo k nf &efuek o
f Ydk a&muf&cdS adk tmif;vm Muojzifh þokYd a&tcuf? bwfpu f m;tusy?f opfyifr&Sd vGiw f ;D acgif
&efuek Nf rKd UBu;D wGif w&m;r0iftrd af qmufaeMuonf/ vlaetdraf jc wGif aewylylrkdY umwGef;q&m? owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mwkdY\
rsm;vmcJhonf/ usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;[k owfrSwfac:a0:Mu\/ vkyfuGufaumif;apaom NrdKUopfawGjzpfcJh\/
xkd&yfuGufrsm;wGif oufu,f? "edponfwkdYukd rkd;umxm;Mu ,ckaomfum; vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 50 utawGUtBuHKwkdY
jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? tdrfcsif;uyfaeaom aetdrfrsm;vGef;aom rIe0f g;ukeMf uNy/D NrKd Uawmf0efAv dk rf LS ;Bu;D xGe;f pdeu f dk aus;Zl;wifaeMu
aMumifv h nf;aumif;? use;f rma&;ESirhf nDnw G af om tajctaersm;? ayNy/D ajraps;Bu;D jrifah eaom ,aeYacwfwiG f Ouúvm-omauw
rD ; ab;pk d ; &d r f & onh f tajctaersm;? 'k p ½k d u f r I r sm;apaom wkdY\ ajraps;rSm awmf½kHvlwkdY rrSef;&Jp&mjzpfaeayNyD/
taMumif;rsm; ponfah b;tEÅ&m,fwYdk &Sad eayonf/ rMum rMum NrKd Uopfrsm; &efuek 0f ef;usiw f iG f azmfxw k o f uJo h Ydk tjcm;wkid ;f ESihf
rD;vefYrI? rD;avmifrIrsm;vnf; jzpfay:cJhzl;onf/ NrdKUrsm;wGifvnf; NrdKUopfrsm; azmfxkwfay;Mu\/ NrdKUwGif;vrf;rsm;
Ak d v f c sKyf B uD ; ae0if ; \ td r f a pmif h t pk d ; &vuf x uf w G i f jyifjcif;? a&ajrmif;rsm;wl;azmfjcif;? oef&Y iS ;f a&;ukd wyfrawmfom;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;xGef;pdeftm; &efukefNrdKUawmf0ef cefYtyfvdkufaomtcg rsm;? ppforD;rsm;ESiphf w d 0f ifpm;ol &yfuu G o
f m;wkYd yg0ifvyk af qmif
AkdvfrSL;BuD;xGef;pdefonf &efukefNrdKUwGif;&Sd wJomomaetdrfrsm; cJhMuonf/
&S d j cif ; \ tEÅ & m,f u k d od o nh f t avsmuf xk d t EÅ & m,f r sm; &efukefNrdKUBuD;\ oefY&Sif;rIwkdYaMumifh jrifuGif;opfozG,f
uif;a0;a&;? tqkdyg olykef&efrS ckdatmif;a&muf&Sdvm olwkdYtm; jrifvsuf&Sd\/ we*FaEGaeYwkdif;vkd wyfrawmfom;rsm; ppforD;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

w&m;0ifajr,mykdifqkdifrI&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ rsm;\ vkyftm;ay;jcif;ukd awGUEkdifMuayNyD/ jynfoluvnf;

NrdKUopfwkdYazmfxkwfay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmfom;wkdYukd ,kHMunftm;ukd;pdwfwkdY jzpfvmMu\/
...(105)
 694 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 695
a&S;jrefrmbk&ifrsm;acwfuyif &Sr;f jynfe,fponhf awmifwef; bmv 21 &ufaeYwiG f rdwv D¬ mNrKd Uü wyfrLS ;rsm; nDvmcHudk usi;f ycJh
a'orsm;? txl;ojzifh &Srf;jynfe,fwGif apmfbGm;tkyfcsKyfrI&SdcJh\/ avonf/ xkdnDvmcHü EkdifiHawmf0g'ESifhigwkdYwyfrawmf[laom
NAdwdoQtky fp kd; rIa tmufwGi fvnf; apmfbGm ;tky fc sKyfr I& Sdc Jh\ / pmwrf;ukd twnfjyKcyhJ gonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D u wm0efay;
tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf apmfbGm; ojzifh xkdpmwrf;ukd uRefawmfa&;om;cJh&ygonf/ xkdpmwrf;ukd
rsm;ESifhnd§EIdif;NyD; jrefrmEkdifiH\ tem*wfEkdifiHa&;tajctae AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;xH wifjycJhygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ukd,fwkdif
wk;d wufap&ef apmfbmG ;rsm;tm; pnf;½k;H aomenf;jzifh arwåm&yfccH hJ zwf½w I nf;jzwfNy;D wyfrLS ;rsm;nDvmcHü twnfjyKcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf/
aomaMumifh apmfbGm;rsm;uvnf; oabmwlum ya'o&mZf xkdpmwrf;\ vkd&if;tcsKyfrSm wyfrawmfonf armfuGef;BuD;
tmPmukd pGefYvTwfcJhMuonf/ ok;H &yfyg0ifonhf Ekid if aH wmf0g'ukd umuG,af pmifah &Smufaernf[í l
1958 ckESpfu tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhaom jzpfonf/
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf EkdifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyfwm0ef,lcJhpOfuyif Ekid if aH wmf\ armfueG ;f Bu;D ok;H &yfrmS (1) 1948 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv
w&m;rQwí vGwv f yfaom a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;&ef 0efccH \ hJ / av;&ufaeYwiG f aMunmcJo h nfh jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;aMunmpmwrf;?
0efccH o hJ nhtf wkid ;f yif 1960 jynfEh pS ?f azazmf0g&Dv ajcmuf&ufaeY (2) yxrajrmuf EkdifiHawmfor®wBuD; p0fa&Tokduf\ yxrOD;qkH;
ygvDrefrdefYcGef;? (3) wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu jy|mef;NyD;cJhaom
wGif a&G;aumufyu JG dk usi;f yay;cJjh cif;jzifh tdraf pmift h pk;d &\ rdr\ d
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccHOya'[lí jzpfay
wm0efukdausyGefpGm aqmif&GufcJhay\/
onf/
w½kwf-jrefrme,fedrdwfpmcsKyfukd 1960 jynfhESpf? Zefe0g&Dv
xkdarmfuGef;BuD; okH;&yfyg0ifaom EkdifiHawmf0g'ukd apmifhod
28 &ufaeYwiG f atmifjrifpmG csKyq f Edk idk cf ahJ yonf/ tdraf pmift h pk;d &\ ½kad ojcif;rSwpfyg; Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm;ü yg0ifywfoufjcif;r&Sad p&[k
umvtwGi;f wGif wyfrawmfpw d "f mwfppfqifa&; ñTeMf um;a&;rSL; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u tav;teuf rdefYMum;oGm;cJhygonf/
½kH;tzGJUESifh A[kdpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;wyfwkdYonf ppfbufe,fbuf txufazmfjyyg wyfrLS ;rsm;nDvmcHoYdk OD;apmOD;ESiu hf Reaf wmfwYdk
0efxrf;t&m&Sdrsm;tm; tdrfapmifhtpkd;&\ rl0g't&yf&yfukd od&Sd ESpOf ;D onf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; t&m&Srd sm;taejzifh wufa&mufciG hf
vku d ef map&ef a[majymykcYd srrI sm;ukd tqufrjywfjyKvyk cf yhJ gonf/ &cJMh uygonf/ xkt d csed tf cgwGif OD;apmOD;onf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;
txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifjcif; qkdif&m xkwfvkyfa&;wyfrSL;jzpfaeygNyD/ ol\&mxl;rSm 'kwd,
r&Sdap&ef? 0efxrf;pnf;urf;ESifhtnD rSefuefpGmaqmif&GufMu&ef AkdvfrSL;BuD;tqifhESifhwef;wlrI&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY\ ñTefMum;
a[majymykcYd s&ygonf/ 0efxrf;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyJG usi;f yaom a&;rSL;jzpfol 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;boef;onf AkdvfrSL;BuD;&mxl;okdY
tcgwGif rdrw d \
Ydk qE´ru J dk rdrw
d Ydk ,kMH unfaom trwfavmif;tm; wk;d jri§ ahf &muf&NdS y;D tvkyw f m0efBu;D rsm;ukd xrf;aqmifae&ygonf/
vGwfvyfpGmay;EkdifaMumif;ukdvnf; ajymjy&ygonf/ uReaf wmfrmS r*Fvm'kw H yfNrKd Uüxm;&Sad om A[kpd w d "f mwfppfqifa&;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

1960 jynfhESpf? azazmf0g&Dv ajcmuf&ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf wyfwiG f Akv d rf LS ;tqifEh iS w hf n l aD om okawoet&m&Scd sKyw f m0efudk
jzpfaom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ rwkdifrD 1958 ckESpf? atmufwkd xrf;aqmif&ygonf/
...(106)
 696 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 697
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyBJG u;D eD;vmavav? Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm;\ jynfaxmifpk trsK;d om;nDnw G af &;wyfaygif;pkudk yrnw [k ac:cJh
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSmvnf; jyif;xefaom t[kefukd aqmifvmavav Muonf/
jzpfaeavonf/ a&G;aumufyEJG iS yhf wfoufí Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u yxp? yrnw? wnfNrJzqyv xkdokH;ygwDwkdYonf xkdacwf
wyfrawmftaejzifh Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f &S&d rnf xkdumv\ t"duEkdifiHa&; ygwDrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/
jzpfaMumif;? bufvkdufyg0if jcif;rjyKoifhaMumif;? a&G;aumufyGJ wyfrawmfonf jyifyEkdifiHa&;avmuESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;
wGirf l rdrw d w
Ydk pfO;D csi;f \ qE´twkid ;f vGwv f yfpmG qE´raJ y;Ekid cf iG hf &yfwnfvmcJhayonf/ wyfrawmf\ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;rl0g'
&Sad Mumif;? wyfrawmf\ *kPo f ud m© ukd xdcu
dk af prnfh udprö eS o f rQudk onf ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ? a&mifpkHolykefrsm;ukd qefYusifwkdufcdkuf
a&SmifMuOf&rnfjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh owday;rdefYMum;cJhonf/ aom 0g'jzefYcsda&;vkyfief;&yfukd qufvufíom aqmif&GufNrJ
xkdrdefYcGef;ukd wdyfacGoGif;um wyfzGJUtoD;oD;okdY jzefYcsdcJhygonf/ aqmif&GufaecJhygonf/ onfvkdESifhyif 1961 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv
tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUonf 1960 jynfh? azazmf0g&Dv aemufqkH;ywfokdYa&mufvmcJhygonf/
xkEd pS f Ek0d ifbmv nOfOh ;D ykid ;f tcsed w f iG jf zpfygonf/ OD;apmOD;ESihf
ajcmuf & uf a eY w G i f wwd , tBud r f a jrmuf ygvD r ef q k d i f & m
uReaf wmfu h dk Akvd rf LS ;csKyf atmifBu;D u '*k&H yd o f mü ac:,lawGUqkyH g
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJukd usif;yay;cJhavonf/
onf/ uReaf wmfw\ Ydk ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;jzpfol Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D boef;onf
yxptpkd;&vufxufuRefawmfwkdYwm0ef tNidrf;pm;,loGm;NyDjzpfygonf/ ñTefMum;a&;rSL;topfrSm 'kwd,
Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D armifbdk jzpfonf/ olonf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;vkyif ef;
ocifEak cgif;aqmifaom oef&Y iS ;f zqyvtzGUJ 0if trwfavmif;
ukd pdwfyg0ifpm;rIr&Sdyg? 0wfauswrf;ausom vkyfaeygonf/
trsm;pkonf qE´rJ&Sif jynfolwkdYu ,kHMunfpGm ay;cJhMuonfh
Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D onf 'kw, d Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D armifbu dk dk ac:,lxm;
qE´rrJ sm;ukd tjynht f 0eD;yg;&&Scd MhJ uonf/ wnfNrzJ qyv tzGUJ 0if
jcif;r&Sdonfukd uRefawmfwkdY owdxm;rdMuygonf/
trwfavmif;rsm;onf xkad &G;aumufyw JG iG f t½I;H Bu;D ½I;H cJMh uonf/
AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;u uRefawmfwkdYtm; ta&;BuD;vSaom
{Nyv
D av;&ufaeYwiG f jynfov Yl w
T af wmfu ocifEu k dk tpk;d & taMumif;t&mwpf&yfudk today; ajymMum;ygonf/ xkt d aMumif;
tzGJUopf\ 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf cefYtyfonf/ t&mrSm wyfrawmf\ tem*wfvrf;aMumif;ukd ajymif;vJaumif;
ocifEo k nf oef&Y iS ;f zqyvtzGUJ ukd jynfaxmifpyk gwDtrnf ajymif;vJaprnfhtaMumif;t&mjzpfygonf/
jzifh jyefvnfzUJG pnf;onf/ owif;pmrsm;u ocifE\ k tpk;d &tzGUJ opf Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D u ]],cktcgwkid ;f jynf\ tajctaerSm
ukd yxp (jynfaxmifpk) tpkd;&[k ac:wGifapcJhMuonf/ ocifEk rwnfrNidrfjzpfvmaeaMumif; ... 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ektpkd;&u Ak'¨
onfvnf; 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek[lí trnfajymif;vkdufonf/ OD;AaqG? bmomukd EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy|mef;cJhojzifh Ak'¨bmom0if
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

OD;ausmNf ird ;f wkYd acgif;aqmifaom wnfjrzJ qyvtzGUJ ukd ]]wnfjr}J } r[kwaf om ucsi?f u&if? csi;f rsm;ESihf tjcm;bmom0if vlenf;pk
tzGJU[líac:cJhMuonf/ vuf0JtzGJUtpnf;rsm; yg0ifaom wkdYu rausreyfjzpfaeMuNyD; &Srf;ya'o&mZfa[mif;rsm;ESifh
...(107)
 698 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 699
u,m;acgif;aqmifponfwkdYu awmif;qkdaeMuaom z,f'&,f ukv d nf; pOf;pm;ygaMumif; ...Akv d rf LS ;csKywf ifazwku Yd rl pdwrf &Snf
jynfaxmifpkvIyf&Sm;rIESifh qufpyfygaeaMumif; ... tajctae csifMuawmhaMumif;}} AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;uawmh ]]at;Asm...
t&yf&yfonf ½IyfaxG;vmrnfh tvm;tvm&SdaeaMumif; ... pOf;pm;Muao;wmaygh}} [k ajymygaMumif; ponfjzifh ajymjyyg
xkdYaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf aeYpOfjzpfyGm;aeaom tajc onf/
taeukd apmifhMunhfaeaMumif;}} jzifh ajymjyygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYu ]]'Dvkdqkd&if uRefawmfwkdYbmawGvkyf&rSmvJ}}
AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;u qufvufí ]]z,f'&,frlt& [k ar;Muygonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyf atmifBu;D u ]]tu,fírsm; 'Dwpfcg
jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtzGJU0if jynfe,frsm;tm;vkH; (jrefrmjynfr wyfuwm0ef,l&awmhr,fqkd&if vuf0Jqefqef vrf;pOfrsKd;vkyf
wkdif;e,fa'orsm;tygt0if) tusKd;cHpm;cGifh wef;wl&nfwl&Sdap &ef&adS Mumif; ... xkaYd Mumifh vuf0q J &dk ,S vf pfEidk if aH wG&UJ vkyu f idk f
&rnfqkdonfukd rdrdwdkYvufcHEkdifaomfvnf;? &Srf;ya'o&mZf aqmif&u G yf uHk dk avhvm&rSmjzpfaMumif; ... rmhupf 0f g'oD0&DtcsKUd
a[mif;rsm;ESifh u,m;? ucsif? u&ifponhf jynfe,facgif;aqmif ukv d nf; rSjD irf;Ny;D ok;H oifw h mok;H &rnfxifaMumif; ... Akv d cf sKyBf u;D
tcsdKUwkdYonf tcGifhomvQif omovkd jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGuf&ef uawmh 1960 jynfhESpf? atmufwkdbmvwkef;u w½kwfjynf
BuHpnfvIyf&Sm;vmrnfh tvm;tvmonf &SdaeaMumif;? vuf&Sd a&mufpOfu w½kwEf idk if w H ;dk wufvmonf[k rSw, f cl ahJ Mumif; ...
tmPm& jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &onfvnf; jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm; avmavmq,fawmh 'DtaMumif;awGukd avhvmwJYtaersKd;eJY
ukd pnf;½kH;EkdifykHr&aMumif;? jynfaxmifpk (yxp) ygwDtwGif;rSm Psy-war Officers (pdw" f mwfppfqifa&;t&m&S)d awGudk aqG;aEG;ykcYd s
vnf; tkyfpkuGJrIrsm;&Sdvmojzifh EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ukd xda&mufpGm xm;apvkad Mumif; ... rdrt d aeeJaY jym&r,fq&dk if qk&d , S v f pfZifudk
ukid w
f ,G Ef idk yf rHk ay:aMumif;? xkaYd Mumifw
h yfrawmfonf Ekid if aH wmf\ csed cf sed q
f qeJY wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifv h yk o f mG ;vkad Mumif; ...uGejf rLepf&UJ
wm0efudk ,l&rnft h ajctaersm; ay:aygufvmygu ,if;wm0ef ykHpHrsKd;ukd ul;cswmrsKd;rvkyfcsifaMumif; ... vufawGUvkyfMuNyD
ukd ,laumif;,l&rnf[k AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; taeESifhcH,lxm; qkd&if pOf;pOf;pm;pm;vkyfoifhaMumif;}} ponfjzifh aqG;aEG;oGm;
aMumif;? AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\ EkdifiHa&;tjrifwGif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ygonf/
awmfvSefa&;enf;rsKd;jzifh qkd&Spfvpfpepf wnfaqmufrSom Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D \ qE´EiS t hf nD vufawGUwm0ef,u l m
aumif;vmrnf[k ,lqaeaMumif;}} ponfjzifh uRefawmfwkdYtm; aqmif&u G &f rnfo h rl mS uReaf wmfyif jzpfaeygawmhonf/ &JabmfBu;D
today;ajymMum;ygonf/ OD;apmOD;rSm xkwfvkyfa&;wyfrSL;\ rsm;jym;vSaom tvkyfrsm;jzifh
AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;u qufvufí ajymygao;onf/ ]]rdrd rtm;rvyf&adS ecJyh gonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D u uReaf wmfwt Ydk m;
taeESirhf l ppfwyfonf Ekid if aH &;wGif wwfEidk o f rQ ryg0ifbaJ eoifh ajymjyaom ta&;udpöukd AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ukd,fwkdifuvnf;
onf[, k ql aMumif; ... rvTo J mrSom twkid ;f twmwpfct k xd OD;apmOD;tm; oD;jcm;ac:,lum ajymcJyh gao;aMumif;ukd OD;apmOD;u
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ygoifhaMumif; ... wyfutmPmodrf;wmrsKd;a&SmifMuOfEkdiforQ uReaf wmft h m;jyefajymjyygonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D ajymjyaom
a&SmifMuOfapvkdaMumif; ... AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ oabmxm; Ekid if aH &;oabmxm;onf Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ qE´udk uk, d pf m;jyK
...(108)
 700 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 701
onf[lí rSwf,lavh&Sdaom uRefawmfwkdYonf AkdvfrSL;csKyf aecJ&h onf/ a&mifpo Hk yl ek t
f zGUJ rsm;teuf Auy (ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
atmifBuD;\ ajymjyaomudpöukd tav;teuf rSwf,lMuygonf/ ygwD) onf twuf<uqk;H aom tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfaecJo h nf/ ]]&efuek f
uRefawmfonf r*Fvm'kHwyfNrdKUwGif&Sdaom A[kdpdwf"mwf tpkd;&}} [k tac:cH&avmufatmif w&m;0ifA[kdtpkd;&ukd usOf;
ppfqifa&;wyfrSL;jzpfol AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhxH AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD; ajrmif;aom taetxm;okdY usa&mufaponfhtxd Ncdrf;ajcmuf
ajymjyaom tvkyfudpöukd owif;ykdY&ygonf/ xkdtcsdefumvykdif; EkdifcJhonf/ u&ifolykef? awmckdoGm;aom tpkd;&wyf&if;tcsKdU?
wGif pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;oifwef;rsm;ukd ,m,D&yfem;xm;ygonf/ jynfolY&JabmfjzLpaom awmckdtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh qufpyfpkpnf;
oifwef;enf;jyt&m&Sdrsm;onf tm;vyfaeMuNyD; pmzwfjcif;ESifh oGm;rdaom umvwpf&yftwGi;f wGif Auyonf olyek f wyfaygif;pk
axG&mav;yg;pum;0kdif;zGJU ajymqkdaejcif;wkdYjzifhom tcsdefukd ukd acgif;aqmifrIjyKaeonhf taetxm;okdY a&muf&SdcJhonf/
ukefvGefapcJhygonf/ A[kt d pk;d &ESihf wyfrawmfonf u&ifoyl ek Ef iS Ahf uyolyek w f uYdk dk
wyfrSL;jzpfol AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhonf uRefawmfwm0ef,l&rnfh BuHUckdifpGm ckHcHumuG,fEkdifNyD; aemufqkH;wGif wGef;vSefEkdifcJhonf/
udpöukd oabmwlygonf/ AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhonf xkdudpöukd pdwf"mwf
olykeftzGJUtpnf;rsm; z½kdz&JjzpfoGm;atmif wkdufcdkufEkdifcJhonf/
ppfqifa&;ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;jzpfol 'kAv dk rf LS ;Bu;D armifbx dk H owif;ykYd
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w H pf0ef;vk;H ykrH eS tf aetxm;okYd jyefa&muf
onf? rykdYonfukd uRefawmfrodyg/ vkyf&rnfhtvkyfwm0efukdom
atmif aqmif&Gufay;EkdifcJhonf/
aqmif&Gufyg[k wyfrSL;u uRefawmfhtm; ajymygonf/
wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;vkyif ef;
uRefawmfonf A[kdpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;jy t&m&Sdrsm;
tm; wifjyaqG;aEG;&rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd csifhcsifhcsdefcsdef &yfukd pepfwusaqmif&GufcJhayonf/ txl;tm;jzifh Auy\
pOf;pm;NyD; tusOf;csKyfrSwfpkrsm;ukd jyKpk&jyefygonf/ Ekid if aH &;MoZmusqif;a&;ESihf A[kt d pk;d &\ ygvDref'rD u dk a&pDr0l g'
tdrfapmifhtpkd;&umvtwGif;wGif uRefawmfwkdY a&;om; ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;[laom wm0efBuD;ESpf&yfukd t"du
a[majymykdYcs&aom rl0g'rSm EkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH xm;NyD; aqmif&GufcJhayonf/
Oya'uk d umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf & rnf ? w&m;0if a &G ; aumuf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;vkyif ef;&yfwiG f yg0ifaeMuaom ppft&m&Sd
wifajr§mufjcif;cH&aom tpkd;&tzGJU\ rl0g'twkdif; vkdufem rsm;ESihf t&yfom;t&m&Srd sm;onf Auyukd wefjyefwu dk cf u
dk af om
aqmif&Guf&rnfh EkdifiH0efxrf;jzpfae&rnf? EkdifiHawmfukd ykefuef 0g'a&;wk d u f y G J r sm;uk d tquf r jywf a qmif & G u f c J h M uygonf /
aeMuaom a&mifpo Hk yl ek t
f zGUJ tpnf;rsm;ukd qefu Y siw f u dk cf u
kd af e& okdY&mwGif qkd&S,fvpf0g'ukdrl xdyg;wkdufckdufjcif; rjyKcJhMuyg/
rnf[lí jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmfonf qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;rl0g'ukd vkdvm;tyfaom
,ckaomfrlum; wpfrsKd;wpfzkHajymif;&ayawmhrnf/ rltaeESifhcH,lxm;NyD; jzpfygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wyfrawmfonf zqyvtpk;d &tzGUJ ESihf tdraf pmift h pk;d &tzGUJ wyfrawmf\ pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;vkyif ef;onf a&mifpo Hk yl ek f
wk\
Yd umvwpfavQmufv;Hk wGif awmckad &mifpo Hk yl ek w
f u Ydk dk wku d cf u
dk f wk\ Yd vufeufuidk v f rf;pOfuo dk m t"duxm;Ny;D wku d cf udk cf ahJ yonf/
...(109)
 702 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 703
AuywkEYd iS yhf wfoufírlum; Auy\ jynfwiG ;f ppfvrf;pOfudk (Armjynf) \ pnf;½k;H rIudk wku d ½f u
dk af omfvnf;aumif;? oG,0f u dk íf
omru Auy\ tmPm&Sif 0g'a&;&nf&, G cf suEf iS hf Ak'b¨ momukd aomfvnf;aumif; cH,lMuum yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhMuonf/
qefYusif&mokdY a&mufvmaprnfjzpfaom ]]½kyf0g'}} ukdyg acsy OD;apmOD;wkdY uRefawmfwkdYvnf; rsKd;cspfvli,fvl&G,ftrsm;
wku d cf u kd &f onhf 0g'a&;wku d yf u JG dk qifEcJT &hJ avonf/ Auytay: enf;wl yg0ifcMhJ uygonf/ uReaf wmfonf ocifwifjrESio hf cifp;dk wkYd
wGif MoZmvTr;f rk;d aom Ekid if jH cm;uGejf rLepfygwDtcsKUd \ oabmxm; xHrS rmhufpfvDeif0g'qkdif&m oabmw&m;tajccHrsm;ukd oif,l
rsm;ukdvnf; qefYusifacsyvm&ayawmhonf/ avhvmcJhNyD; tjcm;olrsm;tm;vnf; wpfqifhjyefvnfa[majym
,ckaomfrlum; vuf0Jqefaom rl0g'topfwpf&yfokdY ykdYcscJh&ygonf/
rsufESmrl&awmhrnfjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh vuf0Jqefaom ppftNy;D umvESihf vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D aemufyidk ;f ESpu
f mvrsm;
qk&d , S vf pf0g'ukd a[majymykcYd s&awmhrnfjzpfonf/ uGejf rLepfw\ Ydk wpfavQmufwiG v f nf; Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwDMoZmcHaom vIy&f mS ;
]]½ky0f g'rsK;d ryg0ifaom qk&d , S vf pfoabmw&m;rsK;d ? Ak'b ¨ mom0if rIESifh Armjynf qkd&S,fvpfygwDMoZmcHaom vIyf&Sm;rIwdkYu jrefrmh
EkdifiHa&;avmuukd a&SUaqmifa&SU&GufjyKaecJhMuygonf/
jynfolvlrsm;pkBuD;u vufcHEkdifrnfh qkd&S,fvpf0g'oabmw&m;
vuf 0 J E k d i f i H a &;ygwD toD ; oD ; wk d Y o nf yk * ¾ d K vf a &;t&
rsKd;ukd ajymqkdwifjy&rnfh taetxm;okdY a&muf&Sdvm&ayawmh
vnf;aumif;? t,ltqa&;t&vnf;aumif;? oabmxm;uGMJ u?
rnf/ þae&mü pyfvsO;f aomtm;jzifh OD;apmOD;ESiu hf Reaf wmfw\ Ydk
tjyeftvSefpGyfpGJwkdufcdkufMu½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;aeMuaomfvnf;
cH,rl t I aetxm;ukd tenf;i,frQ azmfjycGijhf yKyg&ef þpmzwfol
,if ; wk d Y t m;vk H ; onf rmh u f p f 0 g'qk d i f & mpmtk y f p mwrf ; rsm;?
tm; arwåm&yfcHygonf/ qk&d ,S v f pfEidk if rH sm;ESiq hf idk af om tawGUtBuKH pmtkyrf sm;? qk&d , S v f pf
'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D jzpfymG ;vmcgeD; 1938^39 ckEpS f 0ef;usirf S pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'qkdif&mpmtkyfrsm;ukd avhvmMu? cH,lMu? 0g'jzefYcsd
ppftwGif;umv wpfavQmufvkH;txd BuD;jyif;vmcJhMu&aom Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh 1938 ck 0ef;usifrS 1958 ck 0ef;usiftxd
vli,fv&l , G t
f rsm;wkoYd nf vuf00J g'trsK;d rsK;d \ MoZmvTr;f rk;d jcif; &Sdaom tESpfESpfq,fausmfumvonf teDa&mifEkdifiHa&;0g'ESifh
ukd tenf;ESit hf rsm;qkod vkd cH,cl MhJ uygonf/ e*g;eDpmtkyw f u
dk Ef iS hf yef;a&mifEkdifiHa&;0g'wkdY\ MoZmrsm;u vTrf;rkd;aeaom umv
tjcm;pmtkyfwkdufwkdYrS xkwfa0jzefYcsdMuaom urÇmhEkdifiHa&; wpfavQmuf jzpfcJhonf[k qkd&ygrnf/
bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;? vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifiHtoD;oD;ESifh OD ; apmOD ; ES i f h u Ref a wmf w k d Y o nf teD a &mif 0 g'D r sm;b0rS
rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;? qkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifh yef;a&mif0g'Drsm;b0okdY ajymif;a&mufvmolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
uGejf rLepf0g'qkid &f m pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; ponfwu Ydk dk zwf½aI vhvm rnfokdYyifjzpfcJhMuapumrl uRefawmfwkdYonf qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;
rdMuonf/ zufqpf*syefvufatmufokdY usa&mufaom umv pepf\ &nf&, G cf surf sm;ukd ,kMH unfMuolrsm;? arQmv f ifo h rl sm;jzpfMu
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wGifvnf; zufqpf*syefukd qefYusifaom ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rI aomaMumifhwpfaMumif;? yef;a&mifqkd&S,fvpfrsKd; (jyif;xef

toD;oD;ü yg0ifMu&if; ocifpkd;acgif;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwD Murf;MuKwfjcif;r&Sdaom qkd&S,fvpf0g'rsKd;) ukd usifhokH;aqmif&Guf
...(110)
 704 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 705
ygrnf[ak jymqkad <u;aMumfaom zqyvESiq hf &dk ,
S vf pf acgif;aqmif wwfaom tcuftcJrsm;? aumif;usKd;jzpfay:rIESifh wvGJwacsmf
rsm;uk d ,k H M unf o if h o avmuf ,k H M unf c J h M uaomaMumif h jzpfwwfykHrsm; tp&SdonfwkdYjzpfygonf/
wpfaMumif;? AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifykdif; 1961 ck? 'DZifbmvqef;rS 1962 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv yxrywf
ukdvnf; ,HkMunfMuaomaMumifhwpfaMumif;? xkdtaMumif;wkdY ausmaf usmcf eft
Y xd? uReaf wmfwo Ydk nf A[kpd w
d "f mwfppfqifa&;wyfü
aMumifhyif AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;u OD;apmOD;ESifhuRefawmfwkdYtm; vufzuf&nf0idk ;f aqG;aEG;rIyo Hk P²mef (Tea party discussion circle)
umuG,af &;0efBu;D XmewGif oufqidk &f m tvkyw f m0efudk ay;tyf jzifh txufazmfjyyg taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;cJhMuygonf/
cefYxm;aomtcg uRefawmfwkdYonf pdwfapwemoefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; oifwef;ykdYcsaom ykHoP²mefrsKd;r[kwfyg/
jzifhyif vkyfukdifaqmif&GufcJhMuygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGoJ nf atmifjrifonf[k qk&d ygrnf/ tb,faMumifh
,cktcgwGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;tvSnhftajymif;BuD;wpf&yf qkad omf xked nf;jyt&m&Srd sm;onf tdraf pmift h pk;d &wufa&mufcsed rf S
ay:aygufaumif; ay:aygufvm&ef &Sad eayNy/D uReaf wmft h zk&Yd mrSm tpjyKí qkd&S,fvpf0g'a&;&mrsm;ukd oif,lcJhNyD; em;,OfcJhNyD;jzpf
aomaMumifyh if/ xked nf;jyt&m&Srd sm;onf Ekid if aH &;ukd pdw0f ifpm;rI
rlum; rdrt d m;ay;tyfaom tvkyw f m0efudk aqmif&u G &f rnfom
&SdvmcJhMuonfrSmvnf; trSefyifjzpfonf/
jzpfygawmhonf/
txufyg aqG;aEG;yGJukd jyKvkyfcJhNyD;onfh aemufykdif;wGif
uRefawmfonf A[kdpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;wyfzGJU0if enf;jy
uRefawmfwkdYrSm bmtvkyfrQ r&SdMubJ aeYpOfowif;pmrsm;ukd
t&m&Srd sm;tm; qk&d , S v f pf0g'qkid &f m taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd wifjy
zwf½Ium avhvmorI jyKaecJhMuygonf/
aqG;aEG;&awmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh atmufygtaMumif;tcsurf sm; eD;uyfaomtem*wfwiG f wyfrawmfu tmPmodr;f vdrrhf nf
yg0ifaom tusOf;csKyfrSwfpkukd jyK&ygawmhonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm [lívnf; pdwfrapmcJhMuyg/ xifvnf;rxifcJhMuyg/
Oa&mywku d \
f ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfpepf 1789 ckEpS w f iG f ay:ayguf wyfrawmf\ jyifyavmuwGif jzpfay:aeaom EkdifiHa&;
jzpfyGm;cJhaom jyifopfawmfvSefa&;BuD;? t&Sif;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepf tajctaerSmrlum; vsifjrefpGm a&GUvsm;aeouJYokdY &Sdaeygonf/
jzpfay:xGe;f um;vmyk?H t&if;&Sipf epf\ aumif;usK;d ESiq hf ;dk usK;d rsm;? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHukd jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;ESifhywfoufí
vkyfcpm; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;wkdY Ekd;Mum;vmMuykH? a&SUajy; jynfaxmifpkA[kdtpkd;&u wpfzuf? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk0if
qkd&S,fvpf t,ltqESifh uGefjrLepft,ltqwkdY ay:aygufvm jynfe,ftyk pf k tcsKUd uwpfzuf? aqG;aEG;Mu? tjiif;yGm;MuonfrmS
MuykH? um;vfrmhufpfESifh za&a'&pf tdef*s,fpfwkdY\ ]]odyÜH[ef}} tawmfyif MumcJhavNyD/
ygaom qkd&S,fvpf0g'xGufay:vmykH? ½k&Sm;jynf\ atmufwkdbm 1962 ck? azaz:0g&Dv aemufqkH;&ufowåywfwGif tajc
awmfveS af &;Bu;D ESiq
hf Adk ,
D ufq&dk ,
S v f pfEidk if aH y:aygufvmyk?H 'kw, d taerSm wpfaeYwjcm; wif;rmvmouJYokdY &Sdaeavonf/ txl;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

urÇmppfBu;D tNy;D wGif qkAd , D ufEidk if EH iS q

hf &dk ,
S v f pf pD;yGm;a&;pepf\ ojzifh jynfe,ftkyfpk0ifrsm;\ ajymqkdykHwkdYESifh rl&moGifjyifwkdYu
MoZmrsm;ysHUESHUvmMuykH? qkd&S,fvpfpepfxlaxmif&mwGif awGUBuHK& z,f'&,frlukd zdtm;ay;umawmif;qkdaeonf[lí txiftjrif
...(111)
 706 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 707
vGJrSm;p&mrsm; jzpfvmonf/ aumvm[v owif;pum;rsm;u &ef avqdyfokdY apmapmpD;pD;BudKBudKwifwifxGufvmcJhonf/ ol\
vnf; trsKd;rsKd;ay:xGufaeonf/ jynfolwkdYtaeESifhrlum; aeYpOf ukd,fa&;t&m&Sd AkdvfBuD;apmvGifvnf; twlvkdufygvmonf/
ykrH eS t
f wkid ;f oGm;Nrv
J mNr?J vkyNf ru
J idk Nf r&J adS eMuygonf/ okaYd omfvnf; jynfvrf;ESit hf if;vsm;vrf;qk&H mteD;wGif Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrif\ h
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ]]okdYavm ...okdYavm}} jzpfaeMuonf/ tkdy,fum;ukd ppft&m&Sd wpfOD;u av;pm;pGmqD;wm;avonf/
bmawGrsm;jzpfMuOD;rSmvJ[lí awG;awmum ai;armaeMuav avwyfrawmfrS AkdvfrSL;wifxGef;jzpfonf/ olonf AkdvfrSL;BuD;
onf/ apmjrifhtm; tav;jyKNyD; ]]AkdvfrSL;BuD; b,foGm;rvkdYvJ}} [kar;&m
AkdvfrSL;BuD;u ]]avqdyfukdyJ ...'DaeYjyefMur,fh w½kwfbJav;
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDay:xGef;vmjcif; tzGUJ ukd vku d yf EYdk w
I q f ufzyYdk g}} [kajymjyonf/ xkt d cg Akv d rf LS ;wifxeG ;f
Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifo h nf a0vDa0vif;eHeufcif; ig;em&DccJG geD; u ]]AkdvfrSL;BuD; rodao;bl;xifw,f}} [k ajymNyD;? nwkef;u
tcsdefwGif rdrdaexkdif&m [,fvyifvrf;rS r*Fvm'kHavqdyfokdY wyfrawmfu tmPmodrf;,lNyD; tajctaeukdxdef;odrf;xm;
xGufcGmcJhonf/ aMumif;? avqdyfukdvnf; ydwfxm;ygaMumif;jzifh &Sif;jyayonf/
AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf w½kwf-jrefrme,fedrdwfpmcsKyfukd qufvufí AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhtm; ]]vlBuD;awGqD oGm;vkduf
csKyfqkda&;twGuf orkdif;0if w½kwf-jrefrme,fedrdwfausmufwkdif ygOD;vm;cifAsm}} [k ajymavonf/
pku
d x f al &;vkyif ef;&yfBu;D ukd wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf &hJ onhf e,fjcm; Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifv h nf; awG;raeawmhbJ xkad e&mrS jyefvn S fh
a'o tkycf sKyaf &;t&m&Scd sKyjf zpfayonf/ w½kwb f aJ v;obiftzGUJ um Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D aexkid &f m '*k&H yd o f mokYd xGuv f mcJah v\/
ukd BuD;rSL;{nfh0wfjyK&olvnf; jzpfayonf/ vrf;wpfavQmufv;Hk ESi;f rIeaf wG a0qkid ;f vsu&f adS eojzifh ywf0ef;usif
1962 ck? rwfv wpf&ufaeYnonf w½kwfbJav;obif jrifuiG ;f onf 0k;d w0g;jzpfaeayonf/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrif\ h tawG;
tzGJU\ EIwfqufyGJnjzpfonf/ xkdnyGJukd wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; jrifuGif;onfvnf; 0kd;wkd;0g;wm;yif jzpfaeonf/ '*kH&dyfomukd
OD;pD;csKyf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;vnf; Munh½f t I m;ay;onf/ yGo J bifonf a&mufawmh eHeufajcmufem&Dxkd;vkNyD/
oef;acgif,w H iG f Ny;D qk;H onf/ Akvd cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf &TiNf yKH ;aom AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;\ ukd,fa&;t&m&Sdjzpfol AkdvfBuD;
rsuEf mS jzifh trsK;d om;uZmwfcaHk y:okw Yd ufa&mufum bJav;obif ausmcf idk f (aemif une nGecf sKy)f ukd tqifoifah wGU&í ]]Akv d cf sKy?f
tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D csi;f ukd vufqEJG w I qf ufonf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ tdyf&mEkd;NyDvm;}} [k ar;&if;? rdrda&mufaMumif; owif;ykdYay;&ef
teD;tyg;wGif twl&adS ecJah om Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifv
h nf; Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ajymonf/ ]]Akv d cf sKyEf ;dk ygNy}D } [k Akv
d Bf u;D ausmcf idk u f ajymNy;D tay:xyf
aemufyg;rSvkdufygum obiftzGJU0ifrsm;ukd EIwfqufcJhygonf/ okwYd ufomG ;onf/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifo h nf '*k&H yd o f matmufxyf
AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf tdyf&m0ifaemufusaomfvnf; {nfhcef;wGif xkdifapmifhaevkdufonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

t½kPrf usi;f rDwiG f Ek;d cJah yonf/ rwfv ESp&f ufaeY eHeufcif;wGif xkcd Pav;rSmyif ppfO;D pD;Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pdeEf iS hf ppf&mxl;cefY
jynfawmfjyefMurnfh w½kwb f aJ v;obiftzGUJ ukd ykaYd qmifEw I q f uf twGif;0ef AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfpkd;wkdY a&mufvmMuonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;
...(112)
 708 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 709
oef;pdeu f ]]ukad pmvnf;a&mufaeNyv D m;}} EIwq f uf&if;? rdrw d o Ydk nf MumMumrapmifhvdkuf&yg/ ajcmufem&DcGJausmfausmfav;wGif
Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D xH owif;yk&Yd efa&mufvmMuaMumif; ajymay AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ ppfqifa&;cef;rü
onf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhu olwkdYukd tay:xyfokdY wpfygwnf; pnf;a0;Muygonf/
ac:oGm;ayonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u pwifNyD; ]]nwkef;u rdrdvnf;tdyfraysmfvS
a&csK;d cef;rSxu G v f maom Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D ukd awGU&onf aMumif; ...tajctaeudk em;pGiahf ecJah Mumif;}} jzifh pajymonf/
wGif Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pdeu f Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D tm; ]]Akv d cf sKyBf u;D tmPmodr;f ,lru I pd w ö iG f a&SUwef;rS wm0ef,&l olrsm;jzpfMu
ae0if;\ wm0efay;rIt& wm0ef,&l ol wyft&m&Srd sm; OD;pD;aom aom Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pdeEf iS hf Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D ausmpf ;kd wku
Yd Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D tm;
wyfzGJUrsm;u ,refaeYn rkd;aomuf,Htcsdef (ESpfem&DrS av;em&D tpD&ifcHMuonf/
twGi;f ) wGif Ekid if aH wmftmPmt&yf&yfukd odr;f ,lNy;D jzpfaMumif;? ]]wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf &hJ onft h vkyo f nf Ny;D ajrmufcNhJ y;D jzpfyg
tajctaet&yf&yfudk xdef;odrf;xm;aMumif;? AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; aMumif; ...okaYd omf anmifa&T apmfbmG Bu;D p0fa&Tou dk af etdro f Ydk
t0ifwGif wyfrawmfzGJUu vHkNcHKa&;tapmifhrsm;tm; &Srf;bmom
onf rMumrDtwGif; ppf½Hk;csKyfokdY a&mufvmrnfjzpfaMumif;?
pum;jzifh ckcHjcif;rjyKMu&efajym&m tapmifhrsm;u em;vnfrI
rdrdwkdYonf ppfqifa&;cef;r (War Room) ü apmifhaeMu&rnf
vGrJ mS ;Ny;D pwifypfcwfaomaMumifh wyfzUJG u wkjYH yefypfcwfonfwiG f
jzpfygaMumif; owif;ykdYonf/
p0fa&Tou kd \ f touf 17 ESpt f &G,o f m;jzpfol p0faq;[kezf efonf
Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pdew f o Ydk nf xdt k csed t f xd Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;xH
usnfxdcH&NyD; aoqHk;oGm;ygaMumif;}} ponfjzifh tpD&ifcHMuyg
owif;ryk&Yd ao;acs/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u udpNö y;D pD;Ny;D rd;k vif;rS ppf½;kH rSm onf/
awGUMurnf[k nuwnf;u Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pdew f tYdk m; rSmMum;xm; xdpk Ofu owif;pmyg tjzpftysurf mS p0fa&Tou kd \ f tapmifh
NyD;jzpfonf/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;xH owif;ykdYxm;&efvnf; &Jabmfrsm;u pwifypfcwfjcif;r&Syd g/ p0faq;[kezf onf 0ifa&muf
ajymMum;xm;NyD;yHk&ayonf/ vmaom wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk vlqdk;rsm;[kxifrSwfrSm;í olwkdY
xdktaMumif;udk (wyfu vkyfaqmifvdkufNyD;onfhudpöudk) rl wGif&Sdaomvdkifpifjzifhudkifaqmifonfh 22 AkdY aoewfudkudkifí
'kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D onf BuKd wifNy;D tdrftay:xyfrS atmufokdYqif;vm&m wyfrawmfom;rsm;u
odxm;yHrk &[k Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h xifjrif,q l rdonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyf ckcwH u dk cf u kd rf nfoh [
l k txifrmS ;Ny;D ypfcwf&m usno f ifah oqH;k oGm;
atmifBu;D \ rsuEf mS ay:wGirf u l m; xdu k pd uö kd odNy;D jzpfav[efrsK;d yHk jcif; jzpfonf[kqdkygonf/
aqmifxm;onf[kvnf; owdjyKrdayonf/ þwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u ]]aoqHk;oGm;&oltwGuf 0rf;enf;yg
AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;onf 0wfpHkudk0wfNyD; AkdvfrSL;BuD;rsm;ESifh aMumif;}} ajymygonf/ wpfcPrQaeNyD;rS ]],ckuJhokdY wyfu
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

twl ppf½;kH okv Yd rf;avQmufum xGuv f mcJo h nf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; tmPmodrf;,l&onfhudpöudk wkdif;jynfokdY aMunmcsufxkwfjyef
a&mufvmrnfudk apmihfaeMuygonf/ &rnfjzpfaMumif;}} qufí ajymygonf/
...(113)
 710 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 711
xdktcg AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;u aMunmcsufxkwfjyefzkdY udkifwG,fpDpOfay;aom xdkuufqufwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;udk,fwkdif\
twGuf ukdboef; (tNidrf;pm;AkdvfrSL;BuD;boef;) udk a&;ckdif;vdk aMunmcsuu f kd toHoiG ;f onf/ xdaYk emuf Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrift h m;
aMumif;? nwke;f u rdrq d v
D mvnf&if; '*k&H yd o f mrSmtdyaf ecJah Mumif;? wm0efay;um toHvTifh½HkokdY apvTwfvdkufayonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;
,ck ol&adS eaMumif;ajymygonf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u cGijhf yKojzifh Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifo h nf toHviT ½hf o kH Ydk a&muf&pdS pD OfNy;D aemuf eHeufyikd ;f jrefrm
oef;pdeo f nf '*k&H yd o f mokYd xGuo f mG ;Ny;D aomf tNird ;f pm;Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D pHawmfcsed f 8em&D 25 rdepfwiG f Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ aMunmcsuu f kd
boef; (pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;a[mif;) tm; tusK;d wkdif;jynfokdY toHvTifh½HkrS vTifhMum;apcJhygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí
taMumif;ajymjyum aMunmcsuu f akd &;cdik ;f ygonf/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D a[mif; wyfrawmfonf Ekid if aH wmf\ wm0eft&yf&yfuv kd ,
JT Nl y;D vlo&d iS Mf um;
OD;boef;onf taxGtxl;ar;raebJ tjrefyifa&;ay;vdu k o f nf/ aqmif&GufvmcJhayonf/
AkdvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdefonf ppfqifa&;cef;rokdY jyefa&mufNyD; Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifo
h nfvnf; xdak eYeeH ufyikd ;f rSpí rarQmv f ifh
aMunmcsufudk AkdvfcsKyfBuD;tm; ay;ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;onf bJESifh jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;\ wm0efudk xrf;,lvdkuf&ouJhokdY &SdcJh
aocsmpGmzwf½INyD; AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;tm; ay;zwfap&if; avawmhonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf toHvTifh½HkrS ppf½Hk;okdY
]]ukdboef; a&;onfrSm aumif;aomfvnf; &Snfvsm;aeaMumif; jyefvmcJhonf/ ppfqifa&;cef;rBuD;wGif AkdvfrSL;csKyfwDuvpfzf
... 'Dudpöudk wdkwdk&Sif;&Sif; ajymjy&rnfjzpfaMumif; ... rdrd ('kwd,umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf^av) ESifh AkdvfrSL;csKyfoef;az
ajymjyrnft h csuu f kd a&;rSwNf y;D jyefa&;apvdak Mumif;}} ajymygonf/ ('kw, d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy^f a&) wkv Yd nf; a&muf&adS eMuayonf/
Akvd cf sKyBf u;D u EIwrf ed jYf zifah jymaomtcsurf sm;udk Akv d rf LS ;csKyf wkdif;jynfokdY xkwfvTifhcJhaom aMunmcsufrSm atmufygtwkdif;
atmifBu;D ESihf Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifw
h u Ydk a&;rSwNf y;D aMunmcsut f wkcd sKyf jzpfayonf/
udk AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhu jyefa&;onf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif AkdvfrSL;csKyf ]]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH\ txl;,dk,Gif;vmaom tajc
wifazvnf;a&muf&v dS mygonf/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif axmufvrS ;f a&; taeqdk;udk xdef;odrf;pdrfhaomiSm ArmhwyfrawmfrS wm0ef,l
ñTefMum;a&;rSL; AkdvfrSL;BuD;armifvGifESifh 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;vSjrifh apmifha&SmufvkdufNyDjzpfaMumif; tpD&ifcHygonf/ t&yf&yf&Sdaom
(tajrmufESifhoHcsyfum,EÅ&m;ñTefrSL;) wkdYvnf; a&mufvmMu wkid ;f oljynfom; &[ef;&Siv f t
l rsm;onf aMumifMh upd;k &dryf yl efjcif;
onf/ rjzpfMubJ ...cgwkdif; omreftcsdefuJhokdY pdwfvufat;csrf;pGm
AkdvfcsKyfBuD; jyefa&;ckdif;aomaMunmcsufudk AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u rdrwd v Ydk yk if ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk qufvufvyk u f ikd af qmif&u G Mf u&ef
zwf½pI pfaq;Ny;D twnfjyKay;ygonf/ aMunmcsuu f kd Akv d cf sKyBf u;D arwåm&yfcyH gonf/ tpd;k &trIxrf; ...t&mxrf;rsm;onfvnf;
ud,k wf idk f toHoiG ;f &efppD Ofygonf/ okaYd omf ppf½;kH ü&Sad om uufquf rdrdwkdYwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk rysufruGuf qufvufaqmif&Guf
rSm cRwf,Gif;aeojzifh AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhu e,fjcm;a'ot&m&Sd Muapvdkygonf/ txl;ojzifh ynma&;qkdif&mwm0efrsm;ESifh
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

csKyf½Hk;ü&Sdaom uufqufudk ol\udk,fa&;t&m&Sdjzpfol AkdvfBuD; ausmif ; ol a usmif ; om;rsm;onf rd r d w k d Y p pf a q;ajzqk d a eqJ

apmvGiftm; oGm;,lapcJhygonf/ 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;vSjrifhu udprö sm;udk rysurf uGuf qufvufaqmif&u G o f mG ;Mu&ef wku d w f eG ;f
...(114)
 712 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 713
ygonf/ wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; udk,fpdwfESpfjzm usef;rmcsrf;om 15/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;cifndK (avhusifha&;ñTefMum;a&;rSL;)/
apa&;twGuf uRefawmfwkdY tpGrf;ukefBudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufygrnf/ 16/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;vS[ef (aq;0efxrf;ñTefMum;a&;rSL;)/
xdak eYwpfqufwnf;rSmyif jynfaxmifpo k r®wjrefrmEkid if aH wmf 17/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;wef,kqdkif ('kwd,&JwyfcsKyf? jynfaxmifpk
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk zGJUpnf;vdkufaMumif; aMunmcsufudk ppf&JwyfXmecsKyf)/
xkwfjyefcJhavonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf xdkaeY wpfqufwnf;rSmyif
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ awmf v S e f a &;tpd k ; &tzG J U
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDukd atmufyg yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf - (Revolutionary Government) udk atmufygyk*Kd¾ vr f sm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;
1/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú| AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ vkdufonf/
tzGJU0ifrsm; 1/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; (umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme?
2/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD; ('kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf- b@ma&;ESifhtcGefawmf0efBuD;Xme?
Munf;)/ w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xmersm;qkdif&mwm0ef wm0ef c H)/
3/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfoef;az ('kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf-a&)/ 2/ Akvd rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D (ukeo
f ,
G rf EI iS uhf ;l oef;a&mif;0,f
4/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyw f u D vzf ('kw,d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy-f av)/ a&;0efBuD;Xme?
5/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifaz (ppfaxmufcsKyf)/ pufrIvufrI0efBuD;Xmersm;qkdif&mwm0ef wm0ef c H)/
6/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k (taemufajrmufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf 3/ Akv
d rf LS ;csKywf ifaz (v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf opfawma&;
wkid ;f rSL;)/ 0efBuD;Xme?
7/ Akv d rf LS ;csKypf ed 0f if; (tv,fyikd ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyw
f idk ;f rSL;)/ or0g,rESifh ukefpnfjzefYjzL;a&;0efBuD;Xmersm;qkdif&m
8/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;aomif;Munf (ta&SUawmifwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf wm0ef cH)/
wkid ;f rSL;)/ 4/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfoef;az (ynma&;0efBuD;Xme?
9/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D Munfarmif (taemufawmifwidk ;f ppfXmecsKyf usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xmersm;qkdif&mwm0ef wm0ef c )H /
wkdif;rSL;)/ 5/ OD;oD[ef (EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme?
10/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D armifa&T (ta&SUydik ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyw f idk ;f rSL;)/ tvkyform;a&;0efBuD;Xme?
11/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef (ppfOD;pD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;)/ tdrf&maqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme?
12/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfpdk; (ppf&mxl;cefYtwGif;0ef)/ owåKwGif;0efBuD;Xmersm;qkdif&mwm0ef wm0ef c H)/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

13/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifh (e,fjcm;a'otkycf sKyaf &;t&m&Scd sKy)f / 6/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfpdk; (jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme?
14/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;cspfNrdKif (wGJzufppfaxmufcsKyf)/ vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;0efBuD;Xmersm;qkdif&mwm0ef wm0ef c H)/
...(115)
 714 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 715
7/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh (jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? Mum;&w,f/ uReaf wmfu olwq Ydk o
D mG ;Ny;D ]]Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D cifAsm; ...
,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xmeqkdif&mwm0ef wm0ef c )H / 'Dn AkdvfrSL;BuD;wkdY bmrsm;oHk;aqmifMuygrvJ/ uRefawmfu
8/ 'kw, d Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D beD (vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;0efBu;D Xme 'Dnwm0efuswJh Duty Officer t&m&Sdyg/ eHeufapmapma&m
wm0ef c H)/ bmpDpOfay;&yghrvJ}} [kar;&m 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifu -
(awmf v S e f a &; aumif p D Revolutionary Council qkdonfrSm ]]AkdvfBuD; usKyfwkdY 'Dnb,ftcsdeftdyf&rvJawmifrodbl;Asm
acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;&yfBuD;udk aqmif&Gufygrnf[lí ... cifAsm; usKyw f t
Ydk wGuf bmrSrpDpOfeYJ Akv d Bf u;D at;at;yJaeyg}}
wm0ef,laom OD;pD;OD;aqmiftzGJUjzpfayonf/) vdaYk jymygw,f/ ]]uReaf wmfjyefrmS rkYd tav;jyKNy;D olwu Ydk Mkd unhaf wmh
olwu Ydk uReaf wmfu h kd ausmcdik ;f Ny;D &efuek af jryHBk u;D udk Munhaf ewmudk
acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;twGuf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;pdwful; uReaf wmfawGU&ygw,f/ uReaf wmfph w d xf aJ wmh okaYd vm ..okaYd vm
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf EkdifiHawmftmPmukd odrf;,lNyD;vQif jzpfoGm;ygw,f}} [kajymygonf/ xdktcg AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhu -
Ny;D jcif; ppfaumifpu D kd rzGUJ pnf;bJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDukd zGUJ pnf; ]]'Dvdkqkdawmh &Sif;oGm;wmayghAsm}} [lí ajymvkdufygonf/
vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlrIqufqHa&;acwfajymif; xkdtcgwGif uRefawmf\ tawG;onf zswfceJjzpfoGm;\/ 1962
awmfvSefa&;BuD; (a social revolution) wpf&yfukd aqmif&u G af wmh ckEpS f rwfvwpf&ufaeYxw k f jr0wDr*¾Zif;udk rwfvwGif xGuaf y:
rnf[lí azmfjyvdkuf&m a&mufayawmhonf/ vmygonf/ uReaf wmf jr0wD\ acgif;Bu;D udak &;cJw h mrsm;ygonf/
xdkrwfvxkwfjr0wDtwGuf acgif;BuD;ydkif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf
xdkaeYeHeufcif;wGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ aMunmcsufudk
qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;wk\ Yd tusK;d o,fy;kd aqmif&u G rf S aumif;rnf
uRefawmfonf trsm;enf;wlyif Mum;od&ygonf/ r*Fvm'Hk A[dk
[lía&;cJo h nf/ jr0wDacgif;Bu;D ykid ;f uReaf wmft h a&;ESiahf wmfveS af &;
pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;wyfokdY a&mufvmaomtcg enf;jyt&m&Sd
aumifpzD UJG pnf;aMumif; aMunmvdu k af omtcg uReaf wmft h a&;ESihf
rsm;u wyfrLS ;jzpfol Akv d rf LS ;pHjrifu
h yg uReaf wmf\ xifjrifcsuu f kd
xyfwyl gyJvm;[kawG;rd\/ uReaf wmfwt Ydk m; Akvd cf sKyaf tmifBu;D u
awmif;Muygonf/ uReaf wmfu vGecf ahJ om oH;k vcefu Y uReaf wmfwYdk qkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifhqdkifaom oifwef;ay;&efajymcJhonfudk owd&
aqG;aEG;cJMh uaom qk&d , S v f pf0g'qkid &f m tvm;tvmESihf oufqidk f vdkufrdygonf/
vmrnf[k xifjrifaMumif;rQom ajymjyEkdifygonf/ uRefawmfonf AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhESifh enf;jyt&m&Sdrsm;\ ar;cGef;
xdkokdY pkNyD;ajymaecdkuf AkdvfBuD;cifarmifat; (pma&;q&m rsm;udk us,u f s,jf yefjY yefrY ajzEkid af o;yg/ uReaf wmf\ xifjrifcsuf
wuúodkvfcifarmifat;) uRefawmfwkdYqDokdY a&mufvmygonf/ twkdif;jzpfvmrnf[k ,lq&jyefygonf/ xdkaeYu uRefawmfwkdY
AkdvfBuD;cifarmifat;u AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhtm; tav;jyKNyD; nuaygh/ wyfokdY rnfonfhowif;rS aemufxyfr&&Sdawmhyg/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tay:xyfu uReaf wmfwaYdk [mvfawGrmS 'kw, d Akv

d rf LS ;Bu;D pdev
f iG ef YJ aemufwpfaeYwGif OD;apmOD;xHrS ]]AkdvfrSL;pHjrifhokdY zkef;qufyg
tjcm;t&m&SdawGa&mufaeMuw,f/ olwkdYu a&SUwef;oGm;r,fvdkY onf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhESifh qufoG,fNyD; tvkyfvkyf&rnfjzpf
...(116)
 716 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 717
aMumif;udk OD;cspv f iId t f m; ajymjyxm;ay;yg[k taMumif;Mum;jcif; awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u uReaf wmf
jzpfonf/ wkdYtm; y#doE¨m&pum;jzifh &if;ESD;pGmajymqkdNyD;aemuf EkdifiHawmf
rwfv av;&ufaeYwiG f Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf zqyvtzGUJ ? tmPmodrf;,l&jcif;ESifhywfoufí tusKd;taMumif; ajymjyyg
yxptzGJU? yrnwtzGJUwkdY\ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh '*kH&dyfomü onf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u -
awGUqHkum rdrdwkdYawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ qE´oabmxm;udk ]]wkid ;f jynfrwnfrNird jf zpfvmrIEiS hf z½dzk &JjzpfymG ;vmrnft h a&;
ajymMum; aqG;aEG;avonf/ aMumifh tcsed rf x D ed ;f odr;f vdu
k &f aMumif; ...rvTrJ a&SmifomvkYd 'Dvkd
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u ]]rdrw d tYdk m;vH;k onf wkid ;f jynfvw G vf yfa&; vkyf&NyD;wJhaemufawmh wkdif;jynfudk av;av;eufeuf jyefvnf
twGuf nDnñ D w G ñ f w G af qmif&u G cf MhJ uNy;D wkid ;f jynfBu;D udk pnf;vH;k xlaxmif &rnfjzpfaMumif; ...tJ'aD wmh t&ifuwkv Yd yk cf MhJ uovdk
nDñGwfpGm xlaxmifcJhMuaMumif;? ,cktcg pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIBuD; pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;umvwke;f u vuf0q J efu Y siaf &;awGukd a&;cJh
NydKuGJawmhrnfhtajctaeokdY a&mufvmonfudk oHa0*,loifhyg ajymcJhMuwmawGudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; ...a&SUudk vuf0Jqefqef
aMumif;? a&SUtzdw Yk iG f rdrw d t
Ydk m;vH;k &nfreS ;f xm;cJMh uonfh qk&d , S vf pf xlaxmifz?Ydk uGejf rLepfqefw,fajymajym ...wkid ;f jynfaumif;pm;zk?Yd
pepf wnfaqmufa&;udk rdrdwkdYtm;vHk; nDñGwfpGmwm0ef,lNyD; vlrsm;pkaumif;zkYd &nfp;l Ny;D vkyo f mG ;Mu&rSmjzpfaMumif; ...'gaMumifh
aqmif&u G v f ydk gaMumif;? Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESiw hf idk yf ifNy;D nDnñ D wG ñf w G f
udk,fhvlwkdYuvnf;aumif;r,f...oifhr,fxifwmawG wifjyMu
aqmif&GufvdkaMumif;? vuf&SdtajccHOya'rSm vdk&mqGJEkdifovdk
apvdkaMumif; ... udk,fwkdY awmfvSefa&;aumifpDawmhzGJUNyD;NyD/
jzpfaeojzifh rdrw d n Ydk Ed§ idI ;f wdik yf ifNy;D tajccHOya'topfukd a&;qGv J kd
okdYaomf wkdif;jynfudk Policy rl0g'csjyzdkYvdkaMumif; ...tJ'Dawmh
ygaMumif;? Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm;taejzifh pOf;pm;ay;Muyg&ef wifjyyg
aMumif;jzifh wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhayonf/ t"dutcsufawGudk udk,fajymjyr,f}} [k rdefYMum;ygonf/
xdak eYnae rwfvav;&ufaeYnaewGif Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ajymMum;aom t"dutcsufrsm;rSm atmufyg
onf AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh? OD;apmOD;ESifh uRefawmfwkdYoHk;OD;tm; '*kH twkdif; jzpfygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ajymaom pum;twkdif; azmfjy
&dyfomü ac:,lawGUqHkygonf/ jzpfay:vmaom tajctaeopf vdkufygonf/
ESifhywfoufí uRefawmfwkdYtm; ajymMum;NyD;aemuf rwfv ]]pD;yGm;a&;u ta&;Bu;D qH;k yJ/ 'Dupd rö mS t"duvkyif ef;Bu;D awG
ajcmuf&ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh? udak wmh wkYd State u odr;f Ny;D vky&f rSmyJ/ Private vkyfief;awGawmh
OD;apmOD;? uRefawmftygt0if oHk;OD;wkdYtm; awGUqHkNyD; a&SUa&; vnf;cGifhjyKoavmuf cGifhjyKxm;&OD;rSmyJ/ or0g,rudk aoao
vkyfief;ESifhywfoufí ajymMum;vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; today; csmcsmjyKjyifNyD; av;av;eufeufudkif&r,f/ aemufawmhvnf;
ajymjycJhygonf/ qkd&S,fvpfZifbufudk wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh ul;oGm;wmayghav}}
rwfvajcmuf&ufaeY eHeufyikd ;f ud;k em&DwiG f Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; ]]EkdifiHa&;udpöawmh tck&SdwJhygwDawGeJY n§dMunfh&rSmyJ/ n§dvdkY
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

u Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrif?h OD;apmOD;ESiu hf Reaf wmfwo Ydk ;kH OD;udk umuG,af &; &&ifvnf; tm;vHk;vufwGJNyD; tiftm;wpfpkwnf; vkyfMurSmyJ/
OD;pD;csKyf½Hk;cef;ü ac:,lawGUqHkcJhygonf/ r&&ifawmh wdYk One-Party pepf vky&f rSmyJ/ rvkyv f rYdk jzpfawmhb;l ?
...(117)
 718 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 719
[dt k &ifvyk o f vdk ...ygvDref'rD u kd a&pDvyk o f vdk ygwDawGNyKd iaf e xdt k cdu
k rf mS yif vmtkEd idk if üH tmPmodr;f ,lco hJ l vuf,m
&if c&D;rwGifus,fbl;/ tJ'Dawmh ...ta&SU 'Drdkua&pDajymajym *dPk ;f 0if General Phumi (xdik ;f Ekid if o H Ydk tvnfa&mufaeol) xHrS
...Proletariat dietatorship tvkyform; tmPm&SifpepfvdkYyJ Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;xHoYdk Congratulation Message wpfcak &mufvm
ajymajym vkyfMunfh&rSmyJ/ v,form;? tvkyform;? jynfol ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u xkd Message udk zwfMunfhNyD;aemuf
trsm;pktwGuf vkyf&rSmyJ/ wdkYwkdif;jynftzdkYawmh v,form;u &,f&TifaomavoHjzifh ]]a[h ...udk,fhvlwkdY 'Daumif Phumi u
vlrsm;pk? olwkdYudk t"duxm;&rSmyJ/ uGefjrLepfawGvdkawmh udk,fhudk Congratulate vkyfw,fwJhAsm/ tJ'g udk,fhrsufESmudk
tvkyform;udk a&SUuxm;vdkY rjzpfao;bl;/ v,form;? tvkyf acs;xkyfeJY aygufwmyJ/ wdkYeJY oleJYbmqkdifovJuGm}} [k ajymqkdNyD;
orm;awGwifr[kwfygbl;/ wkdif;jynftwGuf wu,fvkyfMur,fh xdpk uúLudk vH;k acsí atmufoyYkd pfaygufvu kd yf gonf/ uReaf wmfwYdk
pdwfaumif;&SdwJh vlawGtm;vHk; pkpnf;NyD;vkyfMur,f/ vnf; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ESifhtwl &,farmrdMuygonf/ xdktcsdefu
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D u wpfcPrQpum;rqufao;bJ&pdS Of Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D Akv d cf sKyBf u;D \ Mood onf tvGepf w d t f m;xufoef &Tiv f ef;vsuf
apmjrifha&muRefawmfwkdYyg wkdifyifxm;jcif;r&SdbJ ]]wpfygwDpepf &Sdaeygojzifh uRefawmfwkdYrSm a&SUa&;twGuf rsm;pGmtm;wuf
uawmh c&D;wGiw f m trSejf zpfaMumif; ...okaYd omf aemiftcgwGif tm;&rdMuygonf/
uRefawmfwkdY vlawGygwD0ifawGu tmPmrmef,pfNyD; ...&yfxJ
xdt k csed rf mS yif Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D onf ½H;k cef;xJo0Ydk ifvm
&GmxJrmS rw&m;rIawGvyk v f mrSmudak wmh umuG,x f m;zkv
Yd akd Mumif;}}
um AkdvfcsKyfBuD;tm; tav;jyKNyD; ]]AkdvfcsKyf'*kH&dyfomrSm EkdifiHjcm;
ajymrdMuygonf/
owif;axmufawGeJY uRefawmfcsdef;xm;w,f ...tJ'g olwkdYu
xdktcg AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u ]][m; ...'Dvdkawmh b,ftjzpfcH&
rvJ ...tJ'v D kd rw&m;wmawG rjzpf&atmifawmh aoaocsmcsm uRefawmfwkdYvkyfr,fh qkd&S,fvpfZif[m b,fvdkrsKd;vJar;&if
tpDtrHawG vkyf&rSmyJ}} [kajymygonf/ xdkYaemuf qufvufí b,fvakd jym&ifaumif;rvJvYdk Akv d cf sKyuf kd uReaf wmf vmar;wmyg/
]]'D v d k & S d w ,f u G m ...tck wd k Y v k y f M unf h M ur,f ? uRefawmfhoabmawmh r,kwfrvGef evolutionary socialism vkdY
qkd&S,fvpfZifayghuGm/ at; ...vkyf&if;vkyf&if; vkyfMunfhvkdY ajymxm;&if aumif;rvm;vdkY}} [k ajymygonf/
wkid ;f jynfraumif;vmbl;/ wdrYkd eS ;f ovdjk zpfrvmbl;qk&d ifawmhvnf; xdt k cg Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u ]]a[h ..udak tmifBu;D tJ'v D Bkd u;D awmh
wdkYtcsif;csif;awGyJuGm ...ArmawGtcsif;csif; jyefwkdifyifNyD; define rvkyfeJYOD; ...usKyfwkdYvnf; tckrS pOf;pm;Muwkef; ...
jyifoif&h ifjyif? ajymif;oif&h ifajymif;vdu k Mf uwmayghumG }} [kajymjy tJ'Dawmh evolutionary vnf; rqkdvdkufeJYOD; ...revolutionary
ygonf/ wpfcPrQpnf;pm;aeNyD;rS AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u qufvufí - vdkYvnf; rajymvdkufeJYOD; tkdAsm ...usKyfwkdYvkyfr,fh socialism
]]pD;yGm;a&;eJY EkdifiHa&;udpöuawmh ckajymwmawG t"du [m practical socialism yJvdkYom ajymxm;vkduf&if? 'gyJ...ckvdk
tcsufyJ/ usefwmawGawmh jyKjyifajymif;vJoifhwmawG? vkyfoifh ajymwmyJaumif;w,f}} [k ajymvku d yf gonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vkyfxdkufwmawG vkyf&rSmyJ/ pnf;½Hk;a&;udpö? ygwDudpöawmh vnf; tjcm;udpörsm;udk tenf;i,ftpD&ifcHNyD; ½Hk;cef;wGif;rS

ck&adS ewJh ygwDawGex YJ yfNy;D aqG;aEG;n§Ed idI ;f &OD;r,f}} [k ajymygonf/ jyefxGufoGm;ygonf/
...(118)
 720 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 721
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;onf uRefawmfwkdYtm; txufazmfjyyg t"du 0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;\wm0efudkyg xrf;aqmifae&aomaMumifh
tcsuftvufrsm;udk ajymjyNyD;aemuf pmrlMurf;udk tcsdef,lNyD; rtm;rvyfatmif tvkyfvkyfae&ovdk? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\
aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;NyD; a&;om;wifjyMu&ef rdefYMum;cJhygonf/ owif;pOfXmeudk OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfaeaom OD;apmOD;onfvnf;
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\ ½Hk;cef;rS jyefxGufcJhMupOf AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh tm;vyfcsdefr&atmif &SdaecJhygonf/ uRefawmfhrSmvnf; r*Fvm'Hk
onf ½Hk;cef;\Murf;jyifaxmifh wpfae&mwGif vHk;axG;aeaom A[dpk wd "f mwfppfqifa&;wyfzUJG ½H;k okYd a&mufvudk ?f ra&mufvu kd Ef iS hf
pm&Gufudk aumuf,lcJhygonf/ ,if;rSm vmtdkvuf,mAkdvfcsKyf rsm;aomtm;jzifh toHvTifh½Hk&Sd AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh\ ½Hk;cef;üom
Phumi ykdYaom aMu;eef;jzpfonf/ (okdYaomf xdkpm&Gufonf zwfp&m? rSwfp&m? a&;p&mrsm;jzifh tcsdefukefapcJhygonf/
,cktcg AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhxHwGif r&Sdawmhygacs/) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD;xH wifjy&rnfhpmrlMurf;udk
xdkaeY xdktcsdefrSpí AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhOD;aqmifaom a&S;OD;pGm uReaf wmf wm0ef,u l m a&;om;&ef Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifEh iS hf
uRefawmfwkdY oHk;OD;tzGJUonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD;\ OD;apmOD;wkdYu wm0efay;Muonf/
wm0efay;rIt& awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D rl0g'oabmxm;udk azmfjy uRefawmfonf rwfv21 &ufaeYwGif ]]Armenf;usaom
&rnfjzpfaom pmrlMurf;a&;qGaJ &; qyfaumfrwD (Sub committe) qkd&S,fvpf0g'}} (Burmese Approack to Socialism or Burmese
wpfcktvdktavsmuf jzpfvmcJhygonf/ xkdaeY naeydkif;wGif '*kH Style of Socialism) [laom acgif;pOfjzifh qkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifh
&dyfomokdYoGm;Muum AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;xH tusKd;taMumif; ywfoufí cH,loifhaom oabmxm;tusOf;csKyf udk a&S;OD;pGm
owif;ykdY&ygonf/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;u ]]AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ajymwJh wifjycJhygonf/ ,if;oabmxm; oabmxm;rSm -
twkdif;om tpDtpOfwnfhatmifa&;Muyg}} [k ajymcJhygonf/ (1) Armjynf\ a&ajrobm0ESifh udkufnDaptyfaom?
AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhOD;aqmifaom uRefawmfwkdYtzJGUonf jrefrmhorkdif;pOftajctaeESifh udkufnDaptyfaom?
wpf&ufjcm;? ESp&f ufjcm;qko d vdk tqufrjywf awGUqHw k ikd yf ifaeMu &[ef ; &S i f v l jynf o l t rsm;\ pd w f a eobm0ES i f h
ygonf/ txl;ojzifh OD;apmOD;\ ½H;k cef;&S&d m toHviT ½hf ükH pnf;a0; vdkufavsmoifhjrwfaomawG;ac:rIESifh a0zefoHk;oyfrI
wkid yf ifavh&MdS uygonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D rS ay;tyf rsm;tay:wGif tajcpdkufonfh qkd&S,fvpf0g'rsKd;
vkud af om ,if;wm0efukd ausyeG af tmifaqmif&u G &f ef vkt d yfaom jzpfoifhayonf[lí vnf;aumif;?
jynfwGif;? jynfytcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? pdppfavhvm (2) vufawGUvkyaf qmifí&Ekid af om vkyif ef;pOfEiS hf enf;em
jcif;? xkwf,loifhonfrsm;udk xkwf,ljyKpkjcif;ponfrsm;udk jyKvkyf edó,rsm;tay:wGif tajcjyKonfh qk&d , S v
f pf0g'rsK;d ?
Muygonf/ jynfov l tl rsm;\ aumif;usK;d csr;f omudk vufawGUtm;
xd&k ufrsm;twGi;f (rwfvtwGi;f ) awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf jzifh xda&mufpGm ay;aqmifEkdifaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tpnf;ta0;rsm;jzifh rtm;rvyf&adS ecJah yonf/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifh usifhoHk;onfh qkd&S,fvpf0g'rsKd; jzpfoifhayonf[lí
onf awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D twGi;f a&;rSL;wm0efa&m? jyefMum;a&; vnf;aumif;?
...(119)
 722 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 723
(3) oabmw&m;ud k vuf a wG U b0rS xk w f , l a &;ES i f h 3/ okdYaomfvnf; vGefcJhaom 14 ESpftwGif; zqyva&m?
vufawGUb0jzifh rSwfausmufwifa&; uGefjrLepfyg qkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifhywfoufaom tawG;
wdkYjzpfoifhayonf[lívnf;aumif; jzpfygonf/ tjrifESifh oabmxm;rsm;wGif rSm;,Gif;cJhMuojzifh
AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf,if;oabmxm; tusOf;csKyfudk qkd&S,fvpf0g'\ vkyfief;rsm;onf ratmifjrifcJhay/
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D xHwifjycJyh gonf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u uReaf wmfwt Ydk zGUJ tm; 4/ uGejf rLepfwo Ydk nf pmtkyBf u;D w&m;ao0g'udv k nf;aumif;?
{Nyv D &Sp&f ufaeYwiG f ac:,lawGUqHu k m uReaf wmfw\ Ydk wifjycsuf vuf0pJ eG ;f aoGzaD &;0g'udv k nf;aumif;? ud, k whf idk ;f jynf\
twGuf taxmuftyHjh zpfaprnft h aMumif;tcsurf sm;udk ajymMum; b0ESifhr[yfrdaom ½k&Sm;? w½kwf? tdE´d, ponfwkdY\
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aetdrfüjzpfygonf/ tcrf;tem;rqefaom &if;ESD;vSpGmaom jrifMu/
awGUqHkrIjzpfygonf/ 5/ zqyvonfvnf; qk&d , S v f pfvyk if ef;pOfukd av;eufpmG
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;onf &Tif&Tifvef;vef;ajymqdkygonf/ olYpdwfxJ jzifv h nf;aumif;? wuf<upGmjzifv h nf;aumif; rvkyEf idk f
&Sdwmrsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymqdkygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYtzGJUu cJhMu/ zqyva&m? uGefjrLepfyg qkd&S,fvpfpepfudk
wifjycJhaomoabmxm;tusOf;csKyfESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;uajymMum; vufwnfph rf;cJMh u&m tvGv J t JG acsmaf csmjf zpfcMhJ uonf/
onfh taMumif;tcsufrsm;yg0ifaom rSwfwrf;udk AkdvfrSL;BuD; (zqyvonf vuf,maoGznfa&;vrf;okdY udkif;ñTwf
apmjrifu h jyKpck yhJ gonf/ xdrk w S w
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tzGJU0if OD;cspfvdIifu tMurf;a&;om;wifjyaom ]]Armenf; trSm;t,Gi;f rsm;udk vufawGUoifcef;pm,lum vrf;rSef
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1/ rlvuwnf;uyif uRefawmfwkdYonf vGwfvyfa&;? ESiyhf wfoufaom uReaf wmfw\ Ydk oabmxm;udk vuf0J
'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;wkdYtwGufqkdNyD; vuf,maoGznfjcif;rsm;rS vGwu f if;atmif owdxm;&
awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ ayrnf/ uReaf wmfw\ Ydk qk&d , S v f pfygwDonf Armenf;
2/ uRef a wmf w k d Y wpf r sKd ; om;vH k ; \ &nf & G , f c suf r S m usaom qkd&S,fvpf0g' (Burmese way of Socialism
vGwv f yfaom jrefrmEkid if w H iG f qif;&Jom;vlrsm;pkBu;D \ vm; Way to Socialism vm;) jzpfoifah yonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aumif;usK;d csr;f omudk aqmifMuOf;ay;tHah om qk&d , S v f pf 7/ Armenf ; usaomqk d & S , f v pf 0 g'onf Armjynf\
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...(120)
 724 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 725
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trsm;\ pdwfaeobm0ESifhvnf;aumif; vdkufavsm taeESifh tyfpyfrdaom Armhenf;usqdk&S,fvpf0g'
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vnf;aumif; vdkufavsmoifhjrwfaomawG;ac:rIESifh wDxGifjyKpkum vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkif&ayrnf/
a0zefo;kH oyfrrI sm;tay:wGif tajcpdu k o f nfh qk&d ,
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8/ Armqkd&S,fvpf0g'onf vufawGUvkyfaqmifí &Ekdif aomvkyif ef;pOftMurf;zsi;f udo k m aMunmoifyh gonf/
tyfaom vkyfief;pOfESifh enf;emedó,rsm;ay:wGif oabmw&m;a&; tao;pdwfjyKpkcsufudkrlum; tcsdef
tajcjyKonfh qkd&S,fvpf0g'rsKd;jzpf&ayrnf/ Arm ,lí aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
qkd&S,fvpf0g'onf pmtkyfBuD;w&m;ao0g'rsKd;udk 13/ uRefawmfwdkY\qE´udk azmfjy&rnfqdkygvQif tjiif;yGm;
p&m&Sad omrmhupf 0f g'? vDeif0g'ponfwu Ykd dk rxkwaf zmf
rusifhoHk;bJ? vufawGUtm;jzifh vkyfaqmifí&EkdifNyD;
ra<u;aMumf b J ? rmh u f p f 0 g'pmtk y f x J r S j zpf a p?
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tjcm;aom qdk&S,fvpfusrf;rsm;xJrSjzpfap? jrefrm
vnf; vufawGUtm;jzifh xda&mufpGm ay;aqmifEkdifap
jynf E S i f h oif h a vsmf a omtcsuf r sm;ud k o m jref r mh
aom enf;vrf;rsm;udkomvQif usifhoHk;tyfayonf/ tjrif? jrefrmhtawG;? jrefrmhpum;wdkYjzifh cH,lazmfjy
9/ Armqkd&S,fvpf0g'\ oabmxm;rsm;onf vufawGU oifhonf[k,lqygonf/
b0udk tajcjyKtyfaom oabmxm;rsm;jzpf&ayrnf/ 14/ rnfodkY&Sdap uRefawmfwdkYonf awmifolv,form;
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tajctaet& aqmif&GufoGm;&rnf[laom oabm vlwef;pm;rsm; ponfwdkY\ tajccHtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;
xm;jzpfayonf/ udk rsufjcnfrjywforQ umvywfvHk;trSm;rsm;udk
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b0jzifhyif prf;oyfppfaq;&ayrnf/ tcsKyftm;jzihf 15/ twdck sKyrf mS uRefawmfwdkY\ vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsuf
qdak omf oabmw&m;udk b0rSxkwf,la&;ESifhb0jzifh wd k Y o nf qif ; &J o m;jynf o l v l t rsm;\ wd k ; wuf
rS w f a usmuf w if a &;yif jzpfayonf/ odkYrSomvQif aumif ; pm;a&;ES i f h om,m0ajyma&;rsm;ud k
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

obm0usaom oabmw&m;a&;udk usifhoHk;Edkifrnf ay;aqmifaeorQ umvywfvHk; trSm;odkY a&mufEdkif

jzpfayonf/ rnfr[kwf[k ,HkMunfygonf/
...(121)
 726 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 727
,ckwifjyaomþoabmxm;udk twnfjyKrnfqdkygvQif Murnf / awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;u vlrsm;pk
þoabmxm;ukd tajcjyKtyfaom oabmw&m;a&;pmwrf; jzpfojzifo h m &nf&, G af jym&jcif;jzpfonf/ trSeaf wmh tm;vH;k aom
wpfapmifudk wifjyygrnfcifAsm;/ /(21-3-1992) vlwef;pm;tvTmrsm;onf þpepfukd ouf0if,MkH unfNy;D vdu k v
f m
1962 ckESpf? {NyDv&Spf&ufaeYwGifawmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú| MuvQif twlac:oGm;rnfomjzpfayonf/ rnfojYdk zpfap First Aim
Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; ae0if ; u pmwrf ; jyKpk a &;tzG J U u wif j yonf h qkd&S,fvpfpepfjzpfonf/
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atmifBuD;ajymwm rjynfhpHkbJjzpfaeonf/ trSefu olwkdYudk
ae&m - AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\tdrf/ ajym&rnfrSm wpfaeY cifAsm;wkdYyg Fit in vkyfrnf/ olwkdYtwGuf
wufa&mufolrsm; - Security &Sdonf/ oka Yd omf ,cifuvdk wpfcsw D nf;ESihf csr;f omwm
awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Adv k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;/ awmfveS af &; rsKd;awmh cGifhjyKrnfr[kwf/ a&SUwGifqufNyD; ,cifuvdk acgif;yHk
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tzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;apmOD;? OD;cspfvdIif/ ajymif;vkyNf y;D vQif uReaf wmfwEYdk iS hf a&mygvm&r,f/ oabmwl&if
taMumif;t&m - wGJvkyf? vufcHr,f/ [dk uGefjrLepfawGESifhrwl/ uGefjrLepfawGu
pmwrf;a&;om;a&;tzJUG rS BuKd wifjyKpak &;om;wifjyxm;aom vufrcH? ukeo f nfqv dk Qif &efo?l rdrdwkdY\ vrf;pOfudk vufcHvQif
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AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
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pD;yGm;a&;tydkif; -
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DISTRIBUTTION - STATE or0g,r rdrwd o
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cGifhjyKrnf/ aom NATIONAL SOCIALISM BURMESE NATIONAL
qk d & S , f v pf p epf q k d w mu jynf a xmif p k o m;tm;vH k ; ES i f h SOCIALISM (jrefrmhtrsKd;om;qkd&S,fvpfpepf) omjzpfaMumif;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

qkdifonf/ yg0if&rnf/ qif;&Jom;? tvkyform;twGufom a&;om;&mwGif yg0if&rnf/ þtcsuu f vnf; uGejf rLepf wkid ;f jynf
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...(122)
 728 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 729
vlwef;pm;udpö 'kwd,tyk'f
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jzpf o G m ;apaom bH k p epf u d k r Bud K uf y g/ &SdaeNyD; tqifhuvl vkyif ef;rSm olrsm;udtk jypfwifNy;D ud, k u f vkyrf aS umif;r,fqw dk mrsK;d
Y wkid ;f rlwnfNy;D csrf;omoluvnf; atmufu
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prf;oyfvkyfaqmifcJhNyD;NyD? ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJ av;ESpfwpfBudrf jrefrmhtajctaeESifhudkufnDa&;
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olrsm;xHrS aiGEiS ahf ygufí aiGrsm;rsm;oH;k Ny;D a&G;aumufyv JG yk &f onfh vGJrSm;aomt,ltqawG
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Mother of Democracy qkdwJh bdvyfrSmyif &nfrSef;csuf rD;ravmif vufarG;rD;ravmifaevmol}} rS *kPf&SdonfhtawG;
ra&mufao;yg/ t,ltqawGukd aysmufapcsio f nf/ ud,
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ta&SUwkdif;'Drdkua&pDyifjzpfyg\/ People's Democracy qkdyg azsmuf&rnf/ qk&d ,

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...(123)
 730 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 731
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&r,f}} qkdwm vlwkdif;pGJaeapcsifw,f/ ]]a&jrifhMumjrifh}} qkdwm tydkif;udk vufcHrnf/ MARX-LENIN qkdwmudkom t"du
wkdif;jynfaumif;pm;&if rdrdvnf;aumif;pm;r,f/ r[kwfyg/
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]]vlwkdif;tlrawmifh&r,f}} aumif;wmudkvufcHw,f/ þtcsufonf tjcm;qkd&S,fvpf
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Ydk awmh vlwef;pm;tm;vH;k &JUtusK;d pD;yGm;udk azmfaqmif
bmoma&;udk ,HkMunfwmrSmvnf; y&d,m,fESifhr[kwf? wu,fh oGm;r,f/ Exploit vkyfr,fqkdwm qif;&Jom;rSmvnf;&Sdw,f/
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tyk'f - 13 OD;bNidrf;a&;om;aom qkd&S,fvpfpepfESifh uGJjym;wm&Sd/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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f efumG jcm;aMumif; OD;bNidrf;u Authority comes from qif;&Jom; (tmPmonf
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kd m;w,f/ uReaf wmfwu Ydk
...(124)
 732 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 733
'Dvrkd [kw/f olwkdYuawmh "e&SifudkvHk;0y,fw,f/ wkdYury,f/ uRefawmfOD;cspfvIdifu OD;pGmyxr a&;om;wifjy&ef AkdvfrSL;BuD;
twkduftcHrvkyf&ifoHk;r,f/ 'gayr,fh Every Body Must apmjrifhESifhOD;apmOD;wkdYu uRefawmfhtm; wm0efay;xm;ygonf/
Produce vlwkdif; tvkyfvkyf&r,f/ ukefxkwfrIjzpfap wpfckck uRef a wmf w k d Y a umf r wD o nf toH v T i f h ½ k H ü vnf ; aumif ; ?
pGrf;aqmifMu&rnf jzpf\/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\ñTefMum;csuft& EkdifiHawmfor®w\ tdrfawmf
EkdifiHwumESifhywfoufí ta[mif;üvnf;aumif; pnf;a0;Mu? a&;om;jyKpkMu? jyefvnf
urÇm&Sd wkid ;f jynftoD;oD;ESihf qufq&H mwGif acgif;yHrk jzwfwhJ ppfaq;okH;oyfMu ponfjzifh vkyfukdifaqmif&GufaecJhMuygonf/
0g'qk&d if vufcrH ,f/ Fair Exchange qk&d if vufcw H ,f/ acgif;yHk Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D onf wpf&ufjcm;? ESp&f ufjcm;qko d vkd or®wtdraf wmf
rjzwfbl;qkd&if wkdif;jynfBuD; East or West vufcHr,f/ wpfzuf okYd a&mufvmwwfNy;D uReaf wmfwEYdk iS hf &if;&if;ES;D ES;D ajymqk&d if; a0zef
apmif;eif;jzpfaprnfh EkdifiHjcm;udkawmhvufrcH/ okH;oyfrIESifh tBuHÓPfay;rIukd jyKcJhygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYaumfrwD\ tacsmowfrlMurf;onf {NyDv 16
qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepftydkif; &ufaeYwGif NyD;pD;cJhygonf/ rlMurf;\acgif;pD;rSm ]]awmfvSefa&;
a&SUrSm ]]tvkyv f yk rf jS zpfr,f}} qkw d m t"duxm;a&; ]]vlwidk ;f aumifpD\ 0g'oabmxm; aMunmcsuf qkd&S,fvpfavmuokdY
tvkyv f yk Ef idk w
f mESit hf rQ cHpm;cGi&hf &dS r,f}}? ]]qlBuKH erd jhf rifh enf;Ekid f jrefrmhvrf;pOfjzifh csDwufMupkdY}} [lí jzpfayonf/ xkt d acsmoyf
orQenf;ap&r,f}} tb,faMumifh tenf;i,f uGmjcm;rI&&dS oenf; rlMurf;ukd Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h Akv d cf sKyBf u;D xHwifjycJ&h m Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u
qkdwmawmh tvkyfvkyfrI? t&nftcsif;? vkyf&nfudkif&nfawG tenf;i,frQjznfph u G Nf y;D twnfjyKay;cJyh gonf/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifh
tay:rlwnfNyD; uGmjcm;rI&Sdw,f/ 'D[muyif ]]uGefjrLepf}} ESifh onf xkrd Ml urf;ukd vufEydS pf ufjzif½h u dk af pum rdwLå rsm;ukd awmfveS af &;
uGmjcm;csuf? ]]obm0usaom}} uGmjcm;csufjzpfw,f/ aumifp0D ifrsm;xH jzefaY 0cJah yonf/ {Nyv D 24 &ufaeYEiS hf 25 &uf
vlwef;pm;wpf&yftwGufr[kwf ]]qif;&Jom;awGtwGuf}} aeYrsm;wGif usi;f ytHah om awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D txl; tpnf;
vdyk v
J nf;ra&;ESiahf wmh? tm;vH;k jynfaxmifpo k m;tm;vH;k twGuf ta0;wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;Murnf jzpfayonf/
qkdwm ay:apcsifw,f/ xk&d ufyidk ;f 0ef;usit f wGi;f rSmyif Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D onf
ukex f w k v f yk af &;tydik ;f wGif tjrwftpGe;f t"durxm;? vlo;kH ucsijf ynfe,f? ylwmtkNd rKd Ue,f? rcsr;f abmokYd ½kww f &ufc&D;xGuf
ypönf;xkwfvkyfEkdifa&;om rlwnfw,f/ tajccHtm;jzifhqkd&if oGm;ygonf/ olESifh&if;ESD;Muaom uRefawmfwkdY aumfrwDtzGJUESifh
pm;0wfaea&; Basic jynfhpHkzkdY? xdkrSwpfqifh tqifhtwef;jrifhjrifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0iftcsKdUwkdYrSm ]]okdYavm ...okdYavm}} jzifh
aeEkdifa&;? ,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufa&;okdY csDwuf&efjzpfw,f/ pdwfarmoGm;Mu&ygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYaumfrwDonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 0g' Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D onf Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h adk c:,lum ]]Akv d af tmifBu;D
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

oabmxm;ukd xkwjf yefaMunmEkid &f ef tBurd Bf urd f pnf;a0;wkid yf if pdwfaumufxGufoGm;[ef&Sdw,f/ olYukdoGm;ac:Mu? ukdapmOD;eJY
um rlMurf;rsm;ukd ig;Burd w f wd d jyKpck MhJ uygonf/ rlMurf;pmuk, d uf dk ukdcspfvIdifwkdYukdac:oGm;}} [k trdefY&SdcJhonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh
...(125)
 734 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 735
OD;aqmifaom uRefawmfwkdY aumfrwDtzGJUonf avwyfrawmf awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D twGi;f a&;rSL;vnf;jzpf? jyefMum;a&;
txl;av,mOfjzifh ylwmtkNd rKd UokYd xGuv f mcJMh uygonf/ jrpfBu;D em; 0efBu;D Xme\ wm0efcH (0efBuD;) vnf;jzpf? tpnf;ta0;\ twGi;f
avqdyfwGif acwåqif;oufNyD; wkdif;wyfr[mrSL;AkdvfrSL;BuD; a&;rSL;vnf;jzpfol Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\
vGef;wifukd ac:aqmifumylwmtkdNrdKUokdY qufvufxGufvmcJhMu 0g'oabmxm;aMunmcsuf / qk d & S , f v pf a vmuok d Y jref r mh
onf/ xkdaeYonf 1962 ckESpf? {NyDv 17 &ufaeYjzpfonf[k vrf;pOfjzifh csDwufMupkdY [laom tacsmoyfrlMurf;ukd pmykd'f
uReaf wmfrw S rf yd gonf/ ylwmtkrd w S pfqifh armfawmfum;jzifh rvdc wpfckpDtvkduf zwfMum;&ygonf/ pmykd'fwpfckpDukd zwfNyD;wkdif;?
jrpfurf;ay:&Sd rcsr;f abm (e,fjcm;tkycf sKyaf &;c½kid ½f ;Hk pku d &f m) NrKd UokYd zwfNyD;wkdif;? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;u yg0ifaqG;aEG;Mu?
oGm;Muygonf/ ar;jref;Muygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u r&Sif;vif;wmrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;
Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D tm; Akv d cf sKyBf u;D \ ajymMum;ygonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifp0D if toD;oD;uvnf; rdrw d Ydk
qE´uadk jymjyygonf/ {Nyv D 24&uf? 25 &ufaeYrsm;wGif awmfveS af &; qE´&Sdonfrsm;ESifh em;vnfrIrsm;ukd wifjyaqG;aEG;Muygonf/
tpnf;ta0;onf 24 &ufaeYwiG rf Ny;D pD;bJ aemufwpfaeY 25 &uf
aumifpD txl;tpnf;ta0;okYd Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D wufa&muf
aeYwGif qufvufpnf;a0; aqG;aEG;Muygonf/
apcsifonhf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\qE´ukd txl;wvnfajymjyygonf/
xk2d 5 &ufaeYwiG f pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'ü yg0ifaomtaMumif;tcsuf
AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;onf rdrdtm; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\ &Jabmfpdwfjzifh
wpfckESifhywfoufí AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;ESifh AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifaz
oHa,mZOfxm;&Srd u I dk cHpm;&aomtcg rsu&f nfrsm;usvmonfudk
wkdY ESpfOD;tMum;wGif oabmxm;uGJjym;rI ay:aygufcJhygonf/
uReaf wmfwaYdk wGUjrif&ojzifh uReaf wmfwv Ydk nf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om yk*¾vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufí jzpfygonf/
jzpfcJhMuygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf rcsrf;abmwGif wpfntdyfNyD; Akv
d rf LS ;csKyw
f ifazu ]]yk*v ¾ u d pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm; awmfveS af &;
aemufwpfaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUokdY jyefMuaomtcg AkdvfrSL;csKyf aumifpDu vufwGJac:aqmifoGm;rnf}} qkdonfhtcsufukd 0g'
atmifBuD;onf &Tifvef;pGmyif vkdufygvmcJhygonf/ oabmxm; aMunmcsuw f iG f xnfo h iG ;f jcif;rjyKvykd g/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyf
1962 ck? {NyDv24 &ufESifh 25 &ufaeYrsm;wGif umuG,fa&; atmifBuD;url yk*¾vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd ukefxkwf
OD;pD;csKy½f ;Hk ppfqifa&;cef;r (War Room) ü awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D pGr;f tm;wk;d wufa&;twGuf tm;ay;&rnf[í l cH,x l m;ayonf/
txl;tpnf;ta0;ukd usif;ycJhavonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trSet f m;jzifh ajym&rnfqv dk Qif xkyd *k v
¾ u d pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;
Ouú|Bu;D Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u obmywdtjzpf? Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h &Sirf sm;ukd vufwaJG c:aqmif oGm;rnfqadk omtcsuu f dk Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufMuonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;ü ae0if;ukd,fwkdif ajymMum;cJhojzifh uRefawmfwkdY rlMurf;a&;qGJa&;
OD;apmOD;ESiu hf Reaf wmfwEYdk pS Of ;D onf avhvmolrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? aumfrwDu xnfhoGif;a&;om;cJh&jcif;jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rSww f rf;wiforl sm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ar;jref;vQif ajzqk&d rnfo h l aumfrwD0if okH;OD;pvkH;uvnf; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\qE´ukd oabm
rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wufa&mufcGifh&cJhMuygonf/ aygufum ,kHMunfMuygonf/
...(126)
 736 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 737
Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D ESihf Akv d rf LS ;csKyw f ifazwko Yd nf yk*Kd¾ vaf &; cifAs}} [k rqkdif;rwGbJ csufcsif;yif jyefvnfajymMum;ygonf/
t& rnfonhfjyóemrQr&SdMuyg/ olwkdYESpfOD;onf vGwfvyfa&; jyóemvnf;ajyvnfomG ;ygonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 0g'
wku d yf wJG pfavQmufv;kH wGif tvGe&f if;ES;D Muaom &Jabmf&b J ufrsm; oabmxm;aMunmcsufukdvnf; tm;vkH;oabmwl twnfjyK
jzpfcJhMuygonf/ ,ckuJYokdY oabmxm;jcm;em;MuonfrSm rl0g' vkdufygonf/
t&omjzpfygonf/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;u qkd&S,fvpfpepf uReaf wmf\ pdww f iG f 1962 ck? {Nyv D 25 &ufaeYonf jrefrmh
wnfaqmufa&;ukd jznf;jznf;rSerf eS f wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh aqmif&u G f EkdifiHa&;c&D;pOfwGif tvSnhftajymif;BuD;wpf&yfukd zefwD;cJhaom
oGm;csifonf/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifazu jzpfEkdifrnfqkdvQif yk*¾vdu aeYBuD; wpfaeYjzpfayonf[lí rSwf,lcJhygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&yfrsm;ukd jrefjrefzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D tpk;d &ykid v f yk if ef;ESihf {NyvD 29 &ufaeYEiS hf 30 &ufaeYrsm;wGif wyfrawmfwyfrLS ;rsm;
or0g,rykid v f yk if ef;wku Yd o dk m wnfaxmifomG ;vko d nf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D nDvmcH tpnf;ta0;ukd usi;f yrnfjzpfonf/ xkt d pnf;ta0;ukd
ae0if;taeESirhf u l m; rnfonhef nf;ukrd Q ykaH oum;csy?f avSe"H m;xpf &efukefNrdKU a&wyfrawmf\ &wemykHa&wyfpcef;ü usif;yrnf/
rxm;vkdbJ vufawGUvkyfaqmifí &Ekdifrnfh rl0g'ESifhenf;ukdom xkdtpnf;ta0;ü awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D \ 0g'oabmxm;
aqmif&Gufvkdonf/ aMunmcsufudk wifjy? zwfMum; aqG;aEG;MuNy;D twnfjyK jy|mef;
Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D u olEiS Ahf v dk rf LS ;csKyw f ifazwk\ Yd oabm Murnfjzpfonf/
xm;jcm;em;rIEiS yhf wfoufí ]]uJAsm 'Dupd rö mS uReaf wmfwYdk qE´rcJ NJG y;D jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;jzpfol AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh\ BuD;Muyf
qk;H jzwf&if aumif;r,fxifygw,f}} [k tqkjd yKygawmhonf/ xkt d cg uGyfuJrIjzifh odrfjzLvrf;&Sd tpkd;&ykHESdyfwkdufukd {NyDv 26 &ufESifh
tpnf;ta0;cef;ronf puúefYtenf;i,frQ wdwfqdwfoGm;av 27 &uf aeYrsm;wGif acwåodrf;ykdufxm;&onf/ jyifyokdY owif;
onf/ aygufMum;rI r&Sdap&ef? ykHESdyfrIwm0efukd vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf&rnfh
awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D onf ,if;jyóemukd ajz&Si;f 0efxrf;tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd tdrjf yefciG rhf jyKbJ ykEH ydS w f udk üf yif &Sad eap
ay;vkdufygonf/ &ygonf/ xkdvkyfief;ukd teD;uyf BuD;MuyfuGyfuJtkyfcsKyfrIukd
]]ukd,hfvlwkdYuvnf;Asm ...'Dudpö[m jiif;ae&r,fhudpö vufa&G;pif pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; Akv d Bf u;D av;OD;tm; wm0efay;&
r[kwyf gbl; ...aemifut dk ajctaetvku d f vkyo f mG ;&r,fu h pd yö g}} ygonf/ Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrif\ h wm0efay;rIt& xkAd v dk Bf u;D rsm;ukd
[kajymMum;Ny;D Akv d rf LS ;csKyw f ifazxHvrS ;f Munhu f m t*Fvyd b f momjzifh uRefawmfyif a&G;cs,f&ygonf/ uRefawmfonf A[kdpdwf"mwf
]]a[h He' Ko Tin Pe Why can't you agree with that point?}} ppfqifa&;wyfzUJG ½k;H rS t&m&Srd sm;ukd a&G;cs,af c:,lNy;D ykEH ydS w f u
dk üf yif
(a[Y ukw d ifaz 'Dtcsub f maMumifrh sm; oabmrwlEidk w f mvJ) [k xkEd pS &f uftwGi;f aexkid v f yk u f idk af qmif&u G af p&ygonf/ uReaf wmf
ar;ajym ajymvku d yf gonf/ xkt d cg Akv d rf LS ;csKyw f ifazu ]]oabm vnf; olwEYdk iS t hf wlaeNy;D ykEH ydS w f u dk üf yif pm;aomufMu&ygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rwlEidk pf &m awmhr&Syd gbl; ...Akv d cf sKyf ...uReaf wmfqv dk wdk mu AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhESifh OD;apmOD;wkdYvnf; tcsdef&wkdif; vma&muf
rloabmajymwmyg/ tck AkdvfcsKyfajymwmukd oabmwlygw,f Munhf½IMuygonf/
...(127)
 738 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 739
{NyDv 27 &ufaeY naeykdif;wGif ]]awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ aqG;aEG;vmMuygonf/ wyfrSL;tcsKdUu awmckd&mrS NrdKUay:okdY
0g'oabmxm;aMunmcsu/f qkd&S,fvpfavmuokdY jrefrmhvrf; jyef0ifvmMuaom vuf0o J rm;uGejf rLepfa[mif;rsm; wGiu f s,v f m
pOfjzifhcsDwufMupkdY}} [laom pmwrf;onf ykEH ydS pf mvk;H jzifh ½ku d Ef ydS ?f Murnfhta&;ukd pkd;&drfaMumif; zGifh[ajymqkdMuonf/ xkdYtwGuf
csKyfvkyfNyD;pD;umtqifoifhjzpfaecJhygonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhxH pdwfyljcif;r&SdMu&ef AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u tmrcHcsufay;ygonf/
rdwåLtm;vkH;ukd ay;tyfygonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhonf aemuf xd'k wk ,d aeY tpnf;ta0;wGif pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m taMumif;
wpfaeY ({NyDv 28 &ufaeY) wGif awmfvSefa&; aumifpD0ifrsm;xH wpfcrk mS 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;Mu;D oef;ñGeYf (uG,v f eG o
f ?l csu D m*do k ef;ñGe)Yf \
jzefYa0cJhygonf/ {NyDv 29 &ufaeYwGif wyfrSL;rsm;nDvmcHü yg0ifaqG;aEG;wdu k w f eG ;f rIjzpfygonf/ xd'k w k ,d Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D oef;ñGeYf
jzefYa0wifjyum aqG;aEG;Murnfjzpfonf/ u ]]rdrdtaeESifh ,ckrlMurf;\acgif;pOftrnfudk b0ifrusvS
{NyDv29 &ufaeYonf wyfrSL;rsm; nDvmcH\ yxraeY aMumif; ...jrefrmhtawG; ...jrefrmh0g'rsdK;qdkvQif aumif;rnf
tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf/ tpnf;ta0;ukd &wemykHa&wyfpcef;\ xifaMumif; ...EdkifiHjcm;0g'yHkpHrsdK;rjzpfoihfaMumif;}} ponfjzifh
pnf;a0;cef;rBuD;ü usif;yonf/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a0zefajymqdkoGm;ygonf/
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u obmywdtjzpfaqmif&u G Nf y;D Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D wyfrSL;wpfOD;jzpfol 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;vSwif (ppfudkif;wdkif;
apmjrifo h nf tpnf;ta0;\ tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&u G o f nf/ vrf;pOfygwDOuú|a[mif;? uG,fvGefol) uvnf; tvm;wl
þtpnf;ta0;okdY OD;apmOD;ESifhuRefawmfwdkYwufa&mufcJhMuyg
axmufcaH jymqdo k nf/ tpnf;ta0;Bu;D onf vef;vef;qef;qef;
onf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u tzGirhf ed cYf eG ;f ukd >rufMum;cJyh gonf/ rdecYf eG ;f wGif
jzpfvmum wyfrSL;rsm;\ pdwfyg0ifpm;rIonf tm;&zG,f&m&SdcJhyg
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 0g'oabmxm;ESifh jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;\
onf/
a&SUaMumif;? aemufaMumif;rsm;ukd &Si;f vif;ajymMum;um a&SUtem*wf
tzkYd qk&d ,S vf pfpepfuw dk nfaqmufro S m wkid ;f oljynfom;vlrsm;pk\ awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D Adv k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf wyfrLS ;
aumif;usK;d csr;f oma&;ukd aqmif&u G Ef idk rf mS jzpfaMumif; rdeMYf um;oGm; rsm;\ pdwyf g0ifpm;rIukd 0rf;omtm;&jzpfy&kH ygonf/ Adv k cf sKyBf u;D u
ygonf/ ]]tckvkd yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;ajymMuwm aumif;aMumif; ...ausvnf
xkaYd emufwiG f Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ atmifaqG;aEG;MuapvdkaMumif;}} jzifhajymMum;NyD;aomf tpnf;
0g'oabmxm;aMunmcsuf pmyk'd w f pfy'dk cf si;f pD zwfMum;wifjy ta0;udk acwå&yfqikd ;f aponf/ Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifh OD;aqmifaom
oGm;ygonf/ wyfrLS ;rsm;onf awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D 0g'oabm rlMurf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrw D D (Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrif?h OD;apmOD;? uReaf wmf)
xm;aMunmcsufukd tav;*½kjyKNyD; rSwfom;avhvmMuygonf/ 0ifrsm;ESihf 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D oef;ñGeYf (csu D m*d)k tm; oD;oefn Y Ed§ iId ;f
xkdYaMumifh xkdyxraeY tpnf;ta0;wGif wyfrSL;rsm;onf txl; apygonf/
wvnf yg0ifaqG;aEG;jcif;r&SdvSyg/ 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D oef;ñGeEYf iS hf uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf tpnf;ta0;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

okdY&mwGif {NyDv 30 &ufaeYwGif qufvufusif;yaom cef;rüyif 0dik ;f zGUJ Ny;D aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ nDvmcHwufa&mufvmol
tpnf;ta0;rSmrlum; wyfrSL;rsm;onf pdwfyg0ifpm;um yg0if AdkvfrSL;tcsKdUvnf; reD;ra0;rSaeí em;axmifaeMuygonf/
...(128)
 740 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 741
uRefawmfwdkY\nd§EdIif;rIonf cufcufcJcJr&SdbJ ajyvnfrIudk &&Sdyg jrefrmhq&kd ,S v f pfvrf;pOfukd aMunmNy;D onfah emuf? Adv k cf sKyBf u;D
onf/ 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D oef;ñGeYf jzpfapcsio f nft h wdik ;f ]]qd&k ,S v f pf ae0if;onf arvckepf&ufaeYwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDBuD; oHk;ygwDrS
avmu}} qdak ompum;vH;k tpm; ]]jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfvrf;pOf}} (Bur- ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf '*k&H yd o f mü 'kw, d tBurd af jrmuf awGUqHck yhJ g
mese way to Socialism ) [lí ac:a0:oH;k EIe;f Mu&ef qH;k jzwfMuyg onf/ oH;k ygwDu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk wpfNyKd iw f nf; twlwuG rawGU
onf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;xHwifjy&m? AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ESifh awmfvSefa&; qHkbJ? tcsdefcGJí ygwDwpfckcsif;udk awGUqHkum jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
aumifp0D ifrsm;uvnf; oabmwlMuygonf/ odjYk zpfí ]]qd&k , S v f pf vrf;pOfukd tcsed , f u l m avhvmapvdak Mumif;ESihf xyfrNH y;D jyefvnf
avmuodYk jrefrmhvrf;pOfjzifh csw D ufMupd}Yk } [laom aqmify'k t f pm; awGUqkHvdkaMumif; ajymjycJhygonf/ ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;
jref r mh q d k & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf ? awmf v S e f a &; aumif p D \ 0g'
]]jref jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf pmtkyfi,frsm;udk ay;tyfcJhygonf/
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xdo k aYdk jymif;vJvmjcif;onf 'kw, d Advk rf LS ;Bu;D oef;ñGeYf (csu D m*d)k \ tzGJUcsKyfwdkY jzpfMuygonf/
AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhOD;aqmifaom uRefawmfwkdY rlMurf;a&;
yg0ifjznfq h nf; Contribution yifjzpfonf[q k v kd Qif trSeyf ifjzpfyg
qGJa&;aumfrwDonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD;\ ñTefMum;
onf/ (q&mawmf &SifOuú|yg0ifywfoufjcif;r&Sdyg/)
csut f & ygwDwnfaxmifa&; &nfreS ;f csut f aejzifh jrefrmhq&kd ,
S vf pf
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;taeESifh
vrf;pOfukd aqmif&u G o
f mG ;&rnf/ Edik if aH &;ygwDwpf&yf\ zGUJ pnf;yHk
vnf; rdrw d vYkd yk af qmifaomvrf;pOfEiS yhf wfoufí rdr\ d aemufvu kd f
tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk a&;qGJwifjy&ef&Sdaeygonf/ oHk;ygwD
&JabmfwyfrSL;rsm;tm;vHk; ausausvnfvnf jzpfapcsifaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh n§dEdIif;ír&vQif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtae
aMumifh yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; a0zefaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;udk vdv k m;tm;ay; jzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk xlaxmifaqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
cJhonfrSm xif&Sm;vSayonf/ xdktwGufjyifqifxm;onfhtaejzifh uRefawmfwdkYaumfrwDonf
xdak eYwiG u f si;f yNy;D pD;cJah om wyfrLS ;rsm;nDvmcHonf wyfrLS ; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;jzpfMuonfh AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz?
rsm;tm;vHk; wnDwñGwfwnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; jref r mh AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef? AdkvfrSL;BuD;ausmfpdk;? AdkvfrSL;BuD;vS[efwdkYESifh
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf udk twnfjyKcJhygonf/ xdkpmtkyf\yxr wdik yf ifum ygwDzUJG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rlMurf;udk a&;qGMJ uygonf/
rdwåLwGif wyfrSL;nDvmcHodkYwufa&mufMuaomwyfrSL;tm;vHk;? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;u uRefawmhftm; wm0efay;
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;ygtm;vHk; vufrSwfxkd;Muygonf/ ojzifh ,if;ygwDzUJG pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'rlMurf;udk uReaf wmfu pwif
uRefawmfESifhOD;apmOD;u aemufqHk;rS vufrSwfxdk;Muygonf/ a&;om;NyD; wifjy&ygonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;onf
xdkaeYnOD;ydkif;jrefrmhtoHrS jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk uReaf wmfww Ykd ifjyaom ygwDzUJG pnf;yHrk Ml urf;udk tBurd Bf urd f tjyef
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhudk,fwdkif wdkif;jynfokdY toHvTifh zwfMum; tvSef n§dEdIif;MuNyD;oabmwlcJhMuygonf/ ygwD\trnfemrudk

aMunmcJhavonf/ trsKd;rsKd;pOf;pm;MuNyD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if AdkvfrSL;BuD;
...(129)
 742 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 743
oef;pdeu f yif ]]jrefrmhq&kd , S v
f pfvrf;pOf}} vdYk aMunmcJNh y;D jzpfaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifaMumif;
aMumifh ygwD\trnfudkvnf; jref r mh q d k & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwD aMunmNy;D aemuf qufvufí vkyaf qmif&rnfrmS ygwD0if au'g
[líyif ac:a0:oihaf Mumif;jzifh tqdjk yKygonf/ Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pde\
f rsm;udk pkaqmif;pnf;½H;k &efjzpfygonf/ ygwD0ifau'grsm;qdo k nfrmS
tqdjk yKcsuu f kd awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D ESiahf umifp0D iftm;vH;k ygwD\ 0g'oabmw&m;ESiv hf yk if ef;pOft&yf&yf avhvmwwfuRr;f
uyif oabmusESpfNcdKufNyD; twnfjyKcJhMuygonf/ NyD;aom tajccHygwD0ifrsm;udk qdkvkdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ygwD0if
odkYyif&Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD zGJUpnf; vdkolrsm;udk zdwfac:jcif;ESifhygwD0ifjzpfvdkolrsm;udk ygwD\ 0g'
aMumif;udk wdik ;f jynfoYdk xkwjf yefaMunmjcif;rjyKao;bJ? tjcm;aom oabmw&m; (Ideology) jzifh avhvmoduRr;f ap&ef oifwef;ay;
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vkyfief;wl? tzGJUwljzpf&ef? arvESifh ZGefv jcif;wdkUudk jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfygonf/
ESpv f twGi;f rSm n§Ed iId ;f cJMh uygao;onf/ n§Ed idI ;f rIrsm;onf ratmif Advk rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrif\
h OD;aqmifrEI iS phf pD Ofay;rIjzifh A[dpk wd "f mwf
jrifcyhJ gacs/ xdaYk Mumifyh if awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf 1962 ckESpf? ppfqifa&;wyfrS t&m&Sdrsm;udk oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;jyKpka&;twGuf
Zl v d k i f v av;&uf a eY w G i f jref r mh q d k & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwDudk &efukefNrdKUtifvsm;uefteD; ,cif0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek w&m;xdkifrIjyKcJh
zGUJ pnf;vdu k Nf yjD zpfaMumif; wdik ;f jynfoYkd xkwjf yefaMunmcJah yonf/ aom tyef;ajzaetdrfwGif pka0;apygonf/ (xdktcsdefwGif A[dk
xdo k vYkd Qif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDukd zGUJ pnf;xlaxmif pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; AdkvfrSL;pHjrifhonf 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;&mxl;odkY
vdkufaomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf tjcm;aom EdkifiHa&; wdk;jr§ifhcH&NyD; ynma&;wuúodkvfausmif;tkyftjzpf wm0ef,l&ef
ygwDrsm;udk zsufodrf;jcif;rjyKao;bJ? qufvufwnf&SdcGifhjyKcJhay &Sdojzifh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf½Hk;odkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;ygonf/
onf/ xdrk wS pfqifh ynma&;0efBu;D Xme? ynma&;wuúov kd af usmif;tkyf
Zlvikd v f ckepf&ufaeYwiG f 0rf;enf;zG,&f m tjzpftysuw f pfck wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaecJhygonf/)
onf jzpfyGm;cJhavonf/ ,if;rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&udk oif½;kd ñTe;f wrf;jyKp&k rnft h &m&Srd sm;tm; uReaf wmfu wm0ef
qefYusifaom &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;0if;twGif; pka0;qlylMu rsm;cGJa0ay;um teD;uyfBuD;MuyfcJh&ygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm xkdt&m&Sd
aom ausmif;om;tpkta0;udk ypfcwfNyD;vlpkcGJ&jcif;ESifh Zlvdkifv rsm;tm; urÇmhordkif;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm; ordkif;qdkif&m
&Spf&ufaeYodkYt0if eHeufydkif;rdk;rvif;rD wuúodkvfausmif;om; pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf½Iavhvmap&ygonf/ xdkodkY avhvm&mwGif
or*¾taqmuftODukd azmufczJG suq f ;D vdu
k jf cif;wdjYk zpfMuygonf/ avhvmyHkavhvmenf;udk qdk&S,fvpf½Iaxmifhjzifh avhvm&ef
xdkjzpfysufrIBuD;twGuf þrSwfwrf;a&;ol uRefawmfhtaejzifh oifwef;ay;&ygonf/ xdkodkYay;&mwGif rmhufpf0g'tajccHrsm;ESifh
pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfrdcJhygonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ EdkifiHa&;abm*aA'udkvnf; oifwef;ay;&ygonf/ xdkYrSwpfqifh
taqmuftODudk azmufcGJzsufqD;onfhudpöudk ,ckwdkif uRefawmhf tusOf;csKyfrSwfpkrsm;udk jyKpkap&ygonf/ xdkYtjyif qdk&S,fvpf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

b0ifrusyg/ xdktaMumif;udk þrSwfwrf;\ wwd,ydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;pepfEiS hf oufqikd af ompmtkyrf sm;udk xyfraH vhvmap&yg
uRefawmhf\ oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk wifjyoGm;ygrnf/ onf/ olwdkY\ avhvmrIa&;om;jyKpkrIrsm;udk pm&Gufwpf&Gufcsif;?
...(130)
 744 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 745
pmyd'k w f pfy'kd cf si;f teD;uyfppfaq;rIEiS hf jyifqifrrG ;f rHru I kd uReaf wmf a&mufESifhaeMuygNyD/ olwkdYvifr,m;onf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\
yifjyKvkyf&ygonf/ &if;ESD;aom awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm; jzpfcJhMuygonf/
xdt Yk jyif uReaf wmfonf vlw\ Ykd ukev f yk q
f ufqaH &; ordik ;f Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrif?h OD;apmOD;? uReaf wmfwo Ydk nf awmfveS af &;
[laom qd&k , S v f pf0g'Dw\
Ykd pD;yGm;a&;tjrifynmusr;f udk uReaf wmf aumifpDOuú|BuD; a&muf&Sdvmojzifh *g&0jyK&ef atmufxyfokdY
ud, k w f ikd tf ptqH;k a&;om;Ny;D Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifEh iS hf Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D xH qif;Mu&ygonf/ AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;tm; ]]qif;rawGUawmh
wifjycJhygonf/ xdkusrf;udk AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;a&m awmfvSefa&; bl;vm;}} [kar;Muygonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D u ]]Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ukd
aumifpD0ifrsm;jzpfonfh AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifazwdkY zwf½Ippfaq;Muyg ajymjyvkdufygAsm ...uRefawmf acgif;tkHaevkdY}} [kajymygonf/
onf / xd k Y a emuf t wnf j yKay;Muygonf / ,if ; pmtk y f u d k uRefawmfwkdY oHk;OD;pvkH;\ pdwfxJwGif ]]xifh}}oGm;Muygonf/
aemifaomtcg EdkifiHa&;odyÜHausmif; ausmif;oHk;pmtkyftjzpf uReaf wmfwo Ydk nf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D wkYd 0kid ;f xkid af eMuaom tcef;wGi;f okYd
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu jy|mef;ay;cJhygonf/ 0ifa&mufum *g&0jyKNy;D xkid v f udk Mf uygonf/ ]]tawmfyaJ [h ...
onfvEkd iS yhf if1962 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv ckepf&ufaeYoYkd a&muf&dS ukad pmOD;wkeYd YJ rawGU&wmawmifenf;enf;MumoGm;NyD ...a[m'DrmS
cJhygonf/ xdkaeYonf ½k&Sjynf\ atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;aeY rapmjrwkdYvnf; a&mufaeMuw,f}} [k &Tifvef;aomtoHjzifh
jzpfygonf/ xdkaeYnae ajcmufem&DcefYwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh? ajymqkdygonf/
OD;apmOD;ESifh uRefawmfwdkYonf AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;ESifhawGUqHk&ef Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu h ]]Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D awmh aeraumif;
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rrmjzpfaeonfMum;&í oGm;a&mufjcif;jzpfygonf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf ta&;wBuD;udpör&SdvSygbl;}} [k ajymNyD;aomf a':apmjrwkdY
atmifBuD;\tdyfcef;wGif aeraumif;xdkifrom jzpf[ef&Sdaom vifr,m;tm; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOft& a&SUavQmufvkyfukdif
oUludkawGU&ygonf/ olYudkMunfh&onfrSm pdwfvuf&Tifvef;[ef aqmif&u G of mG ;rnft h aMumif;rsm;ukd ajymjyaecJyh gonf/ a':apmjr
r&Sdyg/ wkdYrSm jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDokdY 0ifa&mufaqmif&Guf&ef
AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;ESifhuRefawmfwdkY pum;ajymqdkaeMupOf qkH;jzwfxm;olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ twefMum ajymqkdaqG;aEG;NyD;
rSmyif awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D onf '*H&k yd o f mokaYd &muf&v dS m aomtcg a':apmjrwkdYjyefoGm;Muygonf/
ygonf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz? AdkvfrSL;BuD;ausmfpdk;? 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; xkdYaemuf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u ]]ukdapmOD;ESifh zkd;cspfvIdifwkdYukd
udkudk (RC Ouú|½Hk;? twGif;0ef) wdkYvnf; vdkufygvmMuygonf/ ajymp&m&Sdao;w,f}} [kqkdygonf/ (AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf
Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; ae0if ; onf t&yf 0 wf j zif h at;at;aq;aq; uRefawmfhukd &if;ESD;pGmjzifh ]]zkd;cspfvIdif}} [kac:avh&Sdygonf/
a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDrSxGufvmMuaom *syefacwf bD'Dat? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwGif uRefawmf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

OD;xdefvif;ESifhZeD; a':apmjrwkdYESifh pum;ajymqkdaqG;aEG;Mu&ef wyfMuyfBuD; b0uwnf;uyif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;onf uRefawmhftm;

csdef;qkdxm;í jzpfygonf/ OD;xdefvif;ESifha':apmjrwkdYvnf; od&SdrSwfom;xm;cJhygonf/)
...(131)
 746 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 747
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u ]]wjcm;awmhr[kwfbl; ...ukd,fwkdY ygwD (1) trsK;d om;a&;ESib hf moma&;&m ,Ofaus;rItawG;tac:
axmifcJhMuNyD ...oifwef;zGifhzdkYvnf; vkyfaeMuNyDr[kwfvm; tpOftvmESifh rqefYusifap&ef? (2) acwfrDaom tawG;tjrif
...tJ'aD wmh ygwD&UJ guiding philosophy wpfc&k zdS v Ydk v dk mw,f/ ukdvnf;azmfjy&ef? (3) vufawGUvkyfukdifaqmif&GufEkdifaprnfh
wdkYvrf;pOfrSm economy ukd OD;pm;ay;NyD;vkyf&rSmuawmh trSefyJ/ theory (oabmtqkd) tñTef;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdap&ef [lí jzpfyg
'gayr,fh oabmw&m;qkw d mrsK;d awmh vkt d yfvmNyD tJ'guk, d v hf wl Ydk onf/
bmrsm;jyifxm;MuovJ}} [k ajymqkdum ar;jref;ygonf/ ygwD\ vrf;ñTeo f abmw&m;a&;rlMurf;ukjd yKp&k ef Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;\pum;ukd Mum;&aomtcg AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifaz apmjrifhESifh OD;apmOD;wkdYu uRefawmhftm;yif xyfqifh wm0efay;cJh
onf pdw0f ifpm;vmonhf rsuEf mS rsK;d &Sv d mygonf/ olonf Ekid if aH &; Muygonf/ olwEYdk pS Of ;D rSm tm;vyfcsed rf &avmufatmifyif tvkyf
oabmw&m;? txl;ojzifh rmhupf 0f g'\ awG;ac:yko H abmw&m; wm0efrsm;jym;Muygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYokH;OD;onf wwfEkdiforQ
rsKd;ukd pdwf0ifpm;olyk*¾dKvfwpfOD; jzpfygonf/ awGUqkHpnf;a0;um wkdifyifavh&SdMuygonf/
uReaf wmfonf ½kww f &ufpw d u
f ;l &vmonfEiS hf ]]Akv d cf sKyaf jym uReaf wmfonf awmfveS af &;aumifpD Ouú|Bu;D u csrw S af y;
ovkd oabmw&m;&Szd v Ydk w dk ,fqw dk m trSeyf gyJcifAsm ..avmavm vkud o f nfh guide line ESin hf ñ D w G af om tcsut f vufrsm;? tajccH
q,fawmh a&;xm;wmr&Sdao;ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh AkdvfcsKyfwkdY rsm;ukd pkpnf;&ygonf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufu a&;om;
tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufu vlYobm0w&m;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD\
jyKpck ahJ om emr½ly0g' aqmif;yg;rsm;ESihf vlo Y bm0ESihf 'Dru
dk a&pD\
a0zefawmfveS w f wfaomoabmw&m;qkw d hJ pmwrf;ukd uReaf wmf
a0zefawmfvSefwwfaom wkd;wufa&; oabmw&m;qkdifaom
wkjYd yKpNk y;D oifwef;ay;cJzh ;l ygw,f ...tJ'pD mwrf;rSm awmfveS af &;
pmwrf;ygtaMumif;tcsufrsm;ukd qkd&S,fvpf0g'a&;qkdif&m
oabm vu©PmygwJh tcsufawGyg&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dpmwrf;ukd
qkd&S,fvpfOD;wnfcsufESifh aygif;pyfvkdufr,fqkd&if uRefawmfwkdY OD;wnfcsufrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfum ygwD\awG;ac:ajrmfjrifa&;
ygwD&JU vrf;ñTefoabmw&m;qkdwmrsKd; jzpfEkdifygw,f/ tJ'g oabmw&m;rlMurf;ukd a&;om;cJhygonf/
uReaf wmfwYdk a&;Ny;D wifjycsiyf gw,f}} [k ajymvku d yf gonf/ xkt d cg xkdrlMurf;ukd acgif;pOftrnf ajcmufrsKd;ay;cJhygonf/ A[kd
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D u ]]at; ...[kwo f m;yJ ...tJ'gigrSwrf w d ,f ... pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;wyfzUJG ½k;H rS wyfMuyfBu;D pma&; armifatmifcif
[kwfNyD ...tJ'grlMurf;a&;NyD;wifprf;uGm}} [kqkdygonf/ wpfO;D wnf;ukd wm0efay;um ½ku d u
f ;l apNy;D pmul;pufjzifh rdwLå rsm;
uReaf wmfuvnf; ]]'Dvq dk &dk if oefbufcgavmuf uReaf wmfwYdk jyKvkyfygonf/ acgif;pOftrnf ajcmufrsKd;rSm atmufygtwkdif;
wifjyEkdifygw,f}} [k ajymvkduf&m AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u ]]'gavmufBuD; jzpfygonf-
rjrefygeJY ...tcsdef,lNyD;vkyfyguGm}} [k ajymygonf/ (1) ½kyyf idk ;f ESiphf wd yf idk ;f wk\
Yd 'GEo ´ abmw&m; (dialecties of
ygwD\oabmw&m; (Ideology) jyKpka&;ESifhywfoufí matter and mind)/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D u uReaf wmfwt Ydk m; guide line ukd (2) ½kyfykdif;ESifhpdwfykdif;wkdY\ tcsif;csif; aus;Zl;jyKykH oabm
þokdYay;cJhygonf/ w&m; (reciprocal relations of matter and mind)/
...(132)
 748 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 749
(3) vlEiS yhf wf0ef;usiw f \ Ydk 'GEo´ abmw&m; (dialectics of txifBuD;avh&SdcJhol AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifazukd,fwkdifuyif ]]tnrn
man and his environment)/ oabmw&m;}} qkdaom tac:ta0:ukd oabmusaMumif;
(4) vlESifhywf0ef;usifwkdY\ tcsif;csif;aus;Zl;jyKykH oabm yGifhvif;pGm xkwfazmfajymcJhygonf/ (xkdaeYtpnf;ta0;okdY
w&m; (reciprocal relations of man and his environ- Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D aeraumif;ojzifh wufa&mufjcif;r&Scd yhJ g/)
ment)/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u xkrd Ml urf;rdwLå rsm;ukd awmfveS af &;aumifp0D if
(5) ½kyyf idk ;f ESiphf w
d yf idk ;f wk\Yd tnrnoabmw&m; (dialec- rsm;xH jzefYa0xm;&efESifh BudKwifzwf½IcJhMu&ef taMumif;Mum;zkdY
tical correlation of matter and mind)/ ajymygonf / xk d o abmw&m;rl M urf ; uk d Zef e 0g&D v xJ w G i f
(6) vlESifhywf0ef;usifwkdY\ tnrn oabmw&m; (dia- usi;f yrnfh awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pnf;ta0;wGif aqG;aEG;Murnf
lectical correlation of man and his environment)/ jzpfygonf/
txufyg acgif;pOfajcmufrsKd;jzifh azmfjyxm;aom rlMurf; 1963 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 15 &ufaeYwiG f umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy½f ;Hk
rdwåLwGJrsm;ukd awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;tm;vkH;okdY jzefYa0rI War Room ü awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ txl;tpnf;ta0;ukd
rjyK&ao;bJ 1962 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv aemufqkH;&ufykdif;twGif; usif;ycJhygonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;tm;vkH; tpkHtnD
(29-12-1962 [k xifygonf) '*k&H yd o f mü oD;oefpY nf;a0;aom wufa&mufMuygonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D vnf; use;f rmpGm&SNd y;D
tpnf;ta0;okYd wifjy&ygonf/ xkt d pnf;ta0;wGif Akv d cf sKyBf u;D wufa&mufcyhJ gonf/ OD;apmOD;ESihf uReaf wmfwv Ydk nf; wufa&muf
ae0if;? AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifaz? AkdvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef? AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfpkd;? cJhMuygonf/
Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D vS[ef? 'kw, d Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D uku d wdk t
Ydk m; rlMurf;rdwLå rsm;ukd tpnf;ta0;\ obmywdtjzpf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u
wifjy&ygonf/ wifjyMu&olrsm;uawmh AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh? aqmif&Gufonf/ tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhu
OD;apmOD;? uReaf wmfwjYdk zpfMuygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm rlMurf;\ acgif;pOf aqmif&u G yf gonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú| Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;
trnfemrtaMumif;ukd uRefawmfu &Sif;jy&NyD; awmfvSefa&; u jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD\ awG;ac:ajrmfjrifykH oabm
aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;u aumif;rnfxifaom trnfemrukd w&m;jzpfaom vlESifhywf0ef;usifwkdY\ tnrnoabmw&m;ukd
a&G;cs,fay;yg&ef wifjyvkdufygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifhwuG oabmaygufatmif zwf½aI vhvmMuapvkad Mumif;jzifh awmfveS af &;
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if AkdvfrSL;BuD;rsm;tm;vkH;uyif ]]vlESifh aumifp0D ifrsm;tm; ajymMum;Ny;D Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrift h m; rlMurf;ukd
ywf0ef;usiw f \
Ydk tnrnoabmw&m;}} trnf&adS om acgif;pOf pmwpfykd'fcsif;pD zwfMum;apygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u
ukd wnDwñGwfwnf; a&G;cs,fvdkufMuygonf/ rlMurf;a&;qGJa&; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;tm; ]]r&Sif;rvif;wmrsm;&Sdygu
aumfrwD0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom uReaf wmfwYdk ok;H OD;pvk;H onf tHMh oMu& yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ar;jref;Muyg ...jyifqifjznfhpGuf p&mrsm;&Sd&if
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ovk?d 0rf;omauseyfjcif;vnf; jzpfMuygawmhonf/ rmhupf 0f g'\ vnf;ajymMuyg}} [kajymqkw d u dk w f eG ;f ygonf/ Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf tmifBu;D ?
tEky#davmr ½kyf0g' Marxist dialectical materialism uko d m AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifazwkdYvnf; yg0ifaqG;aEG;Muygonf/ þoabm
...(133)
 750 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 751
w&m;a&;udpöwGif olwkdYESpfOD;onf oabmxm;uGJjym;jcif; r&SdcJh xkdaeYtpnf;ta0;onf eHeufykdif;rSmyif NyD;pD;ygonf/
Muyg/ tnrn oabmw&m;rlMurf;ukd tm;vkH;wnDwñGwfwnf;
]]Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u rdrw d t dkY aeESihf ½kyyf idk ;f ...pdwyf idk ;f awG twnfjyKcJhMuygonf/ xkdokdYvQif tcsdef,ljyKpkjcif;? awmfvSefa&;
ukd ajym&onfrSm tjcm;aMumifhr[kwf... ½kyfykdif;eJY pdwfykdif; aumifpD Ouú|Bu;D uk, d w f idk pf w
d x
f ufoefpmG zwf½pI pfaq;rGr;f rHjcif;?
qufqaH &;rSm pdwyf idk &f iS jf zpfwhJ vlom;onfom t&m&mrSm y"me awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu tav;teuf aqG;aEG;NyD; twnfjyKjcif;
usw,fqw dk mukd cH,&l rSmjzpfaMumif; ...Ekid if aH &;avmurSm jiif;ckH wkdYjzifh NyD;ajrmufcJhaom vlESifhywf0ef;usifwkdY\ tnrnoabm
aeMuwJh ½kyt f "du... emrft"du qkdwmrsKd;r[kwfbJ vlom w&m;pmwrf;ukd 1963 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 17 &ufaeY nykdif;wGif
t"du ...vlomy"mejzpfw,fqkdwm ajymcsifygaMumif; ... jrefrmhtoHrS tptqkH;toHvTifhum aMunmcJhygonf/ toHvTifh
'g[m tcka&;om;wifjyxm;wJh tnrnoabmw&m;&JU vkd&if; zwfMum;cJholum; jrefrmhtoH OD;ausmfNidrf; jzpfygayonf/
tcsKyfjzpfaMumif;}} ponfjzifh pdwftm;xufoefpGm &Sif;vif; xk d v rf ; ñT e f oabmw&m;pmwrf ; uk d Ak d v f r S L ;BuD ; oef ; pd e f u
ajymjyygonf/ awmifwiG ;f Bu;D q&mawmf&iS Of uú|xH oGm;a&mufjyoNy;D Ak'b ¨ mom
xkdaeYu tpnf;ta0;onf NyD;jywfjcif;r&SdbJ aemufwpfaeY w&m;awmfESifhNidpGef;Ekdifovm;? qefYusifrI&Sdygovm;[k avQmuf
em;MuNy;D Zefe0g&Dv 17 &ufaeYwiG f jyefvnfpnf;a0;aqG;aEG;Muyg xm;&m &SifOuú|u Ak'¨bmomESifhrqefYusif jyóemr&SdEkdif[lí
onf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf rlMurf;pmtkyfwGif rdrd jyifqif tqkH;tjzwfay;cJhonf/
jznf h p G u f x m;onf r sm;uk d ajymMum;ygonf / Ak d v f c sKyf B uD ; \ xkt Yd wlyif Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D onf aiGpm&if;rif;Bu;D pnfoOl ;D bcif
jyifqifjznfhpGufjcif;rsm; yg&Sdaom pmrsufESmrsm;\ atmufajcü tm; vrf;ñTeo f abmw&m;ukd zwfcikd ;f cJo h nf/ q&mBu;D OD;bcifu
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ukd,fwkdif vufrSwfa&;xkd;ygonf/ xkdrlMurf;pmtkyf\ vrf;ñTefoabmw&m;pmwrf;ukdzwfNyD; Ak'¨bmomESifhrqefYusif?
pmrsufESmwkdif;\ atmufajcwGif uRefawmfOD;cspfvIdifukdvnf; ygVdtokH;tEIef;vnf;rSefaMumif; ajymvkduf\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd
vufrw S af &;xk;d ckid ;f ojzifh uReaf wmf\ emrnfvufrw S u
f dk a&;xk;d & AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u uRefawmfESifh OD;apmOD;ukdajymjyíod&yg
ygonf/ onf/ xkdpmwrf;ukd t*FvdyfvkdjyefqkdolrSm rlMurf;ukd AkdvfrSL;BuD;
xkdYaeY tpnf;ta0;wGif ppfavhusifha&;XmerSL; AkdvfrSL;BuD; boef;u jyefqkdNyD; tacsmjyefqkdolrSm a'gufwmarmifarmifu
cifnKd u ]]rdrt d aeESi'hf pD mtkyrf mS a&;xm;aom ½kyyf idk ;f pdwyf idk ;f ESihf jyefqkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ a'gufwmarmifarmif\ rljzpfygonf/
Ekid if aH &;vkq d ufpyfxm;yku H dk oabmraygufygaMumif;}} jzifh yGiv hf if;pGm vrf;pOfygwD\ vrf;ñTefoabmw&m;ukd aMunmcJhNyD;onfh
ajymMum;ygonf/ xkdtcg AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u &Tifvef;aomtoHjzifh aemufyidk ;f umvwGif uReaf wmfonf awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D A[kd
]]a[Y AkdvfcifndK bmrS acgif;½IyfraeeJY ...at;at; aq;aq; EkdifiHa&;odyÜHausmif; (Central School of Political Science) ukd
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tcsed , f Nl y;D zwf ...wdt Yk csi;f csi;f jyefaqG;aEG;Mu ... aemufawmh zGiv hf pS &f ef vkt
d yfaomjyifqifrrI sm;ukjd yKvyk &f ygonf/ A[kEd idk if aH &;
em;vnfoGm;rSmyg}} [k ajymygonf/ odyaHÜ usmif;wGif jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifu
h ausmif;
...(134)
 752 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 753
tkyfBuD;tjzpf uRefawmfu enf;jycsKyf (Chief Instructor) tjzpf &SNd y;D oifwef;zGirhf ed cYf eG ;f ajymMum;ay;cJ\ h / enf;jyoifwef;wGif ygwD
aqmif&Guf&ef AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trdefY pnf;½k;H a&;ESiyhf wfoufí rnforYdk nfypHk nf;½k;H &rnfudk oifwef;Ny;D
jyefwrf;jzifh uRefawmfwkdYtm; txl;wm0efay; cefYtyfcJhygonf/ qk;H cgeD; oDwif;ywfwiG f awmfveS af &;aumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol
A[kdEkdifiHa&;odyÜHausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhu
A[kdEkdifiHa&;odyÜHausmif;zGifhvSpfjcif;
ykdYcsay;cJhygonf/
awmfveS af &;aumifpu D wku d ½f u
dk t
f yk cf sKyaf om A[kEd idk if aH &; A[kdEkdifiHa&;odyÜH\ oifwef;rsm;wGif enf;jyoifwef; yxr
odyÜHausmif;ukd 1963 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv wpf&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU? tywftNy;D wGif txl;au'g oifwef;tjzpf wyfrawmft&m&SBd u;D
*sLbef;vrf;teD; ausmif;0if;Bu;D wpfcük pwifNy;D zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gonf/ rsm;yg0ifaom oifwef;ukd ykcYd say;cJ\ h / tajccHoifwef;rsm;tjyif
Zlvkdifv wpf&ufaeYrS Ekd0ifbmv 21 &ufaeYtxd yxrOD;qkH; tqifhjrifhoifwef;[lí &SdcJhygonf/
jyKvyk af om A[kEd idk if aH &;odyaHÜ usmif;\ enf;jyq&mrsm; oifwef;ukd 1968 ckESpfwGif 10 vwkdifwkdif Mumjrifhaom tqifhjrifh
atmifjrifpGm zGifhvSpfEkdifcJhonf/ xkdoifwef;zGifhyGJokdY awmfvSefa&; oifwef; zGifhvSpfcJh\/
aumifpOD uú|Bu;D Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOf\ xko d ifwef;wGif Ekid if aH &;0g'trsK;d rsK;d ukad vhvmonhf oifcef;pm?
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukd tzGifhrdefYcGef;tjzpf rdefYMum;cJhonf/ xkEd idk if aH &;wku Yd dk a0zefqef;ppfonhf oifcef;pm? 'kid , f mvufwpf
txufwGifa&;cJhonfhtwkdif; A[kdEkdifiHa&;odyÜHausmif;
ac: tnrnenf;aA'ukd tus,w f 0ifo h ifay;onhf oifcef;pm
(A.e.o) ukd 1963 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v f wpf&ufaeYwiG f pwifziG v hf pS cf hJ
ponfwkdYukd oifMum;ykdYcscJhonf/ xkdoifcef;pmwkdYukd eHeufykdif;
yg\/ xkdoifwef;wGif wyfrawmf Munf;?a&?avwyfrS a&G;cs,f
oifwef;csdefwGif oifMum;ykdYcscJhNyD; naeykdif;wGif ukd,fykdiftcsdef
apvTwaf om t&m&Srd sm;yg0ifwufa&mufcMhJ uonf/ xko d ifwef;rSm
enf;jyoifwef;trSwf (1) jzpfNyD; tcsdefokH;vausmfMumcJh\/ rsm;rsm;ay;xm;NyD; oifwef;om;wkdYukd,fwkdif qkdif&mpmtkyfrsm;
aemifwGif enf;jyoifwef; (2) ESifh tajccHEkdifiHa&;oifwef; zwfjcif;? avhvmokH;oyfjcif;wkdY vkyfapcJhygonf/
wkdYukd wpfNydKifeuf zGifhcJhEkdifygonf/ A[kEd idk if aH &;odyHÜ (A.e.o) wGio f ifMum;ykcYd scahJ om oifcef;pm
uRefawmfonf enf;jyoifwef; trSwf (1) ESifh (2) wGif rsm;teuf -
uRefawmfukd,fwkdif yg0ifykdYcscJhygonf/ tajccHEkdifiHa&;oifwef; 1/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 0g'oabmxm; aMunmcsuf?
trSwf (1) rS (8) txdwiG v f nf; uReaf wmfu, dk w f idk f yg0ifO;D aqmifNy;D jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf/
ykdYcscJh&ygonf/ enf;jyq&mrsm;ukdvnf; urÇmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif; 2/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf\ au'gygwDzGJUpnf;ykHOya'/
tusOf;csKyf? orkdif;tusOf;csKyfwkdYukd oifwef;enf;jyq&mrsm;u 3/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD\ awG;ac:ajrmfjrifa&;
tvSnfhusoifMum;ykdYcs&ef pDpOfay;cJhygonf/ oabmw&m;jzpfaom vlESifhywf0ef;usifwkdY\ tnrn
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf A[kd oabmw&m;/

Ekid if aH &;odyeHÜ nf;jyoifwef; trSwpf Of (1) zGiyhf o JG Ydk uk, d wf idk af &muf 4/ vlwkdY\ukefvkyfqufqHa&;orkdif;/
...(135)
 754 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 755
5/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD\ 0daoovu©Pmrsm;/ [laom a<u;aMumfoH vrf;ñTef (Guiding Slogan) ukd a&;ay;cJo h l
6/ qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pDpmwrf;wkdYrSm enf;jyoifwef;wGif jzpfonf/ q&maZmf*sD\aus;Zl;um; BuD;vSygonf[lí uRefawmf
ykdYcs&rnfh t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfygonf/ cH,lxm;ygonf/
xdo k ifwef;pmrsm;tm;vH;k udk uReaf wmfu,dk w
f idk f a&;om;jyKpck hJ 1968 ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif uRefawmfonf A.e.o wGif
&ygonf/ trSwpf Of (1) rS (6) txd uReaf wmfu, dk w f idk yf cYdk scahJ om wpfcgwpf&o H m&Sad ewwfygonf/ uset f csed rf sm;wGif awmfveS af &;
bmom&yfrsm;jzpfygonf/ aumifpOD uú|Bu;D OD;ae0if;u oD;oefaY pckid ;f aomaMumifh jrefrmEkid if H
xkdYjyif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; OD;ae0if;ESifhtwGif; twGif; e,ftawmftpkHpkHokdY oGm;a&mufcJh&jcif;rsm;? qkdAD,uf½k&S
a&;rSL;jzpfol AkdvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k (aemifwGifAkdvfcsKyfBuD; EkdifiHawmf jynfwiG f uGejf rLepfygwD A[kad umfrwDrS zGiv hf pS xf m;onhf A[kyd gwD
or®wBuD;OD;pef;,k) wkdY\ txl;wm0efay;csuft& &efukef wuúov dk w
f iG f avhvmoifh avhvmxku d af om bmom&yftcsKUd ukd
wuúov dk f 'óeduaA'XmewGif XmerSL;jzpfol ygarmu©a'gufwm avhvm&ef AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u apvTwfonhftvkyfwm0efrsKd;?
cifarmif0if;\ cGifhjyKcsuft& jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD\ armfpukNd rKd Uay:wGif &Sad epOftwGi;f *smref'rD u dk &ufwpfor®wEkid if H
oabmw&m;a&;ukd tcsdefMumjrifhpGm 'óeduaA'bmomwGJ,l (*sD'Dtm) qkd&S,fvpfnDñGwfa&;ygwDrS yk*¾dKvftcsKdUESifh oD;oefY
ausmif;om;wkYd tm;ykcYd say;cJ&h ygonf/ a'gufwmcifarmif0if;onf aqG;aEG;ckid ;f jcif;rsK;d ? aqG;aEG;onht f aMumif;rSm *s'D t D mESiqhf Adk ,
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uReaf wmfomG ;a&muf aqmif&u G &f aomvkyif ef;twGuf tbufbufrS ½k&mS ;wkt Yd Mum; rmhupf 0f g'ESihf ywfoufonhf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;csurf sK;d
ulno D t l m;ay;oljzpfco hJ nf/ olonf tawG;tac:tajrmftjrif wku Yd dk ar;jref;avhvm&ef tp&Sad om wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifc&hJ
ynm&yfukd aumif;pGmwwfuRrf;olygarmu©[lívnf; uRefawmf ygonf/
,kHMunfygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYESpfOD;rSm i,faygif;BuD;azmf rdwfaqG A[kdEkdifiHa&;odyÜHausmif;onf t&SdefrSefrSefyif oifwef;rsm;
&if;rsm;yrm cifrif&if;ESD;Muygonf/ olonfvrf;pOfygwDA[kd zGifhvsuf&Sdygonf/ uRefawmf 1956 ckESpfrSpNyD; A[kdpdwf"mwfppf
aumfrwD0if? jynfolYvTwfawmftrwfESifh ynma&;0efBuD;vnf; qifa&;wyfwGif avhusifhay;cJhaom oifwef;om; t&m&SdwkdYonf
jzpfcJhygonf/ oifwef;\ oif½;dk ñTe;f wrf;rsm;twkid ;f oifwef;om;wku Yd dk aqG;aEG;
xkdpOfu oifwef;r&SdaomtcgwGif ausmif;wGif&Sdaom ykdYcsvsuf&SdMuygonf/
wuúokdvfrsm; A[kdpmMunhfwkdufokdYoGm;NyD; q&mOD;odef;[ef uReaf wmf\ yifupdk w d "f mwfrmS vGwv f wG v f yfvyfomG ;vmwwf?
(q&maZmf*sD) ESifh axG&mav;yg;pum;ajymwwfygonf/ q&mu pmzwfwwf? avhvmwwfolrsKd;jzpfygonf/ ykHrSef½kH;wufjcif;ESifh
jrefrmrI? jrefrmhock rk ynm? pmayponfwt Ydk wGuf uReaf wmfov d dk ½Hk;rwufcsifvQif cGifh,lqkdwmrsKd;ukd 0goemrygvSyg/ 1956 ckESpf
orQudk ajymjyoifMum;ay;wwfygonf/ q&monf A[kEd idk if aH &; upNyD; ,ck 1960 ausmfumvtwGif; þpnf;urf;abmifBuD;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ody\HÜ aqmify'k jf zpfaom oabmw&m;[lonf b0a&SUaqmif twGif; aecJh&aom uRefawmfonf 1970 jynhf? rwfvtwGif;
rD;½SL;a&mif b0[lonf oabmw&m;tjrifrSwfausmufyiiff wGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;xH udpö
...(136)
 756 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 757
wpfckaMumifh a&mufoGm;ygonf/ tvkyfudpö NyD;aomtcg þtwGif;rSm AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ESifh uRefawmfawGUvsufom&Sdygonf/
uRefawmfu - tvkyfxGufa&;^rxGufa&; pum;rpyfjzpfMuyg/
]]Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D uReaf wmfpum;enf;enf;ajymyg&ap ..wjcm; 1971 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 20 &ufausmfwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u
awmh r[kwfygbl; ...AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u cGifhjyKr,fqkd&if uRefawmf ac:í uRefawmfolYqD a&mufoGm;&m -
tvkyfu em;csifygw,f/ uRefawmf ygwDuay;wJYwm0efa&m ]]b,fvkdvJuG ...tvkyfxGufcsifao;vm;}} [k ar;&m
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ay;wJhwm0efyg vkyfcJhNyD;ygNyD/ bmtaMumif;xl;rS ]][kwu f cYJ ifAsm ...Akv d cf sKyBf u;D u cGijhf yK&ifxu
G cf siyf gw,f}}
&Sw
d mr[kwyf gbl;/ vGwv f w
G vf yfvyf aecsiv f yYdk gyJ ... 'gaMumifh [k ajymvkdufygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u cGifhjyKr,fqkd&if uRefawmftvkyfu tem;,lcsifyg ]]rif;xGufr,fqkd&if xGufvkdY&NyD ...wkdYwyfrSm uGefy½kdrkduf
w,f/ uRefawmf em;em;aeae pmzwfwm ...okawoejyKwm yifpifqkdwm&Sdw,f/ (Compromised pension) tJ'Dt&vkyfouf
vkyfcsifvkdYyg/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u cGifhjyKay;yg ...yifpifay;Ekdifvnf; rjynhaf yr,fh xGuv f &Ydk w,f/ igYqED w k x f u
G pf mwifawmh ...rif;
ay;yg}} vkdY ajymvkdufygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u - igeJY tqufrjywfapeJY bmtaMumif;jzpfjzpfigYukdajym}} [lí
]]rif; jyefMum;a&;u Akv d wf ifxeG ;f ae&m vkyyf gvm;}} [k ar;yg AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u uRefawmhfukd ajymygonf/
onf/ uRefawmfvnf; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;cGifhjyKcsuf&ojzifh AkdvfrSL;BuD;
uRefawmfu - ukdukdxH oGm;ygonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;ukdukdu uRefawmhftm; -
]]tJ'DrSm tvkyfykdrsm;rSmaygh? vlawGtrsm;BuD;eJY qufqHae& ]]Ekwxf uG pf mxm;cJAh sm uReaf wmfvyk af y;xm;r,f ...1972
OD;rSmaygh}} [kajym&m AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u - ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv wpf&ufaeYup tNird ;f pm;&Ny;D vkYd rSwv f u dk af wmh
]]rif;u vkyfoufvnf;jynfhzkdYvkdao;w,f ...yifpifay;vkdY Asm}} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmf olY½kH;rSxGufcJhNyD; tdrfwGifem;em;
r&ao;bl;uG ..rif;rvkycf si&f ifvnf; uku d w
dk qYdk rD mS (awmfveS af &; aeae aevdkufygonf/
aumifpDtzGJU½kH; twGif;0efAkdvfrSL;BuD;ukdukd) oGm;aeygvm;}} [k em;aeonf[k qkd&aomfvnf; OD;ae0if;onf uRefawmhftm;
ajymNyD;rS - tcgtm;avsmfpGmac:NyD; ol&SmazGckdif;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS
]]rif;em;em;aeae aeOD;uG ...ig rif;twGupf Of;pm;OD;r,f}} tcsuftvufrsm;ukd okawoevkyfí olYxHykdYay;&ygonf/
[k ajymygonf/ uReaf wmfyifpif,cl o hJ nfqadk omfvnf; ok;H -av; vtwGi;f wGif
uReaf wmfonf A.e.o wGif ausmif;zGiyhf aJG usmif;qif;yGrJ sm; yifpifvpm xkwfcGifhr&ao;yg/ xkdoHk;av;vtwGif; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
wGif "mwfykH½kdufcH&efom oGm;wwfygonf/ tcsKdUtcsdefrsm;wGif ae0if;u uRefawmhftm; vpOf aiGay;axmufyHhavh &Sdygonf/
a'gufwmcifarmif0if;wkdYXmeokdYvnf;aumif;? vkyfom;jynfolY uRefawmfokH;&eftwGuf jzpf\/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aeYpOfowif;pmwkdufokdYvnf;aumif; oGm;aeavh&Sdum at;at; wpfEpS vf Qif uReaf wmfoEl iS hf oH;k av;Burd af wGU&avh&ydS gonf/
oufompum;ajymvkduf? pmzwfvkdufjzifh tcsdefukefcJhygonf/ awGUonhftcgwGif OD;apmOD;vnf; ygwwf\/ uRefawmfwkdYESifh
...(137)
 758 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 759
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG ajymjywwf\/ olu xkdokdYajym&ef a':eDeDjrifhrSwpfqifh ay;ykdYcJhygonf/ a':eDeDjrifhu zdwfac:
0goemygoljzpfygonf/ awmif;qkdaomaMumifh ay;ykdYcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
uRefawmhfukd ckdif;avh&SdonfrSm rmhufpf0g'ESifhywfoufonhf wwd,ykdif;rSwfwrf;ukd qufvufa&;om;&ef pdwfqE´
apm'uwufz, G rf sm;ukd olt
Y m; wifjy&ef? tcsKUd ygwD0ifawG vuf0J jzpfay:vmojzifh ,aeYwiG f pwifum a&;aeNyjD zpfygonf/ ,aeY
,drf;aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; &Sif;jy&ef? txl;ojzifh jrefrmh onf 1995 ck? Zlvidk v f 27 &ufaeYjzpfygonf/ Zlvidk v f 26 &uf
qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf½IaxmifhrS &Sif;jy&ef wm0efay;avh&Sdygonf/ aeYjzpfaom raeYuyif uRefawmfwkdYonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
xkdYtjyif taemufwkdif;EkdifiHrsm;rS qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepf0g'ukd Ouú|vnf;jzpf? tNidrf;pm; wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfvnf;
a0zefxm;aom pmtkyrf sm;ukd zwf½aI vhvm&efvnf; wku d w
f eG ;f yg jzpf? tNidrf;pm; EkdifiHawmfor®wvnf;jzpfcJhol AkdvfcsKyfBuD;a[mif;
onf/ OD;ae0if;ESifh awGUqkHEIwfquf*g&0jyKum tcsdefawmfMumatmif
þokt Yd m;jzifh uReaf wmfEiS Ahf v
dk cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;wk\
Yd qufqaH &; pum;ajymqkcd iG u hf dk &cJyh gonf/ olEiS hf ZeD;jzpfol a':eDejD rifw
h t
Ydk rd üf
rSm 1987 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvtxd &SdcJhygonf/ 1988-89 ckESpfrsm; jzpfygonf/
wGif uRefawmfAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ESifh rawGUcJhyg/ uRefawmf rEÅav;ESifh uReaf wmfwq Ydk o
dk nfrmS jynfow
Yl &m;olBu;D tzGUJ \ Ouú|a[mif;
ppfukdif;wkdYwGif a&mufaeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1990 wGif OD;wifatmif[def;ESifh uRefawmfarmifcspfvIdifwkdY jzpfMuygonf/
uRef a wmf & ef u k e f o k d Y jyef a &muf a omtcgrS p í uRef a wmf &efukefNrdKUokdY a&muf&Sdaeckduf rdrdwkdY\ acgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfcJhol
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ESiahf wGUqkcH o
hJ nfrmS 1995 ckEpS t f xd jzpfygawmhonf/ OD;ae0if;ukd awGUqkHum *g&0jyKvkdygonf[k OD;wifatmif[def;u
1995 ckESpfwGif aemufqkH;awGUcJhonfh aeY&ufonfum; uRefawmfhtm; ajymMum;ojzifh uRefawmfu a':eDeDjrifhxH
Zlvkdifv 27 &ufaeY jzpfcJhygownf;/ oGm;a&mufNyD; arwåm&yfcHygonf/ a':eDeDjrifhu ]]olrtaejzifh
pum;jzifh taMumif;rMum;vkdyg? OD;ae0if;xH pma&;ay;cJhyg}} [k
tykdif; (3) ajymojzifh uRefawmfu OD;ae0if;xH OD;wifatmif[def;\qE´ukd
taxGaxGjyefvnf okH;oyfjcif; Critical Reflection pmtm;jzifh Zlvidk v f 24 &ufaeYwiG f wifjycJyh gonf/ aemufwpfaeY
jrefrmYqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfwGif uRefawmfyg0ifcJhorQ [laom Zlvkdifv 25 &ufaeYwGif a':eDeDjrifhxHrSwpfqifh OD;ae0if;u
þtusOf;csKyfrSwfwrf;\ yxrykdif;ESifh 'kwd,ykdif;ukd a&;om; uRefawmfwkdYtm; reufjzef (Zlvkdifv 26 &uf)aeYwGif awGUqkHrnf
cJNh y;D aemuf qufvufíra&;jzpfcb hJ J uReaf wmfonf uk, d af &;uk,
d w
f m qkdonhftaMumif;ukd od&SdcJh&ygonf/ a':eDeDjrifh\ pDpOfay;rIjzifh
tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh okH;ESpfausmf? av;ESpfeD;yg;cefY &yfem;aecJh OD;wifatmif[def;ESifhuRefawmfwkdYonf OD;ae0if;ESifh awGUqkHcJhMu
ygonf/ 1991 ckESpf? pufwifbmv ajcmuf&ufaeYpGJjzifh 'kwd, ygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ykdif;ukd a&;om;NyD;pD;cJhygonf/ a&;NyD;cJhaom xkdrSwfwrf;ukd xkad eYu ig;em&Dausmcf efY pum;0kid ;f zGUJ cJMh uygonf/ eHeufyidk ;f
&efuek w f uúov dk &f dS jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f tzGUJ okYd ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;jzpfol udk;em&DausmfrS aeYv,f ESpfem&DcGJausmfausmftxd Mumygonf/
...(138)
 760 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 761
uRefawmfonf 1987 ck? 'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeYu OD;ae0if;ESifh qkad omf OD;ae0if;onf pmrsm;rsm;zwf½aI vhvmavhr&Sad omaMumifh
awGUqkHNyD;uwnf;u xyfrHí rawGUcJh&onfrSm 1992 ckESpfxd jzpfygonf/ ,if;tcsufukd OD;ae0if;ukd,fwkdif þpma&;ol
jzpfygonf/ 1992 ck? {NyDv yxrtywftwGif;wGif wpfBudrf? uRefawmfhtm; ajymjyzl;aomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
1993 ck? ZGefv 15 &ufaeYwGif wpfBudrf awGUqkHcJh&NyD;aemuf þokq Yd adk omaMumifh uReaf wmfw\ Ydk acgif;aqmifBu;D jzpfco hJ l
rawGUqkHjzpfbJ aecJhygonf/ ,ck 1995 ck? Zlvkdifv 26 &uf Ouú|BuD; OD;ae0if;onf pmzwf0goemryg[k t"dyÜm,fr&yg/
aeYwGifrS OD;ae0if;ESifh jyefvnfqkHawGU&jcif;jzpfygonf/ OD;ae0if;onf ol&efuek w f uúov dk w
f iG f odyb HÜ momwGu J dk ,lco hJ jl zpf
xkad eYu OD;ae0if;ukd jrif&onfrmS uk, d &f nftenf;i,fppfomG ; onf/ "mwkaA'bmom&yfukdpdwf0ifpm;oljzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif
onfrSwpfyg; a&S;uuJYokdYyif &Tif&Tifvef;vef;ESifh usef;usef;rmrm odxm;oifhaom taMumif;t&mrsm; (EkdifiHa&;? ppfa&;? a'oEÅ&
&Sdaeonfukd jrif&ygonf/ olonf uRefawmfwkdYtm; &Tifvef; a&;&mponfrsm;) ukd vkd&if;csKyfí avhvmxm;oljzpfygonf/
0rf;omaomrsufESmjzifh qD;BudKygonf/ {nfhcef;wGif 0kdif;zGJUum ]]rdrod nf pmrsm;ukv d nf;zwf½aI vhvmoifo h avmuf avhvmygonf?
pum;ajymMuygonf/ pvQifpcsif;yif Ouú|BuD;OD;ae0if;u ]]'DaeY okaYd omf rdru d , dk yf idk Ó
f Pfjzifh qifjcifa0zefo;Hk oyfNy;D rS qk;H jzwfavh
at;at;aq;aq; pum;awGajymMur,f? 'gayr,fh EkdifiHa&;? &So
d nf}} [k uReaf wmht f m; taMumif;qkw H idk ;f ajymjyavh&NdS y;D bmyJ
jzpfjzpf uk, d yf idk qf ifjcifÓPfjzifh avhvmMuyg[k wku d w f eG ;f avh&cdS hJ
pD;yGm;a&; taMumif;awGukdawmh rajymMuygESifh? bmoma&;eJY
ygonf/
,Ofaus;rItaMumif;awGyJ ajymMur,f}} [k ajymygawmhonf/
xkdaeYupum;0kdif;onf aeYv,fpmpm;MuNyD;onhfaemufwGif
uRefawmfwkdYu txl;ojzifh OD;wifatmif[def;u EkdifiHa&;
yif rNy;D ao;bJ qufvufajymqkd aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ aeYv,fpmukd
taMumif;awG ar;jref;aqG;aEG;rnf[k qE´&cdS ahJ omfvnf; OD;ae0if; a':eDeDjrifhu jyifqifxm;cJhNyD; olr\tvkyf½kH;cef;&Sd&m &efukef
u BuKd wifyw d yf ifvu dk o
f jzifh Ekid if aH &;taMumif;rsm;ukd ajymqkjd cif; wuúov dk o
f Ydk xGuo f mG ;cJyh gonf/ xkad eYu pum;0kid ;f wGif a':eDejD rifh
rjyKawmhbJ OD;ae0if;ajymorQukd em;axmifaevkdufMuygonf/ yg0ifjcif;r&Scd yhJ g/ pum;aqG;aEG;jcif;ukd xrif;pm;yGrJ mS yif qufvuf
Ouú|BuD; OD;ae0if;onf uRefawmfwkdYtm; tdE´d,ESifhw½kwf jyKvkyfygonf/ OD;ae0if;ESifh OD;wifatmif[def;wkdY tjyeftvSef
,Ofaus;rIBuD;ESpf&yfu jrefrmhvlYabmif\,Ofaus;rIukd jzpfay: ajymqkad qG;aEG;Muygonf/ aqG;aEG;aom taMumif;t&mrSm ur®|mef;
xGe;f um;apcJyh u Hk dk ajymjyygonf/ txl;ojzifh tdE, d´ ,Ofaus;rI\ w&m;xkdifjcif;ESifh ywfoufygonf/ OD;ae0if;u olonf v,fwD
MoZmu rGef? Arm? &ckdifwkdYtay:wGif vTrf;rkd;cJhykHukd ajymygonf/ q&mawmfb&k m;pD&ifaom ur®|mef;usr;f ukd vufuidk x f m;Ny;D ½Irw S f
tdE, d´ ,Ofaus;rIwiG f Zmwfpepf Caste System \ ½Iyaf xG;rIrsm;ukd zG,f&mw&m;ukd ½IrSwfavhusifhaeonf[kajymjyygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm
vnf; &Si;f jyygonf/ ol\ajymjyykrH sm;ukd wpfzufu em;axmif&if;? tmemygeur®|mef;ukd avhusiNhf y;D aemuf 0dyóem\ tvkyjf zpfaom
wpfzufuvnf; AkdvfcsKyfBuD; OD;ae0if;onf b,ftcsdefursm; vu©Pma&;ok;H yg;ukd ½Irw S yf mG ;rsm; avhusirhf jI yKaeonf[k ajymyg
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tdE, d´ ,Ofaus;rIorkid ;f ukd ,ckuo YJ Ydk tao;pdwuf m avhvmxm;yg onf/ Ouú|BuD; OD;ae0if;ukd Munhf&onfrSm 0dyóembm0em
ovJ[k uRefawmf\pdwfxJwGif ar;aerdygonf/ tb,faMumifh trIukd jyKae&jcif;ü arGUavsmfaeykH&ygonf/
...(139)
 762 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 763
rGef;vGJ ESpfem&DausmfausmfwGif pum;0kdif;ukd acwåem;vkdufyg trsm;BuD;ajymaecJhaomfvnf; yifyef;EGrf;e,fykHr&bJ &Tifvef;
onf/ ,if;tcku d rf mS yif Ouú|Bu;D OD;ae0if;u uReaf wmfwYdk rarQmf vsufom &SdaeykH&ygonf/
vihfaom pum;wpf&yfukd ½kwfw&ufajymqkdvdkufygawmhonf/ OD;wifatmif[def;tm; b,faeYjyefrvJ? b,frSmtaersm;vJ
]]ukd,fhvlawGeJY BuHKwkef;ajymvkduf&OD;r,f ...ukd,fhtaeeJY [k ar;ygonf/ OD;wifatmif[ed ;f u cifO;D NrKd UokYd jyefrnht f aMumif;
'DooH &mw&m;awG ...ocFg&w&m;awG tedpö ...tewåw&m; ajymygonf/ ]]rif;a&m b,frmS aeovJ}} [k uReaf wmft h m; ar;jyef
awGukd 'DaeYodjrifovkdrsm; [kdwkef;uodcJhr,fqkd&if 1962 ckESpf? onf/ ]]uReaf wmfu ae&mtwnfwusr&Sad Mumif; ...rEÅav;ESihf
rwfvu udpöukdukd,frvkyfcJhygbl;}} [laom pum;&yfyif jzpfyg ppfukdif;wGifwpfvSnfh ...&efukefwGif wpfvSnfhaeygaMumif;}}
awmhonf/ ajymjyygonf/
uRefawmf\em;ukd uRefawmfr,kHEkdifatmif jzpfoGm;ygonf/ xkad emufwiG f OD;wifatmif[ed ;f ESiu hf Reaf wmfonf Ouú|Bu;D
OD;wifatmif[def;onf OD;ae0if;\ ajympum;ukd tm½kHpkdufaeyg OD;ae0if;tm; xkdifíuefawmhMuygonf/ xkdtcgOuú|BuD;u
onf/ uReaf wmfwo Ydk nf bmrQjyefrajymMubJ OD;ae0if;u qufvuf ]]tif; ...qkay;wkid ;f jynhMf ur,fq&dk ifawmh aumif;rSmyJ ... uk, d f
ajymMum;vmrnfhpum;ukdom apmifhaeMuygonf/ ajymcsiw f muawmh uk, d vhf w
l v
Ydk nf; w&m;tvkyu f v dk yk Mf uyg ...
ukd,fvkyfrS ukd,f&MurSmAs}} [k ajymMum;cJhygawmhonf/
Ouú|BuD; OD;ae0if;onf pum;ukdqufrajymao;bJ cPrQ
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;OD;ae0if;tdrfrS
pOf;pm;aeykH&Sdygonf/ onfhaemufwGif qufajymjyefygonf/
jyefvmMupOf uRefawmfESifh OD;wifatmif[def;wkdYonf Nidrfouf
]][kwfw,f ...tJ'Dwkef;uom 'Dw&m;awGukd odaecJh&if
pGmyif tawG;ukd,fpDjzifh &SdaecJhMuygonf/ OD;wifatmif[def;\
1962 u vkycf w hJ hJ tvkyrf sK;d ukd uk,
d rf vkycf b hJ ;l }} [k ajymygonf/ wkud cf ef;a&SUokaYd &mufaomtcg uReaf wmfonf olEiS t hf wlqif;ae
1962 qkad ompum;vk;H ukd t*Fvyd v f tdk oHxu G jf zifh ajymcJyh gonf/ &pfcNhJ y;D armfawmfum;ukd jyefvw T v
f u
kd yf gonf/ OD;wifatmif[ed ;f
,ck txufygtwkdif; uRefawmfjyefa&;jyaompum;&yfrsm;rSm \ wku d cf ef;wGif em&D0ufcefaY e&if; Ouú|Bu;D OD;ae0if; aemufq;Hk
Ouú|BuD;OD;ae0if;ajymcJhonhf twkdif;jzpfygonf/ ajymMum;vku d af om pum;&yfudk ok;H oyfMuygao;onf/ OD;ae0if;
raeYuMum;cJ&h aom xkpd um;&yfudk ,aeYþpmaMumif;rsm;ukd onf rdr\ d pdwx f w
J iG f cHpm;? od&edS m;vnfonht f wkid ;f (0g) pdw&f if;
a&;aecsdefrSm Mum;a,mifaeygonf/ aemifwGifvnf; owd&wkdif; trSet f wkid ;f ajymMum;onf[k OD;wifatmif[ed ;f u ,kMH unfonf/
Mum;a,mifaerdrnfxifygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; xkdtwkdif;yif,kHMunfcJhygonf/
awmfveS af &;aumifpD Ouú|Bu;D Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ xkpd um; okdYaomf (xkd) okdYaomf um; tvGefyifpOf;pm;um qifjcif
&yfukd Mum;vkduf&aomtcg uRefawmf\ pdwftpOfwpfavQmuf okH;oyf&rnfh okdYaomfBuD; (a very bit But) jzpfonf[k uReaf wmf
wGif ]][,f}} ceJjzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/ awG;aerdcJhygonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

OD;ae0if;onf pum;rqufawmhbJ aeygonf/ uRefawmf Ouú|BuD; OD;ae0if;ajymMum;aom txufwGif azmfjycJhaom

wkdYuvnf; jyefcGifhjyK&ef ajymygonf/ OD;ae0if;onf pum; pum;&yfudk pOf;pm;ae&if;jzifyh if uReaf wmfonf jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf
...(140)
 764 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 765
vrf ; pOf w G i f uRef a wmf y g0if c J h o rQ qkdaom þrSwfwrf; &m&m rodwwfao;aom ausmif;om;i,fwpfO;D taeESihf yg0ifcyhJ g
qufvufa&;aeNyD jzpfygonf/ onf/ xkdtcsdefu touf 13 ESpfom;t&G,f wGifjzpfygonf/
þwwd,tykdif;wGif uRefawmf\ taxGaxG jyefajymif; touf 14 ESpfESifh 15 ESpfom; t&G,frsm;wGif uRefawmfwkdY
qifjcifa0zefo;Hk oyfjcif;rsm;ukd atmufygtwkid ;f om azmfjy&rnf acwfvli,frsm;onf rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfukd vIHUaqmfay;aom
jzpfygayawmhonf/ e*g;eDpmtkyfwkduf (Red Dragon Book Club) xkwfpmayrsm;?
1/ EkdifiHa&;,kHMunfcsuf qkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g'ukd a&;om;azmfjyMuaom bHk0g'
1910 jynfEh pS rf S 1920 jynfEh pS u f mvtwGi;f zGm;jrifBu;D jyif; pmayrsm; ponfwkdYukd zwf½IavhvmaecJhMuygonf/
vmMuaom vlBu;D ? vl&, G ?f vli,frsK;d qufopfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? 1939 ckESpf? pufwifbmv oHk;&ufaeYwGif tmPm&Sif
1920 jynfhESpfrS 1930 jynhfESpfumvtwGif; zGm;jrifBuD;jyif; [pfwvm tkyfpkd;aom *smreDEkdifiHu ykdvefEkdifiHukd usL;ausmf
vmMuaom vlBu;D ? vl&, G ?f vli,frsK;d quf0ifrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufonf/ xkdaeYrSpí 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; pwif
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;wGif tenf;ESifhtrsm; yg0if cJhavonf/ xkdppfyGJBuD;\ yxrykdif;umvwGif emZD*smreDESifh
aqmif&GufcJhMuaom acwfNydKiforkdif;0if rsKd;quf0ifrsm; jzpfMuyg zufqpftDwvDEkdifiH ESpfEkdifiHuwpfzuf? 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHrsm;
onf/ xkrd sK;d quf0iftoD;oD;wko Yd nf acwfumv0ef;usit f vkud f jzpfMuaom t*FvefEkdifiHESifhjyifopfEkdifiH ESpfEdkifiHu wpfzuf
rdrdwkdYrsufarSmufjyKcGifhBuHK&m EkdifiHa&; vIyf&Sm;rIpD;aMumif;wGif ppfqifwu dk cf u dk Mf uonf/ 1940 jynhEf pS w
f iG f *smreDujyifopfEidk if H
yg0ifvkdufygcJhMuavonf/ xkdoltaygif;wkdYonf rsKd;cspf0HomEk ukdodrf;ykdufEkdifcJhonf/ taemufOa&myEkdifiHtrsm;ukd *smreDu
pdwf"mwf? trsKd;om;a&;vGwfajrmufrIukd &,lvkdaompdwf"mwf? odr;f yku
d Ef idk cf o
hJ nf/ t*FvefEidk if w
H pfcw
k nf;omvQif zufqpfemZD
Ekid if aH &;ta&;t&mrsm;ukd pdw0f ifpm;Muaom Ekid if aH &;,kMH unfcsuf *smreDwkdY\ e,fcsJUrIukd ckcHaecJhonf/ xkdokdYckcHEkdifcJhjcif;rSmvnf;
toD;oD;wkdYjzifh b0c&D;pOfwGif ½kef;uefcJhMuolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ t*Fvdyfyifv,fa&vufMum;u jcm;xm;ay;aomaMumifhomjzpf
xkt
Yd wlyif Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom awmfveS af &; onf/ t*Fvyd yf ifv,fa&vufMum;omr&Scd v hJ Qif t*FvefEidk if yH if
aumifpDu aMunmcJhonhf jref r mY q k d & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf [lí vQif usqkH;cJhrnfjzpfonf/ xkdumvwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;xJokdY
ay:xGufvmaomtcg xkdvrf;pOfukd BudKqkdMuaom? axmufcH uGefjrLepfqkdAD,uf½k&Sm;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? zufqpf0g'D
tm;ay;vmMuaom vlBuD;? vl&G,f? vli,frsKd;qufonfvnf; *syefEkdifiHponfwkdYonf yg0ifvkdjcif;r&SdMuao;acs/ *syefonf
ay:xG u f v mcJ h o nf r S m trS e f y if j zpf c J h a yonf / xk d Y t wl y if Anti Comiontern pact uGefjrLepfqefYusifa&; pmcsKyftzGJUudk
uRefawmfonfvnf; wpfOD;aomtygt0ifjzpfcJhygonf/ *smreD? tDwvDwdkYESifh yl;aygif;zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh *syefonf
þpma&;ol uRef a wmh f t aeES i f h azmf j y&rnf q k d y gvQif *smreD? tDwvDwdkYbufawmfom; jzpf&avawmhonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

þpmtkyf\ rlvtpwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf t*FvefEkdifiHukd axmufcHtm;

1300 jynhfESpf (1938-39 umv) ta&;awmfykHBuD;wGif a&a& ay;rIjyKco hJ nf/ uGejf rLepfqAdk ,D uf ½k&mS ;Ekid if u H awmh 'DppfyBJG u;D rSm
...(141)
 766 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 767
]]b,fbufrrS ygbJ Mum;aernf}} [k ajymcJo h nf/ *syefEidk if u H awmh EdkifiHa&;rl0g'odkY ajymif;vJa&mufcJhMuavonf/ jyifopft*Fvdyf
ppfxJokdYyg0ifjcif;r&Sdao;apumrl emZD*smreDESifhzufqpftDwvD paom 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;ukd axmufcH&rnf[lí rl0g'csrSwf
wkdYukd axmufcHaecJhonf/ cJhonf/
xkdumvykdif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH\ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tMum;wGif xdt k csed w
f iG f ocifp;kd ? ocifoef;xGe;f ? ocifA[de;f tp&So d nfh
oabmxm; trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym; aecJhMuonf/ wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;0if ocifueG jf rLepf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tif;pdeaf xmif? xdrk w S pfqifh
ocifEidk if aH &;orm; trsm;pku ]]t*Fvyd t f cuf ...Armhtcsu}f } jrif;NcHaxmifrsm;ü tusOf;uscH ae&olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ocifpdk;
[laom aqmify'k u f dk vufuidk jf yKum t*Fvyd qf efu Y siaf &; vIy&f mS ; onf tif;pdefppfwrf; (Insein Thesis)? xdkYaemuf jrif;NcHppfwrf;
rIukd vkyfMuonf/ (Myingyan Thesis) udka&;om;cJhavonf/ xdkppfwrf; ESpfckonf
ocifEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;txJwGif rmhufpf0g'DuGefjrLepfrsm; wpfckwnf;? wpfrsKd;wnf;jzpfonf/ xdkppfwrf;udk ocifpdk;onf
vnf;&SdMuonf/ uGefjrLepfygwD[lí ygwDykHoP²mefjzifh rwnf&Sd t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhonf/
aomfvnf; rmhufpf0g'? uGefjrLepf0g'avhvma&; uvmyfpnf;ukd xdkjrif;NcHppfwrf;wGif ocifpdk;u atmufygt"dyÜm,f&aom
zGJUxm;Muonf/ aemiftcgwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh ([pfwvm *smreDonf qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk cdk;aMumifckd;0Suf
ocifatmifqef;onf xdktzGJUuvmyfpnf;\ twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfcJh 0ifwu kd af omtcg...) [k yxrqH;k aom0gusjzifah &;om;cJo h nf/
ayonf/ wkAYd rmtpnf;t&H;k \ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;vnf;jzpf xdpk pfwrf;\twdck sKyrf mS 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D wGif t*Fvyd ?f jyifopf?
onf/ a'gufwm barmfwdkUESifh nDñGwfa&;zGJUxm;aom Armh qdkAD,uf,leD,H wdkUbufrS yg0ifjcif;onfomvSsif vrf;rSefonf?
xGuf&yf*dkPf;\ twGif;a&;rSL;vnf; jzpfonf/ zufqpf0if½;kd wef;Edik if rH sm;udk qefu Y siw
f ukd cf u
kd &f rnf/ Armjynf\
xdktcsdefu ocifuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;or*¾0if vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk zufqpfqefYusifa&;wdkufyGJBuD; (0g) 'Drdk
uGejf rLepf0g'vdv k m;olrsm;onf t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf yifopfEikd if rH sm;bufukd ua&pDr[mrdwf tzGJUBuD; (t*Fvdyf? jyifopf? qdkAD,uf½k&Sm;) \
raxmuf c H M u? *smreD E S i f h tD w vD z uf q pf E d k i f i H r sm;ud k v nf ; ppfatmifEikd af &;ESiq hf ufpyfNy;D aqmif&u G &f rnf[í l jzpfayonf/
raxmufcMH ubJ qdAk , D uf½&k mS ;\ taetxm;udMk unfu h m Mum;ae xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS
cJhMuonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*Fvdyfudk tBuÓ H PfEiS t hf ultnD&&m&aMumif; &SmazG&eftwGuf w½kwEf ikd if H
qefYusif&rnfqdkaom oabmxm;udkvnf; cH,lxm;Muonf/ wGif;&Sd uGefjrLepftiftm;pkxH oGm;a&muf&ef&nf&G,fum jrefrm
1941 ckESpf? ZGefv 22 &ufaeYwGif emZD*smreDu uGefjrLepf EdkifiHrS xGufvmcJhaom ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifvSNrdKifwkdYonf
qdAk ,
D uf½&k mS ;Edik if uH kd ppfraMunmbJ usL;ausmw f u
kd cf ukd af omtcg w½kwfEkdifiH\ trGdKifqdyfurf;wGif aomifwifaecdkuf *syef
wpfurÇmvHk;wGif&Sdaom uGefjrLepf0g'Drsm;onf (wwd,urÇmh uifaywdkif ac: olvQKdtzGJU\ vufwGif;odkYusa&muf&NyD;aomf?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uGejf rLepftzGUJ csKy\ f tzGUJ 0ifrsm;jzpfMuonfEiS t hf nD) emZD*smreDEiS hf *syef EdkifiHodkYac:aqmifjcif; cHcYJ&avonf/ ocifatmifqef;ESifh
tDwvDzufqpfEdkifiHrsm;udk qefYusifwdkufcdkuf Mu&rnfqdkaom twlygol ocifvNS rKd if (Adv k &f efatmif) wdo Yk nf BuKH awGUvm&aom
...(142)
 768 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 769
tajctaeESihf vdu k af vsmpGmyifta&SUawmiftm&SEiS hf jrefrmEdik if u H kd axmifoiG ;f tusO;f uscaH e&aomaMumifw h aMumif;? t*Fvyd t f pd;k &
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf&ef jyifqifaeNyDjzpfonfh zufqpf0g'D*syef ESiyhf ;l aygifaqmif&u G v
f akd Mumif;jzifh t*Fvyd t f pd;k &xH urf;vSr;f csuf
tpdk;&\ tultnDjzifh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk qifETJ&ef udk t*Fvdyftpdk;&uvufrcH? y,fcscJh&HkrQru EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
jyifqifvm&awmhonf/ 1940-jynfhESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif ocif pGmudk t*Fvdyftpdk;&u umuG,fa&;yk'frtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh zrf;qD;
atmifqef;onf jrefrmjynfodkYvQKdU0SufpGmjyefvmNyD;ocifrsm;ESifh csKyfaESmifxm;aomaMumifhwpfaMumif; ocifuGefjrLepf0g'Drsm;\
Armhxu G &f yf*P
kd ;f 0ifwEYkd iS whf ikd yf ifum *syeford ;f xm;aom azmfrq kd m tBuHtpnfrsm;onf atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhacs/
uRef;wGif ppfynmoifwef;wuf&ef jrefrmvli,frsm; (aemiftcg xkdtcg jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmawmhrnhf zufqpf
wGif &Jabmfo;kH usyd f [líxif&mS ;vmrnfh vli,frsm;) udk vSsKUd 0Supf mG *syef p pf w yf E S i f h twl v d k u f y gvm Murnf h o cif a tmif q ef ;
yif ac:aqmifoGm;&avonf/ (AdkvfawZ ac: Adkvfatmifqef;) OD;pD;aom &JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh
1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbm&Spf&ufaeUwGif zufqpf*syeftpdk;&u Armhvw G vf yfa&; wyfrawmfudk arsmS u f ;kd MuKd qakd om vlBu;D ? vl&, G ?f
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk ppfraMunmbJ usL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf vl i ,f a usmif ; om;ES i f h rsKd ; cspf j ynf o l t rsm;onf t*F v d y f
aomtcg zufqpfEdkifiHrsm;jzpfMuaom *smreD? tDwvD? *syef qefYusifa&;bufodkYom udkif;ñTwfcJhMuavonf/
[l a om zuf q pf 0 if ½ d k ; wef ; Ed k i f i H r sm;uwpf z uf ? t*F v d y f ? ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;\
tar&duef? jyifopf? qdAk , D uf,el , D [
H al om 'Dru kd a&pD r[mrdwf EddkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrIudk ,HkMunfMuaom jrefrmvlBuD;? vl&G,f?
EdkifiHrsm;uwpfzuf [líjywfjywfom;om;BuD; uGJjym;cJhavonf/ vli,f? ausmif;om;ESijhf ynfot l rsm;onfEikd if aH &;trSm;? trSerf sm;
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avmuwGifvnf; tiftm; okH;&yfuGJjym;cJh udk cGJjcm;NyD;odEdkifpGrf;vnf;r&Sd? odEdkifcGifhtajctaersm;vnf;r&Sd?
onf/ zufqpf*syefEiS yhf ;l aygif;um t*Fvyd u f kd qefUusiaf wmfveS f zufqpf*syefuv kd nf; zufqpfvq l ;kd rsm;tjzpf jrifprG ;f Edik jf cif;r&Sb
d J
&ef jyifqifvIyf&Sm;aeMuonfh tiftm;pkuwpfpk? 'Drdkua&pD ]]*syefawGvmvQif jrefrmawGvw G v f yfa&;&Ny;D tm;vH;k aumif;pm;
r[mrdwf Edik if rH sm;bufwiG yf g0ifNy;D t*Fvyd t f pd;k &ESiyhf ;l aygif;um awmhrnf}} qdak om tvGev f rGJ mS ;cJah om zufqpf*syefwUkd \ 0g'jzefcY srd I
zufqpf*syefudk qefYusifwdkufcdkuf&rnfqdkaom uGefjrLepf0g'D udk BudKqdkcJhMuavawmhonf/
ociftkyfpkuwpfck? t*FvefwGif vGwfvyfa&;udk oGm;awmif;NyD; zufqpf*syefawG atmufodkYusa&mufNyD;aomtcgrSom
tjyefwGif*syeftpdk;&ESifh qufoG,f&efBuHojzifh tzrf;cH&aom zufqpf*syefppfwyf\ ESyd pf ufr?I tEdik u f sirhf ?I vk,ufr?I odr;f ,lr?I
eef;&if;0efOD;apm tkyfpkwdkYuwpfck[lí jzpfMuonf/ qdk;oGrf;,kwfrmrI? rw&m;wmrSeforQudk usL;vGefrI[lorQudk
'Drdkua&pD r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;ESifh vufwGJ&rnf[kcH,lxm; awGUBuKH cpH m;Mu&aomtcgrSom zufqpf*syefukd jyefveS q f efUusif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aom ocifpdk;? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifausmfpdef? ocifwifarmif awmfvSefvdkaom awmfvSefa&; pdwf"mwfrsm;onf wpfaeYwjcm;

(yef;waemf) wdkYa&SUaqmifaom uGefjrLepf0g'Dtkyfpkonfvnf; wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:vmcJhjyefawmhonf/
...(143)
 770 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 771
zufqpf*syefacwfonf ocifp;kd OD;aqmifaom uGejf rLepfygwD vl&G,f? vli,fausmif;om; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf ]]t*Fvdyfudk
(Armjynf) \ EdkifiHa&;MoZmudk xda&mufpGm xlaxmifEdkifcJhaom vnf; qefUusiw f u kd cf ukd &f rnf ...0ifvmrnfzh ufqpf*syefuv kd nf;
acwfumvyifjzpfcyhJ gonf/ þ'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D wGif 'Dru kd a&pD awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&rnf}} qdkaom ESpfzufwdkufrl0g'udk awGawG
r[mrdww f Ukd onf {uefrvGaJ tmifyq GJ ifvrd rhf nf[í l vnf;aumif;? a0a0ESifhyif cH,lcJhMuavonf/ ocif uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifBuD;
Armjynf\vGwfvyfa&;udk 'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwfwdkU\ atmifyJGESifh rsm;jzpfMuaom ocifA[de;f ESirhf pöwm*d&k , S w
f Ukd yifvQif ]]ESpzf ufwu kd }f }
twl &,lEdkifvdrfhrnf[lívnf;aumif;? xdkYaMumifhzufqpf*syef oabmxm;udk cH,lcJhonf/ uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfol
wdUk udk awmfveS &f rnf[í l vnf;aumif;? ,if;odUk awmfveS Mf u&mwGif pma&;q&mBuD;OD;odef;azjrifhvnf; xdkenf;wlyifcH,lcJhonf/
t*Fvdyftygt0if r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf xdktcsdefu uRefawmfwdkU vl&G,f? vli,f? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
&rnf[lívnf;aumif;? vGwfvyfa&;onfyxr? 'Drdkua&pDonf e*g;eDrSxkwfa0aom vuf0Jpmtkyfrsm; (bmomjyefrsm;) udkom
'kwd,? qdk&S,fvpf0g'a&;onfwwd,[laom aqmifyk'foHk;&yf zwf½Iavhvmzl;½HkrQrSvJGí rmhufpf0g'? vDeif0g'? qdk&S,fvpf
onfvnf;aumif;? ,if;wdkUudkazmfjycJhaomuGefjrLepfygwD (Arm uGefjrLepf0g'qdkif&mrsm;udk pHkpHkaphaph? a&a&vnfvnfem;vnf
jynf) rS xkwfa0jzefYcsdvIHUaqmfpnf;½Hk;cJhaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&; cJhMuonf r[kwfygacs/
zufqpf*syefacwfoUkd usa&mufro S m ocifp;kd OD;aqmifaom
aMunmpmwrf; trSwf (1) onf zufqpfqefYusifa&; umv
uGejf rLepfygwD (Armjynf) \ oifwef;rsm;udk ae&mtESv YH QKUd 0Supf mG
wpfavQmufwGif tvGefyifMoZmBuD;rm;cJhayonf/
zGiv hf pS yf Ukd csEikd cf ahJ omaMumifh rmhupf 0f g'udt k ajcjyKaom uGejf rLepf
xd k A rmh v G w f v yf a &; aMunmpmwrf ; trS w f (1) onf
0g'\ EdkifiHa&;MoZmonf jyefYyGm;vmcJhayonf/ rsm;pGmaom
*syefacwf ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf twGif;&Sd Adkvf? tMuyf? vl&G,f? vli,fwdkYonf uGefjrLepfvIyf&Sm;rI\ MoZmudk cH,lcJhMu
wyfom;&Jabmfrsm;tMum;wGiv f nf;aumif;? jyifyEdik if aH &;avmu avonf/ þpma&;oluReaf wmfonfvnf; tygt0if wpfO;D jzpfchJ
twGif;&Sd vlBuD;? vl&G,f? vli,f? ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; ygonf/
tMum;wGifvnf;aumif; pdrfh0if ysHUESHUumpnf;½Hk; EdkifcJhavonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;? zufqpf0g'qefYusifa&;? 'Drdk
ocifp;kd OD;aqmifaom uGejf rLepfygwD (Armjynf) \ Edik if aH &;MoZm ua&pD0g'ESihf qd&k , S v f pf0g'a&; ponfwUkd udk cH,cl MhJ uaom vlBu;D ?
onfvnf; rsm;pGmyif vTrf;rdk;cJhavonf/ vl&G,f? vli,frsm;pGmwdkYonf ppfBudKacwftrsKd;om;vIyf&Sm;rI
zuf q pf * syef r sm; Armjynf w G i f ; od k U 0if a &muf r vmrD u tqufqufwGifvnf;aumif;? tvkyform;ta&;? awmifol
t*Fvdyfudk qefUusifaom vQKdU0Sufajratmuf,lepftzJGUtpnf; v,form;ta&;? jynfot Yl usK;d pD;yGm; ta&;tp&Sad om vIy&f mS ;rI
jzpfonfh trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;ygwD (National Revolutionary tqufqufwiG v f nf;aumif;? Edik if aH &;pdw"f mwf Ed;k Mum;wuf<urI
Party) [kvnf;ac:? aemiftcgwGif jynfolUta&;awmfyHkygwD wdkYjzifh yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhMuonfrsm;rSm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

(People's Revolutionary Party) [kvnff; ac:wGifvmcJhaom azsmufzsuí f r&Edik af om rSww f ikd Bf u;D i,f toG,o f , G w f Ykd jzpfcMhJ u
vQKdU0SufEdkifiHa&;tzJGUtpnf;wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhMuaom vlBuD;? ygonf/
...(144)
 772 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 773
zufqpf*syefwdkU awmfvSefMuaomtcg jynfoltrsm;onf uHyef;wdkif) twdkif; ½IyfaxG;aom EdkifiHa&;0uFygxJodkU 0ifa&muf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;acgif;aqmifaom zwyv ac: zufqpf rdcJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;taMumif;udk odovdkvdk? rodovdkvdk b0rS
wdu k zf suaf &; jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzJUG Bu;D ESihf rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf wjznf;jznf;ESihf odíodívmaom taetxm;odaYk &mufvmcJyh g
(PBF) wdUk udk axmufcBH uKd qMkd u? tm;ay;cJMh uonf/ awmfve S af &; onf/ Edik if aH &;udk r,HMk unfbEJ iS v hf yk cf o
hJ nfrsK;d r[kwyf g/ ,HMk unf
tNy;D ESihf 'kw,d urÇmppfBu;D tNy;D umvwGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf aumif;aomaMumifhom vkyfaqmifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
zufqpfqefUusifa&; jynfolUvGwfvyfa&; tzJGUcsKyf (zqyv ,ckþrSwfwrf;udk a&;aeNyDjzpfaomtcsdefwGif uRefawmf
tzJGUcsKyf) wdkU acgif;aqmifaom vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIBuD;onf tygt0if uHwl tusKd;ay;wlMuukefaom rsKd;quf0ifrsm;onf
jynfolvlxk\ Edk;Mum;wuf<uaom axmufcHrIjzifh atmifyJG touf t &G , f B uD ; ol r sm; jzpf a eMuygNyD / uRef a wmf w d k U onf
tqifhqifhjzifhjrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;yef;wdkifodkU csDwufEdkifcJhMu aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT Ef iS hf ud,
k pf w
d af yghyg;pGm aexdik cf &hJ rnfh vkvifysKw d Ukd \
ayonf/ jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf[lí ay:xGef; b0c&D;udk qHk;½HI;cHcJh&ygonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;
cJhygonf/ b0c&D;Murf;ursm;pGmaom vl&, G v f il ,frsm;udk t&ifu h su&f jrefvS
jrefrmjynfolwdkU\ tcsKyftjcmtmPm (Sovereignty) udk aom vlBuD;b0odkY ydkYaqmifay;cJhygonf/
jyefvnf&&SdNyD;aemuf EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; 0d0g' 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv av;&ufaeYrSpí vGwfvyfa&;&cJh
oabmxm;rsm; uJGjym;jcm;em;Muum jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;onf[k aom jrefrmEdik if o H nf Murf;wrf;&Iyaf xG;aom jynfwiG ;f ppfumvudk
qdkEdkifaom umvqdk;MuD;wpf&yfonf ay:aygufcJhavonf/ jzwfoef;cJh&avonf/ tpdk;&tqufquf ajymif;vJcJh&NyD;aemuf
vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ w&m;0if 1962 ckESpf? rwfv ESpf&ufaeYodkYqdkufa&mufcJhonf/ xdkaeYonf
tpdk;&jzpfcJhol zqyvtpdk;&tzJGUESifh zqyvwGifyg0ifMuaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H wyfrawmf\ wyfrawmfppfO;D pD;csKyjf zpfol
EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzJGUtpnf;rsm;uwpfzuf? vufeufudkifykefuef AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf EdkifiHawmftmPmukd odrf;,lcJhaomaeY
x<ua&;vrf ; pOf j zif h ]]awmcd k } } cJ h M uaom awmwG i f ; ol y k e f jzpfonf/ xkdaeUrSpí jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;uHMur®monf tvSnfh
tiftm;pkuwpfzuf tm;NydKifwdkufcdkufcJhMuaomfvnf; olwdkY tajymif;BuD;wpfck\ &Snfvsm;cufxefaom umvBuD;twGif;
tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHa&;0g' ,HkMunfcsuftoD;oD;jzifh wdkufyJG0ifMu (a long hard and roung period) odkY0ifa&mufcJh&avawmhonf/
aom EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;om jzpfcJhMuayonf/ ,if;tcsufudk xktd aMumif;\ tpOD;ydik ;f udk þrSww f rf;\ yxrtydik ;f ESihf 'kw, d
"r®"d|mefusus odrSwf&rnfom jzpfygonf/ tydkif;wGif uGsefawmfazmfjyNyD;jzpfygonf/
þpma&;oluReaf wmfonf uHaumif;íayavm? uHraumif; ,ckþrSwfwrf;\wwd,tydkif;udk a&;aeNyDjzpfaomtcsdef
taMumif;rvSíayavm rajymwwfyg/ aocsmwmwpfckuawmh wGif uGsefawmhfrSmtouft&G,ftm;jzifh tESpf (70) ausmfodkY
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

(Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk ,HkMunfolwpfOD;taeESifh ajym&rnfqdkygvQif) csOf;uyfaeNyDjzpfygonf/ uGsefawmfonf rdrdjzwfoef;cJh&aom

oHo&m0,f rdrdjyKvkyfcJhzl;aom uHtvkyf\ pDrH&m (destiny EdkifiHa&; tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh avhvmrSwfom;&onfrsm;udk
...(145)
 774 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 775
owdr&bJ? rpOf;pm;bJraeEdik yf g/ jyefvnfawG;awmjcif;? jyefvnf bk&ifrBuD; (Cleopartra) uvD,kdygx&m? a&mrppfbk&ifBuD;
oHk;oyfjcif;? jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;rsm;udk rjyKvkyfbJraeEdkifyg/ *sL;vd,ufqDZm (Julius Caesar)? a&mrppfolBuD; tefwdkeD,dk
awmfveS af &;aumifpD Ouú|Bu;D Advk cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;? jynfaxmifpk (Antonio)? a&mrppfolBuD; Mo*wfpwyf (Augustus) polwdkY\
qdk&S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf or®wBuD;OD;ae0if; ,cktcg uHMur®mtaMumif; jzpfygonf/ ,if;taMumif;udk uGsefawmf
Ak'¨a'oemawmfvm 0dyóemw&m;awmfudk avhvmusifhBuH avhvmzl;oavmuf? uRefawmf em;vnfoabmaygufoavmuf
tm;xkwfaeol tNidrf;pm; or®wBuD;OD;ae0if;u? txufwGif ajymjyyg&ap/
azmfjycJo
h nft h wdik ;f OD;wifatmif[ed ;f ESihf uGseaf wmfwt Ykd m; 'DocFg& uvD,ykd gx&monf tcsp\ f taMumif;w&m;vnf;jzpfonf/
w&m;awGukd 1962 rwdik rf u D igodjrifem;vnfc&hJ if? tmPmodr;f tcsp\ f tusK;d w&m;vnf;jzpfonf/ olronf rif;bk&if? rif;om;
wJhtvkyfrsKd; igrvkyfcJhbl;uGm [laom t"dyÜm,frsKd;yg0ifonhf rsm;? ppfbk&ifrsm;? ppfolBuD;rsm;ESifhppfwyfrsm;udk vIHYaqmfNyD;
pum;ukd ajymMum;cJhaomtcg uRefawmfhrSmrnfokdYrQ jyefrar;Edkif wdik ;f jynf wpfcv k ;kH ESiu
hf rÇma'owpf0ef;udk vIyv f yI &f mS ;&Sm; jzpfap
jyefrajymEdkifbJ? tHhtm;oifhum azmfjyEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom a0'em cJhonf/
wpfrsKd;udk cHpm;aecJhonfrSm ,ckþrSwfwrf;\ wwd,tydkif;udk ]]uvD,dkygx&m\ESmwHonf enf;enf;av;omwdkcJhrnf
qdkygu urÇmBuD;wpfckvHk;\rsufESmjyifonf jcm;em;pGm ajymif;vJ
a&;aeNyDjzpfaom tcsdeftxdyifjzpfygonf/
cJh&ayvdrfhrnf}}xdkodkY bvJhygpumvf uqdkcJhav\/ jyifopf
uGseaf wmfonf uReaf wmf,MkH unfav;pm;cJah om awmfveS af &;
trsK;d om; tawG;&SiBf u;D vnf;jzpf? MoZmBu;D rm;vSaom a0zefa&;
aumifpDOuú|BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ txufygpum;&yfudk
orm;BuD;vnf;jzpfol bvJhygpumvf (Belaise Paseal ) onf
pOf;pm;qifjcif&if; ]]ordkif;qdkwmbmvJ}} [laomar;cGef;udk uvD,ykd gx&mESiyhf wfoufí xdo k v
Ykd Qiq
f ckd yhJ g\/ ol\xdt k qdEk iS hf
xkwfaerdygonf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ÓPfrDorQ ajzqdk&efawG;aerd ywfoufí xifjrifcsufESpf&yf&SdcJhyg\/
ygonf/ tu,fíom uvD,dkygx&m\ ESmwHonf&Sdaeonfxuf
uGsefawmf\ pdwful;xJwGif taMumif;t&mwpfckonf tenf;i,fav;wdkcJhrnfqdkygu a&mrppfolBuD; *sL;vd,ufqDZm
½kwfw&ufay:aygufvmonfh rqDrqdkif t&m[kqdk&rnfavm? (Julius Caesar) *sL;vd,ufqDZm [lívnf; ,ckacwfwGif
qDqdkifonf[kqkd&rnfavm? uGsefawmfrajymwwfyg/ uGsefawmf ac:wGifcH&olESifh ol\wynfhBuD;jzpfol tefwdkeD,dk (Antonoio)
onf orkid ;f ynm&Sirf [kwyf g/ tjcm;aomrnfoaYkd om ynm&Sirf S wdkYonf uvD,dkygx&m\ ½lyg½kHodkY pdwfñGwfcJhvdrfhrnfr[kwf/
vnf;r[kwyf g/ avhvmoifah om taMumif;t&mrsm;? avhvmEdik f onfvdkqdkvSsif *sL;vd,ufqDZmonf ol\vl,Hktrwf b½l;wyf
cGifh&aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ avhvmqnf;yl; (Brutus) \ vkyfBuHrIudk cH&vdrfhrnfr[kwf/ tefwdkeD,dkESifhol\
aecJhaom omrefvlwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQomjzpfygonf/ a,mufzawmf Mo*wfpwyf (Augustus) wdo Yk nfvnf; tcsi;f csi;f
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

pdwfxJü ½kwfw&ufay:aygufvmaom taMumif;t&mrSm pdwf0rf;uGJMurnfr[kwf/ xdktcga&mrordkif;onf wpfrsKd;wpfzHk

a&S;a[mif; a&mrESifhtD*spf&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhMuaom tD*spf jcm;em;cJhayvdrfhrnf/ þodkYvnf; xifjrif,lqajymqdkMuav\/
...(146)
 776 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 777
tu,fírsm; uvD,yk d gx&m\ESmwHonfom enf;enf;av; trSefudkawmh rnfolrSsrod/
wdkcJhrnfqdkygu? atmifEdkifol a&mrppfbk&if Mo*wfpwyfqDZm uvD,dkygx&monf rdrd\xD;½dk;eef;½dk;udkvnf; rnd§K;&av
(ESmacgif;&Snfaom rdefrrsdK;udk rBudKufwwfol) onf uvD,dk atmif? rdrdcspfaom tD*spfEdkifiH\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udkvnf; umuG,f
ygx&m\ tqGJtaqmifodkY vdkufygaumif;vdkufygcJhayvdrfhrnf/ apmifha&SmufEdkifatmif? rdrd\uHMur®mu ay;xm;aom tvS
xdktcga&mrESifh tD*spfordkif;onf wpfrsKd;wpfzHk csKd;ajymif;cJhvdrfh tm½Hkumr*kPfudk toHk;cscJhyHk&onf/ olronf tmPm&r®ufESifh
rnf/ þodkYvnf;awG;xif,lqajymqdkMuav\/ tcspf&r®ufwdkY\ taygif;tpnf;jzpfonfum; rSefvSygay\/
uvD,ykd gx&monf a&S;a[mif;tD*spEf ikd if BH u;D \ xufjrufvS odaYk omfvnf; olronf &m*pdwu f x
kd ed ;f odr;f tkycf sKyEf ikd pf rG ;f &So
d jl zpf
aom bk&ifrBuD;jzpfcJhygonf/ odkYaomf olronftom;ndKrnf; onf/ olronf vdif&r®ufBuD;vGef;onf[k ajymqdkjcif;rsm;onf
aom tD*spt f rsK;d orD;r[kwyf g/ olronf a&S;*&dacwfu xif&mS ; csJUum;rIrsm;omjzpfonf/ uJh&JUoN*ØK[ftwif;qdkjcif;rsm;om
cJhaom *&dppfolBuD; yawmfavrD (Ptolemy tD*spfEdkifiHwGif jzpfonf/ trSerf mS uvD,ykd gx&monf rsK;d ½d;k rmefBu;D vSoo l mjzpf
yawmfavrDrif;qufudk wnfaxmifcJhol) wdkuf½dkuf qif;ouf onf/ rmefrmeonf olr\pGr;f tif? olr\b0 tiftm;jzpfonf/
vmaom tEG,af wmfjzpfaomaMumifh jzL0g0if;aom tom;ta& olronf *sL;vd,ufqDZmudk rnfrSscspfcJhonf[k rajymEdkifaomf
&Sdol jzpfonf/ vnf;? tefwdkeD,dkudkawmh udk,fa&mpdwfyg tyHkBuD;yHkNyD; tcspfBuD;
uvD,dkygx&m\ {u&DyDoaom rsufESmonfvSyonf[k cspfcJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ odkYyifqdkEdkifygaprl? olr\EdkifiHa&;
rqdkEdkif/ Munfhaumif;&HkrSsom&Sdonf/ rsufESmonf &Snf[ef&Sd tmPm&r®ufu cspf&r®ufxuf tm;BuD;onf[lívnf; qdkEdkifyg
aomfvnf; r&Snv f eG ;f / oG,[ f ef&adS omfvnf; roG,v f eG ;f ? rsucf ;kH onf/ uvD,dkygx&monf tcspf\ taMumif;t&mvnf;jzpfcJh
rsuaf wmif tjypfuif;onf/ ESmwHuawmh &Sno f a,mif&o dS nf/ &NyD; cspfqdk;Mur®m\ tusKd;w&m;vnf;jzpfcJh&onf/ olr\
rsufvHk;rsm;ESifh EIwfcrf;om;rsm;u nd§KUtm;aumif;vGef;onf/ olY Zmwfodrf;cef;onf {u&Drmef\ Zmwfodrf;yHkrsKd;jzpfaomfvnf;?
ae&mESio hf l tcsK;d wus&adS om ud, k v
f ;kH ud,k af ygufu wifwh ,faom aMuuJGp&mESifh oHa0*,lp&maumif;vSayawmhonf/
zGUH NzKd ;jcif;jzifh wyfrufz, G &f m&Sod nf/ ]ndK§ UwpfrsuEf mS ,Ofwpfu, kd f *sL;vd,ufqDZmacwf\ a&mrordkif;udk ajymMurnfqdkvQif
vH;k } [k pdwcf svufcsqEkd ikd o f nf/ tom;ta& acsmarGUEl;nHo h nf/ uvD,dkygx&mudk csefxm;ír&/ ordkif;wGif uvD,dkygx&monf
ud, k &f eHrY mS a,musmf ;wd\ Yk tvd&k r®uu f kd EI;d qGaeoa,mif arT;BuKd if ta&;ygít&ma&mufco hJ nfrmS trSe/f odUk &mwGif uvD,ykd gx&m
vsu&f o dS nf/ bmompum; trsK;d rsK;d udk uRr;f uRr;f usiu f sif ajymqdk onf y"merus? y"meusaom taMumif;t&mrSm uReyf ikd &f iS pf epf
wwfaomolr\ toHtm½ku H vnf; wpfzufom;udk qGiJ ifxm;Edik f BuD;udk tajcjyKaom a&mrwdkU\EdkifiHa&;? ppfa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?
onf/ þodv Yk sS if aESmif;acwfrsm;\ aw;uAsm&Sirf sm;u zGUJ qdck MhJ u Oya'a&;? vlrIqufqHa&;? t,l0g'a&;ESifhtEkynma&; ponf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

onf/ pdwu f ;l ,Of0g'ESihf tvGr;f 0g'rsm; xGe;f um;pOfu pdwu f ;l & wdo Yk mjzpfonf/ uvD,ykd gx&m\ b0cspcf ef;Zmwfvrf;yHjk yifonf
ovkdzGJUqdkjcif;rsm;onf jzpfcJhayvdrfhrnf/ vnf;aumif;? rm,monfvnf;aumif;? arSmyf nmonfvnf;aumif;?
...(147)
 778 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 779
a&mruRefydkif&Sif ocifvlwef;pm;\ 0doravmbESifh,SOfaom uReaf wmf,MkH unf? ½dak oav;pm;aom awmfveS af &;aumifpD
e,fcsJUrIudk b,fvdkrQ rwm;qD;EdkifcJhacs/ Ouú|Bu;D Adv k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u ]]olonf Ak'a¨ [mMum;awmfral om
vlUordik ;f onf t&mcyford ;f udk vTr;f NcKH aom taMumif;t&m ocFg&w&m;? tedpöw&m;? 'ku©w&m;? tewåw&m;? uHw&m;
jzpfayonf/ vlUordkif;onfvlom; rdef;rESifh vlom;a,musfm; ponfrsm;udk aumif;pGmrodcJhíom 1962 ckESpfu tmPmudk
ESpfa,mufom; aygif;nm;íomvQif zJGUpnf;jzpfay:vm&aom odr;f ,lonft h vkyu f kd vkyrf cd o
hJ nf/ xdwk &m;"r®rsm;udk aumif;pGm
taMumif;pOfBu;D jzpfayonf/ odUk &mwGif vlUordik ;f onf a,mufsm; odcrhJ nf? em;vnfcrhJ nfqv kd Qif 1962 ckEpS uf vkycf o hJ nfh tvkyrf sK;d
udk vkycf rhJ nfr[kwyf g}} [kajymjyvdu k af omtcg uReaf wmf\pdwx f J
wpfa,muf\ yk*v ¾ ud ordik ;f vnf;r[kw?f a,musmf ;tm;vH;k ? rde;f r
wGif ]]ordik ;f qdwk mbmvJ}} [kxyfwvJvJ ar;íar;íae&ygawmh
tm;vH;k ? vlom;tm;vH;k yg0ifMu&aom bHo k rdik ;f om jzpfayonf/ onf/
vlUordik ;f onf a,mufsm;rde;f r tcGit hf vrf;tnDtrQyg0if&aom þodkYqdkvQif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
ordkif;jzpfonf/ a,mufsm;rdef;r rnfolUudkrQcsefí y,fír&/ vrf;pOfonf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;udk taMumif;jyKíom ay:ayguf
a,mufsm;a&m? rde;f ryg? olUae&mESio hf l ta&;ygonfcsn;f jzpfonf/ vmcJh&onf[kqdkvQif rSm;ygoavm? rSefygoavm ajzqdk&ef
a,mufsm;u acgif;aqmifonfvnf;&Sdonf/ rdef;ru OD;aqmif& odraf rGUvSygonf/ rSm;onf[v k nf;rajymEdik o
f vd?k vH;k 0rSeyf gonf
onfvnf;&So d nf/ uvD,ykd gx&muJo h aYkd om xufjrufaom rde;f r [lívnf; rqdkEdkifyg/
rsm;vnf; &SdcJhMuygonf/ rdef;rzsufí jynfysufcJh&onfvnf;&SdcJh 1962 ckESpf? rwfv ESpf&ufaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiHü EdkifiHawmf
onf/ rdef;raqmifí atmifcJh&onfvnf;&SdcJhygonf/ odkU&mwGif tmPmudkodrf;,lcJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;pD;aom awmfvSefa&;
rdef;rwpfa,muf\ ESmwHtwdkt&SnfaMumifh ordkif;vrf;aMumif; aumif p D [ l a om Ed k i f i H a wmf t mPmyk d i f tzJ G U tpnf ; wpf & yf
ajymif;oGm;Edkifonfqdkaom tqdkrsKd;udkrlum; uRefawmfwdkYonf ay:aygufcJhonfrSm wu,fjzpfcJhaom jzpf&yftrSefBuD;wpfck
rnfodkYvQif vufcHMu&ygrnfenf;/ jzpfonf/ jynfoUl qE´jzifh w&m;0iftmPmydik t f pd;k &tzJUG jzpfaom
0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkOD;aqmifonfh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk ppfwyf
jyifopftawG;&Sif ygpum
ygpum\enf;wlyif jyifopfuAsm&Sif
tmPmodr;f enf;rsK;d (Coup d' Etat) jzift h mPm odr;f ,lco hJ nfrmS
vmrmwif uvnf; ]]jzpf&yfMu;D wpfcpk ?D wpfcpk \ D atmufajcwGif
trSefwu,fjzpfcJhaomjzpf&yfBuD; jzpfonf/
£wå, d ac: rde;f r wpfa,mufa,mufawmhjzifh yg&Spd NraJ ywnf;}} tmPmodr;f ,ljcif;ESiyhf wfoufí taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d jyKEikd cf hJ
[lí jzwfx;kH qefqef qdck ahJ yao;onf/ ,if;odUk aom tqdrk sK;d udk ayonf/
vnf; uRefawmfwdkUonf b,fodkUvQif oabmxm;&ygrnfenf;/ yxrtcsufrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf ,dk,Gif;vm
vlUordkif;udk þyHkþenf;rsKd;jzifhom csOf;uyf&rnfqdkvQif aeNyD;z½dkz&JESifh NydKuGJawmhrnfhtajctaersm; jzpfyGm;vmaom
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vlUordkif;onf tvGefyif usOf;ajrmif;oGm;vdrfhrnf? tvGefyif aMumifh jynfaxmifpkBuD;rNydKuGJ&atmif wyfrawmfu tcsdefrD

ao;odrfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k uRefawmfxifcsifyg\/ xdef;odrf;vdkuf& jcif;jzpfonf/
...(148)
 780 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 781
'kw, d tcsurf mS 0efBu;D csKyOf ;D Ek\ yxp (jynfaxmifpyk gwD) Muonf/ Ncdrf;ajcmufoHrsm;vnf;ay;vmMuonf/ txiftjrif
tpdk;&tzGJUonf t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfjzifh t&if;&SifvlYabmif vGpJ &m tajymtqdrk sm; ajymqdv k mMuonf/ &Sr;f jynfe,f? u,m;
jzpfay:a&;vrf;udk vdu k yf gaeNyjD zpfaomaMumifh v,form;? tvkyf jynfe,fpaom jynfe,facgif;aqmiftcsKdUu jynfaxmifpkrS
orm;? qif;&Jom;jynforl sm;\ tusK;d pD;yGm;a&;twGuf qd&k , S v
f pf cGJxGufzdkUvdkvQif cGJxGufrnfqdkaomtrlt&mrsm;? [efyefrsm;udk
Ed k i f i H u d k x l a xmif o G m ;&ef vd k t yf v mNyD j zpf o jzif h tmPmud k jyovdkvdkjyKrl ajymqdkvmMuonf/ wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;
odrf;,lvdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ tzGUJ uvnf; xdo k aYkd omrouFmzG,&f mowif;pum;rsm;udk &xm;
wwd , tcsuf r S m Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; ae0if ; OD ; aqmif o nf h Muonf/ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf Ekikd if aH &;tajctaeESihf
wyfrawmftmPmodrf;vdkufjcif;udk uefYuGufrI qefYusifrI[lí ywfoufí pdk;&drfruif;jzpfvmMuonf/ jynfolrsm;tMum;wGif
vnf ; r&S d c J h y g/ txuf y gtaMumif ; jycsuf ok H ; &yf p vH k ; onf vnf; ]]tajymif;tvJ wpfcck jk zpfomG ;vSsiaf umif;rSmyJ? wyfrawmf
rSefoa,mif &SdcJhMuygonf/ odkYr[kwf rSefoavmufawmhrSefcJh u tmPmodrf;vdkufrnfqdkvSsifvnf; aumif;rSmyJ}} qkdaom
onf[k uGsefawmf,lqygonf/ pdwf"mwfa&;ywf0ef;usifrsKd; jzpfaeonf/ xdkodkYaom tajctae
qufvufíuRefawmfhxifjrifcsufudk azmfjyyg&ap/ onf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftcsKdUwdkYtzdkY
jrefrmEdik if \
H vGwv f yfa&;udk jyefvnf&&SNd y;D aemuf oH;k vcefY tmPmodrf;,l&ef taMumif;jycsufaumif;cJhonf[k uRefawmf
tMumwGif jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;cJh&m EdkifiHtajctaersm;onf xifcsifygonf/
wnfwnfNird Nf ird rf &Sv d b S ?J Nird ;f Nird ;f csr;f csr;f r&Sv
d b
S ?J zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrI 'kwd,tcsufESifhywfoufí ajym&rnfqdkvSsif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
onf aES;auG;cJhavonf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tcsif;csif;? tkyfpkrsm; ae0if;onf rdrdESifhvkyfazmfudkifzuf &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;jzpfMuaom
tcsif;csif;? oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;? tjyeftvSef zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;? Armjynfq&kd , S vf pfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;?
pGyfpGJrIrsm;? y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rIrsm;om vTrf;NcHKaecJhonf/ e,fpm;? tjcm;aom vuf0JygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tp&Sdaom t&yfom;
y,fpm;rsm; BuD;xGm;vmNyD; awme,fae awmifolv,form;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfvmaecJhonf/
vkyfpm;udkifpm;jynfolrsm;\ b0vHkNcHKrIuif;rJhNyD; tEdkiftxuf 1960 jynfh? atmufwdkbmvwGif w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHrS
jyKusifhcHaeMu&onf/ jyefa&mufNy;D aemuf w½kwEf ikd if \ H qd&k , S vf pfpepfxal xmifyrkH sK;d udk
1960 jynfhESpfwGif tmPmjyef&aom OD;Ek\vufxufwGif pdwf0ifpm;jcif; &SdcJhayonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ tem*wf EdkifiHa&;udk
txufygtaMumif;w&m;rsm; &Sif;vif;uif;pifoGm;avrvm;[k rdrud ,kd w
f ikd f wyfrawmfut kd ajcjyKNy;D OD;aqmif&vSsif aumif;vmEdik f
jynfolwdkUuarSsmfvifhcJhMuavonf/ ygwDtwGif;rSmtcsif;csif; rnf[lívnf; ,HkMunfxm;[ef&SdcJhayonf/ tu,fí tmPm
txifrmS ; Muumyk*Kd¾ vt f yk pf rk sm;uGaJ eMujyefonf/ jynfe,frsm;rS odrf;,ljzpfcJhrnfqdkvSsifvnf; zufqpftmPm&SifrsKd;udkusifhoHk;í
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; jynfaxmifpk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&; rjzpfEdkif? uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;rSm usifhoHk;ouJhodkY qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk

qkdif&m awmif;qdkrIrsm;? tqdkjyKcsufrsm;jzifh vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;jyKvm xlaxmif&rnfh wpfygwD Edik if aH &;pepfrsK;d udo k m usio hf ;kH &rnf[í l
...(149)
 782 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 783
vnf; cH,lxm;cJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; 1962 ckepf? rwfv ,HkMunfcsufESifhaqmif&Gufjcif;
ESpf&ufaeYwGif tmPmodrf;,lNyD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk csrSwfaqmif&GufvmMuaom
zGJYpnf;um jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudkcsrSwfcJhonf[k qdkEdkifyg AdkvfcsKyfBuD;OD;ae0if;ESifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonfvnf;aumif;?
onf/ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk csrSwfumaqmif&GufvmcJh olwdkY\acgif;aqmifrIudk ,HkMunfcJhMuaom uRefawmfuJhodkYaom
onfrSmvnf; trSefwu,fjzpfcJhaomjzpf&yfBuD; jzpfygonf/ aemufvdkuftrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf
Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D (Nird ;f ) OD;ae0if;onf Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&Siaf wmf\ ygwD0ifrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? qd&k , S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfukd ,HMk unf
w&m;"r®udkaumif;pGmrodjrifaomaMumifhom 1962 ckESpfwGif ouf0ifolrsm;jzpfcJhMuonfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/ qdk&S,fvpf
tmPmudk odrf;,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ w&m;"r®udkodjrifcJhrnfqdkvSsif pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzifh jrefrmhval bmif tzGUJ tpnf;udk jyefvnfxal xmif
xdt k mPmudk odr;f ,lcrhJ nfr[kw[ f al om tqdt k wdik ;f om tmPm rSomvSsif jynfot l aygif;wd\ Yk w&m;rQwaomom,m0ajymaom
odrf;,lcJhjcif;r&SdcJhvQif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonfvnf;aumif;? b0opfBuD;onf jzpfxGef;vmvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfcJhMuygonf/
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfonfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;0g'\ &nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOfrSm tjcm;
vrf;pOf\ tusKd;qufrsm;onfvnf;aumif; jzpfyGm;cJhMurnf r[kwf? jynfoltaygif;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf tajccHtm;jzifh
r[kwf/ þodkYaom ,kwåded*Hk;rsKd; (Logical conclusion) udk
&&Sdrnfjzpfaom pm;0wfaea&;vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh vlrIvdktyfcsuf
uRefawmfwdkYonf cH,lvdkuf&awmhrnfavm/
rsm;udk rnforYdk nfy&kH &Sad tmif jynfou l ukd ,kd pf m;jyKonfh vlwef;pm;
þodkYaomfvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf trSef
rsm;? tvTmrsm;? a&SUaqmifa&SU&Gujf yKorl sm;tcsi;f csi;f tusK;d pD;yGm;
wu,f jzpfysufcJhaom tjzpftysufrsm;onf trSefwu,f
jzpfysufcJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ csif; n§dEdIif;wdkifyifNyD;trsm;uoabmwl vufcHaom vkyfief;&yf
xdkYaMumifhyif uGsefawmfonfordkif;qdkwm bmvJ[laom toD;oD;udkcsrSwfNyD;aqmif&GufoGm;jcif;tm;jzifh jynfolUvlabmif
ar;cGef;udk rdrdÓPfrDorQ (rdrdudk,frdrd ESpfodrfhEdkif&eftwGuf) wpf&yfvHk; om,m0ajymaomb0odkY a&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf[lí
tajz&Sm&ygawmhrnf/ ,HkMunfonhftwdkif; cH,laqmif&Gufjcif;onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'\
Ouú|Mu;D OD;ae0if;u OD;wifatmif[ed ;f ESihf uGseaf wmfwt Ykd m; &nf&, G cf suEf iS v
hf yk if ef;pOfjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifv h nf; awmfveS af &;
1995 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv26 &ufaeYu ajymMum;cJhaom ]xdkpum;&yf} aumifpDucsrSwfaom rl0g't&yf&yfudk pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh
udk uReaf wmfonf Ouú|Bu;D OD;ae0if; ud, k MkH unfaomjzifv h ufcEH ikd f aqmif&GufcJhMuygonf/ atmifjrifrI&cJhonfrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
rnfjzpfygaomfvnf; wu,fhb0 (the life of reality) onf r&cJhbJrSm;,Gif;vGJacsmf? qkwf,kwfcJhonfrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ jrefrmh
wu,fb h 0yif jzpfaomaMumifh wu,fb h 0twdik ;f jzpfysucf ohJ nf qd&k ,
S v f pfvrf;pOfonf jzpfjyefysujf yef avmu"H[al om oabm
wdkYudkom jyefvnfjrifa,mifjcif;? jyefvnfawG;aomqifjcif w&m;ESifhtnD 1962 ckESpf? {NyDv 30 &ufaeYwGif rD;&SL;oefYpif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

oH;k oyfjcif;rsm;udk jyKNy;D aemuf jyefvnfjyifqifc, H o

l ifo h nfrsm;udk zGm;jrifcNhJ y;D 1988 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv 18 &ufaeYwiG f uG,v f eG cf hJ
jyefvnfjyifqifcH,l&awmhrnfom &Sdygayawmhonf/ ygonf/ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf[laom ordkif;0if EdkifiHa&;
...(150)
 784 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 785
vIyf&Sm;rItpOfBuD;wpf&yf\ oufwrf;rSm ESpfaygif; 26 ESpf vdkufawmhonf/ ,if;aumufcsufonf ½kyf0g'orm;rsm;\
ausmfausmfav;rSsomwnf&Sd EdkifcJhygonf/ bkef;BuD;[ef&SdcJhaomf cH,lcsufjzpfcJhayonf/
vnf; oufqdk;r&SnfcJhacs/ pwmvifa&;aompmtkyfwGifvnf; þodkYyifqdkxm;cJhonf/
vlo Y rdik ;f wpfavSsmufwiG f vlom;wd\ Yk &nf&,
G cf suu f wjcm;? þtqdkt&qdkvSsif pdwf\cHpm;rI? rSwfom;rI? taumif;tqdk;
jzpfvmcJhonfuwjcm;? arQmfvifhcsufuwjcm;? vufawGUb0u jyKvkyfBuHpnfrI? oabmaygufrI[laom emrfw&m;rsm;\ tcef;
wjcm;? rMumrMum BuHKawGU&avh&Sdygonf/ pdwful;rsm;ESifh u@udk omrefjzpfay:rItaeESSifh oabmxm;avh&SdcJhonf/
vufawGUrsm;onf &mcdkifEIef;jynfhtxdvnf; xyfwlusavhr&Sdyg/ rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwdkY\ ½kyf0g'uawmh txufyg
uReaf wmf\pdwu f ;l ESihf vufawGUt&qkv d Qif uReaf wmfonf (dog- ½ky0f g'ESihf tawmftwefjcm;em;cJyh gonf/ um;vfprf mhupf 0f g't&
matism) ac: ykHaow&m;ao\ tusOf;om;b0rS vGwfajrmuf rsufarSmufjyK&aom vufawGUb0\tajctaersm;udk ½kyfydkif;
cJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumcJhygNyD/ odkY&mwGif uGefjrLepf0g'\ tajctaersm;[lí cH,lMuonfh vlwdkY\ pm;0wfaea&;ESifh
vIy&f mS ;rIBu;D udk jzpfay:apcJMh uol um;vfrmhupf f (Karl Marx) ESifh qdik af om pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&yfrmS ,if;vkyif ef;&yfrsm;wdYk jzpfajrmuf
za&a';&pftdef;*s,fvfpf (Frederiek Engels) wdkY\ ordkif;a&;&m apaom ½kyfywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;? ypönf;xkwfvkyfaom
tvkyfud&d,mypönf;rsm;ponfwdkYudk ½kyfydkif;tajctaersm;[k
avhvmoH;k oyfyt kH csKUd udrk u
l m; tav;teufjyKum oabmwloifh
cH,lxm;Muonf/
oavmuf oabmwlaeygao;onf/ xdkYaMumifhpyfvsOf;vmvQif
xk½d yk yf idk ;f tajctaersm;t& vltcsi;f csi;f qufqMH u&onf/
pyfvsOf;aomtm;jzifh xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;\ tqdkpum;rsm;udk
,if;vlrq I ufqaH &;ukd taMumif;jyKí vlw\ Ydk pdwaf eoabmxm;
udk;um;azmfjyyg&ap/ rsm;? qufqHa&;pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;ukd tajccHonhf vlaerIpepf
xdkYaMumifhordkif;qdkwm bmvJ[lí uRefawmfwdkYar;&ygrnf/ jzpfay:vm&onf[k cH,lMuonf/ ,if;vlaerIpepfrsm; acwf
rmufhpfESihftdef*s,fvfpfwdkYu ordkif;udk ½kyf0g'½Iaxmifhjzifh Munfh½I tqufquf ajymif;vJjzpfay:aerI tqifhBuD;wpfckvkH;onf
avh v m&rnf [ k q d k c J h y gonf / þae&mwG i f ½k y f 0 g'qd k o nh f orkid ;f yifjzpfawmhonf[í l cH,Ml uonf/ ,if;cH,cl sut f & ½kyyf idk ;f
a0g[m&ESifhywfoufonfh teuft"dyÜm,ftcsKdUudk uRefawmf b0onf rlvtp? pdwfykdif;b0onf 'kwd,[lí cH,lMuonf/
azmfjycsifygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rmhufpf\ uGefjrLepf0g'ukd
vl\ud, k cf E¨mwGif pdw[ f íl r&S?d ½ky0f w¬Kypön;f rsm;om&Sod nf/ jzefoY nft h cgu ½kyyf idk ;f orkid ;f 0g'ukd azmfjycJo h nht
f wkid ;f cH,cl MhJ u
jyifyurÇmBu;D uay;aom ½ky0f w¬Ktm½krH sm;udk vlom;\ OD;aESmuf onf/ ,aeYumvtzkq Yd &dk ygrl þpma&;ol uReaf wmfonf ½kyyf idk ;f
[laom ½ky0f w¬Kuta&mif[yf,Nl y;D awG;awmrI[al om tvkyu f kd ork d i f ; 0g'uk d txuf w G i f uRef a wmf a zmf j ycJ h o nh f t wk d i f ;
vkyfjcif;om jzpfonf/ xkdawG;awmrIrsm;onfvnf; ½kyf0w¬K rcH,al wmhygacs/ rmhupf Ef iS t hf ed *f s,v
f pf w
f \
Ydk orkid ;f ESihf ywfouf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

t&dyt f a&mifrsm;omjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumif, h if;trSwu f kd tajcjyKí aom cH,lcsufwcsKdU&Sdaeygao;onf/ pum;qufNyD; uRefawmf
½kyfurÇmBuD;\ yHkum;onfum; ½kyfyHkum;yif[lí aumufcsufcs wifjyyg&ap/
...(151)
 786 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 787
rmhufpfu 1844 ckESpfu ola&;aom vufa&;rSwfpkpmtkyf orkdif;ukdaoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;aomtcg orkdif;pOfwGif
wGif olonf ½kyf0g'orm;vnf; r[kwfaMumif;? pdwf0g'orm; jzpfyGm;cJhMuaomjzpf&yfBuD;rsm;? acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;BuD;
vnf; r[kwfaMumif;? okdYaomf ½kyf0g'rS rSefaomtaMumif;t&m rsm;? BuD;us,faomtvSnfhtajymif;BuD;rsm;onf vlom;wkdY\
wcsKUd ESihf pdw0f g'rS rSeaf omtaMumif;t&m wcsKUd wku Yd dk aygif;pnf; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIukd tajcjyKaomtusKd;pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m
cH,lNyD;aemuf obm0w&m;ukd taMumif;tusKd; nDñGwfatmif tvkdqE´rsm;aMumifh orkdif;0iftaMumif;pOf tusKd;qufrsm;
qufpyfpOf;pm;jcif;onfomvQif ol\cH,lcsuf jzpfonf[lí jzpfyGm;Mu&onf[lí ,lq&rnfjzpfygonf/ vlom;wpfOD;csif;
ajymcJhygonf/ NyD;rSqufa&;onfrSm tcsKyfqkd&vQif ½kyfykdif;a&m? pD \ vnf ; aumif ; ? taygif ; toif ; tpk t a0;wpf c k p D \
pdwfykdif;yg yg0ifonhf vlom;onf obm0"mwfoabmBuD;om vnf;aumif;? tvkdqE´rsm;onf nDñGwfjcif;ESifhrnDñGwfjcif;?
jzpfawmhonf[lí rSwfcsufcscJhonf/ 'G e f w G J j cif ; ES i f h v G e f q G J j cif ; ? ol Y b uf ? uk d , f h b uf t m;Nyd K if j cif ; ?
tde*f s,v f pf uf vnf; orkid ;f qko d nfrmS pD;yGm;a&;ukd tajcjyK tjyeftvSefvkdufavsmjcif;ESifh tjyeftvSef uefYowfjcif;tp
Muaom vlom;wkdY\ pdwftvkd qE´rsm;tcsif;csif; Wills olEdkif &Sdonhf qefYusifbufwkdY\ tjyeftvSef tm;NydKifvIyf&Sm;rI
igEdkif tm;NydKifMucsif;\ &v'fyifjzpfawmhonf[k qkdcJhonf/ [la om tpD tpOfu kd qufumqufumjzpfa y:apMuonf/
rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\ awG;ac:cJhaom tawG;tjrif tcsKyftm;jzifhqkdvQif vlUorkdif;onf vlom;b0\ ½kyfykdif;
wkdYonf olYacwfolYtcgt& qef;opfNyD; wkd;wufaom oabm qkdif&mESifh pdwfykdif;qkdif&m taMumif;w&m;tpOftqufESifh
vu©Pmukd aqmif,cl ahJ omfvnf; 20 &mpkacwf a&mufaomtcg tusKd;w&m; tpOftqufyifjzpfavonf/
odyyHÜ nm\ wk;d wufjzpfxeG ;f rI? enf;ynmwk\ Yd wk;d wufjzpfxeG ;f rI? jrefrmEdik if o H rkid ;f wGif awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf Akv d cf sKyBf u;D
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfESifh pD;yGm;a&;qufqHrIrsm;\ wkd;wufjzpfxGef;rI ae0if;ESihf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftcsKUd wk\ Yd tvkq d E´ (wills) rsm;
ponfwkdYaMumifh rmhufpf\ t,ltqrsm;onf NyD;jynhfpkHjcif; aMumifh ay:aygufc&hJ onf[k qkEd ikd yf gonf/ okaYd omf xko d qYdk ½dk jHk zifh
r&Sdawmh[k qkd&ayawmhrnf/ rvkaH vmufyg/ xkt d csed f xku d mvu rwnfrNird Ef iS hf txiftjrif
tde*f s,v f pf uf ,dk w
f idk u
f vnf; awGU&Scd sut f opfrsm;udk &wkid ;f rSm;,Gif;p&mrsm;? pdk;&drfzG,f&mrsm;jzpfay: vmrIrsm;uvnf;
&wkdif; xifjrifcsuftopfukd cH,l&rnf[lí qkdcJhygao;onf/ EdkifiHawmftmPmodrf;,lvkdolrsm;tm; vIHUaqmfay;cJhonfrSm
þpma&;ol uReaf wmft h zkrYd l rmhupf ?f tde*f s,v f pf w f \
Ydk 0g'rQ trSefjzpfonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;ukd,fwkdif tedpö? 'ku©? tewå?
ru rnfonh0f g'rsm;ukrd qkd xkrd 0l g'wpfcck o k nf wkid ;f oljynfom; ocFg&"r®w&m;wkdYukd rodrjrifcJhaomaMumifh EdkifiHa&;tmPmukd
vltrsm;\ aumif;usKd;pD;yGm;ukd vufawGUtm;jzifh trSefwu,f odrf;,lrdcJhygonfqkdaom OD;ae0if;\ ajymqkdjcif;onfvnf;
ay;aqmifEikd pf rG ;f &Srd nfqv dk Qif rnfonhrf 0l g'ukrd qkd vufcu H sio
hf ;Hk rSefaumif; rSefcJhygvdrfhrnf/
&rnf[k uRefawmf,kHMunfygonf/ rnfoyYdk ifjzpfap 1962 ck? rwfv ESp&f ufaeYro S nf 1988 ck?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; uRefawmfwkdY vli,frsm;tm; pufwifbmv 18 &ufaeYtxd jrefrmhorkdif;\ taumif;tqkd;

þtwkdif;oabmxm;&rnf[k Mo0g'ay;cJhzl;ygonf/ rsm;ukd jyKvyk cf o hJ ?l o,faqmifco hJ rl mS Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; OD;aqmif
...(152)
 788 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 789
aom awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS hf jrefrmYq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwDwyYdk if awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u 1963
jzpfMuygavonf/ ckESpfwGif apvTwfaom AdkvfrI;BuD;apmjrifh acgif;aqmifaom
þae&mwGif Mum;jzwfí uRefawmfyg0ifaqmif&GufcJh&orQ qdkAD,ufoGm; cspfMunfa&;c&D;pOftzGJUwGif uRefawmfvdkufyg
tcsKdUukd ajymvkdygonf/ þrSwfwrf;\ yxrtykdif;ESifh 'kwd, cJhygonf/ xdkYtjyif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u oD;jcm;apvTwfojzifh
tykdif;wGif azmfjyoavmuf azmfjycJhNyD;ygNyD/ 1965-66 ckESpf twGif;wGif qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwD A[dk
uRefawmfyg0if&aom tcef;u@rSm jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf aumfrwD\ A[dyk gwDwuúov kd af usmif;wGif rmhupf 0f g'? vDeif0g'
vrf;pOf\ vrf;ñTefoabmw&m;ESifh tajccHrl0g' (EdkifiHa&;? (Marxism-leninism) qdi k &f m oabmw&m; (Ideology) udk wpfEpS f
pD;yGm;a&;? pnf;½k;H a&;ponfw)Ydk ukd awmfveS af &;aumifpD Ouú|Bu;D eD;yg;oif,lcJh&ygonf/
ñTeMf um;onht f wkid ;f a&;om;jyKpjk cif;? oifwef;ykcYd sjcif;? aqG;aEG; jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf\ umvudkESpfydkif;cGJjcm;&ygrnf/
jcif;ponfrsm;ukd wm0efcHí aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzpfcJhygonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpu D wdu k ½f u
kd u
f yG uf J tkycf sKyaf om au'gygwD
(Cadres' party) acwf [ l í vnf ; aumif ; ? jref r mh q d k & S , f v pf
uRefawmfonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 0g'oabmxm;
vrf;pOfygwD\ A[dak umfrwDu OD;pD;aqmif&u G af om jynfoyYl gwD
aMunmcsujf zpfaom jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOf pmwrf;jyKp&k mwGif
(people's party) acwf[lívnf;aumif; umvESpf&yfcGJ&ygrnf/
vnf;aumif;? jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (au'gygwD) \
jynfolYygwDacwfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[lí r&SdawmhbJ
zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;S a&;qGJ&mwGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifcJhNyD;? jrefrmh
a&G;cs,w f ifajrm§ ufjcif;cH&aom Edik if aH wmfaumifp[ D í l wnf&v dS m
qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD\ awG;ac:ajrmfjrifa&; oabmw&m; cJhygonf/
jzpfaom vlEiS yhf wf0ef;usiw f \Ydk tnrnoabmw&m;pmwrf;ukd uGsefawmfonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDumvwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
a&;om;jyKpkcJh&ygonf/ xkdYtjyif ukefvkyfqufqHa&;orkdif;? ae0if;ESifhvrf;pOfygwD A[dkpnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwD (COC;Central
qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdua&pD? jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD\ 0daoo Organising Committee) uay;tyfaomwm0efux dk rf;aqmifcNhJ y;D ?
vu©Pmrsm;tp&Sdaom oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;0if pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; EdkifiHawmfaumifpDumvwGif vrf;pOfygwD\ wm0efukdqufvuf
jyKprk u
I v
dk nf;aumif;? urÇmo h rkid ;f rSww
f idk rf sm;ESihf Edik if aH &; tawG; xrf;aqmifrI rjyKawmhbJ uReaf wmf\ qE´t& tem;,lcyhJ gonf/
tac:orkid ;f usr;f rsm;ukd jyKp&k mwGif teD;uyfBu;D Muyf wnf;jzwfrI tem;r,lrD vrf;pOfygwD\ zGUJ pnf;ykt H ajccHpnf;rsO;f (New Con-
ukdvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufay;cJh&ygonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD stitution of the Party) opfukd a&;qGJ&mwGif xkdzGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Ouú | BuD ; Ak d v f c sKyf B uD ; ae0if ; u rMumrMumac:,l a qG ; aEG ; pnf;rsOf;tMurf;\ tcef; (2) wGifazmfjyyg&Sdaom ygwD vrf;ñTef
ñTefMum;onfrsm;ukd aqmif&GufcJh&ygonf/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf oabmw&m; (Guiding ideology of the Party) tusOf;csKyfwkdY
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vrf;pOfygwD\ vufawGUuGif;qif;pnf;½kH;&aom tvkyfrsm;ukd a&;ay;cJ&h ygao;onf/ xkw d m0efudk Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ ajymqkrd I
rlum; uRefawmfonf aqmif&GufcJh&jcif;r&SdcJhygacs/ jzifh 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pef;,kESifh a'gufwmarmifarmifwkdYu
...(153)
 790 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 791
uRefawmhftm; ay;cJhMuonf/ xkdwm0efukd aqmif&GufNyD;aemuf acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;MuD;wpf&yfukd aqmif&Gufawmhrnfh
uRefawmfonf jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf\ vufawGUvkyfief;&yf oabmvu©Pmygaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDukd (Revolution-
rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;rS tem;,lcJhygonf/ ary Council) zGJUpnf;cJhonfrSmvnf; trSefjzpfonf/
xk d o nh f a emuf y k d i f ; ES p f r sm; umvwpf a vQmuf r S m rl u m; jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf om,m0ajymtHYaom qkd&S,fvpf
uRefawmfonf pmzwfjcif;? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;jcif;? AkdvfcsKyfBuD; vlaerIpepfukd xlaxmifrnfqkdaom &nf&G,fcsufukd azmfjyxm;
OD;ae0if;u ac:,lay;tyfaom oD;jcm;tvkyfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmif onfh jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfudk vlo&d iS Mf um; xkwaf zmfaMunm
ay;jcif;? EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtpkd;&ESifh vrf;pOfygwDwkdY\ vkyfukdif cJhonfrSmvnf; trSefjzpfonf/
aqmif&u G rf t I &yf&yfudk Munh½f aI vhvm rSwo f m;olwpfO;D taejzifh jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfukd aMunmvdkufaomtcg BudKqkd
owif;pm? w,fvAD ;D &Si;f ? &yfx&J mG xJu owif;rsm; c&D;xGuo f nhf olrsm;&SMd uovkd rBuKd qo dk rl sm;vnf; &Scd MhJ uonf/ apmifMh unforl sm;
tcgrsm;wGif jrifawGUMum;od&onhf ponfrsm;rSwpfqifh avhvm
&SMd uovk?d awGa0olrsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/ r,kMH unforl sm;? rvkv d m;
okH;oyfumom aecJhygawmhonf/ uRefawmf\ a0zefavhvm
olrsm;? qefYusifbufvkyfvkdolrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ þonfrSm
okH;oyfjcif;rsm;onf jrifuGif;pkH? bufpkHukd jrifEdkif&ef? odEdkif&ef
pkvH ifcsirf pS v
Hk ifrnf/ rSecf sirf v S nf;rSerf nf/ rjynhpf b Hk J rSm;aeonf avmuBuD;\ "r®wmtwkdif;om jzpfygonf/
rsm;vnf;&Sdygrnf/ av;eufaom pmzwfolokawoDrsm;onf jref r mh q k d & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf u k d tmPmtod r f ; cH & aom
rdrdwkdY\ ukd,fykdifÓPfwkdYjzifh a0zefokH;oyfum vkdvQifwkd;? jynfaxmifpkygwD (yxp) rS acgif;aqmif tcsKdUuom atmifh
ykv
d Qiaf vQmh vdw k ;kd ydak vQmah qmif&u G Ef ikd Mf uygap[k arQmv f ihyf gonf/ oufoufjzifh axmufcHav[efjycJhMuygonf/ yxpygwD0if
acgif;aqmifESifhaemufvkduftrsm;url qefYusifaecJhMuygonf/
a0zefokH;oyfjcif;
OD;AaqGESifhOD;ausmfNidrf;wkdY acgif;aqmifaom wnf N rJ z qyv
Akvd cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf Edik if aH wmftmPm (The State Power)
tzGJUurl yxrykdif;wGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u rdrdwkdYukd ac:,lum
ukd &,lyidk q f idk vf adk omaMumifh qk&d , S vf pf0g'ukd usio hf ;Hk aqmif&u
G f
tmPma0pk ay;aumif;ay;rnfvm;[k xifcJhMuao;onf/
rnf[k qkdcJhygoavm/ okdYr[kwf qkd&S,fvpf0g'ukd usifhokH;
aqmif&u G vf adk omaMumifh jynfou l a&G;aumufwifajrm§ ufcahJ om aemiftcgrS xkdokdYr[kwfrSef;odNyD; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfukd
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ektpkd;&\ tmPmukd ppfwyftmPm odrf;enf; oabmwlovkdvkd? oabmrwlovkdvkd &SdaecJhMuonf/ yrnw
(ul;a';wm;enf;) rsKd;jzifh odrf;,lcJhygoavm/ ac: jynfaxmifpktrsKd;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk0if ygwDtzGJU
xkd ]]avm}} ESpf ]]avm}} ukd avmavmq,f þae&mwGif tpnf;toD;oD;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;url jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf
uRefawmfrapmaMumvkdao;yg/ ukd BuKd q[ dk efjycJMh uonf/ ok&Yd mwGif jrefrmhq&dk , S v
f pfvrf;pOfonf
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ vufxJrSm&Sdaom EdkifiHawmftmPmukd rmhupf f vDeif0g'ukd tajccHaom vrf;pOfrsK;d r[kwaf vaomaMumifh
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u odrf;,lcJhonf uawmh jiif;ír&aom r,kw H pf0uf? ,kw H pf0ufjzifo h m BuKd qcdk MhJ uNy;D awmfveS af &;aumifpD
orkdif;0if jzpf&yftrSefjzpfonf/ ESifh,m,Dr[mrdwfjyKum vufwGJac: aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh ]]tvkyf
...(154)
 792 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 793
vkyí f jzpfaom tajccH}} (Workable Basic) rsK;d [lí oabmxm;cJh 'Dwpfcg usKyfwkdYukd,fwkdif acgif;aqmifcsifw,f ...usKyfeJYyJ
Muonf/ awmwGi;f olyek t f zGUJ tpnf;rsm; (txl;ojzifh Auy ac: vufwGJoGm;MuygAsm}} [lí ajymqkdvkd&if;yifjzpfcJhygonf/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD)url awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifh jrefrmh ,if;tcsufukd xkdygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf &dyfpm;rdjcif;
qkd&S,fvrf;pOfukd rBudKqkdMubJ qefYusifumom wkdufckdufNrJ r&SdcJhyg/ uG,fvGefoGm;cJhol yrnw acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESifhol\
wkdufckdufaecJhMuonf/ &JabmfwcsKdUurl ]]Akdvfae0if;[m qkd&S,fvpf0g'ukd b,fvkd
Akv
d cf sKyMf u;D ae0if;onf ppfom;ESiEhf ikd if aH &;orm; (Politician) vky&f rSe;f rodvYdk usKyw f uYdk adk c:wmyJ}} [k r[kwrf [wf ajymqdck yhJ g
jzpfonf/ olonf ppfwyf\ acgif;aqmifppfom;BuD; (Soldier) ao;onf/
jzpfaomfvnf; ppf0g'orm; (Militarist) r[kwfacs/ ocifApdef xkt
d csed t
f xd twku d t f cHrsm;onf Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;tay:
OD;aqmifaom wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;0if ocif½IarmifjzpfcJhonf/ txifrBuD;cJhMu/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;qkdaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;onf
t*Fvdyfukd qefYusifaom jynfolYta&;awmfykHygwDac: Under- avmutawGUtBuHKpkHvifcJholjzpfonf/ olwkdYxifovkd ]]vlt
ground Units rsm;\ vQKdU0Sufaom awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif
...vle}} r[kwfaMumif; aemifaomtcgwGif olwkdYodvmcJhMuyg
(AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ wm0efay;cH&ol) jzpfcJhonf/ olonf onf/
tu,fíom xkEd ikd if aH &;ygwDrsm;u jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOf
ol\vkyfaqmifrI[lorQukd EdkifiHa&;tjrifjzifhom okH;oyfNyD;
ukd ,kH,kHMunfMunfBudKqkdvufcHNyD; (xkdtcsdefwGif vrf;pOfygwD
qk;H jzwfco hJ jl zpfonf/ olonf ppfacgif;aqmif? ppfoBl u;D b0üom
ukdvnf; rzGJUpnf;&ao;aomaMumifh) qkd&S,fvpfvkyfief;pOf tzGJU
a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfvkdolr[kwf trsKd;om; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif?
tpnf; wpfrsKd;rsKd;ukd zGJUpnf;vkyfaqmifcJhMurnfqkdvQif jrefrmh
EdkifiHawmfa&;&maqmif&Gufol (Statesman) taetxm;rsKd;ukd Edik if aH &;orkid ;f onf aumif;aomwl½o l Ydk wpfrsK;d wpfzHk vSnafh jymif;
&,lEdkifrnfqkdvQif &,lvkdoljzpfygonf/ EdkifcJhayvdrfhrnf/
jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfudk aMunmNy;D aemuf zqyvtzGUJ \ xkdonhfaemufykdif;wGifum; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD
acgif;aqmifrsm;? yxptzGJU\ acgif;aqmifrsm;? yrnwtzGJU0if [laom wpfckwnf;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDomvQif xGufay:vmcJh
acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd zdwfMum;ac:,lawGUqkHum jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf &av\/
vrf;pOfudk pdw&f n S vf uf&nS f &Si;f jycJyh gonf/ ,if;okYd &Si;f jycJjh cif;\ jrefrmhq&dk ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDonf qk&d , S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepf
&nf&G,fcsufrSm xkdygwDwkdY\ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhvufwGJNyD; ukd wnfaqmuf&awmhrnfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD jzpfvm&ayawmhonf/
jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfukd taumiftxnfazmfapvkdaom jrefrmhq&dk , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwDu aqmif&u G cf ahJ om vkyif ef;&yfrsm;
qE´ukd jyojcif;jzpfonf/ onfhxufykdí wdusatmifajym&rnf onf rsm;jym;vSygonf/ ESpaf ygif; 26 ESpt f wGi;f aqmif&u G cf ahJ om
qkv d Qif Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u ]]uk, d vhf w l Ydk ..cifAsm;wkYd acgif;aqmif vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukd þrSwfwrf;wGif pkHvifatmif razmfjyEdkifyg/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

NyD; wkdif;jynfaumif;pm;atmif vkyfMur,fqkdwkef;u uRefawmfeJY okdYaomf a0zefoifhaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;ukdrlum; a0zef

uRefawmfh&JUwyfu cifAsm;wkdYay;tyfwJY wm0efawGukdvkyfcJhNyD;NyD/ okH;oyfoGm;ygrnf/
...(155)
 794 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 795
jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfonf urÇmay:&Sd tjcm;aom cHpm;csufrsm;? vdkvm;csufrsm;? wdkufwGef;csufrsm; ponfwdkUudk
qk&d ,
S v f pfEikd if rH sm;\ tawGUtBuKH rsm;ukd a0zefppd pfaom tajccH pdwyf gvufygvufcMH uNy;D aqmif&u G af y;Edik of nfrsm;udk aqmif&u G f
oabmxm;jzifh a0zefokH;oyfum jrefrmhvlYabmiftzGJU\ orkdif; ay;cJhMuygonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDumv\ yxrESpfrsm;
qkdif&m 'd|"r®tajctaersm;ESifh pyfrd[yfrdatmif csdefcsdefqq wpfavSsmufwiG f awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS v hf rf;pOfygwD\ vkyef nf;
BudK;yrf;csrSwfxm;aom vrf;pOfjzpfonf/ vky[ f efrsm;onf acwfajymif;awmfveS af &;Bu;D wpf&yfukd qifEaJT e
jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD\ &nf&G,fcsufESifhtvkyf onfh vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm; {ueftrSefjzpfcJhygonf/
wm0efrmS acwfaemufusaeaom vlaerIb0ukd ausmv f eG w
f ;dk wuf awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS v
hf rf;pOfygwDonf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d
ap&ef? zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIudk ydwfyifaeaom ajr&Sifya'o&mZfESifh rsm;udk qdk&S,fvpf0g'\&nf&G,fcsufjzifh pnf;½kH;rIjyKcJhygonf/
t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;pepfzsuo f rd ;f &ef? jynfowl \Ykd pm;0wfaea&;ESihf vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKum aqmif&Gufay;cJhyg
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pepfudk wnfaxmif&mwGif vkyftm;&Sifjynfoltrsm;pk\ pnf;½kH; umaqG;aEG;rIESifh aphpyfrIrsm;udkvnf;jyKcJhygonf/ jynfwGif;
vkyfaqmifrIjzifhom tqifhqifhaqmif&GufoGm;&ef? aemufqHk; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd &,lEdkifoavmuf &,lxdef;odrf;EdkifcJhygonf/
awmcdkygwDtzGJYtpnf;toD;oD;rS Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&muf
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vrf;pOfygwDonf rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufodkY a&muf&Sdatmif
vkyfief;&yfwGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifvkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ tcsKyf
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vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhygoavm/ wpfavSsmufwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDtzdkY EdkifiHa&;
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOD;aqmifaom atmifjrifrIrsm;udk &,lEdkifcJhonf[kqdk&rnfomjzpfygonf/
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BuD;i,frsm;? &yfol&Gmom;? jynfolrsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;udk udkqufvufí rajymao;rD vrf;pOfygwD\ 0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifh
umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;Ny;D aumif;usK;d jzpfay:&m jzpfay:aMumif; pnf;½kH;a&;rsm;udk okH;oyfMunfhMuygOD;pdkU/
udk wwfpGrf;EdkiforSs aqmif&Gufay;cJhygonf/ tMuif qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfwpf&yf\ aygufa&mufatmifjrif
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awmifov l ,form;rsm;? tvkyo f rm;rsm; ponfwEYkd iS hf &if;&if;ES;D ES;D &rnfh ygwDwpf&yf\ rSefuefaom0g'jzefYcsda&;? pnf;½kH;a&;? r[m
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

awGUqHkcJhygonf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rsm; tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfum AsL[m? enf;AsL[m? vkyfenf;vkyf[ef ponfwdkYtay: trsm;BuD;

awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;u wifjyMuaom wnfygonf/
...(156)
 796 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 797
jref r mh q d k & S , f v pf vrf ; pOf y gwD o nf vl w ef ; pm;tvT m jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDonf A[dkEdkifiHa&;odyÜH (aemif
toD;oD;rS xGuaf y:vmMuaom ygwDvv kd m;olrsm;udk ygwD0ifrsm; tcgwGif A[dEk ikd if aH &;wuúov kd )f udk xlaxmifumqd&k , S vf pf0g'udk
tjzpf pnf;½kHk;cJhonfrSmrSefyg\/ tajccHvlwef;pm; tzGJUtpnf; jzefcY scd yhJ g\/ qd&k ,S vf pftjrifukd tajcjyKaomEdik if aH &; odyyHÜ nmudk
rsm;jzpfMuaom awmifov l ,form;tpnf;t½k;H ESihf tvkyo f rm; ygwD0ifrsm;? ygwDrdwfaqGrsm;? tpdk;&0efMuD;Xmersm;rS0efxrf;rsm;?
tpnf;t½Hk;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;xm;&SdcJhonfrSmvnf;rSefyg\/ odkYaomf awmifov l ,form;tpnf;t½k;H 0ifrsm;? tvkyo f rm; tpnf;t½H;k
vnf; tjcm;aomtvTmrsm;? tkyfpkrsm;udk xda&mufpGm rpnf;½kH; 0ifrsm; ponfwdkYtm; pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh oifwef;toD;oD;
EdkifcJhacs/ wGif a[majymykUd csco hJ nfrmS rSeu f efaom vkyif ef;rsm;yif jzpfygay
qd&k , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwDwpf&yfonf vkyt f m;&Sijf ynforl sm;\ onf/ odkU&mwGif us,f0ef;aom jynfolwdkY\tMum;wGif xdxd
tusKd;pD;yGm;a&;udk wu,fwrf; udk,fpm;jyKEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tod a&mufa&muf pdrfh0ifysHUESHYjcif;r&SdcJhacs/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
ynm&Sirf sm;ESit hf wwfynm&Sirf sm; ponfwUkd yg0ifaom ynmwwf ygwDudkOD;aqmifrItcef;u@u wm0ef,lxm;ol trsm;pkau'g
vlwef;pm; wpf&yfv;kH udk &Edik o f rSs? wwfEikd o f rSs? pdw&f n S vf uf&n S f rsm;rSm qdk&S,fvpf0g'oabmw&m;udk ESpfESpfumum ,HkMunfrI
pnf;½kH;xm;&SdEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ayrnf/ xdkwm0efudk jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf r&SdMuí jzpfayonf/
vrf;pOfygwDonf ausyGefatmifraqmif&GufEdkifcJhacs/ ,if;odkY qkd&S,fvpfygwDwpf&yfonf ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pDb0udk
raqmif&u G Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;rSm qd&k ,S v f pf0g'ud, k MkH unfaom ynmwwf tajcjyKaom ygwDjzpf&ayrnf/ ygwD\ zGJUpnf;vkyfaqmifyHkpepf
rsm;? twwfynmonfrsm;udk rarG;xkwEf ikd o f nft h jyif jynfoMl um; onf 'Dru kd a&pDoabmaqmifaom A[dOk ;D pD;pepfrsK;d jzpf&ayrnf/
rSm ynm&Sirf sm;udv k nf; AsL½duk &ufqo kd rl sm;ESihf pnf;rjcm;Edik cf ahJ y/ vkyif ef;tm;jzifq h vkd sS if ygwD0iftaygif;\ tajcjyKtyfaom
qdk&S,fvpfygwDwpf&yfonf rdrdwdkYcH,laom qdk&S,fvpf0g' vrf;ñTefoabmw&m;nDnGwfrI? vkyfief;qdkif&mrl0g' nDñGwfrI?
oabmw&m;udk jynfov l xl t k wGi;f pdr0hf ifysUH ESaYH tmif tpOfrjywf pnf;½kH;a&;nDñGwfrIudk apmifhxdef;ae&rnf/ odkYrSomvQif rl0g'
0g'jzefYí vIHYaqmfae&rnf/ pnf;½Hk;zGJUpnf;&if; todynmay;& t&vnf;aumif;? vufawGUvkyfief;t&vnf;aumif;? wpfpk
ayrnf/ wpfpnf;ESihf nDnñ D w G ñf w G f cH,v l yk af qmifEikd af yrnf/ xkaYd Mumifh
qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk jzefYcsd&mwGif jynfolwdkY\pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ygwDukd A[kad umfrwDXmecsKyrf aS eí pDrñ H eT Mf um;aom xde;f ausmif;rI
vlrIa&; jyóemtoD;oD;udkvufawGU ajz&Sif;ay;aom enf;ykH pepfonf &Sad e&ayrnf/ od&Yk mwGif ygwD0ifw\ Ykd wlnaD ombHq k E´
oP²mefrsm;jzifo h m 0g'jzefí Y ynmay;ae&ayrnf/ qd&k , S vf pf0g' ud&k ,l&mwGif ygwD0iftrsm;pk\ qE´tmPm[laom 'Dru kd a&pDukd
udak zmfjyaom tqdjk yKcsurf sm;ESihf &Si;f vif;csurf sm;\ rSeu f efruI kd usifhoHk;&ayrnf/ ygwD0ifrsm;tMum;wGif &Sdwwfonfh rwluGJjym;
jynfow l \Ykd aeYpOfjzpfaomb0tawGUtBuKH rsm;u atmifjrifaumif; aom xifjrif,q l csurf sm;udk vGwv f yfpmG azmfjycGijhf yKNy;D rSomvQif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

rGefaeonf[k oufaojyKumaxmufcHae&ayrnf/ odkYrSomvSsif ygwD 0 if t rsm;pk u oabmwl v uf c H í qH k ; jzwf v d k u f a om

qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifhygwD\ &SifoefrIudk tmrcHEdkifayvdrfhrnf/ oabmxm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;udkom cH,lNyD;vdkufemusifhoHk;&ayrnf/
...(157)
 798 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 799
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOD;aqmifaom vufa&G;pifau'gygwD (1) ygwD\atmufajcjzpfaom tajccHuvmyfpnf;rsm;
umvwpfavQmufwGifvnf;aumif;? aemiftcgwGif ygwD0if rSonf A[dt k xd ygwD OD;aqmifaumfrwDrsm;udk trsm;
trsm;pk\qE´jzifh tqifq h ifah &G;cs,w f ifajrm§ ufjcif;jzifh ay:ayguf qE´t& a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;ESifh trsm;qE´t&
vmcJhaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (jynfolYygwDyHkpH) ygwDacwf wm0efudk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;jcif;/
wpfavQmufwGifvnf;aumif;? A[dkEdkifiHa&;odyÜH (aemiftcg A[dk (2) tajccHrSA[dktxd trsm;qE´jzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr§muf
jcif;cH&aom A[dak umfrwDEiS hf aumfrwDtoD;oD;wdo Yk nf
EdkifiHa&;wuúodkvf) ü wm0ef,lcJh&aom uGsefawmfESifh uRefawmf
ygwDzUJG pnf;yHt k ajccHpnf;rsO;f ESihf ygwDnv D mcH\qH;k jzwfcsuf
jyKpak y;cJah om enf;jyq&mwdo Yk nf qd&k ,
S vf pfvrf;pOfygwDwpf&yf abmiftwGif; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;/
taeESihf tajcjyKrnfh tajccHrt l &yf&yfukd tqufrjywfa[majym (3) A[dak umfrwDEiS hf aumfrwDtoD;oD;wd\ Yk qH;k jzwfcsuEf iS hf
ydcYk scyhJ gonf/ ,ck qufvufazmfjyrnfh taMumif;tcsurf sm;onf ñTeMf um;csurf sm;udk tqifq h ifah om ygwDaumfrwDrsm;ESihf
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk pwifxlaxmifcJhuwnf;u ygwD0iftm;vHk;u vdkufem&jcif;/
qdik &f mqdik &f m oifwef;toD;oD;wGif uReaf wmfu pwifO;D aqmifNy;D (4) tenf;pkonftrsm;pk\ qHk;jzwfcsufudkvdkufem&jcif;/
ydkYcscJhaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ A[dkEdkifiHa&;odyÜH trsm;pkonfvnf; tenf;pk\qE´udk tav;*½kjyK
ausmif;rS uGseaf wmf tem;,lNy;D aemufwiG v f nf; qufvufwm0ef &jcif;/
,lcJhMuaom enf;jyq&mrsm;uvnf; a[majymydkYcscJhMuygonf/ (5) tajccHrSA[dktxd tqifhqifhtcsdefrSef tjyeftvSef
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDwpf&yftaeESifh cH,lvdkufemusifhoHk; tpDt&ifcH&jcif;? ñTefMum;jcif;? toD;oD;\qE´udk
&rnfh usifhoHk;Edkif&rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;yif jzpfygonf/ tjyeftvSef *½kjyK&jcif;ESifh tjyeftvSefwm0ef,l
&jcif;/
xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;udk azmfjy&if; a0zefoHk;oyf&ygrnf/
txufygtwdik ;f usio hf ;kH aomqd&k , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwDrsK;d onf
'Drdkua&pDA[dkOD;aqmifrI pnf;urf;useaom? nDñGwfaom? tiftm;aumif;aom? jynfolY
qd&k ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDwpf&yfonf t&if;cHtESpo f m&tm;jzifh tusK;d udk o,fy;kd Edik pf rG ;f &Sad om Edik if aH &;ygwDBu;D taeESihf &Sio f efae
'Drdkua&pDudk tajcjyKaomygwDrsKd;jzpf&rnf/EdkifiHa&;ygwDrSefvSsif rnfrmS aocsmvSayonf/ 'Dru kd a&pDEiS n hf ñD wG af om A[dOk ;D aqmifrI
A[dOk ;D aqmifr\
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xdkA[dkOD;aqmifrIonf 'Drdkua&pDudk tajcjyKaom? 'Drdkua&pD aomvrf;pOfudk o,faqmifEdkifjcif;&Sdayonf/
oabmaqmifaom A[dkOD;aqmifrIrsKd; jzpf&rnf/ 'Drdkua&pDA[dk t,l0g'a&;nDñGwfrI
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

OD;aqmifrIpepft&qdkvSsif atmufygtwdkif; usifhoHk;&rnfjzpf qk&d ,

S v
f pfvrf;pOf\ ygwDonf qd&k ,
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f pf0g'a&;wGif wnD
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...(158)
 800 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 801
rnf/ ygwDxJwGif oabmw&m;t,ltquGJjym;jcif;udk vspfvsK½I jcif;rjyKEikd af om ygwD0ifwo
Ykd nfvnf; ygwD\vrf;pOfut kd axmuf
rnf r[kwfacs/ tuljyK&ma&mufaomtvkyfwm0efwpfckckudkawmh aeYpOfESifhtrQ
ygwDu taotcsm cH,lowfrSwfxm;aom awG ; ac: wwfEdkifoavmuf vkyfae&ayrnf/)
ajrmfjrifyHk oabmw&m; udyk gwD0ifwikd ;f onf av;av;eufeuf a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufcH&aom ygwDacgif;aqmiftoD;oD;wkdY\
avhvmí taotcsmcH,l&rnf/ wm0efrmS ygwD\vkyif ef;pOftoD;oD;udk rSerf eS u
f efuef azmfaqmif
]a,bk,stm;jzifhcH,lygonf} qdkwmrsKd;/]tvkyfvkyfjzpfwJh &efESifhvkyf&yfwdkif;wGif ygwD0iftrsm;pk\ qE´oabmxm;rsm;ESifh
tajccHtaeESichf , H yl gonf} qdw k mrsK;d 0wfaus0wfuek cf ,
H jl cif;rsK;d ? nDñw G af tmif vkyaf qmif&efjzpfavonf/ odrYk oS mvSsif ygwD0ifxk
r,Hkwpf0uf,Hkwpf0ufESifh ]rD;pifMunfh} cH,ljcif;rsKd;udk cGifhjyK&rnf wpf&yfvHk;\ tvkyfnDñGwfrIudk wu,fwrf;azmfaqmifEdkifrnf
r[kwfacs/ jzpfonf/
ygwD\ vrf;ñTeo f abmw&m;udo k abmaygufatmif pdwyf g aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh vkyfaqmifjcif;
vufyg avhvm&ygrnf/ pdwyf g vufygwDxiG Bf uq H í usio hf ;kH &if; ygwDwiG ;f b0wGif tajccHusaom jyóemrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí
cH,&l ygrnf/ pdwyf gvufygyGm;rsm;&rnf/ ygwD\vrf;ñTef oabm us,jf yefaY omygwD0ifxt k Mum;wGif us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY aqG;aEG;jcif;
w&m;udk "l0HMu,fuJhodkY½Ijrifí vrf;pOfudkrsufjcnfrjywfatmif rsm;jyKvyk &f rnf/ aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;onf tjyKoabmudk tajccHaom?
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k yf gEdik &f rnf/ odrYk o
S mvSsif ygwDwiG ;f t,l0g'a&;nDñw G rf uI kd &JabmfpdwfudktajccHaom? ½dk;½dk;om;om;ESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
wnfaqmufxdef;ausmif;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ aqG;aEG;aom? aumufusprf u I if;&Si;f aom? vGwv f yfpmG azmfjycGihf
tvkyfnDñGwfrI &Sdaom aqG;aEG;yGJrsKd;jzpf&rnf/ odkYrSomvQif ygwD0ifxk\qE´
t,l0g'a&; nDñw G rf o
I nf wu,fwrf;wnf&adS erSomvSsif tppftrSefudk wifjyEdkifcGifh&ayrnf/
ygwD0ifwdkY\ pdwf"mwfa&; nDñGwfrIudkwnfaqmufEdkifvdrfhrnf/ aqG;aEG;yGJwGif trsm;oabmwlqHk;jzwfvdkufaom qHk;jzwf
odrYk o
S mvQiyf gwD0ifw\ Ykd tvkyn f ñ D w G rf u
I &kd u
G af qmifEikd vf rd rhf nf/ csufrsm;? rl0g'rsm;? tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk oufqdkif&mygwD0ifwdkif;
ygwD0ifwo Ykd nf ygwDx0J ifae½krH sS jzifyh gwDupd Nö y;D pD;Ny[
D k ,lq&rnf onfwufnv D ufnv D yk af qmifMu&rnf/ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk ygwD
r[kwaf cs/ ygwD\rsuEf mS pHn k D tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ygwDaumfrwD 0ifrsm; udk,fwdkifcsrSwfí ygwD0ifrsm;ukd,fwdkiftaumiftxnf
rsm;udk a&G;cs,w f ifajrm§ ufjcif;ü rJqE´ay;Ny;D ½kEH iS hf tvkyu f pd ö Ny;D pD; azmfMu&rnfjzpfayonf/ vufawGUtm;jzifh tvkyv f yk Mf unfo
h nfh
onf r[kwfacs/ tcgwGiw f pfpwkH pf&yfaom rl0g'? qH;k jzwfcsuEf iS hf ñTeMf um;csurf sm;
ygwD0ifwdkif;onf ygwDvrf;pOfudk tvkyftauR;jyK&mjzpf udk vkyaf qmifí r&aomtajctaeudak wGU&Sv d mygu oufqikd &f m
aom tvkyfwpfckckudk ygwD\tzGJUtpnf; wpfckckwGifyg0if&if; ygwDtzGJUtpnf;onf rdrdwdkY\qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfí
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vkyfaqmifae&rnf/ (ygwD\tzGJUtpnf; wpfckckwGiftaMumif; a0zefoHk;oyf&rnf/ a0zefoHk;oyfaomtcgwGifcsKdU,Gif;csufrsm;?

aMumif;aMumifh yg0ifcGifhr&ao;aom? tcsdefjynfhyg0ifvkyfaqmif rSm;,Gi;f csurf sm;? 0da&m"drsm;? t[eft Y wm;taESmift h ,Suf tzsuf
...(159)
 802 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 803
tqD;rsm;ponfwdkYESifhywfoufí "r®"d|mefususoHk;oyf&rnf/ taotcsmESijhf ynfjh ynfph pkH Hk odxm;Ny;D rSomvQif rnfonf&h aJ bmfukd
wpfpHkwpf&yfaom tvkyfwm0eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdoljzpfygu rnfonfhwm0eftwGuf rnfonfhae&mXmewGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf
xdkoltm;rdrd\ vkyfief;tajctaeudk jyefvnf oHk;oyf&rnf/ apoifo h nfqakd om qE´uakd zmfjyonfh a&G;cs,w f ifajrm§ ufyrJG sm;udk
trSm;t,Gif;&SdvQif xdktrSm;t,Gif;jzpfapaom taMumif;&if; rSefrSefuefuef jyKvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ oifhrSefaom &Jabmfudk
rsm;udk rawGUawGUatmif &SmazGMu&rnf/ ygwD0ifwdkif;onf rdrd\ oifrh eS af om ae&mXmeodaYk &G;cs,w f ifajrm§ ufEikd rf o
S mvQif ygwD\
rJqE´jzifah &G;aumufwifajrm§ ufvu kd af om ygwDaumfrwD\ vky&f yf vkyfief;pOfonf atmifjrifrIudk &&dSayvdrfhrnf/ trSm;udkjyifqif
rsm;udkapmifhMuyf Munfhˆ½I&if;wwfEdkifonfh taetxm;rSaeí onfh ta&;wGi?f &Jabmf&b J ufpw d xf m;jzifuh n
l MD u&rnf/ odrYk o S m
ulnDae&rnf/ rdrdudkay;tyfaom wm0efudkvnf; xrf;aqmif& vSsif ygwDwiG ;f &Jabmfpw
d "f mwfonf &Sio f efxeG ;f um;ayvdrrhf nf/
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qd&k ,S v f pfvrf;pOfukd ,HMk unfaom Edik if aH &;ygwDwpf&yfonf
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us,fjyefYaomjynfolvlxkrsm;ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfqufoG,faeaom
touf0ifvsuf&Sifoefaevdrfhrnf/
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ygwD0ifwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtxJrS wu,fwrf;acgif;aqmifrI
tzGUJ tpnf;rsK;d r[kwaf cs/ rnfonfEh ikd if aH &;ygwDrqd?k vlxt k pdwf
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tydkif;udk pkpnf;xm;aom tzGJUtpnf;omjzpfonf/ ygwDqdkaom
wifajr§mufEdkif&ef ygwD0iftcsif;csif;\ t&nftcsif;rsm;udk
0dbm*pum;udük uyif wpfcv k ;kH udq k vkd okd nfr[kwb f J tpdwt f ydik ;f
rsufjcnfrjywf avhvm&if; todtrSwfjyKíae&rnf/
udok m qdv k akd yonf/ jynfov l x l rk sm;txJrS t,ltqcsi;f wlno D l
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acgif;aqmifru
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xdyfay:wGif rif;pdk;&mZmBuD;ozG,f pdk;rdk;aeolrsm;rjzpfap&acs/ xdaYk Mumifyh gwDonf vlxt k pdwt f ydik ;f \ tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfay
olwdkYonf ygwD\ xdef;odrf;uGyfuJrIatmufwGif taotcsm&Sd& onf/ ,if;tzGt YJ pnf;onf us,jf yefaY om vlxrk sm;ESihf EdiI ;f ,SOf
rnf/ þtcsufonf ygwDacgif;aqmiftoD;oD;wdkYtzdkY enf;enf; vdkufaomf vlenf;pk\tzGJUtpnf;omjzpfonf/ xdkvlenf;pkonf
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jzpfonf/ qufo, G af ejcif;r&Syd gu? xdv k el nf;pkukd ygwD[í l yif rqdEk ikd af cs/
ygwDacgif;aqmifrIudkjyKvkyf&rnfh acgif;aqmifavmif; wefzdk;r&Sdaomvlenf;pkyifjzpfawmhonf/
ygwD0ifrsm;\pdwaf epdwx f m;? cH,cl suf oabmxm;? t&nftcsi;f ? vlxak emufvu kd rf &Sad omygwDonf rdru d ,
kd rf rd d tb,fuo hJ Ykd
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tvkyftawGUtBuHK? uRrf;usifvdr®mrI? tvm;tvmponfrsm;udk yif vlxkwyfOD;BuD;[líxifrSwf ac:qdkaeapumrl jynfolvlxk

ygwD0ifwdkif;onf rsufjcnfrjywfavhvmae&rnf/ ,if;odkY rsm;\ pdwfygvufygESifh aomif;aomif;jzjz axmufcHyg0if
...(160)
 804 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 805
aqmif&u G af om yl;aygif;rlrsK;d r&Syd gu xdyk gwDrsK;d onf trnfcrH sS om vuf a wG U vk y f a qmif c suf r sm;jzif h o m ouf a oxl í jy&rnf /
jzpfonfw h yfO;D rsK;d ? wu,fb
h 0\ jyuf&,fjyKjcif;udk r½IrvSc&H rnfh us,fjyefYaom jynfolvlxkrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ b0cHpm;rItawGU
ygwDrsKd;omjzpfayvdrfhrnf/ tBuKH jzifoh mvQif wpfpw kH pf&yfaom rl0g'udv k ufcjH cif; (odrYk [kw)f
vlxkudkpnf;½kH;Edkif&rnf jiif;y,fjcif;jyKvkyfayonf/ ygwDuajymMum;xm;aom rl0g'ESifh
ygwDwpf&yfonfrdrdudk,frdrd a&SUaqmifwyfOD;ygwDxl;[lí uwdpum;rsm;twdkif; jzpfoifhoavmuf jzpfvmNyD; qufvuf
aMunmae½kjH zifh rvkaH vmufacs/ xdyk gwDonf {uefpifppf wyfO;D jzpfay:&efvnf;aocsmaom tvm;tvm rsm;&Sdaeonfqdkaom
ygwD jzpfcsiyf gu us,jf yefaY omvlxrk sm;xHcsO;f uyfí pnf;½H;k ae& tcsufudk jynfolvlxku rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifudk,fuscHpm;&aom
rnf/ jynfov l xl o k nf ygwD\aemufot Ykd vdv k kd vdu
k yf gvmrnf tawG U tBuH K rsm;t& ,H k M unf p d w f c sEd k i f N yD q d k a omtcgrS o m
r[kwfacs? jynfolvlxkudk rnfodkYaomenf;ESifhrQ Ncdrf;ajcmufí jynfolvlxkrsm;onf ygwD\OD;aqmifrI vufcHEdkifMuayonf/
pnf;½Hk;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ (tu,fí Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? tMuyfudkif qd k & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwD o nf rd r d \ &nf & G , f c suf r sm;ud k
jcif;? n§Of;qJjcif;wdkYjzifh pnf;½kH;EdkifonfqdkapOD; xdkodkYaom vkyt f m;&Sijf ynfow l Ukd \ tusK;d pD;yGm;jzpfay:a&; vufawGUvrf;pOf
pnf;½kH;a&;} onf Mum&SnfcHrnfr[kwfacs/)
]pnf jzifhom azmfaqmif&rnf/
pnf;½kH;a&;qdkonfrSm jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;udk(odkYr[kwf ygwDonf ygwD\&nf&G,fcsufudk jynfolvlxkvufcHatmif
jynfolvlxktrsm;pkBuD;udk) ygwD\ 0g'vrf;pOfbufodkY a&muf&Sd pdw&f nS v
f uf&n S jf zifw
h pdrphf rd hf em;oGi;f ae&rnf/ wpfcsed w f nf;wGif
vmatmif zdwaf c:? yefMum;arwåmpum;jzifh pkpnf;apjcif; jzpfay vnf;jynfolvlxk\ aeYpOfb0ESifhqdkifaom pm;0wfaea&;ESifh
onf/ vlrIa&; vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ma&mufonfh vufiif;
ygwDonf jynfolvlxk\ tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKae vkyfief;pOfudkvnf; taotcsmESifhxdxda&mufa&muf a&SUaqmif
aMumif;? jynfov l xl \ k tusK;d pD;yGm;udyk gwD\0g'vrf;pOfomvSsif a&SU&GufjyKay;&rnf/
jynfolvlxk\ tusKd;pD;yGm;t&yf&yfudk azmfaqmifay;EdkifaMumif; ygwDonf jynfolvlxk\ b0jyóemwdkif;wGif a&SUaqmif
jynfolvlxku oabmaygufívufcHvmap&efBudK;yrf;&rnf/ a&SU&GufjyKEdkif&ef vufiif;vdkvm;csufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;Edkifa&;
ygwD\0g'vrf;pOfudk jynfolvlxkonf tvdkvdk vufcH½dk; twGuftajctaeESifh [yfrdaomvkyfief;pOfyHkoP²mefrsm;udk
xH;k pHr&Sad cs/ jynfov l x l o
k nf rdrwd \Ykd ud,k yf ikd t
f awGUtBuKH rsm;jzifh azmfaqmifEdkif&ayrnf/
omvQif ygwDwpf&yf\0g'vrf;pOfreS -f rrSeu f kd em;vnfaeavh&adS y ygwDonf jynfolvlxkuoabmraygufaom vkyfief;pOf?
onf/ qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf\ygwDonf rdrd\ 0g'vrf;pOfrSefuef jynfolvlxku vufrcHEdkifaom vkyfief;pOf? jynfolvlxku
aMumif;udktqdkpum;rsm;? ta&;tom;rsm;? aMunmcsufrsm;? rvdkufygEdkifaomvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk rqifETJoifhacs/ jynfolvlxk
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

a<u;aMumfoHrsm;tm;jzifhomazmfjy½kHESifhNyD;ajrmufonfr[kwfacs? em;vnfEikd f vufcEH ikd ?f vdu k yf gEdik af om vkyif ef;pOfEiS hf vkyif ef;rsm;
ygwD\0g'vrf;pOfESifh rl0g'rsm;toD;oD;\ rSefuefrIudkygwD\ udkom azmfaqmif&rnf/
...(161)
 806 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 807
ygwDonf vlvlcsif; jc,fvS,faoG;pkyfaom 0dorvlaerI tedrfhqkH;ESifh tjrifhqkH;vkyfief;pOf? a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ESifh vkyf[ef
pepf r sm;\ qd k ; 0g;csuf r sm;ud k tquf r jywf z G i f h c sae&rnf / ukdif[efrsm;ukd yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymMum;ae&rnf/ okdYaomfvnf;
odkYaomfvnf; 0dorxuf omvGefaumif;rGefaom qdk&S,fvpf ygwD\ vrf;pOftwkdif;csDwuf&mwGif ygwDonf jynfolvlxk
vkyfief;pOfudk jynfolvlxku wu,fwrf;em;vnfí vufcH taeESifh em;vnfEdkif? vufcHEdkif? vkdufygEdkifaom taetxm;rS
vd k u f y gatmif rvk y f a qmif E d k i f y gu ygwD \ OD ; aqmif r I u d k aeí wpfqifNh y;D wpfqif?h wpfvrS ;f Ny;D wpfvrS ;f vufwaJG c:aqmif
wnfaqmufEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/ oGm;&rnf/ þenf;onfomvQif ygwD\vrf;pOfukd azmfaqmif
xdaYk Mumifh ygwD0ifwo Ykd nf vlxrk sm;&Sad v&m t&yfwiG af e&m &mwGif taocsmqkH;ESifh txda&mufqkH;aom enf;AsL[m jzpfay
jzefíY a&muf&adS e&ayrnf/ a&muf&&dS mt&yfwikd ;f &Sd jynfov l x l \ k onf/
vufiif;jyóemrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk jynfol jynfolYxHrSjynfolYxHokdY
vlxkESifhwdkifyifí &SmBuH&rnf/ jynfolvlxk\ vufiif;jyóem urÇmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtoD;oD;wkdYonf jynfolYxHrS
ajz&Sif;a&;vkyfief;ESifh ygwD\0g'vrf;pOfudk qufpyfay;í ae& jynfox Yl o H [
Ydk al om tvkyv f rf;ñTecf suu
f dk vky&f yfwidk ;f \ tajccH
rnf/ jynfov l x l \k aeYpOfjzpfaomtusK;d pD;yGm;ukd azmfaqmif&if; aqmifyk'ftjzpf cH,lusifhokH;Muayonf/
jynfolvlxkxJrS pdwf&if;aumif;t&SdqkH;? tEdk;Mum;qkH;? pdwftm; qk&d ,S v f pfvrf;pOfygwDonf jynfov l xl \ k b0tajctae
xufoefqkH;ESifh tvm;tvmtaumif;qkH;aomolrsm;ukd ygwD\ ukd rSefrSefuefuefESifh jynfhjynhfpkHpkH od&Sd&atmif aeYpOfESifhtrQ
bufawmfom;rsm;jzpfvm&atmif odr;f oGi;f pnf;½k;H &rnf/ ygwD\ avhvmae&rnf/ jynfolvlxk\ b0cHpm;csufrsm;u azmfjyMu
rl0g'rSefrrSef? ygwD\vkyfenf; vkyf[efrSefrrSef? ygwDukd jynfol aom jynfoq Yl E´? jynfoxYl ifjrifcsu?f jynfoeYl m;vnfcsu?f jynfoYl
vlxku wu,fwrf; axmufcHonf raxmufcHonfukd jynfol oabmxm;rsm;ukd pkpnf;í pdppfa0zefaomenf;jzifh avhvmae&
vlxk\ aeYpOfESifhtrQjzpfaom b0tajctaecHpm;rIrsm;jzifh rnf/ jynfolvlxk\ jyóemrsm;ukd taMumif;tusKd;? a&SUaemuf
rSwfausmufwifí ppfaq;ae&rnf/ nDñGwfaom avhvmokH;oyfenf;jzifh ,xmblwtjrifusaom
ygwDonf jynfolvlxk\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh qefYusifaom tnrnavhvmenf;jzifh xkd;xGif;NyD; odjrifae&rnf/ ,if;okdY
vkyf&yfwkdif;ESifh jynfolvlxku oabmraygufí raxmufcHEdkif odjrifxm;NyD;vQif vuf&SdjzpfEdkifaom tvkyfwm0efrsm;ukd jynfol
aom vky&f yfwidk ;f ukd taotcsmyif a&Smif&mS ;&rnf/ jynfov l x l k vlxk\ tvkyfpGrf;&nftm;jzifh jynfolvlxkukd,fwkdifu oabm
u jyifqifapvdkaom tajymrSm;? tvkyfrSm;? rl0g'trSm;udk aygufpmG jzifh azmfaqmifvm&atmif vIUH aqmfwu dk w
f eG ;f í pnf;½k;H &
rawGa0bJ jyifqifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf/ rnf/ þum; jynfolvlxk\jyóemukd jynfolvlxkukd,fwkdifu
þvkq d jdk cif;tm;jzifh ygwDonf jynfov l x
l \k aemufraS eí jynfoq Yl E´EiS t hf nD ajz&Si;f vmap&rnf[al om enf;AsL[m jzpfay
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aemufNr;D qG0J g'jzifh vku d af e&rnf[í l t"dymÜ ,fr&acs/ ygwDonf onf/ ,if;okaYd om enf;AsL[mukd jynfox Yl rH jS ynfox Yl oH [
Ydk al om
jynfov l xl tk m; rdr\ d &nf&, G cf su?f 0g'vrf;pOf? tajccHrEl iS rhf 0l g'? aqmifyk'fjzifh azmfaqmif&ayrnf/
...(162)
 808 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 809
ygwDonf jynfolwkdYxHrS oif,l&efESifh ygwD\ trSm;rsm;ukd trdefYay;0g'ukd rusifhokH;&
0efcH&efwkdYtwGuf &Sufp&m[lí oabmrxm;&acs/ trSm;ukd Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;qko
d nfrmS vlwef;pm;tusK;d pD;yGm;? trsK;d om;a&;
0efcí
H xktd rSm;ukjd yifqifEikd pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;onfomvQif av;eufaom tusKd;pD;yGm; tkyfpktvkduf wnf&SdaomtusKd;pD;yGm;wkdYukd azmfjy
ygwD wpf&yf\ BuHtifvu©Pmjzpfavonf/ aqmif&u G af omta&;jzpfonf/ Edik if aH &; r[mAsL[monf jynfol
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrIynm wk\ Yd tusK;d pD;yGm;a&;\ r[mAsL[mjzpfonf/ Edik if aH &;enf;AsL[m
qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD\ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrIynmonf qko d nfrmS r[mAsL[m &nf&, G cf suu
f dk aysmah ysmif;aom qkwo f m
odyÜHynm oabmukdvnf;aqmifí tEkynmoabmukdvnf; wufom&Sdaom vufawGUjzpfEdkifaom ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;wkdYjzifh
aqmif,layonf/ azmfaqmifjcif; jzpfonf/
qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOftwGif;&Sd vkyfief;pOfBuD;i,ftoD;oD; okdYaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOf tqifhqifhzGJUxm;aom
wkoYd nf acgif;aqmifyidk ;f u pdwZå qE´0g'jzifh ypfcsay;vku d af om vufeufukdifppfwyfzGJUrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;uJYokdY ,lq&rnf
trdefYukd em;rvnfbJ vkdufemonhfvkyf&yfrsKd;rjzpfap&/ r[kwfacs/ ,if;okdY,lqygu r[mtrSm;awmfBuD;ukd usL;vGefrd
ygwD\vky&f yfwidk ;f onf wpfpw Hk pf&yfaom'd|"r® tajctae rnfomjzpfonf/
wGif taotcsm wnf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom vkdtyfcsufukd vufqkyf Edik if aH &;tvkyo f nf vlwefpm;rsm;? tvTmrsm;? tpkta0;rsm;?
vufukdifazmfjyaom rl0g'vrf;pOf\ vkyf&yfjzpf&rnf/ tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;? yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh qufqH&aom tvkyfjzpfonf/
vufqkyfvufukdifcsrSwf&aom rl0g'vrf;pOfonf tcsdefwkd
vlrsm;ESiv hf wl ef;pm;rsm;onf ppfwyfuo YJ Ydk zGUJ pnf;xm;jcif;cH&aom
vrf;pOfEiS hf tcsed &f nS v f rf;pOf (0g) a&wkv d rf;pOfEiS hf a&&Snv f rf;pOf
toGio f P²mefrsm;r[kwaf cs/ Edik if aH &;ygwDwpf&yfuydk ifvQif ppfypHk H
[lí ESprf sK;d ESppf m;&Sad yonf/ tcsed w f -dk a&wkvd rf;pOfudk enf;AsL[m
t& zGJUpnf;&onfr[kwfacs/ EdkifiHa&; ygwDonfvnf;aumif;?
[kac:Muí? tcsdef&Snf-a&&Snfvrf;pOfukd r[mAsL[m[kac:Mu
onf/ okdY&mwGif r[mAsL[mESifhenf;AsL[m jcm;em;csufukd Edik if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIonfvnf;aumif;? vly*k Kd¾ vw f \
Ydk todw&m;ESihf
w&m;aousaom pnf;wm;csujf zifrh owfrw S Ef ikd af cs/ r[mAsL[m ,SOfíom jzpfay:&ayonf/
qko d nfrmS enf;AsL[m tBu;D pm;yif jzpfonf/ ygwD\ vkyif ef;pOf ppfwyfukdwyfrSL;wpfOD;u ppfrdefYay;í vkdovkda&GUvsm;
qkdif&m vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd enf;AsL[ma&; ykHoP²mefrsm;\ vIyf&Sm; csDwufapEdkifonf/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifonfum; ppfwyfrSL;
ajymif;vJrIrsm;jzifh azmfaqmif&aomaMumifh r[mAsL[mESifh uJo Y aYdk om oabmxm;ESihf tjyKtrlrsK;d ukd jyKvyk Ef ikd o f nfr[kwaf cs/
enf;AsL[mwkdYrSm tnrn qufpyfvsuf&Sdayonf/ taMumif;rlum; Edik if aH &;vrf;pOfwiG f yg0ifvyI &f mS ;&aom vlwef;
ygwDwpf&yfonf r[mAsL[m\ vkyif ef;pOfudk rSerf eS u f efuef pm;rsm;? tiftm;pkrsm;? yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;onf oufqidk &f mjzpfaom tusK;d
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

csrSwfEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; vufawGUvkyfaqmifa&;ESifhqkdifaom pD;yGm;a&;vIy&f mS ;rIt&omvQif vIy&f mS ;aeMuaom toGio f P²mef

enf;AsL[mrsm;ukdrlum; aysmhajymif;rIjzifhom usifhokH;&ayonf/ rsm; jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/
...(163)
 810 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 811
vlwef;pm;rsm;? tvTmrsm;? tpkrsm;? yk*K¾ v d rf sm;onf ppfwyfrLS ;\ aysmhaysmif;aomcsOf;uyfrI? udkifwG,frI? ajz&Sif;rIwkdYwGif tEkynm
trdeu Yf edk mcHavh&adS omolrsm; r[kwMf uay/ jzpfvnf; rjzpfEikd af cs/ enf;t& vkyfaqmifwwfzdkYvdkayonf/
olwkdYonf rdrdyg0ifaomvlwef;pm; tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh tvTm\ uRrf;usifrIygaom tEkynmenf;udk toHk;rjyKwwfygu
tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;\ wku d w
f eG ;f awmif;qkrd t
I &omvQif vIy&f mS ;Mu& taumif;qHk;aom EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfonf bmrSt&mra&mufbJ
olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tueft Y owf&adS omppfa&;wku d yf EJG iS hf vrf;pOfaoBuD;jzpfoGm;Edkifayonf/ wpfpHkwpf&yfaomtqifhwGif
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r[mAsL[ma&;pDrHudef;wGif jzpfEdkifaomr[mrdwfrsm; (,m,D udk od&Sd½HkrQjzifh rvHkavmufbJ xdktodynmudk vufawGUcef;
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aeYpOfjzpfaom vkyfaqmifyHk? vkyfaqmifenf;udkvnf;aumif;? todynmudk qnf;yl;a&;onf tvGefyifta&;BuD;ayonf/

uRrf;uRrf;usifusifESifh vdr®mpGmvkyfwwfudkifwwfzkdY vdkayonf/ okdYaomfvnf; pmawGUtodynmonf vHkavmufaomtodynm
...(164)
 812 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 813
r[kwfacs/ od½HkomodNyD; bmrQrvkyfwwfygu xkdtodrsKd;onf EdkifiHa&;tEkynmonf jynfolvlxkrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;
tusKd;r&Sdaom? NrHKaomtodyif jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ xJoYdk qGaJ qmifEikd &f rnf/ ,if;okYd qGaJ qmifa&;wGif 0g'jzefjY cif;ESihf
Edik if aH &;ygwDwpf&yfonf Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrt I Ekynm&yf vIaYH qmfjcif;wku Yd kd jyK&rnfrmS rSeaf omfvnf; 0g'jzef½Y ?kH vIaYH qmf½jkH zifh
udk rdr\ d us,0f ef;aom tawGUtBuKH rsm;rSomvQif &,lqnf;yl;Edik f vHkavmufonfr[kwfacs/
ayonf/ EdkifiHa&;avmu"Hw&m;rsm;udk awGUBuHKí jzwfoef; jynfolvlxkonf rdrdwkdYudk,fwkdifawGUBuHK&aom EdkifiHa&;
ausmv f eG &f aom vufawGUBuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G rf o
I nf Edik if aH &;ygwD tawGUtBuHKjzifhomvQif EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;xJokdY yg0ifvmavh
tzkYd b0\wuúov kd Bf u;D jzpfonf/ vufawGUb0[laom ausmif; &Sdayonf/
awmfBuD;udk rnfokdYaom pmoifausmif;urS tpm;rxdk;Edkifacs/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;uwifjyaom tqkdpum;rsm;onf jynfol
pmoifausmif;[loa&GUonf b0ausmif;awmf\ vufatmufcH vlxk\b0rS xif&Sm;azmfjyaom tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh rudkufnD
jzpfaom ausmif;cGJrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ ygu jynfolvlxkonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ tqkdpum;rsm;udk
EdkifiHa&;ygwDonf tusOf;tusyfrsm;? a&pkefa&qefrsm;? vufcHMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
rSwaf usmufwifc&H rIrsm;? atmifjrifrrI sm;ESihf qH;k ½I;H rIrsm;ponfwrYdk S xkdYaMumifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrIonf jynfolvlxk\ b0
&,ltyfaom oifcef;pmrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf oif,l&rnf/ tajctaeu wkdufwGef;aeaom tvm;tvmrsm;ESifh [yfrdpyfrd
tjcm;aom Edik if rH sm;&Sd wk;d wufatmifjrifaom Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;\ onfh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;? a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk azmfjywwf&rnfh
taumif;tqk;d ESihf trSm;trSerf sm; yg0ifaom tawGUtBuKH rsm;udk tjyif xkdawmif;qkdcsufrsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaom vkyfief;yHk
vnf; avhvmqnf;yl;í a0zefppd pfaom oabmxm;jzifh toH;k cs oP²mefrsm;udk jynfov l xl u
k ,kd wf idk f awGUBuKH cpH m; odem;vnfaom
wwf&ayrnf/ tqifrh aS eí wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifah zmfaqmifwwf&rnf/ rmwdum
Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrt I Ekynmudk wwfuRr;f vdak om au'g wifjyaom tqdjk yKcsurf sm;onf jynfov l xl \ k b0u awmif;qdk
wpfOD;onf jynfolvlxk\b0 tajctaersm;udk pHkpHkaphaph aeaom vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk xif[yfaom tqkjd yKcsurf sm;jzpf&rnf/
avhvmod&Sdae&rnf/ jynfolvlxk\ tawGUtBuHKcHpm;&csufrsm; xdktqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk jynfolvlxkudk,fwkdifu rdrdwkdY\ udk,fydkif
udk jynfov l x
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b0½IaxmifhrSaeí Munfh½IEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf/ jynfolvlxk\b0udk ygwD\tqkdjyKcsufudk taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf jynfol
udk,fcsif;pmí em;vnfEdkif&rnf/ okdYrSomvQif jynfolvlxk\ vlxk\ vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;onf wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh qufum
b0qE´ESifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk em;vnfEdkifrnfjzpfayonf/ qufum tqifoifhjzpfvm&atmif ygwDonf aysmhaysmif;aom
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

okrYd o
S mvQif jynfov l x l \ k jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Si;f a&;wGif jynfol uRr;f usiv f rd m® rIjzifo h m jyifqifzefw;D azmfaqmifae&rnf/ þum;
udk tusKd;jyKaom ajz&Sif;csufrsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrIESifhqkdifaom tEkynmaywnf;/
...(165)
 814 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 815
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrItEkynmonf wpfpHkwpf&yfaom ukd tvkduftxkduf Munhfívkyfrnf}} qkdaom tacsmiform;
tajctaewGif jynfov l x l w k pf&yfv;kH yg0ifaqmif&u G af &;twGuf 0g'qefonhf vuf,m aoGznfa&;trSm;ukdvnf;aumif; tao
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; uGJjym;aeMuaom vlxktpdwftydkif;rsm;u tcsmyif a&SmifMuOfEdkif&rnf/
wnDwñGwfwnf; vufcHEdkifrnfh wlnDaomrl0g'ESifh wlnDaom t"duuGif;qufukd&SmawGUa&;
vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk &SmazGí wifjyaeEdkif&ayrnf/ okdYrSomvQif ta&;tMuD;qkH;aom tcsufonfum; tjcm;r[kwf? wpfpkH
vrf;pOf\ tqifhwkdif; tqifhwkdif;wGif nDñGwfaom vufawGU wpf&yfaom tajctaeESifh tcsdefumv twGif;wGif a&SUwef;okdY
vkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ a&mufvmwwfaom? tqkH;tjzwfay;wwfaom jyóemukd
xkdYtjyif tajctaeESifh[yfrdaom tajymtqkdrsm;? wifjy ajz&Si;f Edik af &;jzpfayonf/ xko d aYdk om jyóemukd jzpfpOftwGi;f &Sd
csurf sm;? aqmify'k rf sm;? zGUJ pnf;vIy&f mS ;yHrk sm;udk vkyaf qmifEikd &f rnf/ t"duuGif;quftjzpf rSwf,l&ayrnf/
tajctaeajymif;vQif ajymif;ovdk tvkyyf o kH P²mefrsm;? vkyif ef; EdkifiHa&;jzpf&yfrsm;onf oHBudK;uGif;rsm;qufouJYokdYyif
azmfaqmifrI yHo k P²mefrsm;? vky[ f efrsm; ponfwu Ydk vdk nf; aES;auG; qufpyfaeMuonf/ yef;yJq&mu jyKvyk x f m;aomoHBuKd ;uGi;f quf
av;vHjcif;r&SdbJ oGufoGufvufvufESifh vsifvsifjrefjref jyKjyif rsm;onf t&G,ftpm;csif;wlnDMuaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&; oHBudK;
ajymif;vJEdkif&rnf/ uGi;f qufrsm;um; wpfcEk iS w hf pfcrk wlnMD uay/ xkaYd Mumifh Edik if aH &;
ygwD\vrf;pOfonf a&SUokw Yd ;dk wufaeonft h cgwGiyf ifjzpfap? oHBudK;uGif;qufrsm;ukd 'd|"r®usaom csOf;uyf avhvmrIjzifh
aemufo, Ydk m,Dtm;jzifh qkwcf mG ae&onft h cgyifjzpfap ygwDonf avhvm&rnf/
jzpfEdkifaom tvkyfykHoP²mefrsm;ukd jzpfEdkifaom pwifrIrsm;jzifh wpfcsed cf sed w
f iG f wpfpw
Hk pfcak om Edik if aH &;jyóem (okrYd [kwf
tqufrjywfatmifazmfaqmifae&rnf/ ygwDonf rSm;,Gif;rI pD;yGm;a&;jyóemukd tajccHí ay:aygufvmaom EdkifiHa&;
rsm;ESiq hf ;Hk ½I;H rIrsm;ukd &ifqidk &f pJ w
d &f &dS rnf/ xk;d ppfqifaom twwf jyóem) onf EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOf[laom oHBudK;BuD;wGif t"du
ynmukdomru qkwfppfESifh cHppfqifaom twwfynmukdvnf; usaom uGif;qufrsKd; jzpfvmwwfayonf/ xkdtcgwGif wkd;wuf
tawGUtMuHKrsm;rS wpfqifh oif,lqnf;yl;ae&rnf/ atmifjrifvkdaom vrf;pOfukd vkdufygaomygwDwkdif;onf t"du
ygwDonf tajctaeay;vQif ay;ovkd ygwD\ &nf&, G cf suf usaom oHBudK;uGif;qufukd rdrd&&qkyfukdifNyD;vQif ajz&Sif;&rnfh
ok d Y a&muf a tmif c sD w uf a e&rnf / ,if ; ok d Y c sD w uf & mwG i f t"dujyóemukd ajz&Sif;jzpfatmif ajz&Sif;vkduf&rnf/ okdYrSom
ajcvSrf;wkdif;? tqifhwkdif;onf jynfolvlxkukdac:aqmifí &Edkif vQif tjcm;aom qufpyfaeonhf jyóemtoD;oD;ukd ajz&Si;f Edik f
aom ajcvSrf;rsm;ESifh tqifhrsm;omjzpf&rnf/ jynfolvlxk rnfjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ta&;Bu;D aomjyóemukd ta&;Bu;D onhf
uk,d w f idk uf rvku d yf gbJEiS hf ygwDcsn;f oufouf csw D ufrnfqadk om tavsmuf ajz&Sif;&rnf/ t"duusaom tvkyfukd OD;pm;ay;í
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

w&m;ao0g'ESifh vuf0J*dkPf;*P trSm;ukdvnf;aumif;? jynfol vkyfaqmif&rnf/ tm;vkH;ta&;BuD;NyD; tm;vkH;t"duusaeygu

vlxu k dk todynmray;bJ rvIUH aqmfb?J rpnf;½k;H bJ ]]tajctae tm;vkH;onf omrnrsm;om jzpfoGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
...(166)
 816 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm;
xkdYaMumifh t&mudpörSeforQukd pdwåZqE´jzifh rMunhfbJ
'd|"r®tjrifjzifhom csOf;uyfavhvm&rnf/
t&mwdkif;udpöwdkif;ESifhjyóemwdkif;wGifyg&Sdaeaom 0da&m"d
rsm;ukd tjyeftvSef avhvm&rnf/
,if;okaYd vhvm&mwGif qefu Y sibf ufw\
Ydk 'Gew f t
JG m;NyKd irf u
I dk
pepfwusavhvmaom tnrn'GE´ avhvmenf;ukd tokH;jyK&
rnf/
jzpfEikd af om tvkyu
f jdk zpfEikd af om pwifrjI zifh vkyaf qmif&if;
ygwD\ yef;wkdifokdY rsufjcnfrjywfbJ qufumqufum csDwuf
ae&ayvdrfhrnf/ 'orykid ;f
txufwiG &f n S vf sm;pGmazmfjycJah om taMumif;tcsurf sm;rSm
qd&k , S v f pf0g'udck ,H ul siohf ;kH rnfqakd om qk&d , S v f pfygwDwpfct k zdYk
rodvQifrjzpfaom? rusifhoHk;vQifrjzpfaom? t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh
tvkyfwm0efrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDonf azmfjyygt&nftcsi;f rsm;
ESijhf ynfph ykH g\avm/ xdt k &nftcsi;f rsm;ESihf nDñw G af tmifBuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwcf yhJ goavm/ azmfjyyg tvkyw f m0efrsm;udv k nf; a&SUaemuf
nDñGwfatmif vkyfudkifaqmif&GufEdkifcJhygoavm/
þar;cGef;rsm;jzifh vrf;pOfygwDudkapmaMumMunfhrnfqdkvSsif
txufazmfjyyg t&nftcsi;f rsm;ESiv hf nf;rjynfph ckH yhJ g/ jynfph akH tmif
vnf;pdwfygvufyg BudK;yrf;jcif;? tm;xkwfjcif; rvkyfEdkifcJhyg?
vkyfaqmif&rnfh azmfjyygtvkyfwm0efrsm;udkvnf; a&SUaemuf
nDñGwfpGm rvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhyg[líom ajymqkd&avawmhrnf/
þonfrmS "r®"|d mefusus (trSeu f t kd rSetf wdik ;f ) ajymqdjk cif;jzpfyg
onf/ rnfolyk*¾KdvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrSs jypfwifajymqdkjcif;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

r[kwfyg/ vltrsm;yg0ifaom vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;wpfck? tpkta0;BuD;

wpfck[líom½Ijrif&ygrnf/ ,if;vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;wpf&yfvHk;\
...(167)
 818 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 819
&nf&, G cf suo f Ykd aygufa&mufco hJ nf/ raygufra&mufbJ vGaJ csmcf hJ jynfwiG ;f yk*v ¾ u
d vkyif ef;&yf pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf uGeyf &m'dv k ufa0cH
onfwdkYudkom ½Ijrif&rnfjzpfygonf/ rsm;om trsm;pkjzpfygonf/ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;ydkif t&if;&Sif
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD\ y"metusqHk;aom tvkyf vkyfief;BuD; (Large Seale National Private Ownership) [lí
wm0efrmS qd&k , S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfukd wnfaqmuf&efjzpfygonf/ BuD;BuD;rm;rm;r&SdcJh/ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm; toifhtwifh ydkifMu
,if;odkYwnfaqmuf&ef vkdtyfaomtajctaeay;rIrsm; (neces- aom qefpufrsm;? opfpufrsm;? qDpufrsm;? txnfpuf½HktcsKdU?
sary conditions) onf &SdaeygNyDavm/ r&SdcJhyg[kqdk&rnf/ ukeaf o;vkyif ef;rsm;ponfwo Ykd nf jynfow l \Ykd b0udv k uf0g;Bu;D
xdv k t kd yfaom tajctaeay;rIrsm;qdo k nfrmS tb,fenf;/ tkyfí aoG;pkyfEkdifaom vkyfief;rsm;r[kwfacs/ NcHKíajym&vSsif
vltrsm; 0dkif;0ef;yg0ifvkyfaqmifrSomNyD;ajrmufEdkifaom? jrefrmEdik if üH wnfwcYH ikd Nf raJ om wkid ;f &if;om; t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;
trsm;qdkif vkyfief;&yfBuD;rsKd;jzpfaeaom ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm; [lí jzpfxGef;jcif;r&SdcJhacs/
tawmftoifh &SdaeESifhNyD;onhf ywf0ef;usiftajctaersKd;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkif t&if;&Sif
qdkvdkygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;udk EdkifiHydkif(State- Ownership) tjzpfoYkd
um;vfrmhupf u f xkwv f yk af &;pGr;f tm;pk (productive forces) odrf;,lcJhonfrSm rSefuefaom vkyf&yfBuD;jzpfcJhygonf/ okdYaomf
rsm;vHak vmufjynf0h pGm jzpfay:wd;k wufjcif; r&Sad o;oa&GU umv 1964 ckEpS ?f rwfv 19 &ufwiG f wdik ;f &if;om; yk*v ¾ ud ydik f pD;yGm;a&;
ywfvHk;opfvGifaom xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHrIpepf (0g) ukefvkyf vkyfief;rsm;udk tBuD;pm;? tvwfpm;? ti,fpm; ra&G;awmhbJ
qufqrH pI epf (a new system of economic; production relations) t&rf;uma&m odrf;,lNyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ydkif jyKvkyfcJhonf/
onf wnf&jdS zpfxeG ;f jcif; r&SEd ikd af cs[k taotcsmazmfjycJyh gonf/ jynfolydkifjzpfNyD;aom or0g,ru@udkyg odrf;cJhjcif;onfvnf;
vlom;wdo Yk nf rnfo h nfah cwfumvrSmrqdk rdrw d aYkd jz&Si;f Edik af om trSm;BuD;rSm;cJhygonf/
jyóemrsm;udkom udkifwG,fajz&Sif;avh&Sdonf[k rmhufpfu xko d jYdk yKvyk &f mwGif &efuek ef ,ferd w d t f wGi;f &Sd pm;uke0f wfuek f
azmfñTef;cJhygonf/ ESihf taxGaxGo;Hk ukerf sm;ukd a&mif;0,fazmufum;onhf vufum;
jrefrmEdik if \H pD;yGm;a&;b0onf t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; qkid Bf u;D rsm;? yG½J rHk sm;? qkid Bf u;D rsm;? ukewf udk rf sm;? ypön;f rsm;okad vSmif
BuD;rsm; tESHYtjym; jzpfay:xGef;um;aeaomb0rsKd;r[kwfacs/ onhf *kda'gifrsm;? or0g,rqkdifrsm;? taxGaxGpwkd;BuD;rsm;?
B.O.C ( British Oil Company) I.B.P (Indo- Burma Petroleum ajrrsm;? taqmuftODrsm;? ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh qkdify&dabm*rsm;
Company)? B.B.T.C (Bombay Burma Trading Company) tp&Sa
d om tm;vk;H tpk;d &tm; vTaJ jymif;ay;&rnf/ avsmaf Mu;owfrw S rf nf/
EdkifiHjcm;om;ydkifvkyfief;BuD;rsm;om vTrf;rdk;cJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHü tvkyo f rm;rsm; qufvufcefx Y m;rnf/ vkyif ef;rsm;ukd yyu A[kd
pufrIvkyfief;rsm;onf jynfwGif;pm;oHk;rIudk vHkavmufatmifyif aumifp\ D trIaqmiftzGUJ u tkycf sKyo f mG ;rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

xkwfvkyf ray;Edkifojzifh jynfyoGif;ukefrsm;udkom tm;udk;ae& qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&; yHkrSeftul; tajymif;vkyf&yfr[kwfbJ

aom jynfwGif;ukefoG,frIjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHjcm;om;ESifh wpfwkdif;jynfvHk;&Sd "eOpömrsm; rdrdwdkYEdkifiHawmf\ pDrHrIatmuf
...(168)
 820 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 821
a&mufa&;om t"dujzpfy&kH cJo h nf/ þodpYk ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk ydwfNyD; uRefawmfxGufvmcJYygonf/ uRefawmhfpdwfxJ OD;bNidrf;wkdY
Edik if yH ikd jf yKvyk af &;ESiphf yfvsO;f í awmfveS af &;aumifpD Ouú|Bu;D ESihf tzGJU wukyfukyfESifh tvkyf½IyfaeMu&m naeykdif;avmufwGif
b@ma&;t&m&Sd OD;bNidrf;wdkYonf tapmwvsifqHk;jzwfcJhMuyHk udpö0dpörsm;NyD;ojzifh OD;bNidrf;u olvkyfxm;aom udpörsm;ukd
&onf / þtaMumif ; ud k awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D Ouú | ½H k ; \ Ouú|BuD;xHoGm;a&mufí owif;ykdYtyfESHygonf/ Ouú|BuD;u
twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol uG,fvGefolAdkvfrSL;BuD;udkudku uRefawmfhukd ac:,lNyD; a[m'DrSm OD;bNidrf;wkdY a&;qGJxm;wJY
ol r uG , f v G e f r D Ad k v f r S L ;BuD ; apmjrif h u ac:,l í atmuf w G i f awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tufOya'ukd 'DaeYyJ wkdif;jynfokdY aMunm
azmfjyaom taMumif;t&mudk ajymjycJhygonf/ vkdufyg[k trdefYay;ygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; OD;bNidrf;ESifhtwl
awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D Ouú | ½k H ; twG i f ; 0ef v k y f c J Y a om uRefawmf\ ½kH;cef;okdY Ouú|BuD;vufrSwfa&; xkd;xm;aom?
AkdvfrSL;BuD;ukdukdu olruG,fvGefrD tdyf&mxJvJaepOf AkdvfrSL;BuD; toifhjyifqifxm;aom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtufOya'ukd
apmjrifh (Nidrf;) tm; ajymjycJYonhf orkdif;tcsufwpfcsufrSm OD;bNird ;f u uReaf wmfoYdk ay;ygonf/ uReaf wmfzwfMunhv f u
dk af om
atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf - tcg awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ jynfolykdifodrf;aom tufOya'ESifh
]]wpfaeYawmfvSefa&;aumifpD Ouú|BuD; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; enf;Oya'rsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ uRefawmfvnf;
onf uRefawmfhukd ½kH;wGifac:awGUNyD; 'DaeY b@ma&;tBuHay; aoaocsmcsmzwf½IavYvmNyD;aemuf Ouú|BuD;uvnf; a&;xkd;
t&m&Sd OD;bNidrf;vmvdrfhrnf/ vmvmcsif; olYxHowif;ykdYyg[k xm;NyD;jzpfojzifh wkdif;jynfokdY tjcm;tufOya'rsm; aMunmonhf
rSmMum;xm;ygonf/ rMumcifO;D bNird ;f wkt Yd zGUJ av;ig;q,fa,muf enf;wl aMunmvkdufygonf/
yg0ifaom½k;H tzGUJ om;rsm; a&mufvmygonf/ uReaf wmfu OD;bNird ;f uRefawmfowdxm;rdonfrSm cgwkdif; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
ukd Ouú|Bu;D apmifah eonf/ csucf si;f oGm;awGU&atmif[k ac:aqmif tufOya'rsm; a&;qGJaomtcg awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzGJU0if
oGm;ygonf/ Ouú|Bu;D xHoYdk OD;bNird ;f a&mufvmaMumif; uReaf wmf pkHnDtpnf;ta0;okdYwifjy&NyD; tzGJU\oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
owif;ykdYaomtcg Ouú|BuD;u uRefawmfhtm; OD;bNidrf;wkdYESifh Ouú|BuD;ukd,fwkdif tufOya'ukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ygonf/ ,ck
½k;H vkypf &mawG&NdS y;D rif;&JU½k;H cef;ukd OD;bNird ;f wkt Yd zGUJ tm; tok;H jyK&ef jynfolykdifodrf;aom tufOya'rSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpnf;
ay;vkdufyg/ rif;vnf; olwkdYudpöeJYbmrSrygeJY/ olwkdY[molwkdY ta0;okdY wifjyjcif;r&SdbJ ]]Ouú|BuD;ESifhOD;bNidrf;wkdYwkdifyif a&;qGJ
vGwv f w G vf yfvyf vkyyf gap[k xyfavmif;rSmMum;ojzifh OD;bNird ;f aom Oya'jzpfaMumif; uRefawmfowdjyKrdygonf}}/
ukd uReaf wmf\ ½k;H cef;ukd vTt J yfay;vku d yf gonf/ q&mBuKd uo f vkd txufygtwkdif; AkdvfrSL;BuD;ukdukdu AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhokdY
tokH;jyK[lí uRefawmfu ½kH;cef;ukd vTJtyfay;vkdufygonf/ ajymonh f t csuf r sm;t& od & onh f t wG u f txuf e m;wG i f
OD;bNird ;f u ol\½k;H tzGUJ om;rsm;ukd ac:,lvu dk o f jzifh uReaf wmfu uRefawmfazmfjycJYovkd EkdifiHykdifjyKvkyfa&;udpöukd awmfvSefa&;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

q&mwkYd tvk&d w dS m&S&d if uReaf wmhuf dk tm;remygeJY ...uReaf wmf aumifpDOuú|BuD;ESifh OD;bNidrf;wkdY tapmwvsif aqmif&GufcJhMuykH
tjyifutcef;rSm&Sdaeygrnf[k rSmMum;NyD; ½kH;cef;xJrS ½kH;wHcg;ukd &ygonf/
...(169)
 822 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 823
wkid ;f &if;om;ykid f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&yfrsm;ukd Ekid if yH idk f jyKvyk cf hJ usyfwnf;vmMuonfrSm trSefjzpfonf/ xkdodkY jzpf&onfrSm
onft h wGuf aeYpOfykHrSefvnfywfaeaom ukefoG,frIqufqHa&; tjcm;aMumifh r[kwyf g/ vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G o f rQaom t&mcyford ;f
(Normal flow of trade relations) onf xdckdufepfemcJh&onf/ udk trdefYay;0g' Commandism ESifhwif;usyfjcif; uefYowfjcif;?
ysujf ym;cJ&h onf/ ukeyf pön;f rsm; &Sm;yg;vm&onf/ ukeaf ps;EIe;f rsm; wDxGifBuHaqmifcGifh initiation r&Sdjcif;? apm'uwufcGifhr&Sdjcif;?
rwnfrNidrf jzpfcJh&onf/ ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm; &yfpJoGm;NyD; r,Ho k uFmpdwjf zifh qufqjH cif;? csK;d ESrd jf cif;tp&Sad om rSm;,Gi;f aom
tvkyfvufrJhrsm; wkd;yGm;vmonf/ aps;EIef;rsm; ckefwufoGm;NyD;? udkifwG,frIrsm;aMumifhyif jzpf&avonf/
aiGwefz;dk usqif;oGm;onf/ aiGaMu;azmif;yGomG ;jcif;ukd pD;yGm;a&; ,if ; jzpf & yf vu© P mrsm;onf qd k & S , f v pf 0 g'\ jyKrl
enf;vrf;jzifh tajz&Sm&rnft h pm; tkycf sKyaf &;trdejYf zifh aiGpuúLrsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm; r[kwfyg/ jzpfcJhoifhaom taMumif;pOf
ukd w&m;r0ifaMunmaomaMumifv h nf; tajctaeukd ykí d qk;d &Gm; tusKd;qufonf rjzpfay:cJhacs/ ,if;rSm tjcm;r[kwfyg/
apcJhonf/ wdkif;&if;om;ydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; BuD;i,frsm;udk tvsifpvkd
EkdifiHykdifodrf;,lcJhaom vkyfief;tcsKdUukd qkdif&mykdif&Sifrsm;okdY EkdifiHydkifodrf;ydkufjcif;rjyKvkyfbJ? wdkif;&if;om;yk*¾vdu pD;yGm;a&;
jyefay;cJhaomfvnf; ukefxkwfvkyfa&;ukd tm;ay;rI rjyKEkdifcJhacs/ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif&GufoGm;rnf[k aMunmcJhaom
EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm; qdk&S,fvpfpDrHudef;trnfjzifh vkyfudkif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf\ toGiful;ajymif;a&;qdkif&m tvkyf
aqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf; qkd&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&; Oya'orsm;ESifh
wm0efudka&SUaemufnDñGwfatmif rvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfyg
avsmn f pD mG tcsK;d usaom? pepfusaompDrcH surf sm;udk rvkyaf qmif
onf/
EdkifchJojzifh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudkom 1988 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmhvlabmiftzGJUtpnf;\jzpfpOfwGif wdkif;&if;om;
zsuo f rd ;f cJ&h onf/ wdik ;f jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;b0onf ,d, k iG ;f usqif;
cJh&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHudkzGHNzdK;rItedrfhqHk;aomEdkifiH (the least de- ukefonf? yGJpm;? xkwfvkyfol vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;
veloped country LDC) tjzpftodtrSwfjyKyg&ef ukvor*¾
vkyfom; jynfolrsm;tMum;wGif urÇmYt&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif
toif;BuD;xH wifjyawmif;cHcJh&onfrSm ordkif;0ifjzpf&yfBuD; awGUBuHKcJh&zl;aom BuD;us,feuf½Idif;vSaom jyif;xefvSaom
wpfckyif/ vlwef;pm; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rIrsm;onf r&SdvSygacs/ Ak'¨bmom
wpfckawmhajymEdkifwmuawmh (*kPf,l0ifh<um;NyD; ajym& omoem xGef;um;aomEdkifiHjzpfaomaMumifhvnf; vlwef;pm;
rnfqdkvSsif ajymEdkifwmuawmh) qefaps;ESifh qDaps; tajccH pd w f 0 rf ; uG J j ym;rI r sm;ud k nd § n d § E I d i f ; Ed I i f ; ? om,mn§ i f ; aysmif ;
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(170)
 824 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 825
wdkufyGJudk qifETJp&mrvkdbJ? qdk&S,fvpfyef;wdkifodkY jrefrmhenf;? onf/ ,if;rSm wdkif;&if;om;yk*¾vdu pD;yGm;a&;ti,fpm; vkyfief;
jrefrmh[efjzifh ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifrnf[k ,HkMunfoifhcJhayonf/ rsm; (petite bourgeois businesses ) udk Edik if yH ikd rf jyKvyk b f ?J xdyk ufw;D
em;vnfoifhcJhayonf/ blZmG ZD ac: ti,fpm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;udk Edik if aH wmftpd;k &
oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om; u pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf pnf;½Hk;ac:aqmifoGm;&ef jzpfygonf/
yk*¾vdu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk ,HkMunfoifhoavmuf EdkifiHjcm;om; vuf0g;BuD;tkyf t&if;&Sifvkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm;udk
,HMk unfrrI &Scd BhJ uay/ xkaYd Mumifh vufwaJG c:aqmifoifo h avmuf EdkifiHydkifodrf;,l&efudkrlum; wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf/
vufwGJac:aqmifjcif; r&SdcJYacs/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HEdkifiHwGif qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepf aAmfvf&SDApf
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk aMunmNyD;aomtcg qdkAD,uf (Bolshevik) ygwDESifhtpdk;&tzGJUwdkYonf t&if;½Sifti,fpm;ESifh
uGejf rLepfygwDEiS hf qdAk , D ufEikd if H tpd;k &onf Adv k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;ESihf awmifov l ,form;wdUk udk zsuo f rd ;f rIEiS uhf efoY wfcsKycf s,rf rI sm;udk
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk pdwf0ifpm;um BudKqdkorIjyKcJYayonf/ vkyrf cd MhJ uojzifh ukex f wk v
f yk rf uI kd xdcu kd ef pfemapcJNh y;D ukeyf pön;f
1963 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&DvwGif qdAk , D ufueG jf rLepfygwDacgif;aqmif rsm;&Sm;yg;oGm;jcif;? tvkyfvufrJhjyóemukdBuHKawGUcJh&jcif;?
0efBuD;csKyf c½Ia&SmhAf (Krushov) onf ol\vl,HkwpfOD;jzpfol ukefaps;EIef;rsm; rwnfNidrfjzpfcJh&jcif;tp&Sdaom tcuftcJrsm;
ODvD,maemhAfpuD (uGefjrLepfygwD\ A[dkaumfrwDwpfOD;jzpfol pGmudk &ifqdkifcJh&aMumif;jzifh owday;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
(Ulianovsky) udk &efukefNrdKUodkYapvTwfcJhayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf ODv, D maemhApf uDukd at'Dvrf;xdyw f iG f
ae0if;\ oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuft& awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ &Sdaom umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf\ aetdrfwGifvufcHawGUqHkygonf/
twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhu &efukefNrdKU&Sd qdkAD,uf xdak wGUqHyk o JG Ykd Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifEh iS hf uReaf wmfEiS hf OD;apmOD;wkv Yd nf;
oH½;kH rS wpfqifq h Adk ,D uftpd;k &xH taMumif;tMum;um zdwaf c:cJh a&muf&SdcJh&ygonf/ ODvD,maemhAfpuDESifh twlvdkufyg vmolrSm
jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdt k aMumif;udv k ol d &SiMf um;azmfxw k jf cif;rjyKcyhJ g/ qdAk ,D ufot H rwfBu;D (Ledovski) jzpfygonf/ ODv D ,D maemhApf uD
ODv,D maemhApf uDonf qdAk , D ufueG jf rLepf ygwDacgif;aqmif onf touft&G,f 75 ESpaf usmcf ef&Y jdS y;D t*Fvyd b f mompum;udk
c&l;a&SmhAfxHrS o0PfvTmwpfapmifudk ,lvmcJhygonf/ xdko0Pf aumif;rGefpGm ajymqdkwwfygonf/ xdkawGUqHkyGJwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
vTmrSm AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;xH vdyfrlxm;aompmjzpfygonf/ ae0if;onf rdrd\yifukdyHkrSefp½dkuftwdkif;yif azmfazmfa&Ga&G?
xdkpmwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;csrSwfvkyfaqmifaom jrefrmh &Ti&f iT v
f ef;vef;? [efaqmifrrI &Sb d J yGiyhf iG vhf if;vif;ajymqkad ecJyh g
qd&k ,
S v f pfvrf;pOfukd BuKd qykd gaMumif;ESihf pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm axmufcH onf/ qdAk , D ufueG jf rLepfygwD acgif;aqmifBu;D c&l;a&SmAh \ f pmudk
ygaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ txl;tm;jzifh qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&; zwf&&I onft h wGuf txl;yif0rf;omygaMumif;? tBuaH y;xm;aom
pepf xlaxmifa&;udk tapmwvsif (pdwfqE´apmpGmjzifh) rvkyf tcsufrsm;udkvnf; av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;rnfjzpfygaMumif;?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

aqmifbJ? vdktyfaomtajctaersm;udk a&S;OD;pGm azmfaqmif&ef jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rSm vufawGU&ifqikd &f aom tajctaet&yf&yf
tBuHjyKxm;ygonf/ owdjyK&rnfhtcsufudkvnf; azmfjyxm;yg udkvnf; rsufjcnfrjywfbJ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;ae&ygaMumif;
...(171)
 826 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 827
ponfjzifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD;u &Sif;vif;ajymMum; wGif wnf;cdk&ygonf/ xdkcspfMunfa&;rpf&SiftzGJUwGif yg0ifaeol
cJhonf/ (xdkpmudkAdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh? OD;apmOD;ESifhuRefawmfhtm; rsm;rSm AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh? OD;'def&wef ucsifjynfe,f OD;pD;tzGJU
zwfapcJhygonf)/ Ouú|? csi;f jynfe,f OD;pD;tzGUJ Ouú| OD;qefcv dk s?H u,m;jynfe,fO;D pD;
ODvD,maemhAfpuDonf AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifaz OD;aqmifaom tzGJU0if OD;okdif;oef;wif? ucsifjynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJU0if OD;v0rf?
awmfveS af &;aumifp0D if Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D tcsKUd ESiv
hf nf;aumif;? OD;bNird ;f ? Akdvfodef;wef (vrf;pOfygwDXmecsKyf)? OD;cifarmifOD; (vrf;pOfygwD
OD;apmOD;? ocifwifjrtp&Sad om Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD0ifa[mif; XmecsKy)f ? Akv d Bf u;D azoef;armif (A[kEd idk if aH &; odyaHÜ usmif;)? Akv d Bf u;D
rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif; awGUqHak qG;aEG;cJyh gao;onf/ ODv, D maemhAf apmvGif (AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh\ ukd,fa&; t&m&Sd) ESifh þpma&;ol
puDudk yk*HanmifOD;NrdKUe,fwpf0kdufwGif v,f,mvkyfief;ESifh uRefawmfwkdYjzpfygonf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H twGif; wpfveD;yg;cefY
ywfoufí avYvm&ef? ausmufqnfESifh arNrdKUwdkYwGif vnfywf vSnfhvnfMunfh½IcGifh&cJhMuygonf/ qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwD
Munfh&I&ef Xmeqkdif&mrsm;u vdkufydkYcJhMuygonf/ xdktzGJUESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJU0if oufqdkif&m0efBuD;rsm;onf
ocifwifjrygoGm;ygonf/ ODv, D maemhApf uDonf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f uRefawmfwdkYtzGJUudk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; BudKqdkcJhMuygonf/
wpfywfMum awmfveS af &;aumifp0D ifrsm;ESihf ocifwifjr? OD;bNird ;f ? jrefrmcspMf unfa&;tzGUJ onf 1963 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbm ESp&f ufaeY
OD;apmOD;wdkUudk EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfcJhygao;onf/ oDwif; wGif armfpudNk rKd Uawmf? u&ifrvifeef;awmfü qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpk
ESpyf wfausmaf usmf aexdik Nf y;D aemuf armfpudo k Ykd jyefomG ;cJyh gonf/ uGefjrLepfygwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol 0efBuD;csKyf
OD v D , maemh A f p uD ,l a qmif v maom c½l ; a&S m h A f \ pmud k c½l;a&SmhAfESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cGifh&&SdcJhygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh? OD;apmOD;ESifh uRefawmf xdok aYkd wGUqH&k mwGif c½l;a&SmAh u
f Adv k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; OD;aqmif
wdkYtm; ay;zwfapojzifh uRefawmfwkdYzwf½IcJh&onfudk uRefawmf aom awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ &nf&G,fcsufESifh pwifaqmif&Guf
aumif;pGmrSwfrdaeojzifh ,ckuJhodkY jyefajym&jcif;jzpfygonf/ aerIrsm;udk cs;D usL;ajymqdNk y;D aemuf qd&k , S v f pfpepfxal xmif&mwGif
xdpk mrl&if;rSm ½k&mS ;bmomjzifah &;xm;Ny;D yl;wGyJ gvmaom t*Fvyd f vkyaf qmif&rnfh tvkyrf sm;udv k nf;aumif;? Edik if t H rsm;Nird ;f csr;f pGm
bmomjyefpmrludk uRefawmfwdkYzwf&I&jcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdpmrlukd twl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;rl0g' (The Policy of peaceful co-exis-
AkdvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifhodrf;xm;cJYonf[k uRefawmfod&SdcJYygonf/ tence) udkvnf;aumif;? ,aeYacwfonf rmhufpfESifhvDeifwdkY\
ODv, D maemhApf uD jyefomG ;Ny;D aemuf 1963 ck? atmufwb kd mv acwfumvrsK;d ESihf rwlawmhojzifh rl0g'rsm;udk rdrw d rYkd suaf rSmufjyK
wGif Advk rf LS ;Bu;D apmjrifh acgif;aqmifaom cspMf unfa&;rpf&iS w f pfck &aom umva'otajctaersm;tvdkuf aqmif&GufMu&yHkudk
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHodkY tvnftywfa&muf&SdcJhygonf/ vnf;aumif; &Snfvsm;pGm&Sif;jyygonf/ xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

qdkAD,uf uGefjrLepfygwD\ txl;{nfhonfawmftjzpf armfpudk ae0if;udk,fwdkif qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkY vma&mufvnfywfyg&ef

NrdKUawmf vDeifawmifukef; (Lenin Hill) ay:&Sd txl;{nfha*[m zdwfac:pum; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
...(172)
 828 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 829
qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY wGi&f adS om vlxEk iS u hf if;uGmaeaom ygwDaumfrwD0ifrsm;\ ygwD
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;pGmjyKvkyfcJh&mwGif xl;jcm;csufESpfckudk uRefawmfwdkY b0okdYom avQmusvmcJhavonf/
owd j yKrd c J h y gonf / yxrtcsuf r S m uRef a wmf w d k Y \ jref r mh ygwD\pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;rSm;,Gi;f cJjh cif;? jynfov l x l k vlaerI
qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vrf;pOfygwD b0 yuwdtajctaetppftrSefudk odjrifatmif rBudK;pm;jcif;
taejzifh vuf0JaoGznfrIrsm;? vuf0JuRHrIrsm; jzpfoGm;rnfudk (0g) rodusKd ;uRjH yKjcif;? pDru H ed ;f vky&f yfrsm;udk jynfox Yl rH S jynfoxl H
pdk;&drf[efrsKd;vnf; jyoajymqdkMuygonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm od[ Yk al omaqmify'k Ef iS t hf nD rusio hf ;kH jcif;? ynmwwfvw l ef;pm;0if
armf p D w k e f ; \ vuf 0 J a oG z nf a &;oabmxm;rsm;ud k a0zef todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sifrsm;udk xdkufxdkufwefwef ae&m
ajymqdkMuygonf/ vrf;pOfygwDudk armf0g'\ MoZmatmufodkY ay;í toH;k rjyKjcif;? tvkyaf e&mcsxm;rIprD u H ed ;f (Job planning)
a&mufroGm;apvdkonfh oabmxm;udk jyocJhMuygonf/ vnf;r&Sdjcif;? bufpHkynma&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf raqmif&Guf
jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfvrf;pOfygwDonf qdAk , D ufueG jf rLepfygwDu Edik jf cif;? vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf? &Jabmf&b J ufcsi;f r,HMk unfMubJ txif
pdk;&drfcJhovdk armf0g' (Maloism) \ MoZmatmufodkYrlum; vHk;0 tjrifvGJjcif;? txiftjrifao;jcif;? tjyeftvSef*dkPf;*P tkyfpk
ra&muf&SdcJhyg/ odkYaomf ]]vuf0JaoGznfonf}} [kqdkrnfqdkvQif wdkufyGJrsm;vkyfjcif;? jynfolwdkYESifh qufqH&mwGifarmufrmjcif;?
qdkEdkifavmufaom ]]vGefuRHrI}} udkrlum; 1964 ckwGif yk*¾vdu tusyfukdifjcif;ponfh tjyKtrlrsKd;udkusifhoHk;jcif;? tcGifhxl;rsm;udk
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk (tBuD;pm;? tvwfpm;? ti,fpm;? &vQif&ovdk trsKd;rsKd;udk,fusKd;&SmMujcif;? or0g,rtp&Sdaom
or0g,rtoif;rsm;) ta&;Bu;D onf? rBu;D onf odr;f ,loifo h nf? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk ygwDaumfrwDwdkY\ udk,fydkifbPfwdkuf ozG,f
roifhonf ponfwdkYudk pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ) EdkifiHydkifodrf;,ljcif; toH;k csjcif;tp&So d nfh ygwD\vrf;pOfBu;D ysupf ;D &m ysupf ;D aMumif;
jyKvkyfcJhMuygonf/ xdkodkYaom ]]vuf0JtrSm;rsm;}} aMumifhyifvQif rsm;udk vkyfcJhMuavonf/ xdkodkYaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;
uReaf wmfw\ Ykd ]]qd&k ,
S vf pfwnfaqmufr}I } onf qd&k , S v f pf0g'\ tao;pdwfajym&rnfqdkvQif tpD&ifcHpmBuD;wpfyk'f rQru
&nf&G,fcsufrS wjcm;pDjzpfcJh&ygonf[k qdkEdkifygayownf;/ &Snfvsm;zG,fom &Sdayawmhrnf/
jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pfvrf;pOf\ umvwpfavQmufwiG f pdwt f m; jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOf\ Edik if aH wmfonf tpdk;& t&if;&Sif
xufoefraI umif;aumif;Bu;D &Scd ahJ om umv? pdwt f m;xufoefrI pepf (a state capitalism) \EdkifiHawmf jzpfonf[kqdkvQifyif
wjznf;jznf; usqif;vmaomumv? av;eufrIr&SdawmhbJ *kPo f u d m© ESijhf ynfph akH umif;jynfph EkH ikd yf gao;onf/ uReaf wmfwYkd Edik if H
tay:,H yHkoP²mef (Superficial form) rsm;om vTrf;rdk;vmaom onf urÇmay:wGif zGHUNzdK;rItedrfhqHk;aomwdkif;jynf (The Least
umv[lí cGjJ cm;rSwo f m;&ygonf/ tay:,Hyo kH P²mefrsm; vTr;f rd;k developed country) b0odkY usqif;cJh&onfjzpfaomaMumifh
vmcJah om aemufq;kH ydik ;f umvwGif vrf;pOfygwDonf jynfow l \ Ykd qd&k , S v f pf0g'\ &nf&, G cf suo f aYkd &muf&cdS o hJ nf[k rqdo k mygacs/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

,HkMunfav;pm;jcif;cH&aom ygwDrsKd;r[kwfawmhbJ (0g) jynfolY qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf &nfrSef;csuft& tvGefrGefjrwfaom

ygwDrsK;d r[kwaf wmhbJ ygwD\xdyw f ef;A[drk S atmufajctqifq h ifh 0g' jzpfayonf/ jynfoltaygif;\ pm;0wfaea&; vdktyfcsuf
...(173)
 830 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 831
rsm;ESifh vlrIa&;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tqufrjywf? rsufjcnf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD ysufpD;csKyfNidrf;oGm;&jcif;ESifh
rjywf jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifatmif umva'o tajctaeay;rI ywfoufívnf;,if;odkYyifajym&ygrnf/ The Burmese way to
rsm;tvd k u f pd w f a umif ; apwemaumif ; rsm;jzif h ud k , f p G r f ; socialism destroys itself [k ajymqdk&rnfuJhodkY jzpfcJhygonf/
&Sdoa&GU BuHpnfae&rnf? BudK;yrf;ae&rnf/ vkyfaqmif ae& (þtcsuEf iS hf ywfoufí vrf;pOfygwDOuú|Bu;D OD;ae0if;ud, k w f ikd f
rnfqdkaom 0g'vrf;pOfonf tvGefrGefjrwfaom 0g'vrf;pOf uRefawmfwdkYtm;ajymcJhonfudk uRefawmfqufa&;rnfh tcef;wGif
om jzpfygayawmhonf/ azmfjyygOD;rnf/)
qdk&S,fvpf0g' vrf;pOfonf pdwful;,Ofíom &Edkifaom ]]qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk wdkYvkyfMunfhMur,fuGm? vkyfMunfhvdkY
]]pdwful;pH}} rQom (Idealism) jzpfonf[k a0zefavh&SdMuygonf/ &nf&G,fwJhtwdkif; jzpfrvmbl;qdk&ifawmhvnf;? wdkYtcsif;csif;
,if;okdY,lqumajymqdkjcif;onf wpfzufowfusaeygonf/ wdkifyifNyD;ajymif;vdkufMuwmaygh}} [k jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf
qd&k ,
S vf pf0g'vrf;pOfjzifh qd&k ,
S v
f pfvaYl bmiftzGUJ tpnf;opf udk pwifcsrSwfpOfu AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh?
(0g) w&m;rQwaom? om,m0ajymaom vlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;
OD;apmOD;ESifh þrSwfwrf;a&;oluRefawmfwdkYtm; ajymjycJhyg
wpf&yfxlaxmifjcif;onf odyÜHynm&yfESifhenf;ynmtwwfrsm;
onf /
(In the actual age of development of Science and technology)
1988 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd vf 23 &ufaeYusKu d qú uH iG ;f ü usi;f ycJah om
xGe;f um;aeaom ,ckacwf,ckumvrsK;d wGif vkyu f ikd af qmif&u
G í f
vrf;pOfygwD\ta&;ay:ygwD nDvmcHwiG f vrf;pOfygwDOuú|Bu;D
&Edkifaom vkyfief;pOfBuD;jzpfygonf/ pdwfaumif;apwemaumif;
xm;&SdNyD; rSefuefpGm? xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifMu&efom vdktyf (tNird ;f pm;Edik if aH wmfor®wBu;D ) OD;ae0if;onf ol\ Mum;odvm&
ygonf/ qdk&S,fvpfvlYabmifxlaxmifjcif;onf rjzpfEdkifaom aom? BuHKawGUvm&aom tajctaersm;udkpdwfysufNyD;? pdwfqdk;
tvkyfr[kwfyg/ jzpfEdkifaomtvkyfomjzpfygonf/ vlom;wd\ Yk rmefqdk;&SdaomavoHjzifh rdefYcGef;>rufMum;&mwGif ]]ygwDpHkudk
tem*wfumvrsm;wGif jzpfxGef;vmEdkifaom vkyfief;pOfBuD; BuKd uof vm;? wpfygwDukd BuKd uo f vm;qdw k m jynfoq Yl E´c,
H Ml u}}
jzpfygonf/ [lí tqdkjyKoGm;cJhygonf/ xdkaemufqHk;rdefYcGef;onf jrefrmh
urÇmay:wGifyxrOD;qHk;aom qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHudk pwif qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf\ csKyfNidrf;&m csKyfNidrf;aMumif;udk pD&ifcsuf
prf;oyfum xlaxmifaqmif&GufcJhaom qdkAD,uf,leD,HEdkifiHBuD; csvkdufaom rdefYcGef;yifjzpfygonf[k uRefawmf,lqvdkufygonf/
(qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpBk u;D ) NyKd ucJG sKyNf ird ;f &jcif;ESiyhf wfoufí urÇmh xdak emufyikd ;f wGif jynfov l x
l \
k taxGaxG rauseyfru I kd azmfjyvm
uGefjrLepftzGJUcsKyf\ ordkif;wGif emrnfxif&Sm;cJhaom ,l*dkpvyf aom qE´jytH<k urIBu;D onf ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ ,if;qE´jyrIBu;D
uGejf rLepfacgif;aqmifBu;D wpfO;D jzpfco hJ l rDvAkd ef*s;D vyfpf Milovan ay:xGufvmatmifvnf; Ouú|BuD;OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifuyifvQif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

Djilas u Communism destroys itself [kajymcJy h gonf/ (uGejf rLepf oG,f0kdufvSaomenf;jzifh vrf;zGifhay;cJhonf[k ,lqrnfqdkvQif
pepfonf rdrdudk,frdrdzsufqD;cJhNyD) [k rSwfcsufcscJhonf/ ,lqEdkifygonf/
...(174)
 832 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 833
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDESifh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDBuD; wdkYonf rMumrMumaomfvnf;aumif;? qufumqufumaomf
jrefrmEdik if wH iG af y:ayguf vmcJo h nfrmS vnf; ordik ;f 0iftppftrSef vnf;aumif; jzpfay:aygufzmG ;avh&MdS uonf/ tqd;k udk taumif;
jzpf&yfBuD;wpfckjzpfcJhygonf/ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD xifrIrsm;? trSm;udk trSefxifrIrsm;? ted|m½Hkudk £|m½HkxifrIrsm;
wpf&yfv;kH jzpfysuf ,d, k iG ;f Ny;D csKyNf ird ;f oGm;cJoh nfrmS vnf; ordik ;f 0if tp&Sad om trSm;rsm;onf vlom;wd\ Yk tvkyEf iS ahf qmif&u G rf rI sm;
tppftrSefjzpf&yfBuD; wpfckyifjzpfygonf/ udk tarSmufarSmuf? trSm;rSm;jzpfysuaf pMuonf/ aumif;&mrGe&f m
vl o m;wd k Y \ ord k i f ; onf vl o m;wd k Y q E´ E S i f h ruif ; bJ ? pcef;rsm;qDoYkd rvSr;f Edik Mf ubJ? &Si;f &if; ½Iy&f if;ESiyhf if w0Jvnfvnf
vlom;wdkY\ qE´rsm;\ wdkufwGef;zefwD;rIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:& jzpfae&avonf/ aumif;aomordik ;f vrf;onf aysmuf&awmhrvdk
onf rSefygaomfvnf; rsm;pGmaom ordkif;0ifjzpf&yfBuD;rsm; rMumrMum BuHKae&avonf/
onf vlom;wdkY\ qE´ygvGef;onfjzpfap? rygvGef;onfjzpfap? rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap vlom;wd\ Yk obm0pdwo f nf aumif;rGe&f m
rdrd uHMur®mudk rdrdo,faqmifvmbdonfhtvm;? rdrdoabm aumif;rGefaMumif;? csrf;om&mcsrf;omaMumif;? BuD;yGm;&mBuD;yGm;
rd r d a qmif u m jzpf y suf w wf M uonf r S m tppf t rS e f b 0 aMumif;? wdk;wuf&mwdk;wufaMumif;rsm;udk &SmBuHaeavh&Sdonf/
(realities) rsm; jzpf M uygonf / a&S;½Iaeavh&Sdonf/ wdkufwGef;aeavh&Sdonf/ vlYordkif;onf
*sD;vyfpf\ tqdktwdkif;yif urÇmay:wGif rw&m;rIrsm;ESifh a&Sma&Sm½SL½SLoGm;avhr&Sdapumrl? a&SUwdk;aemufqkwfjcif;rsm;
vlvlcsif;jc,fvS,faoG;pkyf tjrwfxkwfrIrsm;onf aemufqHk;wGif &SMd uapumrl a&&Sncf &D;wGif tysuo f abmudk ausmv f eG Nf y;D tjzpf
w&m;rIrsm;? rSefuefrIrsm;? aumif;rGefjcif;rsm;[laom tppftrSef oabmudk aqmif,lvmavh&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifhyifvlom;wdkY\
b0\ wefcdk;tiftm;pkudk t½HI;ay;&avh&Sdonfudk ordkif; aumif;rGef&m aumif;rGefaMumif;? wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif;udk
wpfavQmufwGif awGU&avh&Sdygonf/ aqmif,al vh&w dS wfaom ordik ;f vrf;onf tzsut f ½IyEf iS hf tqkwf
þurÇmay:wGif trSew f &m;ESit hf aumif;trGew f &m;wdoYk nf t,kwfrsm;tm;vHk;udk jzwfausmfEdkifavh &Sdwwfonfhtwdkif;
xm0pOf&adS eMurnfomjzpfygonf/ b,faomtcgrQ aysmufu, G f jzpfausmfvdrfhrnfomjzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif ordkif;vrf;onf
oGm;vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ aumif;rGeaf om? rlreS af om? wd;k wufaom? wl½t l wdik ;f oGm;aevdrhf
yHkrSefrlvblwvlom;wdkY\ obm0pdwfonf ted|m½Hkrsm;udk rnfjzpfayonf/
rvdv k m;bJ? £|m½Hrk sm;uko d mvdv k m; wwfayonf/ tqd;k t,kwf þum;ordkif;vrf;\ oabmw&m;ed,mraywnf;/
rsm;udk &,lcHpm;vdkjcif; r&SdMuyg/ vlom;wdkYonf rodíaomf urÇmay:wGiv f nf;aumif;? jrefrmhval bmif tzGUJ tpnf;wGif
vnf;aumif;? rwwfíaomfvnf;aumif;? trSm;rsm;ESihf tqd;k rsm; vnf;aumif;? Edik if aH &;wl½rl rI sm;? rl0g'a&;wl½rl sm; toD;oD;wko Yd nf
udk vkyrf w d wfMuonf/ odvmonfEiS t hf rQ? wwfvmonfEiS t hf rQ? twdwEf iS yhf pöKyeÜ t
f oD;oD;\ aumif;arGq;kd arGrsm;\ tjyeftvSef
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

taumif;rsm;ESit hf rSerf sm;udk vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G v

f mavh&MdS uonf/ tm;NyKd iaf om pm&if;&Sif;wrf;rsm;ESifhtnD tem*wftoD;oD;odYk
vlom;wdkY\ todÓPfwGif tjrifrSm;rsm; txifrSm;rsm;ponf ajymif;a&mufoGm;MurnfrSm "r®wmjzpfygonf/
...(175)
 834 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 835
aemufqufwGJoHk;oyfcsuf t*FvdyfqefYusifa&; ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rI ta&;awmfyHk
txufwiG ½f n S v f sm;pGmazmjyf cJah om taxGaxGo;kH oyfcsuu f kd ygwDukd ppfa&;t& OD;pD;uGyu f &J onfw h m0efukd xrf;aqmifchJ
tajccHí aemufqufwGJ oHk;oyfcsufwpf&yfudk xyfavmif;í onf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftm;vHk;?
wifjycGifhjyKyg&ef pmzwfolwdkYtm; arwåm&yfcHtyfygonf/ ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rItzGJU0iftm;vHk; bD t k d i f a t (Burma
1/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf 1962 ckESpf? rwfv ESpf&ufaeYwGif Independence Army) ac: Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfom;
EkdifiHawmftmPmudk odrf;,lNyD;vQifNyD;jcif; ppf a umif p Dudk tm;vH;k onf vGwv f yfa&;twGuf vufeufuikd f wku d yf q
JG ifEJT
rzGUJ pnf;bJ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD (Revolutionary Council) cJhMuaom ppfonfawmfrsm;jzpfMuonfrSm rSefaomfvnf;
udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk zGJUpnf;jcif;onf olwt Ydk m;vH;k onf Ekid if aH &;twGuf ppfwu dk cf MhJ uaom rsK;d cspf
acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;wpf&yf (a Social Evolution) udk EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;? ppfom;rsm;omjzpfcJhMuygonf/
aqmif&Gufrnfqkdonfh OD;wnfcsufudk azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ 4/ xkdYaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf ppfom;b0rS EkdifiHa&;
2/ awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf 1962 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D 30&ufaeYwiG f orm;b0okdY a&mufvmcJholr[kwf? EkdifiHa&;orm;b0rS
awmfveS af &;aumifp\ D 0g'oabmxm;aMunmcsujf zpfaom ppfom;b0okYd a&mufvmcJo h jl zpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Akv d cf sKyBf u;D
jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (Burmese way to Socialism) ae0if;onf EkdifiHa&;OD;aESmuf&Sdaom ppfAkdvfcsKyfBuD;wpfOD;
udk xkwjf yefaMunmcJNh y;D ? 1962 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f av;&ufaeYwiG f omjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh 0efBu;D csKyOf ;D Ektpd;k &\ vufwiG ;f rSm&Sd
jref r mh q k d & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwD (Burmese Scoialist aecJah om Ekid if aH &;tmPmudk odr;f ,lco hJ nfrmS ppf0g'tjrif
Programme Party) udk pwifzUJ G pnf;cJo h nf/ ,if;vkyaf qmifcsuf (Militarist Outlook) jzifh odr;f ,lco hJ nf r[kwb f J EkdifiHa&;
ES p f & yf o nf awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D \ tcef ; u@ud k orm;tjrif (Political Outlook) jzifhomvQif odrf;,lcJhjcif;
ppfaumifpt D oGiu f kd raqmif,al pbJ Ekid if aH &;rlrl0g'aumifpD jzpfonf/
(Political Counci) toGifudk aqmif,lapcJhonf/ 5/ okjYd zpfvQif Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ EkdifiHa&;tjrifonfbmvJ¿
3/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf ocif½Iarmif (Thakhin Shu-Maung) ol\ Ekid if aH &;tjrifonf 1956 ckEpS rf S 1961 ckEpS f aESmif;ydik ;f
trnf&o dS l ocifEidk if aH &;orm; (ocifApdef acgif;aqmifaom umvESihf 1962 ck tOD;ydik ;f umvrsm;\ 0ef;usiw f iG f jzpfysuf
wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;tzGJU0if) jzpfcJhygonf/ ocif½Iarmif aeaom EkdifiHa&;rwnfNidrfrI tajctaersm;udkMunfhNyD;
taejzifh *syefEkdifiH ppfwyfuodrf;ydkufxm;aom azmfrkdqm rdrdudk,fwkdif EkdifiHa&;tmPm&,lNyD; rdrdpdwfwkdif;usvnf;
uRef;wGif &JabmfoHk;usdyf (The Unit of Thirty Comrades) jzpf&efEiS hf jynfov l x l u k vnf; wpfcck t k ajymif;tvJjzpfvQif
wpfO;D tjzpf ppfynmoif,cl NhJ y;D Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ txl; aumif;rnfvm;[k xifjrifaejcif;ESiv hf nf; qufpyfomG ;ap&ef
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wm0efay;tyfc&H oltaeESihf 1942 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&DvwGif &nf&G,fum tmPmodrf;vdkuf&rnf[laom pdwful;yif

jrefrmEkid if o H Ydk vQKUd 0Supf mG jyefvmcJo
h nf/ jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f &Sd jzpfonf/
...(176)
 836 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 837
tmPmodr;f ,lrnf[k Bu&H , G rf od nfEiS t hf nD EkdifiHa&;rl0g' 0g' (y&ufrufwpf0g'\ oabmw&m;? 0DvsH*sdrf;pf Will-
vrf ; pOf wpfckckudkawmh pdwful;NyD; jzpfygonf/ ,if;rSm iam James \ Pragmatism udk zwf½Izl;olr[kwfapumrl)
xdkumv\ jynfwGif;jynfy ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;t& udk rdrdtvdkvdk cH,lusifhoHk;wwfol jzpfygayonf[lí
zGUH NzKd ;qJEidk if rH sm;wGif acwfpm;aeaom qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHa&;rsKd; rSwf,lxm;ygonf/
udk vufuikd jf yKomG ;&efyif jzpfayonf/ (Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D OD;ae0if;onf ocif½aI rmifb0 (vli,fb0)
qkd&S,fvpfrl0g'rsKd;udk vkyfcsifaeyHk&aMumif;? AkdvfrSL;csKyf u ol\acgif;aqmifjzpfol ocifApdeEf iS t hf wl (ocifApde\ f
atmifBuD;uOD;apmOD;ESifh þpma&;ol uRefawmfwkdYtm; a&SUaqmifrjI zif)h um;vfrmhufpfEiS hf tde;f *s,v f pf w
f aYdk &;om;cJh
BudKwifajymMum;NyD; r,kwfrvGefaomwm0efudk ay;cJhojzifh aom uGefjrLepfaMunmpmwrf; (The Communist Mani-
uReaf wmfwaYdk qmif&u G cf &hJ yHuk kd þrSww f rf;\ tydik ;f (1) ESihf festo) ac: bH k 0 g'aMunmpmwrf ; udk avhvmcJhzl;onf[k
(2) wkdYwGif azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/) Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; ud, k w f idk u f uReaf wmft h m;ajymjycJo h nfukd
6/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk cH,lxm;ygonf rSwfom;xm;cJhygonf/ xkdYaMumifh olonf qkd&S,fvpf0g'
vm;/ cH,x l m;vQif rnfoaYdk om qk&d , S v f pf0g'rsK;d udk cH,x l m; qkid &f m tajccHoabmudak wmh avhvmrSwo f m;cJoh jl zpfonf
[k qkd&ygrnf/
ygovJ/
okaYd omf Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf tjcm;aom (awmfawmf
þar;cGef;rsm;udk wdwdususajzqdk&efrSm rvG,fulvSyg/
rsm;rsm;aom) vuf0J EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; uJhokdYyif
tb,faMumifq h adk omf Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf rnfonfh
rmhufpf0g'udk vnf;aumif;? vDeif0g'udk vnf;aumif;?
EkdifiHa&;0g'udkrQ avSeH"m;xpfw&m;ao (yHkao) cH,lxm; qkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'qkdif&m usrf;BuD;usrf;i,f
avhr&SdbJ? ]]tajctaet&vdktyfwmudk vkyfaqmifoGm; pHpk akH phaphwu Ydk vkd nf;aumif;? tcsed , f Nl y;D aoaocsmcsm aphaph
&rnf } } qkdaom y&uf r uf w pf 0 g' (Pragmatism) udk pyfpyf avhvm&eftcsdefvnf;r&cJhyg? tcGifhtvrf;vnf;
vufawGUb0wGif usio hf ;kH avh&cdS ohJ l jzpfaomaMumifyh gwnf;/ r&cJhyg/ (jrefrmjynfwiG f rmhupf 0f g' vIy&f mS ;rI\ 0gt&ifq h ;kH
y&ufrufwpfZifqkdonfrSm &nf&G,faomtwkdif; tvkyf aom acgif;aqmifBu;D jzpfco hJ l ocifpdk;onfyifvQif rmhupf -f
jzpfa&;t"du 0g'[líqkd&rnf/ vDeif0g'qkdif&m pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk pHkpHkaphaph avhvm&ef
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;OD;ae0if;udk þpma&;ol xdawGUqufqH tcGifhtvrf;&cJholr[kwfygacs/)
avhvmcGi&hf orQ (teD;uyfíaomfvnf;aumif;? rvSr;f rurf; xdkYaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk
rSaomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;olrsm;rSwpfqifh Mum;odrw S o
f m;& a&SUaemufnDñGwfpGm (Coneistently) ausnufod&Sdxm;NyD;
orQ aomfvnf;aumif;? avhvmod&Sd&orQ) udk tajcjyKNyD; jzpfonf[lí rajymEkdifyg/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tuJjzwf&rnfqydk gvQif uReaf wmf\acgif;aqmifBu;D jzpfco hJ l okaYd omf olonf ol\y&ufrufwpf0g' g'ESihf nDñw G pf mG yif
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf txufazmfjyygtwkid ;f y&ufrufwpf
Akv 1960 jynfhESpf0ef;usifrSpNyD; qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfEkdifiHBuD;ESifh
...(177)
 838 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 839
ta&SUOa&myuGefjrLepfygwDrsm;tkyfpdk;aom EkdifiHa&;pepfrsKd; System) pepfuwpfrsK;d ? ,cktcg w½kwE
f idk if w
H iG f uG,v
f eG o
f l
w½kwfjynfolY or®wEkdifiH\ wdk;wufrIrsm;udk udk,fawGU w½kwu f eG jf rLepfacgif;aqmifBu;D wdefYa&Smifzdef (Teng Shao-
tm;jzifhudk pdwf0ifpm;cJhonf[lí qkdEkdifygonf/ Peng) csrS w f c J h o nf h uGefjrLepfygwD tkyfpdk;rIatmufwGif&Sd
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;ESihf awmfveS af &;aumifp0D if Akv d rf LS ;csKyf aom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh wpfEkdifiHwGif pepfESpfck
wifazacgif;aqmifaom Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D tcsKUd wk\
Yd qk&d , S v f pfa&; (One Country, Two-Systems) rl 0 g' uwpfrsKd;/ vl r I a &;
0g' cH,lcsufrSm xdktcsdefu wnf&SdcJhMuaom uGefjrLepfEkdifiH w&m;rQwrI & S d a tmif wwf E k d i f o rQwpf q if h N yD ; wpf q if h
rsm;ü usifhoHk;aeMuonfh qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; aqmif & G u f o G m ;rnf qkdaom vpf b &,f q k d & S , f v pf 0 g'
yHpk rH sK;d udk jrefrmhtajctaersm;ESihf [yfrpd yfrad tmif usio hf ;kH (Liberal Socialism) u wpfrsKd;ponfwkdY &SdMuygonf/
oGm;&rnfqadk om cH,cl suyf ifjzpfygonf/ (jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pf jrefrmEkid if wH iG f awmfveS af &;aumifpOD uú|Bu;D Akv d cf sKyBf u;D
vrf;pOfonf þoabmjzpfygonf/ okaYd omf jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pf OD;ae0if;\ xl;jcm;aom (xl;qef;aom) cH,lxm;csufrSm
vrf;pOfwiG f ,if;uGejf rLepfygwDrsm;\ vrf;pOfrS jcm;em;aom
wpfygwDO;D aqmifrjI zifh Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &u pDraH qmif&u G af om
tcsuftvufrsm;pGm yg0ifcJhygonf/)
or0g,rqefaom qkd&S,fvpfjzpfonf/ ,if;taMumif;udk
7/ qkd&S,fvpf0g' trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf/ um;vfrmhufpf\ tajccH
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D OD;ae0if;ud, k w
f idk uf OD;apmOD;ESihf uReaf wmfwt Ydk m;
rl0g't&yf&yfukd cH,Ml uaom uGejf rLepfygwDrsm;u a&SUaqmif
ajymMum;ygonf/ okdYaomf uGefjrLepf[efygaom qkd&S,fvpf
a&SU&Gujf yKum OD;pD;uGyu f rJ jI yKaom uGefjrLepf qkd&S,fvpf0g'
(Communist Socialism) uwpfrsK;d ? t*FvefEi dk if EH iS hf Oa&my rsK;d udk vkyaf qmifcsiaf om Akv d rf LS ;csKyw
f ifazwk\
Yd oabmxm;
EkdifiHtcsKdUwGif cH,lprf;oyfusifhoHk;Muaom 'Drdku&ufwpf udk AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf vdkufavsmcJhyHk&ygonf/
qkd&S,fvpf0g' (Democratic socialism, or Social-democ- AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u or0g,r
or0g,rqkdonfh pum;t"dyÜm,f
racy) uwpfrsKd;? or0g,r qk d & S , f v pf 0 g' (Co-opera- onf qk d & S , f v pf 0 g'\ oabmw&m; oabmw&m;udk azmfñTef;ae
tive socialism) uwpfrsK;d ? ,l*q kd vm;AD;,m;Ekid if w H iG f or®w onf[k uRefawmfwkdYtm; ajymjycJhygonf/
rm&S,v f w f ;D wd;k OD;aqmifaom uGefjrLepftpnf;t½Hk; (the rnfoyYdk if&adS p 1962 ck? rwfvrS 1988 ck? pufwifbm
Communist League) u usifhoHk;cJhzl;onfh wk d u f ½ d k u f txd wnf & S d c J h a om jref r mh q k d & S , f v pf vrf ; pOf o nf
xkwfvkyfol vkyftm;&Sif tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tzGJU uG e f j rLepf [ ef (Communist Style) ygaom wpf y gwD
tpnf;u wkduf½dkufpDrHcefYcGJaom pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rl0g' tmPm&Sifpepfjzifh EkdifiHawmftpdk;&,EÅ&m;u pDrHtkyfcsKyf
(direct producers management of socialism) uwpfrsKd;? aom qkd&S,fvpfpepf[lí trnfcHcJhaom EkdifiHawmf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

w½kwjf ynfoYl or®wEkid if w H iG f armfpDwkef; (Mao Tse-Tung) OD;aqmifaom t&if;&Sifpepf (State Capitalism) yifjzpfchJ
usifhoHk;cJhMuaom jynfolYbHktzGJU0g' (People's Commune onfrSm {ueftrSef jzpfygonf/
...(178)
 840 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 841
onfvdkqkdaomaMumifh Ek d i f i H a wmf t&if ; &S i f p epf onf xl;qef;onfrSm vuf0JbufokdY a&mufaeMuolrsm;[k
]]raumif;aompepf}} jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,f r&yg/ txifcHMu&aom AkdvfrSL;csKyfwifaz tkyfpk0if AkdvfrSL;BuD;
zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;pHt& acwfaemufusaom oef;pdefu olYteD;rSmuyfíxdkifaeaom uRefawmfhtm;
EkdifiHrsm;wGif qkd&S,fvpfpepfudk wnfaqmufrnfqkdvQif wD;wd;k avoHjzifh ]]a[h ...udck spv f iId f ...Ouú|Bu;D ajymwm
EkdifiHawmft&if;&Sifpepfqdkaom acwfwpfacwf odkYr[kwf pOf ; pm;oif h w ,f xif w ,f ...wpf y gwD p epf u awmh
tqifw h pfqifu h kd jzwfausm&f ygrnf/ ok&Yd mwGif xkEd idk if aH wmf odyfredyfvSbl;As}} [k aemif w &[ef&SdaomrsufESmjzifh
t&if;&Sipf epfukd tmPm&qkd&S,fvpfygwDEiS hf twkduftcH uRefawmhftm;vnf;aumif;? tem;rSmxdkifaeaom OD;apmOD;
jyKaom qkd&S,fvpfygwD (Democratic Competition be- tm;vnf;aumif; ajymMum;cJhygonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfpdk;
tween a Party in Power and a Party in Opposition) [laom vnf; Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pde\ f pum;udk Mum;cJyh gonf/ olonf
ygwDpepfrsKd;jzifh (tpdk;&\BudK;udkifjc,fvS,frIryg0ifbJ ) vnf; OD;acgif;av;udk rodromndwf[efjzifh pOf;pm;aeyHk
vkyfaqmifoGm;rnfqkdvQif qk d & S , f v pf y gvD r ef ' D r k d u a&pD &ygonf/ xkAd v dk rf LS ;Bu;D oef;pde\
f ajympum;ESihf trlt&mudk
EkdifiHa&;jzpfEkdifayonf/ ,ckwkdif uRefawmf jrifa,mifaerdygao;onf/
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;OD;ae0if;onf þokdYaom oabmxm;rsKd;udk tu,f í rsm; xd k p Of t cguom Ak d v f c sKyf B uD ; ae0if ;
ajymMum;cJhonfhtwkdif; qkd&S,fvpfESEpS fygwDpepf (Two So-
pdwful;rdcJhav[ef &Sdygonf/ qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;
cialist Parties System) udkrsm; cH,lusifhoHk;cJhrnfqkdygu
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&ef wdkifyifaqG;aEG;onfh
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; orkdif;onf wpfrsKd;wpfzHkajymif;vJaumif;
yxrOD;qH;k usi;f ycJah om (1972 ckEpS f or®wtdrw f iG f usi;f y
ajymif;vJcJhrnf[k uRefawmfxifaecJhygonf/
cJhaom) tpnf;ta0;wGif ]]udk,fajymcsifwmuawmh ck½IyfrS 8/ Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf rdrad umif;rnfxifaomtvkyrf sm;udk
aemif&Sif;qkdovdk wdkYvkyfr,fh tajccHOya'[m wpfygwD vkyfydkifcGifh&ovdk vkyfaqmifcJhonf [líomqkd&ygrnf/ ol Y
Ek d i f i H r sKd ; vk y f r S m vm; ...ES p f y gwD v k y f r S m vm;qk d w mud k pdwful;rsm;onf wpfrsKd;rSwpfrsKd;okdY ajymif;a&TUavh &SdcJh
tckuwnf;u pOf;pm;Ny;D qH;k jzwfMu}} [k ajymMum;cJyh gonf/ ygonf /
uRefawmfonf xdktpnf;ta0;okdY zdwfMum;cH&olwpfOD; xdkYtjyif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf olwpfyg;tm; 'ku©
taeES i f h wuf a &muf c G i f h BuH K cJ h y gonf / tpnf ; ta0; a&mufatmifvkyfaqmifvdkaom pdwfrsKd;udk rxm;r&SdcJhyg/
wufa&mufMuolrsm;onf oHo,pdwfjzifhvnf;aumif;? okaYd omf olt Y m;rw&m;ajymol? rw&m;jyKo?l rw&m; BupH nf
awGa0pdwfjzifhvnf;aumif; bmrQrajymMubJ NidrfaeMuyg olrsm;udkrlum; Mum&Snf onf;cHjcif;r&SdbJ/ taMumif;od
onf/ xdktcg AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u ]]at; ...tJ'g atmif taMumif;jyavh&cdS yhJ gonf/ olonf vlawGtaMumif;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

pOf;pm;xm;Mu ...tcsdefvnf;&Sdygao;w,f}} [k rdefYMum; udk avhvmoifo h nfrsm;udk avhvmNy;D toH;k csoifo h nfrsm;udk
cJhygonf/ toHk;cswwfygonf/
...(179)
 842 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 843
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D OD;ae0if;onf olt Y mPmvufuikd &f pdS Of umv 10/ 1987 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv yxrtywftwGif;u AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
wpfavQmufwGif rSm;,Gif;aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyfrdcJh ae0if;u OD;apmOD;ESihf uReaf wmhu f kd at'Dvrf;&Sd olaexdik &f m
onfrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpörSma&m? EkdifiHa&; td r f o k d Y ac:,l a wG U qH k y gonf / xd k a eY u ol t m;vyf í
ygwDa&;udprö sm;rSmyg vHkNcHKa&; (Security) udk OD;pm;ay;avh a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf pum;ajymcsiaf omaMumifh jzpfygonf/
&SdcJhaomaMumifhvnf; tcsKdUaom ta&;,lrIrsm;? umuG,frI axG & mav;yg;pum;rsm;ajymaeMupOf r S m yif ol o nf
rsm;rSmvnf; ]]rSm;cJhonf}} [kqdkEkdifaom taMumif;t&mrsm; ½kwfw&uf pum;wpfcGef;udk ajymvkdufygonf/
&Scd yhJ gonf/ rSm;aeonfukd rSm;aerSe;f odvmvQiaf wmh odvQif ]]udk,fhvlwkdYudk BuHKwkef;ajym&OD;r,f}} [k pum;pvdkufNyD;
odcsif; tjrefqHk;jyefjyifavh&Sdygonf/ uReaf wmfb h ufMunhu f m ]]a[haumif ...zd;k cspv f iId f destiny
d cf sKyBf u;D OD;ae0if;\ b0udk ESpyf ikd ;f cGjJ cm;&ygrnf/ udk,fa&;
9/ Akv ('ufpwDeD) qkdwmudk rif;,Hk&JUvm;}} [k ar;vdkufygonf/
udk,fwmb0 (Private Life) u wpfrsKd;wpfckwjcm;/ ol\ uRefawmfonf csufcsif; jyefrajzEkdifyg/ NyD;rS ]][kwfuJh ...
uRefawmf ,Hkygw,f ...'ufpwDeDqdkwm uHyef;wkdifaygh
EkdifiHa&;b0 (Political Life) u wpfrsKd;wpfckwjcm; jzpfyg
cifAsm}} [k ajymvdkufrdygonf/
onf/
xdt k cg olu ]]at; ..uHyaJ jymajym bmyJajymajym des-
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ udk,fa&;udk,fwmb0udk a0zef&ef
tiny &Sdwmawmh trSefyJuG? wjcm;ajymcsifwm r[kwfygbl;/
þrSwfwrf;a&;oluRefawmhfwGif wm0efr&Sd[k cH,lygonf/
ightaMumif;yg/ ighOD;av;ocifnD? OD;av;qkdayr,fhvdkY
a0zef&efrSm uRefawmf\ t&mr[kwfyg/ toufcsif;uGmwm r[kwfvkdY ightpfudkyJqkdygpkdY/ at; ...
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ EkdifiHa&;b0ESifh ywfoufaom olaeraumif;aewmeJY olYtpm; *syefjynfudkoGm;r,fh
taMumif;tcsurf sm;udrk u l m; avhvmoif?h a0zefo;kH oyfoifh oabFmay:udk wjcm;tazmfawGeJYtwl igvdkufoGm;&w,f/
ygonf/ taumif;udak &m? tqk;d udyk g avhvmoH;k oyfoifMh u tJ'DtcsdefupNyD; ighb0[m wpfcgwnf;ajymif;oGm;wmyJ/
ygonf/ Akv d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf jrefrmEkid if \
H tusKd;pD;yGm;a&; Turning-point ayghuGm/ igom tJ'DvdkvdkufroGm;jzpfcJh&if
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(180)
 844 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 845
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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rif;aoG; (Royal Blood) ygvmoljzpfaomaMumifh ol\ sub- tajccHpnf;rsOf;wGif jy|mef;cJhaomfvnf; xdkwm0efukd
...(181)
 846 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 847
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aomaMumifhomyif jynfolvlxkESifh uif;uGmonfxuf taeqif;&Jb0jzifh ukrÜPDwGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfae&
uif;uGmvm&NyD;? jynfolvlxk\ ,HkMunfrIESifh MunfndKrI onf/ vkyfom;wkdY &oifhaomcHpm;cGifhrsm;r&&SdcJYMu/ awmif;&ef
udk r&&SdawmhbJ EkdifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rS qif;ay;cJh&onf vnf; tppydwfqkdYxm;onhf Oya'rsm;aMumifh awmif;&rSef;rod/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(182)
 848 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 849
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aom tvkyform;a[mif;rsm;ukd cefYxm;ay;&ef/ ukd wif;awmif;ESihf csi, f &l mwGif xkad cwfu tpk;d &owfrw S af om
- qkaiG&xku d o
f ?l tvkyo f rm;aoqk;H ygu xkt d vkyo f rm;\ pyg;wpfwif; 46 aygifuu dk f wif;r[kwb f J pyg;wpfwif;aygif 50
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- trsKd;orD;tvkyform;rsm;tm; uefx½kdufvufatmuf yJc;l ½k;d rrSusvmaom awmifusa&rsm;aMumifh v,frsm;a&vQw H wf
wGif rxm;bJ a&S;utwkid ;f ukrP Ü uD wku d ½f u
dk cf efxY m; &m wpfcgwpf&HwGif wpfESpftwGif; ESpfcsdef ESpfcg pkdufysKd;&jcif;
vkyu f idk af p&ef paomawmif;qkcd surf sm;tjyif xkpd Ofu aMumifh pku d yf sK;d p&dwyf rdk udk ek u f sjcif;wkjYd zpfcyYJ gaomfvnf; ajr&Siw f uYdk
wkAYd rmtpnf;t½k;H Bu;D zGJUpnf;NyD;jzpfay&m wkdYArmtpnf; oD;pm;cravQmjh cif;? tpk;d &u ajrcGerf avQmjh cif;paom taMumif;
t½kH;rS ocifav;armifu a&eHajroydwfwGif yg0if rsm;aMumifh ajruGufvyfi,fomykdifaom v,form;i,frsm;?
aqmif&GufonhftwGuf tzrf;cHcJh&onf/ xkdtwGuf ajrqkH;&jcif;? ajr&SifxHrS oD;pm;cjzifh ajriSm;vkyfol v,form;wkdY
ocifav;armifukd 0rf;enf;aMumif;? av;pm;aMumif; v,fvkyfykdifcGifhqkH;jcif; wkdYBuHKawGU&wwfonf/
wkyYd g0ifco YJ nht f jyif xkad wmif;qkcd suf (25) csut f euf - 1937 ckESpf? rkd;&moDu rkd;aumif;onhftwGuf yJcl;½kd;rrS
- um;½kt H yk cf sKyaf om at-rwfu'f ;D &ef;rfonf tvkyo f rm;
qif;vmaom acsmif;a&rsm;vQHjcif;tjyif ppfawmif;jrpfa&yg
rsm;tm; -
vQHonhftwGuf v,form;rsm; tvGef'ku©a&mufvsuf&Sdonf/
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xkt
d ajctaersm;aMumifh awmifov l ,form;wko Yd nf 1938
wpfrsK;d om;vk;H tm; qJqadk omaMumifh olt Y m;tvkyrf S xkwyf pf&ef}}
[laom awmif;qkdcsufvnf;yg0ifcJYonf/ ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv okH;&ufaeYwGif a0g? usKdufxkd? yJcl;e,fwkdYrS
a&eHajrtvkyform;ta&;onf txufjrefrmEkdifiHwGif awmifov l ,form; 5000 wkYd yJc;l ta&;ykid ½f ;Hk okYd csw D ufqE´jyMu
jzpfymG ;aeouJo Y Ydk atmufjrefrmEkid if H oefvsiNf rKd UwGiv f nf; jzpfymG ; onf/ olwkdY\ vkdvm;csufrsm;ukd wifjyawmif;qkdMuonf/
vsu&f o dS nf/ oefvsiaf &eHtvkyo f rm;udpu ö dk zseaf jzvsu&f MdS u&m 1938 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv okH;&ufaeYwGif a0gNrdKUe,f&Sd
a&eHacsmif; tygt0if txufjrefrmEkdifiH a&eHtvkyform;wkdYu v,form;okH;axmifausmfwkdYu tpnf;ta0;BuD;wpf&yf usif;y
vnf; oefvsifuJYokdY apYpyfaqG;aEG; ajz&Sif;a&;ukd awmif;qkdMu Mu\/ xkdtpnf;ta0;BuD;\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm -
aomfvnf; tcGifhta&;r&cJhay/ 1/ OD;rk;d - ywåmv,fajrukd v,form;r[kwo f wl t Ydk m; *&ef
a&eHajr tvkyform;oydwfBuD;onf þokdYjzifhyif tDNyD; xkwrf ay;&ef/ xkw d iG f ay:xGe;f vmaom v,fajr&So d w l Ydk
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xkdtcsdefrSmyif oxkHpD&ifpk (,cktac:c½kdif) rS awmifol vkyfykdifcGifhay;&ef/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

v,form;wko Yd nf Ekid if jH cm;om; ajr&Siw f \Ydk 0doravmbaMumifh 2/ a<u;NrDapYpyfa&;Oya'ukd yJcl;NrdKUe,ftwGufomrQru

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...(183)
 850 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 851
3/ v,f o D ; pm;c uef Y o wf a &;ES i f h v,f a jryd k i f q k d i f c G i f h 1938 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvu awmifolv,form;rsm;
vTaJ jymif;a&; Oya'udk tjrefq;kH taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ &efukefokdY csDwufNyD; v,form; tcGifhta&;jzpfaom oD;pm;
4/ wif;awmif;pHcsdefuefYowfa&;Oya'udk tjreftaumif jyifqifa&;? tcGefawmfavQmhaygha&;? pHwif;owfrSwfrItwkdif;
txnfazmf&ef ponfwkdYyg0ifonf/ pyg;csif w G , f a&;ponf w k d Y a wmif ; qk d & ef v,f o rm;xk B uD ;
yJc;l ? a0g tp&Sad omNrKd Ue,fww Ydk iG f awmifov l ,form;wkrYd mS &efukefokdYcsDwufrnfhowif;udk a&eHajrrS ocifcifñGefY (aemif-
jrefrmomru ukvm;rsm;vnf; yg0if&m þtcsuw f iG f vlrsK;d ra&G; pmayavmu-ocifcifñeG )Yf u vufurf;aMumfjim owif;pmrsm;rS
yg0ifNyD; &&SdrnfhtcGifhta&;udkvnf; twlyif&Sd&rnf[laom wpfqifo h cd &hJ m 10 vMumaeaom a&eHajroydwBf u;D udk owd&Ny;D
nDrQonfhpdwfxm;jzifh v,form;ta&;udk awmif;qdkMu&ef acgif;aqmifjzpfoo l cifb;dk vSBu;D paoma&eHajracgif;aqmifrsm;
jyifonf/ udak jymvduk &f m ocifb;kd vSBu;D ESihf a&eHajracgif;aqmifwYdk pdwu f ;l
v,form;ta&;twGuaf cgif;aqmif&ef awmifial wmifyikd ;f aygufNy;D a&eHajroydww f yfBu;D &efuek of Ydk rkid f 400 c&D;udk ajcusif
trwf jzL;NrdKUe,fvTwfawmftrwf OD;btm; wm0efay;onf/ csw
D ufjcif;[lonfh orkid ;f 0ifjzpf&yfBu;D ay:xGe;f cJjh cif; jzpfayawmh
OD;bu v,form;uGezf &ifah c:qk&d ef &SpOf ;D aumfrwDuzkd UJG pnf;&m onf/
cs,f,mriftjzpf a0gNrdKUe,frS ocifausmfat; (tAsm;) tm;
a&G;cs,fNyD; ocifpGyÜ,m;em,m'l;? yJ½l;rmvlem,'l; ukvm;vlrsKd; ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifvmjcif;
ESpfOD; tygt0if ocifpk? ocifcsefxGef;? OD;csifb? OD;bBudKifwkdY a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;wGif vl 2000 ausmfyg0ifcJh\/
yg0ifaom &SpfOD;aumfrwDudk zGJUcJhMu\/ pnf;urf;pepfuspGm csDwufcJhMu\/ jzwfausmfcJh&m aus;&GmwkdYrS
xdk&SpfOD;aumfrwDu awmifolv,form;wkdYtwGuf EId;aqmf a&wdkufjcif;? aq;vdyfay;jcif;jzifh tm;ay;Mu\/
csufudk EkdifiHwpf0ef;od&ef pm&Gufrsm;½dkufESdyfNyD; a0iSaMunmay; oyd w f w yf B uD ; onf rauG ; ok d Y a &muf v m\/ jrovG e f
vkdufonf/ xkdYjyif rdrdwkdY\ vdkvm;csufrsm;udk EkdifiHydkiftpdk;&ESifh apwDawmfudk zl;ajrmfMu\/
EkdifiHwpf0ef;uod&ef &efukefNrdKU a&Twd*Hkukef;awmfokdY csDwufNyD; rauG;NrKd Uta&;ydik uf a&eHajrwyfBu;D a&SUokYd qufvufcsw D uf
EId;aqmfrnf[lí today;cJhonf/ jcif;rjyK&ef wm;jrpfavonf/
&efuek t f a&;ydik Of ;D bd;k pu xdt
k csed u f yk'rf -144 udk xkwjf yef &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú| udkA[def;ESifh
vdkuf&m yJcl;-a0grS v,form; wkdY\ csDwufrIonf acwå&yfqkdif; twGif;a&;rSL;udkAaqGwkdYonf a&eHajr oydwfwyfBuD;udk tm;ay;
oGm;cJh\/ rMumrDyif yk'fr-144 udk ½kyfodrf;vdkufojzifh oxHk? &ef rauG;okdYa&muf&SdvmMuonf/ olwkdYa&muf&SdcsdefwGif a&eHajr
usKdufxdk? a0g? yJcl;rS v,form;wyfBuD;onf 1938 ckESpf oydww f yfBu;D tm; a&SUokqYd ufvufcsw D uf&ef wm;jrpfc&H csed jf zpfae
'DZifbmv 19 &ufaeYwGif &efukefokdY csDwufvmcJhMuonf/ onf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

xdpk Ofu tif;pde?f om,m0wDbufrS awmifov l ,form;rsm;vnf; udAk [de;f ? udAk aqGwEYdk pS af ,muf nydik ;f wGif a&eHajroydww f yf
yg0ifcJhonf/ Bu;D udk w&m;a[mMuonf/ udAk [de;f u NAw d o d Qtpd;k &\ ppfyv
k yd wf Ydk
...(184)
 852 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 853
jrif;wyfjzifh ESrd ef if;wwfru I kd BuKd wifoad ea&mhvm;rod udAk [de;f \ vdu k af vsm&ef? ausmif;om;uvnf; tpmiwfrcH&efaqG;aEG;MuNy;D
a[majymcsufwGif - ausmif;om; tmPm&Sif udkvSa&T? udkoef;wifwkdYESifh aqG;aEG;Mu
]]jrif;cGmwpfcsufayguf&if ArmwpfEkdifiHvHk; rD;[kef;[kef; onf/
awmufap&r,f}} [lí ygcJh\/ &efukefwGif þokdYjzpfaepOf rEÅav;NrdKUwGifvnf; &efukefrS
udkA[def;\ a[majymcsufaMumifh udkA[def;? udkAaqGwkdY a&muf&v dS maom owif;rsm;t& &[ef;ysKd rsm;? aps;olaps;om;rsm;?
rauG;wGif tzrf;cHMu&awmhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf vl 20000 cefY tdrfawmf&mbk&m;0if;wGif
þtcsufudktaMumif;jyKí &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om; pka0;MuNyD;vQif tmPmykdifwkdY\vkyf&yfudk qefYusifaMumif;ESifh
wkdYu udkA[def;? ukdAaqGwkdYudk vTwfay;&ef twGif;0ef½Hk;udk 0dkif;NyD; wkdufyGJ0if&ef pka0;csDwufzkdY qHk;jzwfMuonf/ xkdqHk;jzwfcsufwGif
qE´jyMu&m NAdwdoQa*:&mykvdyfwyfu eHygwfwkwfjzifh½dkufaom udak tmifausmu f sq;kH rI? ausmif;om;ausmif;ol 200 cefY 'Pf&m&rI
aMumifh wuúodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;wkdY 'Pf&m&&SdcJYMuNyD; udk pHpk rf;a&; cHo k rm"dzUJG Ny;D tjrefq;kH qH;k jzwfay;&ef? jrefrmEkid if v H ;kH
*syf q if a umvd y f ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif ud k a tmif a usmf qkdif&m ausmif;om;vTwfawmfu awmif;qkdcsufudk rEÅav;NrdKUu
(Akdvfatmifausmf[ktrnfwGifvmol) uG,fvGefcJh&\/ vnf; axmufcaH Mumif;ESiþ hf tcsuw f uYdk kd tus,wf 0ifah &;om;Ny;D
Akvd af tmifausmu f ,
G vf eG jf cif;aMumifh Ekid if wH pf0ef;vH;k Ed;k Mum; EkdifiHwpf0ef; awma&mNrdKUyg jzefYcsd&efwkdufwGef;qHk;jzwfMuonf/
tHk<urIBuD;ay:vmNyD; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; pdwf"mwfwkdY jyefYyGm;BuD; tpnf;ta0;tNyD;wGif pDwef;vSnfhvnf&efjzpfaomfvnf;
xGm;vmcJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkonf tcsdefr&ojzifh aemufaeYrS pDwef;vSnfhvnf&ef? vlpDwef;aepOf
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf trsKd;om;0HomEkta&;awmfyHkBuD;tjzpf wGif rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm;? ausmif;olausmif;om;? aps;ol
ajymrnfqkdygu ajymEkdifonfh ta&;awmfyHkBuD; jzpfcJhayonf/ aps;om;ESihf rsK;d cspyf *k Kd¾ vrf sm;tm; rEÅav;ta&;ydik rf pöwmvufEiS hf
'DZifbmv Akv d af tmifausmu f sq;kH Ny;D aemuf Ekid if w
H pf0ef;vH;k &mZ0wf0efrpöwm&de;f wkYd acgif;aqmifaom ppfyv k yd w
f yfwu Ydk 26
wGif vlx\ k pdwcf pH m;rIrmS Buw d rf Edik cf rJ & rcsrd cHomjzpfaeMuonf/ vrf;xdyf aMu;eef;½H;k awmifbuftaygufwiG f a&SUrwd;k &ef? wd;k ygu
wpfEkdifiHvHk;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ &efukef ypfrnf[k ajym\/ acgif;aqmifvmaom oHCmawmfu ]]igwkdY
oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;u NrdKUrausmif;wGif oydwfpcef; Ouú|\trdefYudkapmifhaeonf}} [k ajymygaomfvnf; *½krpdkufbJ
zGifhxm;Muonf/ 1939 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv ckepf&uf 1300 Burd vf ;kH udik yf v
k yd u
f kd ae&mz,fcikd ;f vdu k Nf y;D aoewfuikd yf v
k yd rf sm;udk
jynfhESpf? wykdYwGJvjynfhausmf av;&ufwGif awmif;qdkcsufrsm; a&SUwdk;&ef trdefYay;\/ NyD;awmhyif trdefYay;í ypfvdkufaom
r&ygu tpmiwfcHMurnf[kqHk;jzwfNyD; ausmif;olausmif;om; aMumifh oHCmawmf ckepfyg;? touf 12 ESpft&G,f ausmif;om;
1000 cefYwkdY tpmiwfcHMu\/ ausmif;om;rdbwkdYMum;aomtcg armifwifatmif tygt0if pkpkaygif; 17 OD; ae&mwGifyif usqHk;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

txl;wkefvIyf oGm;Muawmhonf/ ausmif;om;rdbwkdY csufcsif; cJh\/ 11 OD;'Pf&m&cJh\/ rEÅav;tmZmenf 17 OD; aoG;ajrus

tpnf;ta0;ac:NyD; ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qkdcsufudk tpdk;&u aomaeYonf 1300 jynfhESpf? wykdYwGJvjynfhausmf ckepf&ufaeY
...(185)
 854 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 855
10-2-1939 jzpfayonf/ e,fcsUJ tpd;k &onf þrQEiS rhf wif;wdrb f J qkawmif;ay;cJhMu\/ &efukefokdYa&mufaomtcgwGif &efukefNrdKU&Sd
aemufaeYwGif rEÅav;&Sd rsKd;cspfocifrsm;udk xyfrHzrf;qD;NyD; aps;olaps;om;? t&yfom;? ausmif;om;tm;vHk;\ vdIufvSJpGm
axmifwiG ;f rSmyif trIppfNy;D axmifwpfvpDtjypfay; axmif'Pf BudKqdkrI? auR;arG;{nfhcHrIwkdY &cJhMu\/ þvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;wGif
csrSwf vdkufavonf/ aoG;ajrus'Pf&m&cJhol? uG,fvGefcJholawG&SdcJh\/ xkdYaMumifhyif
þokv Yd Qif Ekid if wH pf0ef; t&Sed jf yif;pGmay:vmaom awmif;qdrk I tpdk;&wpfzGJUjyKwfuscJh&\/
vIy&f mS ;rIaMumifh a'gufwmbarmf\ ñGeaYf ygif;tpd;k & jyKwu f somG ; þvIy&f mS ;rIut kd aMumif;jyKNy;D Ekid if tH ESt
YH jym;rS ausmif;om;
avonf/ eef;&if;0efO;D yk wufvmonf/ OD;yktpd;k &onf a&eHajr ESifh vli,frsm;wkdY ydkrdkEdk;Mum;vmMu\/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
tvkyform;wkdY\ awmif;qdkcsuftcsKdU? v,form;wkdY awmif;qdk pdw"f mwfwYdk ykí
d wuf<upGmEd;k Mum;cJ\ h / þvIy&f mS ;rIBu;D wGif wkAYd rm
csuftcsKdUESifh ausmif;om;wkdY\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsm tpnf;t½Hk;\ EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmifrI? ausmif;om;rsm;\ wuf<u
vdu k o f nfth wGuf oydwt f iftm;pkwo Ydk nf olw\ Ydk awmif;qkcd suf Ekd;Mum;rIwkdYyg yl;aygif;vkdufaomaMumifh jrefrmhvGwfajrmufa&;
tawmftoifu h kd &&Sv d udk of nft h wGuf 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyBkH u;D wkdufyGJBuD;onf vrf;aMumif;rSefokdY OD;wnf&mwGif xda&mufaom
onf wpfcef;wpfu@tjzpf Ny;D pD;atmifjrifomG ;Ny[ D k rSw, f &l ay vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ayrnf/
rnf/ þvIy&f mS ;rIukd tajccHNy;D (U-G) ,l*sD ac: ajratmufvyI &f mS ;rI
txufwGif a&;cJhonfhtwkdif; 1300 jynfhESpfonf vGefpGm awG ay:vmcJhMuygonf/ wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;onfvnf; ydkrdk
xl;jcm;aomESpfjzpfonf/ þESpftwGif; vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd;wkdYonf tiftm;awmifah omtzGUJ Bu;D tjzpf vlx\ k todtrSwjf yKct H zGUJ Bu;D
Ekid if wH pf0ef;wGi&f adS om vlwidk ;f vlwikd ;f tm; trsK;d csppf w d ?f Ekid if cH spf jzpfvmygonf/ wkAYd rmtpnf;t½H;k 0if ociftrnfcEH idk if aH &;orm;
pdwfwkdYudk Edk;Mum;apvdkufaom vIyf&Sm;rIwkdYjzpfcJhMu\/ wkdYonf udk,fhxrif;udk,fpm;NyD; wkdif;jynfta&;udk vkyfcJhMu\/
awmifolv,form;wkdY vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;rSmvnf; ,ckacwf axmifuscHMu&\/
rsupf Ed iS Mhf unfv h Qif [kwyf ghrvm;[lí awG;,l&vdrrhf nfh jzpf&yfrsK;d ocifEk? udkA[def;? udkAaqG? ocifpdk;? ocifoef;xGef;? ocif
jzpfco hJ nf/ oxHNk rKd U? usKu d x f Nkd rKd U? a0gNrKd U? yJc;l NrKd Ue,fEiS hf [Hom0wD vSueG ;f ? ocifwifjr tygt0if ocifawGrsm;pGm axmifuscMhJ u\/
c½kid w f Ykd twGi;f &Sd v,form; 2000 wkYd &efuek o f Ydk ajcusicf sw D ufchJ ocifatmifqef;onf wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\ taxGaxG
Mu\/ olwkdYqE´udk xkwfazmfajymcJh\/ twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfygonf/ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tpOf
a&eHacsmif;? acsmuf? a&eHcsy?f rdv k mpaom a&eHajrtvkyo f rm; enf;vrf;&Smaeoljzpfygonf/ xif&mS ;onfh ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;
2000 ausmfonfvnf; rkdif 400 c&D;udk ajcusifcsDwufcJhMu\/ vnf; axmifwGif;wGif&Sdae&m vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJtwGuf rnfokdY
olwkdY\ vkdvm;csufudk azmfxkwfcJhMu\/ vkyf&rnfudk wkdifyifp&m vufwGJvkyfazmfvdkae&mu tvkyfrS
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

vrf;wpfavQmufa&mufav&mt&yfwkdYu tm;ay;Mu\/ em;ae&aom a'gufwmbarmfEiS hf qufrNd y;D ArmhxGuf&yf*kdPf;BuD;

pm;p&mauR;\/ wnf;cdkp&may;\/ qE´awGjynfhapaMumif; (Burma Freedom Polock) udk wnfaxmifvdkufEkdifygonf/
...(186)
 856 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 857
a'gufwmbarmfu Ouú|jzpfNy;D ocifatmifqef;u twGi;f a&;rSL; trnfukd cH,lcJYaom wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;onf trsKd;om;a&;
jzpf\/ tu,fí a'gufwmbarmfom eef;&if;0efjzpfaeygu ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmefukd wpfpxuf wpfp jrifhrm;vmatmif
ocifatmifqef;ESihf rwGrJ b d jJ zpfrnf/ xkt d zGUJ wGif vTwaf wmftrwf azmfaqmifay;EkdifcJYonfrSm wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;0ifocifrsm;onf
ocifjrvnf; ygcJh\/ (aemifwGif AkdvfcsKyfwkdYESifhtwlusqkH;) wkAYd rm pdw"f mwfEiS hf ocifpw
d "f mwfudk jrifw h ifay;cJoY rl sm;jzpfonf/
1300 jynhf ta&;awmfyu Hk dk Ekid if aH &;t& acgif;aqmifrjI yKay; wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;onf *syefacwfwGif t"dywd a'gufwm
cJah om tiftm;pkrmS ESppf &k cdS yYJ gonf/ wpfprk mS wkAYd rmtpnf;t½k;H barmf\ qif;&Jom;tpnf;t½kH;ESifhaygif;NyD; wkdYArmqif;&Jom;
jzpfygonf/ tjcm;wpfprk mS &efuek w f uúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpnf;t½kH;[k trnfwGifNyD; toGifopfajymif;oGm;cJYonf[lí
jzpfygonf/ þae&mwGif wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;taMumif;ukd pum; rSwfwrf;wif&rnf/
pyfvsOf;í ajymjyvkdygonf/ wkdYArmtpnf; t½kH;0ifrsm;onf ppfBuD;NyD;oGm;aomtcg wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;[k wpfzef
rdrdukd,f rdrd ocif[lí ac:cJhMuygonf/ Oyrm ocifbaomif;? jyefvnfay:xGuv f maomfvnf; rlv&Scd aYJ om tpnf;t½k;H Bu;D uJo Y Ydk
ocifApdef? ocifodef;armif? ocifatmifqef;tp&Sdojzifh jzpfyg tzGJUBuD;r[kwfawmhay/ þokdYqkdjcif;aMumifh wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;
onf/ þokaYd c:qk&d jcif;rSm tjcm;r[kw?f jrefrmvlrsK;d wko Yd nf uRerf sK;d onf usqkH;oGm;onf r[kwfyg/ wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;0if vlBuD;
vli,frsm;? ausmif;om;wyfzGJU0ifvlBuD;vli,frsm;? ausmif;om;
r[kwf ocifrsKd;jzpfaMumif; azmfñTef;vkdíjzpfonf/ rdrdukd,fukd
oHrPdwyfzGJU0ifvlBuD;vli,frsm; toD;oD;wkdYonf zufqpf*syef
rdrd ocif[í l pwifac:a0:ok;H pGcJ o YJ rl mS ocifbaomif;jzpfonf/
rsm; tkypf ;dk aomumvwGif awmfveS af &; vkyif ef;rsm;ukd aqmif&u G f
ocif b aomif ; onf xk d o k d Y o k H ; pG J & ef pwif t BuH & cJ Y o nf r S m
vmMu&onhf uGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;? jynfolYta&;awmfykHygwD0if
awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKUe,f 0ufuao;&GmrS jzpfonf/ rsm;? tm&S vli,ftpnf;t½kH;0ifrsm;? zwyv tzGJU0ifrsm;[lí
0ufuao;&Gm\ &GmeD;csif;jzpfaom&GmwGif jrefrmtrsKd;orD; awmfvSefa&;tzGJUtpnf;0ifrsm;wGif yg0ifvmolawG jzpfcJhMu&yg
wpfOD;onf t*FvdyfrsufESmjzL wpfOD;ESifhvufxyfvkdufonf/ onf/
xkdrdef;r\ aqGrsKd;wpfpku xkdt*Fvdyfukd ]]ocif ...ocif}} [k ,cktxd uRefawmfa0zefokH;oyfcJhonfrS txufwGif
ac:Muonf/ xkdokdYac:onfukd 0ufuao;&GmwGif&Sdaom jrefrm taxGaxG jyefvnfa0zefo;Hk oyfjcif;[laom acgif;pOft& jzpfyg
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;pE´drmu tvGefcHjyif;oGm;onf/ &Gmtay:wGif onf/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfESifhywfoufaom a0zefokH;oyf
tvGeMf oZmBu;D rm;aom OD;pE´rd mu wpf&mG vk;H &Sd vltaygif;wkt Yd m; csufukd tus,fw0ifh azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
ociftjzpf ac:qkd&ef Mo0g'ay;cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh wpf&GmvkH;&Sd wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifhywfoufaom a0zefokH;oyfjcif;ukd
vltm;vkH;u ocifwyfí ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ þjzpfpOfukd vnf; txufygtwkdif; a0zefokH;oyfNyD;ygNyD/
taMumif;jyKí ocifbaomif;u ESpNf cKd ucf NhJ y;D ociftjzpf pwifc, H l aemufxyfokH;oyfrnfhtaMumif;t&mrSm uGefjrLepfygwD
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ocifbaomif;[k trnfwGifcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh vIy&f mS ;rI? jynfot

Yl a&;awmfyt Hk zGUJ vIy&f mS ;rI? zwyv tzGUJ Bu;D \
ociftp 0ufuao;u[k ac:qkd&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdokdY ocif vIyf&Sm;rIwkdYukd a0zefwifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
...(187)
 858 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 859
zufqpf*syefppfwyfrsm; jrefrmEkid if u H dk odr;f yku
d Nf y;D aomtcg ,ckocifpkd;acgif;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynfonf
1942 ckESpf rkd;OD;usumvykdif;wGif ocifpkd;acgif;aqmifaom 'kwd,ajrmufzGJUpnf;aom uGefjrLepfygwD[kvnf; qkdEkdifonf/
uGejf rLepfygwDArmjynf (acwå-tdE, d´ jynf) [laom awmfveS af &; okdYwnf;r[kwf yxrajrmufuGefjrLepfygwD[kvnf; qkdEkdifonf/
ygwD wpf&yfonf vQKdU0SufpGmay:aygufvmcJYayonf/ uGefjrLepf tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ocifatmifqef; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
ygwDukd xlaxmif&efocifpkd;tm; pwifwkdufwGef;cJYolrSm ocif aqmif&GufcJhaom jrefrmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf ygwD[kqkdEkdif
wifjrjzpfonf/ xkdtaMumif;ukd ocifpkd;ESifh ocifwifjrwkdY\ avmufaomtajctaeokYd ra&mufao;bJ/ ygwDpnf;½k;H a&;tvkyf
yk*¾dKvfa&; rSwfpktykdif;wGif uRefawmfazmfjyygrnf/ trIaqmif okrYd [kwf ygwDuvmyfpnf; rQomjzpfcaYJ omaMumifyh if
,ckþae&mwGifuRefawmfazmfjyvkdonfrSm uGefjrLepfygwD jzpfcJYygonf/
vkyu f idk af qmif&u G rf t
I aMumif;t&myif jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkid if w H iG f ocifpkd;\uGefjrLepfygwDukd yxrzGJUpnf;aom uGefjrLepf
uGefjrLepfvIyf&Sm;rIukdpwifaqmif&GufcJYolrsm;rSm ocifpkd;? ocif ygwD[k ajym&jcif;rSm ocifatmifqef; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
aqmif&u G cf aYJ om uGejf rLepfygwDonf zGUJ pnf;Ny;D vykid ;f twGi;f rSmyif
atmifqef;u twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfyg0ifaom jrefrmjynf uGejf rLepf
rw&m;toif; aMunmcH&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ocifpkd;u
ygwD[laom uGefjrLepfuvmyfpnf;wpfckukd zGJUcJh\/
uGejf rLepfygwDudk zGUJ pnf;aomtcg ocifwifjru vku d pf nf;½k;H onhf
OD;aqmifuvmyfpnf;wGif ocifatmifqef; (taxGaxG
twGuf tzGJU0if av;? ig;? ajcmufOD;avmuf&&SdcJY\/ xkdtzGJU0if
twGi;f a&;rSL;)? ocifp;dk (vlxak cgif;aqmif)? &Jabmf*&dk , S f (pnf;½k;H
wkEYd iS yhf if ocifp;dk u tpnf;ta0; usi;f yav&m xkt d pnf;ta0;
a&;rSL;ESihf vQKUd 0Suv f yk if ef;)? ocifA[de;f (ausmif;om;pnf;½k;H a&;)? ukdyif nDvmcH[k owfrSwfvkdufaomaMumifh ocifpkd;zGJUpnf;onfh
ocifvaS z (Akv d vf usmf -b@ma&;rSL;)? &Jabmfemhwf (pmMunhw f udk f uGefjrLepfygwDukd yxrzGJUpnf;aom uGefjrLepfygwD[lí ac:&ay
rSL;) ponfjzifh wm0efcGJa0Muavonf/ rnf/
xkdokdYzGJUpnf;NyD;aemufvykdif;twGif;rSmyif t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH xkdygwDwGif ocifpkd;onf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
tpk;d &u od&o dS mG ;Ny;D jrefrmjynf uGejf rLepfygwDudk rw&m;toif; aqmif&u G Nf y;D ocifwifjru 'kw, d acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&u G f
tjzpfaMunmcJY\/ þokdYjzifh xkduGefjrLepfygwDonf tvkyfquf cJh\/ ocifpkd;wnfaxmifaomuGefjrLepfygwD\ yxrnDvmcHokdY
rvkyfEkdifbJ aecJh&onf/ wufa&mufMuonhf tvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwDtjzpf owfrSwf
ocifp;dk onf aemufvykid ;f rsm;twGi;f tzrf;cH&Ny;D axmifus jcif; cH&olrsm;rSm ocifpkd;? ocifwifjr? ukdausmf0if;? a&eHajrukd
cJh\/ ocifatmifqef;onf wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;\ taxGaxG xGe;f pde?f ukx d ed v
f if;? ukpd ñ
H eG ?Yf uko
d iG f (usKu
d rf a&m) wkjYd zpfMuonf/
twGi;f a&;rSL;wm0eftjyif a'gufwmbarmfudk acgif;aqmifwifí xkdokdYzGJUpnf;vkdufaom uGefjrLepfygwDwGif y"metusqkH;aom
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

yl;aygif;zGUJ pnf;vku d af om Armhxu G &f yf*P

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...(188)
 860 udu
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(189)
 862 udu
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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ta&;qkd&ef wmplaecsdefwGif ocifpkd;u NAdwdoQtkyfpkd;olwkdYonf vsufom oGm;aecJhawmhonf/
...(190)
 864 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 865
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f íl jzpfygonf/ pwifzUJG pnf;pOfu Akv d cf sKyf jynfo h t l a&;awmfyt kH zGEJ iS hf uGejf rLepfygwDwUkd onf Edik if aH &;MoZm
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ocifcspfwkdYjzpf\/ Muaom vli,f? vl&G,frsm;udk qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;EdkifcJhonf/
txufyg yk*K¾d vBf u;D uk;d OD;onf zwyv tzGUJ \ tmPmykid f xdpk mwrf;wGif 0g'oabmw&m;a&;qdik &f m a0g[m& toH;k tEIe;f
acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm; jzpfMu\/ xkt d pnf;ta0;wGif zwyvtzGUJ \ rsm;uvnf; topftqef;jzpfaeMuaomaMumifh qGaJ qmifEikd pf rG ;f
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xkdaMunmcsufukd AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;ukd,fwkdif a&;om;NyD; jynfolUta&;awmfyHktzGJUuvnf; wwfEdkiforQ tcsdefrD
wifjycJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ wkHYjyefpnf;½Hk;EdkifcJhonf/
xkad Munmpmwrf;onf zwyvtzGUJ csKyw f iG f yg0ifaom Armh txl;ojzifh aemifumvwGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufMurnfh
wyfrawmf? uGejf rLepfygwD? jynfo h t l a&;awmfyt kH zGUJ wd\Yk vrf;ñTef t&m&Sdi,frsm;ESifh t&m&SdBuD;tcsKdUwkdYudk rdrdwkdY\ EkdifiHa&;MoZm
aMunmcsujf zpfonf/ yg0ifaom xdt k zGUJ toD;oD;wdo Yk nf zqyv atmufokdYa&mufatmif pnf;½Hk;EkdifcJhMuonf/ xkdtcgu jynfolY
tzGJUcsKyf\ &nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOfudkom OD;pm;ay;NyD; ta&;awmfyHktzGJU\ vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfvHk;udk OD;aqmifrIay;cJhMu
aqmif&GufMu&rnfomjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYygwDtoD;oD;\ tae olrsm;rSm aemiftcg AkdvfrSL;csKyfjzpfvmol AkdvfatmifBuD;?
txm;udk 'kwd,ae&müom xm;&Sd&rnf[laom t"dyÜm,fjzpf Akdvfarmifarmif? Akdvfwifaz tp&Sdaomolrsm;jzpfonf/
onf/ odkYyifqdkaomfvnf; vufawGUvkyfudkif aqmif&GufMuaom þodkYtm;jzifh jynfolYta&;awmfyHktzGJUESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwkdY
tcgwGif uGefjrLepfygwDESifY jynfolUta&;awmfyHk tzGJUwdkUonf onf zqyv\ tvHawmfatmufrSmyif jzpfvifhupm; tNydKif
rdrdwdkUygwD rdrdwdkUtzGJU\ pnf;½Hk;a&;tiftm;wdk;yGm;a&;udkom tqkdif&dSaecJhMuonfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf/
t"duxm;NyD; aqmif&GufcJhMuonfursm;ygonf/ tm&Svli,ftpnf;t½Hk;twGif;okdY 0ifa&mufpnf;½Hk;&mwGif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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acgif;aqmifrIudk ,HkMunf&if; pGJ&SdMuonfhtwdkif; zqyv uRefawmfonf &Jabmfpef;aiG[laomtrnfjzifh uGefjrLepfygwD0if
...(191)
 866 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 867
jzpfcJhygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; wm0efay; xkdumvwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;t& vrf;cGJcJh&aomf
csut f & wyfwiG ;f zufqpfqefu Y sif a&;oabmw&m;a&;oifwef; vnf; Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ acgif;aqmifru I kd jynfow l pf&yfv;kH u
rsm;udk ykdYcsay;aecJh&ygonf/ zqyvtzGJU\ aMunmcsufudk axmufcHojzifh zqyvonf tm;avsmhoGm;jcif;r&SdbJ ydkíom
t"duxm;Ny;D a[majymykcYd sc&hJ ygonf/ oifwef;wufa&muforl sm; tm;aumif;oGm;onfudk awGU&onf/
twGif;rS wufwuf<u<u&SdoltcsKdUudk rmhufpf0g'ESifh qkd&S,fvpf 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;acwfO;D rSmyif uGejf rLepfrsm; awmcdk
pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'taMumif;udk oD;jcm;ykdYcs&ygonf/
jcif;? u&ifoyl ek ?f rGeo
f yl ek f tp&So d jzifh wpfEidk if v H ;kH jynfwiG ;f ppf\
,if;okdYykdYcs&mwGif zqyvtzGJU\ EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmifrIudk
qdk;usKd;rsm;udk cHpm;ae&csdefwGifvnf; zqyvtzGJUcsKyf\ t&Sdef
a&SUwef;wifNyD; a[majym&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY
a[majymykcYd s&aom Ekid if aH &;OD;wnfcsuo f nf ESprf sK;d ESpcf jk zpfaecJ&h t0gonf wnfwhHvsufom &SdcJhayonf/ zqyvtpdk;&ESifh
onf[k uRefawmf cHpm;rdcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ajymqdkaexdkif wyfrawmfwkdYyl;aygif;NyD; aomif;usef;rIrsm;udk ESdrfeif;vdkufojzifh
qufqH&aomb0onf trSm;t,Gif;r&Sdatmif txl;owdjyKcJh& 1952 ckESpfxdyif zqyvonf t&SdefrysufcJhay/ xdktcsdefu
aom b0jzpfygonf/ zqyv tpd;k &\ jynfawmfompDru H ed ;f qkid &f m aqmif&u G rf rI sm;udk
1945 ck? rwfv awmfvSefa&;BuD;eD;vmaomtcgusrSom jynfov l x l uk axmufcv H su&f adS omaMumifh zqyvtzGUJ csKyo f nf
zufqpfudkqefYusifMuaom tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;onf ½kwfw&uf yHkrSef&yfwnfvsuf&Sdayonf/
csufcsif;qkdovdk wpfrsKd;wnf;wpfcsKd;wnf;jzpfoGm;Muawmhonf/ 1953 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif oDwif;uRwfausmif;ydwf
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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tzGJUcsKyfjzpfcJhonf/ onf[k ,lq&ayrnf/
...(192)
 868 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 869
1954 ckEpS rf pS Ny;D Ak'o
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(193)
 870 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 871
twkid ;f om &SMd uonf/ xkaYd Mumifh zqyvtzGUJ csKyo f nfvnf;aumif;? uk, d w f idk af omfvnf;aumif;? olw\ Ydk ykid &f muefx½kud u
f vdk nf;aumif;
qk&d ,S v f pfygwDonfvnf;aumif;? twGi;f "mwfct H m;jzifh nDñwG rf I jyifqifapNy;D aiG&&Sad &;vrf;uk&d mS BuMH u\/ xkrd Qru tcsKUd aome,f
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zqyvtzGJUwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeaom A[kdtzGJUcsKyfrS rajyjypfjcif;? armufrmjcif;wkv Yd nf; &Scd MhJ u&m zqyv\ *kPyf suf
wpfyg; e,f? c½kdifNrdKUe,frsm;\ zqyv tzGJUtoD;oD;\ tajc p&m? emrnfysufp&mawGom jzpfaeawmhonf/
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tzGUJ csKy\ f rl0'gESiv hf yk if ef;pOfay:wGif pdw0f ifpm;rItm;enf;jcif;?
&Ekdifaomb@ma&;ukd &,lMu&onf/ ukefonfrsm;uvnf; xko d jYkd zpf&ef oifwef;ay;jcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; r&Scd MhJ ujcif;? aeYpOf
zqyvtzGUJ 0ifrsm;ESiahf ygif;Ny;D Xmeqkid &f mt&m&SBd u;D rsm;rSwpfqifh vkyaf eaomvkyif ef;wkrYd mS vnf; 0efxrf;Xme vkyif ef;rsK;d omjzpfjcif;
&Ekid of nhf tcGit hf a&;rsm;ukd &,lMuonf/ xku d ek of nfrsm;u olwYdk wkaYd Mumifh zqyv\Ekid if aH &;t&Sed t f 0gonf wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed f
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tcsKUd aome,frsm;wGiu f m; vufeufuidk w f ynhrf sm;ukd arG;jrLNy;D r[kwfcJhay/ vrf;pOfygwDOuú|BuD;OD;ae0if;u zqyv c½kdif?
aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif Akdvfuspkd;rkd;NyD; rkdufaMu;cGJpm;olrsm; NrdKUe,f tvkyftrIaqmifrsm; ykHrSefvpm0ifaiGr&SdonhftwGuf
&SdcJh\/ tcsKdUa'owGif t<uif;tusefawmwGif;olykefwkdYESifh 0ifaiG&&m&aMumif; vkyfcJYonfESifh,SOfNyD; vrf;pOfygwDrS NrdKUe,f
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

wdwfwqdwfqufNyD; &xm;vrf;? um;vrf;? wHwm;wkdYukd rkdif;cGJ tvkyftrIaqmifrsm; 0efxrf;rsm;ukd vpmay;&rnf[lí qkH;jzwf

zsufqD;Muonf/ jyefvnfjyifqif&ef uefx½kdufvkyfief;ukd olwkdY ay;cJhonf/
...(194)
 872 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 873
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H w
G vf yfa&;&&efEiS hf jrefrmEkid if o
H nf Adkvfodef;wef\ EdkifiHa&;oabmxm;ESifh pdwfaepdwfxm;wdkY jzpfyg
vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHtjzpf urÇmodjzpfvm&jcif;um; zqyv onf/
tzG J U csKyf \ acgif ; aqmif Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ES i f h ocif E k w k d Y Adkvfodef;wefonf tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyf&if;twGif;&Sd
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t& todtrSwfjyK&rnfjzpfayawmhonf/ av;pm;cH&oljzpfygonf/ Edik if aH &;ESiyhf wfoufaom odrw S zf ,G &f m
uRefawmfodaom ordkif;0ifyk*¾dKvfrsm; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk tqufrjywf avhvmaeoljzpfonf/ rdrd
,HkMunfonfh EdkifiHa&;0g'udk ½dk;om;pGm ,HkMunfcJholjzpfygonf/
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qifjcifEdkif&ef wifjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
rwfvawmfveS af &;Bu;D jzpfymG ;aomtcsed w f iG f olonf wdik ;f trSwf
,ck uRefawmf qufvufNyD;wifjyvdkonfrSm ordkif;0if
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acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ESifh ordkif;0ifyk*¾dKvftcsdKUwdkYtaMumif;udk
'kw, d wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ l jzpfygonf/ ppfBu;D Ny;D
tusOf;csKyfrSwfpktaejzifh uRefawmfwifjyygrnf/ txl;ojzifh
*syefacwfwyfrawmfoYkd uReaf wmf0ifa&muftrIxrf;pOf tcsed rf pS í aomtcg wyfrawmfrSEkwfxGufNyD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kd
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfacwfjzpfaom umvtwGif; uRefawmf aumfrwD0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
awGUBuHKcGifh&NyD; oduRrf;&if;ESD;cJhaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;taMumif;udk tpD Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;aqmifaom jynfoUl &JabmfwyfzUJG ü acgif;aqmif
tpOfvdkuf wifjyygrnf/ ydkif;rS wm0ef,lcJhygonf/
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rwufcJhbJ wyfMuyfBuD;tjzpfESifh oifwef;qif;cJhygonf/ wm0ef 28 &ufaeY ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD awmcdo k mG ;aomtcg &efuek Nf rKd U
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xdkpOfu pwifoduRrf;cJhygonf/ awGtm;vH;k tzrf;cHMu&onf/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf AuyXmecsKyf
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pmtkyyf xrydik ;f wGif a&;cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ ,ck uReaf wmfAv dk of ed ;f wef aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Akdvfodef;wefonf AuywdkY awmcdkrnfh
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ESifhywfoufNyD; wifjyvdkonfrSm ol\udk,fa&;ordkif;udk wifjcif; taMumif;udk BudKwifNyD; od&Sd[efrwlay/ Adkvfodef;wefudk,fwdkif

r[kwfyg/ þae&mwGif uRefawmfwifjyrnfh taMumif;t&mrSm uvnf; awmcdkcsifpdwf &Sd[efrwlay/
...(195)
 874 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 875
uGejf rLepfygwDEiS hf zqyvuGo J mG ;jcif;udv
k nf; oabmwl[ef wif;jynfyh gwD0ifrjzpfao;bJ t&efygwD0iftaeESio hf m pwifc&hJ
r&SdcJhyg/ þtaMumif;udk aemifESpfaygif; twefMumaomtcg ygonf/ uReaf wmfEiS o hf cifwifjrwdrYk mS pwifawGU&csed rf mS yif wpfO;D
Adkvfodef;wefu uRefawmhftm; ajymjyygonf/ uGefjrLepfygwD0if ESiw hf pfO;D cspcf if,MkH unfrI &SMd u&ygonf/ ocifwifjr awmcdo k mG ;
jzpfí uGefjrLepfygwDpnf;urf;udk vkdufem&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh onfh tcgumvrSwpfyg; ,aeYxo d El iS t hf qufrjywf nD&if;tpfukd
wyfeAD v dk cf sKyf tvkyt f udik u f v kd yk cf &hJ onf[k uReaf wmfxifygonf/ yrmqufqHcJhMuygonf/ uRefawmfhb0wGif ocifwifjronf
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ay:aygufvmaomtcg ygwD bDtikd yf D ac: ta&;ygaomyk*Kd¾ vw f pfO;D jzpfcyhJ gonf/ taMumif;udk
Ouú|BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u ac:,lwm0efay;csuft& rdrd rusOf;rus,fa&;jyygrnf/
wm0efausyeG af tmif aqmif&u G cf o hJ jl zpfygonf/ olaxmifusaecJh ocif w if j ronf wuf b k e f ; BuD ; OD ; od e f ; az (aemif w G i f
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r[kwfacs/ c&D;rqufa&;udk wdu k w f eG ;f cJ\ h / ocifp;kd u oabmwlaomaMumifh
ocif w if j r OD;ode;f azESio hf cifwifa&Two Ykd m tdE, ´d odYk xGuo f mG ;Mu\/ ocifp;kd
*syefacwf wyfrawmfom;b0wGif Adv k o
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taMumif;jyKí uRefawmfonf uGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpfcJh&ygonf/ vGwv f yfa&;aMunmpmwrf; trSwf (1) a&;Ny;D uGejf rLepfygwDArm
wdwdususajym&vQif 1943 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv aemufqHk;ywf jynfudk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ocifwifjru raMumufr&GHU
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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f yfa&;aMunmpmwrf;
ocifwifjrESifh awGUqHkoduRrf;&NyD;onfhtcsdefrS pwifcJh&ygonf/ udk vufudkifxm;NyD; vli,f? vl&G,frsm;ukd pnf;½kH;cJh\/
...(196)
 876 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 877
ocifwifjr pnf;½k;H ay;aomaMumifh uGejf rLepfygwDonf vQKUd 0Suf ocifwifjronf ,aeYtxd uk, d u f sK;d &Smaomol r[kwcf ahJ cs/
ajratmufygwDtjzpf t&Sed t f [ke&f vmNy;D Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf ol\tawGUtBuHKrsm;ukd pmjzifh wifjyaeoljzpfygonf/
tquftoG,fjyKEkdifcJhonf/ wyfrawmftwGif;rSvnf; ygwDukd ocif p d k ;
vkdvm;ol tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd pnf;½kH;EkdifcJhonf/ Adkvfodef;wefu uRefawmfhtm; ocifwifjrESifhqufoG,fay;
ocifwifjronf xko d yYdk ifaqmif&u G cf ohJ nfrmS rSeaf omfvnf; ovdk ocifwifjruvnf; uRefawmfhtm; ocifpdk;ESifhqufoG,f
&Hzef&Hcgqkdovkd ocifpkd;\ pdwful;ayguf&m vkyfaqmifrItcsKdU ay;cJhygonf/
aMumifh ocifwifjronf jynfot Yl a&;awmfyt Hk zGUJ \ txiftjrif ocifwifjronf rmhupf 0f g'ü pdwyf g0ifpm;aom uReaf wmfu h dk
vGrJ mS ;jcif;ukd cHc&hJ onf/ tjcm;olwpfyg;wk\ Yd txiftjrifvjJG cif; auseyftm;&[efwlygonf/ ocifpdk;tm;vnf; ajymjyxm;[ef
ukv d nf; cHc&hJ onf/ xko d jYdk zpf&onfrmS ocifp;dk u ocifwifjrtm; wlygonf/ vydkif;twGif;rSmyif uRefawmfhudk ocifpdk;xHac:oGm;
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onf/ okdYaomf ocifwifjronf onf;cHEkdifpGrf;&SdcJhayonf/ udk awGU&ygonf/
xkod Ydk avmu"HtawGUtBuKH rsm;ukd ocifwifjronf *sme,f ocifp;kd udak wGU&jcif;ü uReaf wmf\pdwo f nf tvGeMf unfE;l jcif;
0rf;ajrmufjcif; jzpfrdygonf/ uRefawmfonf ocifpdk;-armifpkd;
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ocifwifjr\taMumif;ukd tEkpdwfNyD; pkHpkHaphaph azmfjy&ef
ausmif;om;or*¾ twGi;f a&;rSL;b0uyif uReaf wmf½akd oav;pm;
rwwfEkdifyg/ ola&;aom bkHb0rSmjzifhtygt0if pmtkyfrsm;ukd &rnfh acgif;aqmifwpfO;D tjzpf MunfnKd aecJyh gonf/ ocifp;kd a&;
zwfygu olYb0tao;pdwfukd odygvdrfhrnf/ aom ArmhawmfvSefrItvkyform;avmu? uRefrcspfvif (vDeif
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(197)
 878 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 879
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aomtcg uRefawmfonf tvG,fwulyif em;vnfcJhygonf/ vdk&if;tcsufrSm -
uReaf wmf qufvufavhvm&rnfh pmtkyrf sm;onf &efuek w f iG f ]]vuf&SdAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;aom Armhwyfrawmfonf
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ac:oGm;NyD;aomtcgrSpNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wm0efay;onfh vkyyf gvdr[ hf í
l awG;rd\/ uReaf wmf b0ifrusEikd af om taMumif;
twdik ;f e,frsm;&Sd wyf&if;? wyfzUJG rsm;odo Yk mG ;Ny;D zufqpfqefu
Y siaf &; jzpfaomaMumifh uRefawmfhpdwfwGif ocifpdk;tay:ü em;rvnf
Edkifatmif jzpfoGm;ygonf/
oabmw&m;a&;oifwef;rsm;udk ydcYk say;cJ&h ygonf/ e,fr&S efuek f
xdtk aMumif;udk ocifwifjrudak jymjy&m ocifwifjruvnf;
odkYa&mufonfhtcgwGifvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifpdk;
em;rvnfEdkif jzpfaeygonf/ xdkpmudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
tMum;wGif qufo, G af y;&aomtvkyu f kd ocifwifjr wm0efay;
wHkYjyefyHk txufwpfae&mwGif a&;NyD;jzpfygonf/
ojzifh aqmif&Guf&wwfygonf/
'kw, d tBurd f ocifp;kd ESiu hf Reaf wmf b0ifrusaomtaMumif;
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rSm tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwDaxmifcgp ocifp;kd u Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;
tay: ocifpdk;jyKrlyHktcsKdUudk uRefawmfodvm&\/ ocifwifjr udw k u kd &f r,f[í l ajymojzifh uReaf wmfocifp;kd ay:wGif b0ifrus
pdwx f cd ukd cf pH m;&wmudvk nf; od&\/ uReaf wmf rnforYdk QrwwfEikd f ydkíjzpfNyD; uRefawmfolESifhvrf;cGJzdkY qHk;jzwfvdkufawmhonf/
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ocifp;kd tay:wGif uReaf wmfb0ifrusaom taMumif;wpfck bmomr&S&d [lí urÇmu h eG jf rLepftzGUJ csKyu
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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EIww f ukd t f vGw&f atmif zwfapygonf/ tu,fí vrf;wGiw f pfpkH ydkifEdkifpGm qHk;jzwfEdkifcJhygawmhonf/
...(198)
 880 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 881
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1983 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv25 &ufaeYpEJG iS hf ocifp;kd uuReaf wmfx h H aMumifhyJ/ vDeif&JUtrSm;BuD;uawmh tMurf;zufrIudk oabm
pmwpfapmifydkYvdkufygonf/ ol\ pmwGif - w&m;a&;,kwåd wyfqifay;vdkufjcif;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh tMurf;
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uReaf wmfarmifpef;aiGEiS hf ocifwifjrwdEYk iS u hf cJG w
hJ m[m uReaf wmf\ ,lcMhJ uw,f/ 'g[m rSm;w,fvYkd usKy, f q l w,f/ aemufwpfcsuu f
trSm;aMumifhjzpfaMumif; awmif;yeftyfygw,f}} [lía&;cJh\/ atmufwb kd mqd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &;qdw k hJ t,ltq[mrSm;w,f/
(ocifpkd;\ vufa&;rlyg pmom;twkdif; azmfjyvkdufygonf/) 'DawmfvSefa&;[m qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;r[kwfbl;? qdk&S,fvpf
25-12-63 awmfveS af &;udak &S;½IwhJ "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD awmfveS af &;rsKd ;yJjzpf&r,f}}
&Jabmfpef;aiG - [lí uRefawmfhudkajymjyonf/
'DaeYawmh uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm avYvmp&mawG *syefacwf uReaf wmf olajymorQukd pdww f iG ;f u vufrcHEikd af omfvnf;
uvkd pmrsufESmawG q,fESifhcsDNyD; &SdwmrsKd;r[kwfbJ axmifeJY apm'uwufcsifaompdwf r&SdaomaMumifh -
aomif;eJY&Sdygonf/ at;at;aq;aq; avYvm½kHESifhr&awmhbJ ]]q&mBu;D ajymwm r[kwb f ;l vdaYk wmh rajymygbl;/ uReaf wmf
tjyif;xefqkH;aom vkHYv0D&d,ZGJrsKd;ESifh tjrefqkH;avYvm,lrS pOf;pm;ygOD;r,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh vDeifudk,fwdkifu ol[m
jzpfygrnf/ rmhupf 0f g'udk w&m;aor,lb;l / ud, k w fh ikd ;f jynfu, kd hf tajctaeeJU
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ay;zkdY vkdtyfygNyD/ 'Dawmh vDeifvnf;rSm;w,fvdkY rajymEdkifygbl;}} [kajymvdkuf\/
*syefa cwf xdy fwef; wyfom;BuD; ESp fO D; jzpfwJY &Ja bmfe JY ocifpdk;u ]]bmyJjzpfjzpf ,ck Akdvfae0if;acgif;aqmifwJh jrefrmh
ocif w if j rwk d Y e J Y uG J c J Y w m[m uRef a wmf \ trS m ;aMumif h qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfuawmh [efwmyJ/ qdk&S,fvpfpepftajccHawG
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av;pm;vsuf NyD;rSqufNyD;-
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ocifpkd;rSm touft&G,fBuD;&ifhvSNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ol\ qkdawmh *syefjynfrSm tvkyform;awG[m t&if;&SifawGqDrSm
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ocifp;kd u ]]uReaf wmf ocifwifjr? udpk ef;aiGwUkd eJu Y cJG w
hJ m uReaf wmfh vlwef;pm;wku d yf rJG sK;d vkyzf rYdk vkad wmhbJ qk&d , S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepf[m
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

trSm;yg/ 'DaeY urÇmt Y ajctaeudMk unfah omtcg taMumif;t&m wpfrsK;d wpfzHk ay:xGuv f mvdrrhf ,fvYdk usKy, f wHk ,f/ 'Dtcsuaf wGudk
opfawGukd avhvmzdv Yk w
kd ,f/ tJ'tD aMumif;rajymcif uReaf wmfrmS ; ukdpef;aiG pOf;pm;yg/ a&SUavQmuf EkdifiHa&;udpöawG wkdif;jynf
...(199)
 882 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 883
xlaxmifa&;udpöawG pOf;pm;wJhcg pdwfvkdufrmefygrvkyfbJ rnfqydk gvQif olonfro d m;pkEiS hf aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT af e&rnfh tcsed x f uf
pdwfat;at;xm;NyD; pOf;pm;vkyfyg}} [k ajymygonf/ Ekid if aH &;&mrsm;ukd tcsed &f orQ awG;awmajrmfjrifNy;D vkyu f idk af qmif
uRefawmfonf 1945 ckESpfu ocifpkd;ESifh 1983 ckESpfu &Gufaom tcsdefykdif;ursm;onf[k uRefawmfawGU&ygonf/
ocifpkd;\ rwlnDykHukd ai;Munhfaerd\/ bmrS jyefrajymawmhyg/ Ekid if aH &;ESiyhf wfoufívnf; rarmEkid ?f ryef;Ekid f ajymaewwf
tHYMoíom aerd\/ rnfokdYjzpfygap ocifpkd; oabmxm;tjrif onfukdvnf; uRefawmfawGU&ygonf/
awGajymif;oGm;í auseyfyg\/ ocifp;dk onf uReaf wmf\ vufO;D AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf EkdifiHa&;ynmESifhoufqkdifaom
q&mjzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;todynmay;cJhaom q&mjzpfcJh\/ ol\ pmtkyfpmwrf;rSeforQukd tcsdef&wkdif; zwf½Iavhvmaeonfukd
oabmxm;cH,lcsuf ajymif;vmonhftwGuf qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh awGUjrifcJh&ygonf/ olYxHokdYa&mufvmaom uRefawmfwkdYtm;
,SOfNyD;ajymwmvkdY uRefawmfauseyf\/ oluG,fvGefaomtcg rnfonhfpmtkyfukd zwf&rnfpojzifh vrf;ñTefavh&Sdygonf/
tokbvku d yf NYdky;D olaumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap[k qkawmif;cJrh yd g\/ xkdYaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf uRefawmf\ EkdifiHa&;yxr
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; q&m ocifpkd;uJhokdYyif olonfvnf; oGefoifay;cJhaom EkdifiHa&;
ocifwifjr rdwfqufay;aomaMumifh ocifpkd;ukd uRefawmf acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpf q&mvnf;jzpfcJhygonf/
odc&YJ ygonf/ ocifwifjryif uReaf wmft h m; Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;xH olEiS ahf cwfNyKd if Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESiEhf idI ;f ,SONf y;D ajym&
ac:aqmifomG ;í Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ukd uReaf wmfocd &hJ jcif; jzpfyg rnfqv dk Qif ½k;d om;ajzmifrh wfonhaf e&mrSma&m? wwfuRr;f em;vnf
onf/ wyfwiG ;f wGif zufqpfqefu Y siaf &;twGuf pnf;½k;H a[majym&ef xm;onfrsm;ukd vufawGUvkyfaqmif&mwGifyg txda&mufqkH;
au'grsm;ukd AkdvfcsKyfxHac:oGm;olrsm;txJwGif uRefawmfygyg jzpfatmif aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;&Sdol jzpfonf[lí uRefawmfwkdY
onf/ txufwpfae&mwGif þtaMumif;a&;NyD;jzpfygonf/ acwfvil ,fyidk ;f u ol\acgif;aqmifru I dk t<uif;rJ, h MHk unfxm;Mu
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d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ukd uReaf wmfrarhEidk af om taMumif;&Syd g ygonf/
onf/ AkdvfcsKyf\aus;Zl;onf uRefawmfhtay:wGif BuD;ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;oljynfom;vltrsm;\ aumif;usKd;pD;yGm;
taMumif;rSm uRefawmhftm; EkdifiHa&;ynmESifhywfoufNyD; a0zef jzpfxGef;a&;ukd tNrJwrf;awG;aeol BuHpnfaeoljzpfonhftwGuf
okH;oyfonhfenf;ynmukd oifay;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xkdacwftaejzifh EkdifiHtay:wGif oefY&Sif;pifMu,faom apwem
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;oifay;aom enf;ynmukd taMumif; taumif;qk;H trsK;d om;acgif;aqmifBu;D [lí uReaf wmfwYdk ,kMH unf
nDñGwfaomtcgwGif uRefawmfa&;ygOD;rnf/ cJhMu\/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf EkdifiHa&;ukd omrefwwfuRrf;ol AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rmhufpf0g'tygt0if EkdifiHa&;0g'
r[kwf/ eufeufeJeJ em;vnfwwfuRrf;NyD; vufawGUvkyfief;wGif trsKd;rsKd;ukd aMunufpGmavYvmxm;ol jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

xda&mufatmifjrifatmif tokH;jyKEkdifoljzpfonf[k uRefawmf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\0g'onf rnfonhf0g'jzpfygoenf;[k

,kMH unfygonf/ Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ukd teD;uyfavhvmí ajym& ar;cGef;&Sdvmrnfqkdygu uRefawmfu þokdYajzMum;vkdygonf/
...(200)
 884 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 885
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;om;jynfot l aygif; xkrd w
S wf rf;ukd uReaf wmft h m;ay;cJo h nf/ xkrd w S wf rf;rSm OD;ae0if;u
aumif;pm;atmif enf;vrf;&So d rQ&mS BuNH y;D tpOfrjywf aqmif&u G f ]]oluG,fvGefvQif rD;oN*ØK[fNyD; usef&Sdaomjymukd yifv,fjyifrSm
oGm;rnf[laom 0g'oabmxm;onf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ a&arQmyg}} [lí jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh uReaf wmft h aejzifh OD;ae0if;
yif&if;tusqkH;aom 0g'BuD;jzpfygayownf;/ \ uk, d af &;uk,d w
f mb0jzpfpOfudk a&;om;azmfjy&ef rvkad wmhyg/
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D uReaf wmhw f iG f xkx
d ufyNdk y;D uRefawmfwifjyrnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm OD;ae0if;\ EkdifiHa&;
ajymEkdifpGrf; r&Sdawmhygacs/ pma&;q&mBuD; q&marmifxifu aqmif&GufcJhykH tusOf;csKyfomjzpfygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; EkdifiHa&;okcrdef[kac:cJhyg\/ uRefawmf ocif½aI rmif ac: Akv d af e0if;onf Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;pD;
uawmh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd EkdifiHa&;yg&rD&Sif[k ,kHMunfvsuf aom &JabmfokH;usdyftzGJU0if acgif;aqmifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfí Armh
&SdaecJhygonf/ vG w f v yf a &;wyf r awmf w G i f Ak d v f r S L ;BuD ; ae0if ; tjzpf yg0if
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; aqmif&Gufoljzpfonf/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfESifh Armh
wyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD wyfrawmfwiG f umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyt f jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco YJ l
Ouú|ESihf Ekid if aH wmfor®wjzpfco hJ l Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;? uReaf wmft
h m; jzpfonf/ zwyvtzGUJ ukd vQKUd 0Supf mG zGJUpnf;aomtcg wyfrawmf\
tbufbufrS aus;Zl;jyKczhJ ;l olvnf;jzpf? uReaf wmf\ acgif;aqmif ukd,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/ uRefawmhftm; AkdvfcsKyf
vnf;jzpfcJhol OD;ae0if;taMumif;ukd "r®"d|mefusus ajymjycsif atmifqef;u wkdif; (7) okdY oGm;cgeD;wGif ]]rif; Akdvfae0if;ukd
ygonf/ awGUoGm;OD;aemf}} [kcidk ;f í uReaf wmfomG ;awGUcJ&h \/ e,fwm0efrsm;
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;taMumif;ukd txuftcef;rsm;wGif a&;cJNh y;D rSjyefvmwkid ;f uReaf wmfaqmif&u G cf o
hJ nfrsm;ukd Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
jzpfí tus,fw0ifha&;&ef rvkdawmhyg/ tm; wifjy&ouJo h Ydk Akv
d cf sKyaf e0if;ukv d nf; wifjycJ&h aomaMumifh
AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;taMumif;ukd trsKd;rsKd;tzkHzkH ajymMuqkdMu uRefawmfonf *syefacwfuyif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESifh ywfouf
onfrsm; &SdcJhygonf/ uRefawmfhtaeESifhrlum; uRefawmfod&Sd oduRrf;ae&ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u uRefawmfhtm; ol\
em;vnfxm;onhftwkdif; ajymjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ rsufpdatmufwGif BuD;jyif;vmcJhol vli,fwpfOD;[k rSwf,lxm;
awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D O uú | BuD ; Ak d v f c sKyf B uD ; ae0if ; \ ygonf/
taMumif;ukd Ekid if aH wmfor®wa[mif; a'gufwmarmifarmifuvnf; rwfvawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;BuD;wGif wkdif;trSwf (2) wGif
jrefrmhEidk if aH &;c&D;ESihf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;trnfjzifh pmtkyw f pftyk f ppfwkdif;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aomtcg
a&;cJhygonf/ tus,fw0ifhodvkdolrsm; xkdpmtkyfwGif zwf½IEkdif u&ifwyf&if;rsm; awmckdjcif;? u&ifolykefxjcif;wkdY jzpfay:aom
ygonf/ tcg AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tm; EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u wyfrawmf
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

xkdYjyif OD;ae0if;\nDawmfol OD;odef;ñGefYu OD ; ae0if ; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efukd ay;tyfvkdufonf/ EkdifiHawmf

taMumif ; od a umif ; p&mtcsKd U [lí rSwfwrf;a&;xm;&m aumifpaD cwfwiG f Ekid if aH wmfor®wjzpfvmNy;D tNird ;f pm;,lco hJ nf/
...(201)
 886 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 887
Ek d i f i H a &;ES i f h y wf o uf í jynf o l Y t a&;awmf y k H t zG J U wG i f rnfokdYyifjzpfap awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
acgif;aqmiftjzpfyg0ifNy;D Armjynfq&dk , S v f pfygwDwiG f A[kt d vkyf OD;ae0if;ESihf wyfrawmfwpf&yfv;Hk onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf
trIaqmiftjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/ \ tcsKyftjcmtmPmukd umuG,fapmifha&SmufcJhonfrSm trSef
1962 ckESpf? rwfvwGif EkdifiHawmftmPmukdodrf;,lNyD; jzpfonf/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if \H uk,
d rhf if;uk, d chf si;f Ekid if BH u;D tjzpfudk
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfacwfrSonf jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf xdyg;wkdufckdufjcif;rcH&ap&ef umuG,fay;onhfvkyf&yfrsm;ukd
vrf;pOfygwDacwftxdjzpfaom umvwpfavQmufvkH;wGif rdrd aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nfrmS trSejf zpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&; wpfaeY
wm0ef,lcJh&aom EkdifiHawmfa&;&m vkyfief;wm0eft&yf&yfukd wjcm;&&Sdvmap&ef aqmif&GufcJhonfrSmvnf; trSefjzpfonf/
ukd,fpGrf;ÓPfpGrf;&Sdoa&GU aqmif&GufcJholjzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY jrefrmhq&dk ,S vf pfvrf;pOfygwD\ vkyu f idk af qmif&u G rf rI sm;ESihf
aqmif&u G &f mwGif jynfot l rsm;\½Iaxmifrh aS eí aomfvnf;aumif;? ywfoufNyD; jynfolvlxku rausrvnfjzpfvmonf[k ygwD
rdr\
d vkyaf zmfuidk zf uftcsKUd wk\ Yd ½Iaxmifrh aS eíaomfvnf;aumif; Ouú|Bu;D OD;ae0if;u ,lqojzifh jynfov l x l \ k qE´udk azmfjyEkid cf iG hf
rSm;,Gi;f onf[k ajymqkad 0zefjcif;cH&aom vky&f yftcsKUd &Scd yhJ gonf/ &aprnfh tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd vrf;aMumif;ay;cJYonfrSm OD;ae0if;
,if;wkdYrSm - yifjzpfonf/
1/ qk&d , S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepfudk taqmwvsif aqmif&u G v
f dk xkaYd Mumifh OD;ae0if;onf jrefrmhEidk if aH &;tvkyu f dk rdru d , dk w
f idk f
aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? jynfwGif;jynfy t&if;&Sif[k OD;pD;OD;aqmifvkyfEkdifrnfh tcGifhta&;ukd&,lcJhNyD; wwfEkdiforQ
owfrw S jf cif;cH&olrsm;u zsuv f zdk suq
f ;D vkyrf nf pk;d aom aumif;&maumif;aMumif;jzpfatmif aqmif&GufcJhonfuawmh
aMumifhvnf;aumif; wpfEkdifiHvkH;wGif&Sdaom yk*¾vdu trSefyifjzpfygonf/
vkyfief;BuD;i,frsm;ukd tvsiftjref odrf;,lcJhjcif;/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; ajymMum;cJhaom pum;rsm;teufu
2/ aiGaMu;azmif;yGru I dk taMumif;jyKí ok;H pGaJ eaom aiGpuúL uRefawmfhwGif ,aeYwkdifrarhEkdifaom pum;wpf&yf&dScJhygonf/
rsm;ukd tBudrfaygif;okH;Budrfwdwd w&m;r0ifaiGtjzpf xkdpum;rSm tjcm;r[kwf trsKd;om;aeYa&T&wk (1970 jynfhESpf)
aMunmcJhjcif;/ umvwGif ajymMum;cJhaom pum;&yfjzpfygonf/ xkdpum;&yfrSm
3/ pD;yGm;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;Oya'oESin hf ñ D w G af tmif vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufa&mif;&if;taygif;wkt Yd m; rSmMum;aom pum;&yf
aqmif&Guf&rnfhudpöwGif atmifjrifrIr&SdcJhjcif;? wpfaeY jzpfygonf/ ]]emp&m&SdvQif vGrf;p&meJYajzMuyg}} [laom pum;
wjcm; jynfwiG ;f wGio f ;Hk pGaJ eaom pm;ukerf w S pfyg; vlo;Hk &yfyif jzpfygawmhonf/
ukeyf pön;f rsm;&Sm;yg;vmonfudk ajyvnfatmif raqmif
&GuEf idk cf jYJ cif;paom taMumif;wko Yd nf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;\ AkdvfpdefrSef? Akdvfpef;,kESifh Akdvfpdef0if;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

acgif;aqmifrIukd xdckdufaponhf taMumif;tcsufrsm; uReaf wmft h m; wyfwiG ;f wGif zufqpfqefu Y siaf &; oabmw&m;
jzpfonf[k uRefawmf,lqygonf/ oifwef;twGuf oifwef;ay;&ef Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;u wm0efay;
...(202)
 888 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 889
vku d \ f / xkt d csed uf uReaf wmft
h oufonf 19 ESpo f m&Syd gao;onf/ uac:aomaMumifh uReaf wmf&efuek o f Ydk xGucf &hJ jyef&m uReaf wmf\
uRefawmf oifwef;ay; aqG;aEG;&rnfht&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom wyfwGif uRefawmfwm0efr,l&jyefyg/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;u bmrSrajym
wyfzUJG 0ifwo Ydk nf uReaf wmfx
h uftoufBu;D olawG rsm;Muygonf/ aomfvnf; uRefawmfhpdwfwGif rvkHrvJjzpfrdovm;[lí ,aeY
xkdYaMumifh oifwef;ay;ol uRefawmfhtm; ,kHMunfrI&Sdap&ef umvwGif uRefawmfjyefawG;aerdygonf/
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;u pmwpfapmifa&;ay;vku d yf gonf/ taemuf Akv
d rf LS ;csKypf ed 0f if; (aemifwiG f Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyjf zpfvmol)
wkid ;f okaYd &mufaomtcg wkid ;f \ 'kw, d wkid ;f rSL;wm0ef xrf;aeolrmS um; o&ufwiG f awmfveS af &;umvu wyf&if; (6) \ wyf&if;rSL;
Akvd Bf u;D pderf eS f jzpfygonf/ oifwef;wGif Akv d Bf u;D pderf eS u
f Akv d cf sKyf jzpfygonf/
atmifqef;pmukd xkwfjyNyD; oifwef;wufolrsm;ESifh uRefawmfhukd uRefawmf ocifoef;xGef;\ aMumifvufonf;pcef;rS
rdwfqufay;ygonf/ Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;&S&d mokYd jyefvmpOf Akv d rf LS ;pde0f if;wyfoYdk a&muf
wm0eft& taemufwkdif;okdYa&muf&Sdaom uRefawmfhtm; oGm;cJhygonf/ oluyif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&Sd&m o&ufacsmif;okdY
AkdvfBuD;pdefrSefu pm;a&;aea&;utp wm0ef,lpDpOfay;ygonf/
a&mufEkdif&ef vSnf;pDpOfay;í AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;qD a&mufcJh\/
olonfuRefawmhfxuf tweftoufBuD;oljzpf&m uRefawmfu
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pef;,ka&m?
nDi,f? olu tpfuBdk u;D ozG,f uReaf wmfu h dk ulno D jl zpfcyhJ gonf/
0efBuD;csKyfAkdvfrSL;csKyfpdef0if;ESifhyg jyefvnfqufoG,frd tvkyfESifh
awmfvSefa&;tNyD; jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUpOfu uRefawmhftm;
ywfoufaom awGUqkHrIrsm;jzifh &if;ESD;rysuf qufqHcJh&ygonf/
ol\wyfom;rsm;ukd oifwef;ay;&ef zdwfac:ao;\/ uRefawmf
rkd;ukwfrS &efukefokdYjyefvmNyD; olYxHwGif tultnDawmif;rnf[k uReaf wmfx h uf toufBu;D olrsm;jzpf&m olwo Ydk ;Hk a,mufv;Hk yif
pdwful;qJ olusqkH;aMumif;od&í uRefawmfhrSm tvGeftHhMo&? uRefawmfhtpfukdBuD;rsm;ozG,f uRefawmfcspfcifrdav;pm;rdaom
ESajrm& jzpfrdygonf/ olrsm;jzpfygonf/ ½kd;½kd;om;om; ukd,fusKd;rzuf rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyBf u;D pef;,k? Ekid if aH wmfor®wBu;D tjynhfjzifh wkdif;jynftwGuf tvkyfvkyfcJholrsm;tjzpf uRefawmf
jzpfvmol OD;pef;,konf taemufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyfe,fajrwGif owdw& av;pm;atmufarhaerdygonf/
wm0efusoljzpf\/ olu aq;wyfrSL;jzpfygonf/ awmfvSefa&; AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfaZm
umvwGif olu jyvkeYd ,fppfa&;acgif;aqmif? uReaf wmfu Ekid if aH &; 25-3-1945 wGif uReaf wmfnaeapmif;tcsed üf yJc;l NrKd U? wkid ;f
wm0efrSL;jzpf\/ okdYygaomfvnf; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ wm0ef (4) ppfXmecsKyfokdY a&mufaeygonf/ a&muf&jcif;taMumif;rSm
ay;csuft& 24-3-1945 wGif jzL;okdY uRefawmfxGufcJh&ojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jzL;wGifa&mufaeaom ocifA[def;ukd
uRefawmhfwm0efukd uRefawmf rxrf;aqmifvkduf&yg/ tac:ckdif;í jzpfygonf/ ocifA[def;xHra&mufrD yJcl;wkdif; (4)
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

AkdvfcsKyfBuD;pef;,ku þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; uRefawmhfukd ppfXme½kH;wGif uRefawmfpD;onhfum;tm; "mwfqDxnfh&ef0ifrdí

rnforYdk Q rajymcJyh g/ r[mrdww f yfwYdk 0ifvmaomtcg ocifwifjr jzpfygonf/
...(203)
 890 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 891
xkdpOfu awmfvSefa&;aeYukd {NyDvESpf&ufaeY[lí owfrSwf avmupmtkyu f dk uReaf wmfzwfz;l aomfvnf; olu
Y adk wmh yxrqk;H
xm;aMumif; uRefawmfodNyD; jzpfygonf/ wkdif; (4) okdYa&mufaom awGUzl;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ pma&;q&mBuD;'*kHwm&mu A[d e f ;
tcg Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D ausmaf Zmu olw\ Ydk vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ukd *syefrsm;&dyrf d okdYr[kwf uAsm [lí zGJUqkdjcif;cH&aomol jzpfygonf/
aeNy[D k odxm;onf/ xkaYd Mumifh rwfv 27 &ufwiG f wyfazsmuf&ef þ½kyfþykHyef;ESifh EkdifiHa&;avmuwGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhol?
pDpOfxm;aMumif; ajymygonf/ uRefawmfawmif;aom "mwfqDukd ckwpfzef zufqpfawmfvSefa&;BuD;wGif yg0ifqifETJOD;rnfhol? ol\
ay;NyD; ocifA[def;ESifhocifoef;xGef;wkdYxH rwfv 27 &ufaeY ywf0ef;usif&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;rS vli,fvl&G,frsm;ukdpkNyD; ajymufusm;
awmfvSefa&;&ufjzpfaMumif; pmykdY&ef ay;vkdufygonf/ enf;jzifhawmfvSefrnfh ajymufusm;rsm;tm; zufqpfqefYusifa&;
Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D ausmaf ZmrSm ,cifuyif uReaf wmfawGUzl;odz;l Ny;D ol oabmw&m;rsm; ajyma[mcJhol jzpfygonf/
jzpfygonf/ ocifwifjrykcYd idk ;f í pmoGm;yk&Yd jcif;rsm;ESihf tmtD;wD½;Hk
ocifA[def;tm; AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfaZmuay;aom pmESifh
uGefjrLepfygwD uGefz&ifhwGifvnf; awGUzl;oljzpfygonf/
owif;pum;rsm;ukdajym&m-
&Jabmfo;Hk usyd 0f if Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D ausmaf Zm aemifwiG f Akv d rf LS ;csKyf
]]uRefawmfwkdYu &GmawGrSmvlawG ykdYxm;NyD? jyefac:NyD;
ausmfaZmonf xkdpOfu uGefjrLepfygwD0if jzpf rjzpfawmh rodyg/
uGefjrLepfygwDukd vkdvm;olawmh jzpfygonf/ tmtD;wD½kH;wGif &ufajymif;wmajym&rSmaygh}} [k ajymygonf/ uReaf wmft h m; olt Y rd f
usif;yaomtpnf;ta0;wGif olYukd uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpf wGif ntdyaf pygonf/ aeYcif;ykid ;f wGif em;aeapNy;D nykid ;f usryS if
odvkduf&ygonf/ olonf tusifhpm&dwåaumif;ol? ½kd;om;ajzmifh ol\vlwcsKdUukd vrf;jyapNyD; ocifoef;xGef;xH ykdYay;ygonf/
rwfoljzpfNyD; ol,kHMunf&mukd olvkyfoljzpfygonf/ awmfvSefa&;NyD;aomtcg olaeraumif;aomaMumifh ajrEk
vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D Akv d rf LS ;csKyjf zpfNy;D rS olonf ,l*q dk vm;AD,m; vrf;&Sd olYtdrfwGif vlrrmoGm;ar;cJh\/ xkdtcgrSpí olESifh
jynfoo Ydk mG ;aom ppfrpf&iS w f iG yf g0if&m uReaf wmfEiS ahf wGU&ygonf/ aemufxyfrawGU&awmhyg/ 1946 ckESpfwGif jzpfygonf/
olu uRefawmfhukd rSwfrdae\/ azmfazmfa&Ga&G qufqH\/ xkdrS ocifA[def;onf rdrd,kHMunf&mukd a&;om;jcif;? aqmif&Guf
olwjYdk yefomG ;Ny;D aemufwiG f olEiS ahf wGUqkBH uKH BuKd u&f jcif; r&Sad wmhyg/ jcif;aMumifh olonf av;pm;xkdufol acgif;aqmifwpfOD;[lí
ocifA[def;ESifhocifoef;xGef; uRefawmfrSwf,lvkdufygonf/
1945 ckESpf? rwfv 26 &ufaeY naeapmif;wGif uRefawmf ocifoef;xGef;
onf ocifA[def; awmfvSefa&;vkyf&ef a&muf&Sdaeaom jzL;NrdKU xkdaeYum; wefcl;vjynfhaeY jzpfonf/
ta&SUbuf (rD;&xm;vrf;\ta&SUbuf) anmifyifom&GmokdY uRefawmfwkdY nykdif;c&D;xGufcJhMu\/ ocifoef;xGef;&Sd&m
a&mufoGm;ygonf/ ocifA[def;ukd awGU&\/ aMumifvufonf; pcef;oko Yd mG ;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 28-3-1945 wGif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ocifA[de;f \rsuEf mS rSm Munfvif&iT v f ef;aomyk&H \

dS / NyKH ;ae a&mufoGm;\/ uRefawmfu ocifoef;xGef;tm; AkdvfrSL;BuD;
ouJo
h xYdk if&aom ½kyrf sK;d jzpfygonf/ ocifA[de;f a&;aom "e&Sif ausmfaZmay;onfh pmukday;\/ owif;pum;vnf; ajymygonf/
...(204)
 892 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 893
ocifoef;xGef;onf uRefawmfhukd azmfa&Gonfvnf;r[kwf? ocifra':&SSdeftdrfodkY a&mufvmwwfNyD; Adkvfodef;wef? ukdvSNrdKif
razmfa&Gonfvnf;r[kwfaom trlt&mjzifh ajymqkdqufqHyg pma&;oluReaf wmfwEYdk iS hf uGejf rLepfygwD oabmxm;rSm;,Gi;f aeyHk
onf/ ol\pcef;wGif uReaf wmf 10 &ufcefMY umcJyh gonf/ bmwm0ef rsm;udk a0zefajymqdak vh&cdS yhJ gonf/ ol\ ajymqdck surf sm;wGif cdik v f kH
rSvJr&Sd? xkdpOfu r[mrdwfbufrSay;ykdYaom ,kdbl;? axmywf? aomtaMumif; ,kwråd sm;yg&Syd gonf/ txl;ojzifh ocifoef;xGe;f \
tom;bl;pwmawG wpf0pm;Ny;D awm&dyaf wmif&yd w f iG f pdwaf t;pGm acgif;aqmifrIESifhywfoufí a0zefajymqdkcJhygonf/
em;ae&ygonf/ ocifoef;xGef;\pcef;wGif aeaomfvnf; olESifh uGsefawmfwdkYonf tcsKdUtcsufrsm;udk olYtm; jyefvnfacsy
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(205)
 894 udu
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(206)
 896 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 897
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(207)
 898 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 899
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uReaf wmfph w d w
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

ynmavmuwGif olrwlatmif pGr;f aqmifEidk o f l pG,pf &Hk yk*Kd¾ vBf u;D 1943 ck r*Fvm'kHAkdvfoifwef; 'kwd,ywfAkdvfoifwef;okdY
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...(208)
 900 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 901
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f iG f AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmjrifh wm0efrS ½kyfodrf;cH&ygonf/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(209)
 902 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 903
or®wa[mif; AddkvfrSL;csKyfpdefvGif? EdkifiHawmf'kwd,or®wa[mif; xkdpum;&yfrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fudk tenf;i,fajymjyygrnf/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(210)
 904 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 905
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jynfom; vltrsm;ta&;? wdik ;f jynf&UJ ta&;jzpfwt hJ wGuf Edik if aH &; arwåm&yfcHyg&ap/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

&ygrnf/ odkYrSomvQif wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk pnf;½kH;acgif;aqmifEdkifrnf tem*wfwdkYwGif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmftwGif;odkY a&G;cs,f

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...(211)
 906 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 907
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vGefcJhNyD;aom jrefrmEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;c&D;wpfavQmufudk ajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfNyDqdkygu jynfolvlxkESifh tpdk;&tygt0if
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jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aomtcg jrefrmEdkifiH jzpfygonf/
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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...(212)
 908 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 909
tu,f í tpd k ; &tzG J Y \ tmPm&ygwD u wif j yonf h qufqHrI&&SdEdkif\/ xkdrSwpfqifh jyifywGifvnf; udk,fpm;vS,f
vkyaf qmifcsuo f nf Edik if aH wmftwGuf tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f rIr&S[ d k ,lq wdkYonf tvGwfoabmqufoG,frI wkd;wufvmEdkifayrnf/
ygu avmavmq,fwiG f rvdt k yfao;vQif xkt d qdu k rkd axmufcH þum; vTwfawmftwGif; &if;ESD;qufqH&ef tBuHjyKjcif;
EdkifygaMumif; ½dk;om;yGifhvif;pGm uefYuGufMu&ygrnf/ xdktcg jzpfygonf/ vTwfawmfjyifywGifvnf; tmPm&ygwDESifh NydKifazmf
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h ;D jyif;xefrrI &Sad p&ef owd NydKifzufygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\vSL'gef;a&;? arG;aeYtxdrf;trSwf
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D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

csi;f qdik yf gwDtoD;oD;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f wm0efay; cwfbJ rdrdygwD\oabmxm;? 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;? a&SUvkyfief;pOfESifh
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...(213)
 910 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 911
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rdrdwdkYoabmqE´udk azmfjyNyD; aqG;aEG;jcif;? nd§EIdif;jcif;wdkYudkom vk&d if;tcsKyu f q
kd &kd vSsif tpd;k &tmPmud&k &Sv d maom ygwDEiS hf
vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ NyKd iaf zmfNyKd izf ufjzpfaom rsuEf mS csi;f qkid yf gwDwo Ykd nf taumif;jrif
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ae&rnfjzpfygonf/ v,form;? tvkyo f rm;rsm;omru tjcm;aom tukodkvfonf ta&twGuftm;jzifh rsm;jym;avh&Sdonf/
vlwef;pm;wdEYk iS hf jcm;em;csurf sm;&Sad pumrl ndE§ iId ;f ajz&Si;f í&Edik &f ef uk o d k v f p G r f ; tif o nf t&nf t csif ; tm;jzif h tvG e f w &m
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ae&rnfjzpfayonf/ tm;aumif;avh&o dS nf/ tukov kd \f ta&twGux f uf ukov kd \ f
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

Ekid if aH &;ygwDtoD;oD;wko Yd nf wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf? wpfO;D ESihf t&nftcsi;f pGr;f tifu omvGet f m;aumif;avh&o dS nf/ xufoef
wpfOD;? wpfpkESifhwpfpk &efbuf[líoabmrxm;MubJ jynfol avh&Sdonf/
...(214)
 912 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 913
ukov kd Ef iS t
Yf ukov kd wf Ukd \ tm;NyKd iyf w
JG iG f ukov
kd tf iftm;pku rsm;aMumifh wpfESpfom;rQ oufwrf;&Sdao;onhf jynfaxmifpkBuD;
a&&SnfüatmifEdkifavh&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifY vlwdkYonf ordkif;\ NyKd vrJ oGm;ap&ef vGwv f yfa&;xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufonhf wku d yf JG
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aomumvrSmyif vlwo Ykd nf ukov kd t
f vkyf aumif;rGeo f nft
h vkyf wyfrsm;jzpfMuonhf u&if½kdifz,faoewfukdifwyf&if; (1) onf
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a&mufvmEdik pf &m tvm;tvm &Sw d wfvmygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh jynfNrdKUteD;üvnf;aumif;? Armh½kdifz,faoewfukdifwyf&if; (3)
tcgaumif; acwfaumif;wdUk onf a&mufía&mufí vmayvdrrhf nf/ onf {&m0wDwidk ;f ? a';'&J? usKu d v f wf? zsmyk?H rtlyifNrKd UBu;D rsm;wGif
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jcif;rjzpfMubJ? tm;i,fjcif;rjzpfMubJ aumif;rGeaf omtem*wfukd wyfrsm;ukd jzefYcsapvTwfxm;&onf/ &efukeftpkd;&[kyif ac:qkd
zefwD;Murnf[lí tpOfrjywf BudK;yrf;ae&rnfom jzpfayonf/ aeMuonht f csed yf ifjzpfayonf/ zsmyküH vGwv f yfa&;aeY tcrf;tem;
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf rdrdukd,frdrd tpOfojzifh jyefvnf usif;ypOf autef'DtkdwkdYrS ypfcwfaESmifh,SufcJhonf/ wGHaw;
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jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ wGifvnf; x<uaomif;usef;cJhMuonf/ 1947 ck yifvkHpmcsKyf
csKyfqkdpOfu trsKd;om;pdwfjyif;jyol tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;u
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(1-10-2010) tm;xkwv f mMuonf/ u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;onf jrefrmEkid if H a'o
aemufqufwGJ (u) trsm;tjym;wGif aexkid Mf uonhef nf;wl &efuek Nf rKd U tvkEH iS t hf if;pdef
wkw Yd iG v
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wyfrawmfonf EkdifiHawmfukd tBudrfBudrfumuG,fcJhonf/
tif;pdew f pf0u
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tajrmuf ]]wHjrufpnf;}} XmecsKyfrS vkdufvHodrf;qnf;ojzifh tpkd;&opömcHppf0efxrf;wyf?
1949 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;cgp EkdifiHawmfjynfaxmifpk ppf&w J yfrsm;ukd ,if;a'ookYd wm0efay;apvTwcf o hJ nf/ em;vnfrI
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tpk;d &onf tpk;d &wyfrS cGx J u

G Mf uaom a&mifpo Hk yl ek af omif;use;f vGJrSm;í jzpfay:vmaom vlrsKd;a&;qefonhf y#dyu©rsm;twGuf
olrsm;? vlrsK;d pktpGt J vrf;rsm;jzifh em;vnfrv I rJG mS ; qlyal omif;use;f rI autif'Dtkdacgif;aqmifykdif;onf vufOD;rI&&Sdap&ef tif;pdefü
...(215)
 914 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 915
aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;rSm ratmifjrifbjJ zpfomG ;onf/ jyóemu wpfp Ekdifap&ef ppf&Jwyf? ppf0efxrf;wyfrsm;rS tultnDawmif;ojzifh
wpfp BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ tif;pdefwpf0kdufwGifvnf; ppf0efxrf; a&wyfraS vYusiahf &;ok;H av,mOfypfabmfzmtzGUJ ESihf ausmif;om;
wyfrsm;? ppf&Jrsm;u autif'DtkdwkdYtm; 0kdif;xm;Muonf/ &Jacgif? ausmif;om;oHrPd? awmckd&JabmfjzLwyfzGJUtcsdKUwkdY
1949 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufwGif &efukef-rEÅav;vrf;ay:&Sd onfvnf; 0kdif;0ef;íydwfqkdYMuayonf/
&xm;vrf;? um;vrf; tcsut f csmusaomawmifiu l dk ,if;a'oü 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv wpf&ufaeYwGif tif;pdeftpkd;&
tajcpkdufxm;aom tpkd;&opömcHwyf&if; u&if½kdifz,f (1) rS cJ,rf;vufeufwyfrS cGJxGufoGm;aom u&ifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;
½kwfw&uf ykefuefí odrf;ykdufvkdufNyD; tif;pdefokdY csDwufvm&ef autef'DtkdwkdYonf r*Fvm'kHawmifykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf? cJ,rf;
jyifMuonf/ 1949 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 28 &ufaeYwGif a&wyfü rD;ausmufwyfESifh avwyfokdY 0ifa&mufpD;eif;NyD; x&yfum;
ppfykefuefrIjzpfyGm;cJhjyef&m AkdvfBuD;apm*sufOD;pD;aom ]]pAef;}} wpfp;D pm ½kid zf ,frsm;? atmfwrdk ufwpfvufeufi,frsm;? pypfzidk ;f &m;
ppfa&,mOfEiS t hf vm;wl ppfa&,mOfEpS pf ;D tykid pf ;D cH&Ny;D ,if;wkrYd S av,mOfwiG o f ;Hk onhf ba&mifeifpufaoewfrsm; 0.5 pufaoewf
jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o\ tcsuftcsmusaom ykodrfNrdKUukd ypfcwf BuD ; rsm;? 20- rr atmf v D u G e f t ajrmuf w k d Y u k d tif ; pd e f o k d Y
wkdufcdkufum Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf&Sdonf/ u&if½kdifz,faoewfukdif o,faqmif oGm;cJo h nf/ tpk;d &wyfrsm;twGuf uHaumif;onfrmS
wyf&if; (1) onfvnf; &efuek b f ufqo
D Ydk tvk;H t&if;ESiq
hf if;vm&m atmfwkd rufwpfypf&mwGif tokH;jyK&aom 20 - rrtajrmuf\
jzL;NrdKUukd odrf;ykdufvkdufMuNyD;jzpfonf/ 1949 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv tpdwf tykid ;f rsm; usecf ahJ vonf/ ,cktcg tpykid ;f wGif cHppftae
30 &ufaeYwGif autif'DtkdwkdYonf tqifhqifh tuGufcsí txm;ESifhaecJhaom tif;pdefautef'DtkdwkdYonf wefjyefwkdufppf
tpkd;&wyfzGJUwGif yg&Sdaom u&ifvufeufukdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm; qifa&;twGuf tpkd;&wyfrsm; vkHavmufpGm ra&mufEkdifrD
tultnDjzifh ykeu f efaomif;use;f rnfh t&dyt f a,mif&v dS mojzifh &efukefokdY xkd;ppfqif&ef jyifqifMuayNyD/
aemufqkH;wGif tpkd;&rS autef'Dtkdukd rw&m;0if aMunmvkduf 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv ESpf&uf t½kPfwuftcsdefü
avonf/ autif't D wdk oYdk nf tif;pdecf ½kid f tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;½k;H ? tif;pde&f pJ cef;
1949 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufaeY eHeufapmapmwGifrl wku Yd dk wpfNyKd iw f nf; pD;eif;Muonf/ eHeufyidk ;f wGif xkpd Ofu jrefrm
tif;pdefwpf0kdufü ysHUESHYaeaom u&ifvufeufukdifaomif;usef; Ekid if wH iG f tBu;D qk;H tif;pdeaf xmifuadk zmufNy;D tusO;f om; 2000
olrsm;ESihf ,if;wku Yd dk 0ef;&Hxm;aom ppf0efxrf;wyf? ppf&w J yfrsm; cefu Y dk vTwaf y;vku d of nf/ bPfuv dk nf; 0ifa&mufp;D eif;í aiGrsm;ukd
tMum; rnfolupí ypfcwfvkdufonfrod wkdufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;Mu ,lomG ;Muavonf/ tif;pdew f pfNrKd Uvk;H eD;yg;ukd odr;f Ny;D onho f abm
awmhonf/ u&ifwkdYonf aumif;pGmusifhom; &xm;NyD; tdrfBudK jzpfNyD; &efukefokdY av;rkdifcefYtvkd a&mufonftxd xkd;azmuf
tdrfMum; wkdufckdufEkdifpGrf;&SdMuonfjzpf&m &efukefNrdKUrS &SpfrkdifcefY vmMuonf/ ,if;wkdYukd tpkd;&bufrS a&mifpkHppftiftm;pkrsm;
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tuGmwGif&Sdaom c0JNcH? BudKUukef;? orkdif;wpf0kdufwGif xkd;azmuf a&wyfabmfzmvufeuf tygt0if? u&ifAkdvfrSL;? wyf&if;rSL;ukd

wkdufcdkufvmMuonf/ xkdtcsdefü &efukefukd qufvufrodrf;ykduf z,f&Sm;NyD; ,ck wyf&if;rSL;topftkyfcsKyfaom a*:&cg; trsm;
...(216)
 916 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 917
tjym; yg0ifonhf oeu (4) wyfwkdYjzifh 0kdif;Muonf/ þtcsdefü Mum;&onfrmS tajctaeraumif;yg/ awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf
t0kdif;cHxm;&aom u&ifwyf&if;rsm;ukd tm;jznfhulnDNyD; &efukef pDeD,m ArmppfOD;pD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;u wkdif;jynfrNidrfroufjzpfaerI
odr;f yku
d af &;twGuf u&if½idk zf ,f (1) enf;wl &efuek Nf rKd U ajrmufbuf rsm;ukd OD;aqmifajymMum;cJYonf/ opömcH u&ifwyf&if;ESpf&if;
rkdif 170 cefYuGma0;aom jynfNrdKUteD;&Sdaom awmckdoeu (1) ykefuefjcm;em;vsuf&SdNyD;? &efukefNrdKUawmfukd Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf&Sdae
tzGJUrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;ukd wkdufckdufae&mrS jyefvnfpkpnf; aMumif;? tif;pdefa&SUwef;wGif autef'DtkdwkdY\ tBudrfBudrf
xm;aom u&if½kdifz,f (2) wyf&if;wkdYonf cJ,Of;pGmuGyfuJ xk;d azmuf&ef wku d cf u kd rf u I dk 0ef;&HumuG,af eaom ppf0efxrf;wyf?
pDrHvsuf vlolvufeuftiftm; ,mOf,EÅ&m;tjynfhtpkHjzifh ppf&w J yfwu
Ydk dk tm;jznfu h n l &D ef tpk;d &tNrw J rf;wyfzUJG r&Sad Mumif;?
rdom;pkrsm;yg wpfygwnf; tvkH;t&if;tvkduf qif;vmMuNyD tvm;wlyif jynfuo dk rd ;f ykud Nf y;D &efuek o
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'ku©rsm;? ted|m½kHrsm;ukd cg;oD;pGm cHpm;Mu&\/ jynhfpkHaom Armh½kdifz,fwyf&if; (5) onfvnf; av,mOfta&
þtcsed w f iG f &ckid b f uf&dS &ckid uf eG jf rLepfrsm;? rl*sm[pfrsm;ukd twGuef nf;yg;aom tif'edk ;D &Sm;avaMumif;vkid ;f jzifh wyfa&TUae&
umuG,fESdrfeif;aeonhf tpkd;&opömcH Armh^½kdifz,faoewfukdif onfjzpf&m tcsed rf D u&if½ikd zf ,f (2) ukd [efw Y m;zkYd toifrh jzpfEidk f
wyf&if; (5) ukdvnf; avaMumif;jzifh a&TUajymif;um tif;pdefokdY aMumif;? teD;qk;H tjcm;tpk;d &tNrw J rf;wyfjzpfonhf {&m0wDjrpf0
tjrefjyefvnfjzefYcs&ef pDpOfaeNyDjzpfonf/ uRe;f ay: zsmyk?H a';'&J? rtlyifa'oü wyfpx JG m;onhf Armh½idk zf ,f
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wkdufyGJrsm;wGif wyfrawmfMunf;ESifh tjcm;aomwyfaygif;pkrsm; trdefYay;xm;NyDjzpfaMumif;? wyf&if; (3) rdom;pkwpfpkvkH;ukd
enf;wl EkdifiH\vGwfvyfa&;orkdif;aMumif; ajymif;vJoGm;apNyD; jynfwGif;a&aMumif;ESpfxyfoabFmrsm;? jrpfwGif;okH; c&D;onfwif
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wyfrawmfa&\ tcef;u@tjzpf 0ufaumfwu dk yf w
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cef;rü Munf;a&av yl;aygif;ppfqifa&; nd§EIdif;tpnf;ta0; 24 em&DtwGif; a&muf&Sd&ef pGrf;aqmifzkdY ta&;wBuD; tcuftcJ
usif;ycJYonf/ jzpfay:aeaMumif;wkdY ajymMum;cJhayonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

þaeYonf xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom aeYwpfaeYqkdvQif rSm;rnf þtajctaewGif jrpfaMumif;oGm; wku d af &,mOfü wm0ef,l

rxifay/ tpnf;ta0;ü wkdif;jynf\ a,bk,staetxm;ukd cJzh ;l aom wyfrawmfa&uk, d pf m;jyK wufa&muf&onhf a&wyfXme
...(217)
 918 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 919
csKyfrS ppf½kH;? ppfqifa&; (a&) t&m&Sd uRefawmfrS vufaxmif Armh½idk zf ,faoewfuidk w f yf&if;ukv
d nf; &ckid b f ufrS av,mOfjzifh
jyvsuf wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;okdYrjzwfbJ jrpf0rS yifv,fbufqDokdY &efuek o f Ydk jyefvnfajymif;a&TUzGUJ pnf;qJ tajctaetm;vnf;aumif;?
jyefqif;um "Ekwfbk&m;teD;wGif &efukefjrpfokdY 0ifa&mufEkdifrnfh autif't D odk yl ek rf sm;u tpk;d &wyfrsm;ukd ppfqifaomwku d yf rJG sm;ü
tenf;i,fpGefYpm;&onhf tEÅ&m,f&Sdonhf a&vrf;aMumif;wpfck ESpfzufpvkH; tustqkH;rsm;aerI owif;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;
&SdaMumif;wifjy&m OD;aqmifppfOD;pD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;rS tvkyfjzpfEkdifacs Mum;od&onf/
&SdaMumif;? wyfrawmfa&taejzifh qufvuf&Sif;jy&ef tm;wuf yxrOD;pGm EkdifiHwumMuufajceDtzGJUESifh &efukef&Sd oHwref
oa&m ajymMum;cJYonf/ xkdtcgwGif uRefawmfukd,fwkdif tawGU todu k t f 0ef;wkYd wufa&mufMuNy;D wifjyvm&m autif't D w dk \
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wufcsed w f iG f a&pl;ajcmufaycef&Y adS om a&,mOfrsm;oGm;vmEkid af om pOf;pm;Muonf/ ESpzf uf 'Pf&m&olrsm;? u,fq,fa&;ESihf ppfab;oifh
vIdif;tenf;i,frl;Ekdifaom a&aMumif;jzpfaMumif;? a&aMumif;jy t&yfom;rsm;? wkdufyGJESifhroufqkdifolrsm;ukd a&TUajymif;Ekdifa&;
iSm;&efvrdk nfjzpfaMumif;? jrpfaMumif;oGm; wku d cf u
kd af &; wyfrawmf jzpf&m tpkd;&bufrS csufcsif;oabmwlcJhayonf/ wu,fwrf;
a&,mOfrsm;jzifh apmifhMuyfykdYaqmifEkdifaMumif;? wGHaw;wl;ajrmif; wGifrl wefzkd;&Sdaomtcsdefukd qGJxm;jcif;jzifh wpfzufESifhwpfzuf
razmuf&ao;rD jrpf0uRef;ay:ESifh ykodrfNrdKUokdY oGm;&onhf toD;oD; tompD;&&Sad pEkid o f nf[al om vQKUd 0Su&f nf&, G cf surf sm;
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AkdvfrSL;BuD;xHrS xkdtpDtpOftwkdif; vkyfaqmif&ef twnfjyK tcwf &yfp&J ef wk;d jri§ o hf abmwlncD o hJ nf/ rkew f idk ;f rusrD avNird f
ñTefMum;ojzifh tm;vkH; pdwfat;vsuf oufjyif;csEkdifawmh\/ oGm;onhfoabmrQ jzpfonf/
xkdYaemuf uRefawmfonf a&wyfXmecsKyf ppfOD;pD;AkdvfrSL;BuD; (a&) tpnf;ta0;'kwd,ykdif;wGif yl;aygif;ppfqifa&; Munf;? a&?
cifarmifbx dk o H Ydk jyefvnfwifjy&m ppfO;D pD;Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D u aocsmrI av uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; qufvufaqG;aEG;cJMh u&m ppfqifa&; (av)
t&m&SdrS ysHoef;EIef;jrifhaom pypfzkdif,m;wkdufav,mOfrsm;ESifh
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h nf/ xkt d cg Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D cifarmifbdk ppf½;Hk ppfqifa&;
jynfbufrS ZD;ukef;okdY csOf;uyfvmaom tpD; 180 yg oHcsyfum;
t&m&Sdtjzpf xrf;&GufcJhpOfu ñTefMum;cJhrIaMumifh rdrdukd,fwkdif
,mOfwef;ESifh u&ifaoewfukdifwyf&if; (2) ppfaMumif;tm;
rEÅav;? ykodrf? jrpf0uRef;ay: jrpfwGif;oGm;vrf;aMumif;a[mif;
avaMumif;rS ypfulESdrfeif;&m cufcJaomajrjyiftaetxm;t&
tm; rSwfwrf;xm;cJhrIrsm;tm; &Sif;jycJh&m qufvufvkyfaqmifí
xda&mufrIr&SdcJYjcif;ukd wifjyoGm;cJhonf/ a&wyftvSnfhwGifrl
wkd;wufjzpfpOfrsm;ukd wifjy&efcGifhjyKcJhonf/ uRefawmfu {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:rS trSwf (3) Armh½kdifz,f
1949 ckEpS ?f azaz
azazmfmf0g&D
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cef;rü Munf;? a&? av yl;aygif;ppfqifa&; nd§EIdif;tpnf;ta0; tapmift h Muyfjzifh a&vrf;aMumif; ta[mif;tok;H jyKí 1949 ck?
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

u&ifaoewfukdifwyf&if; (2) onf jynfNrdKUukd zsufqD;í azazmf0g&Dv ajcmuf&ufaeYnaewGif &efukefokdY atmifjrifpGm

tvkH;t&if;ESifh &efukefbufokdY csDwufvmaeaMumif;? trSwf (5) a&TUajymif;vmEkdifcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; wifjycJhonf/
...(218)
 920 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 921
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wyf&if;csDwuf&ef toifhjzpfapa&;tajctaeukd wifjyap&m toHk;wnfhEkdifaMumif; wifjycJh&m tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufol
wyfrLS ; Akv d rf LS ;cspNf rKd iu
f ]]vGecf ahJ om ajcmufvu wyfzUJG 0iftcsKUd tm;vk;H vIyv f yI &f mS ;&Sm;jzpfuek Nf y;D ppfqifa&;OD;pD;rSL; Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D \
awmcko d mG ;ojzifh vuf&w dS yfpEk pS pf pk yD gaom wyfcaJG v;cG?J ppfonf a&wyf\abmfzmtzGJUukd zGJUpnf;jyifqifí aemufaeYeHeufwGif
tif t m; 108? vuf e uf B uD ; tif t m; ok H ; vuf r pd e f a jymif ; oeu (3) ESit hf wl r*Fvm'krH S a&SUwef;okcYd sw D uf&ef twnfjyKum
av;vuf? b&if;*ef;tcsKdUom usef&Sdojzifh zGJUpnf;ykH tqifhedrfh tpnf;ta0;ukd tqkH;owfvkduf\/
vsuf & S d & m tif t m;jzif h jyif q if z G J U pnf ; &ef vd k t yf a Mumif ; ? tcsed Ef iS t hf rQ ta&;Bu;D aeNyjD zpf&m a&wyfppfO;D pD;Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D
axmufvSrf;a&;owif;t& u&ifaoewfukdifwyf&if; (2) wGif cifarmifbx dk oH Ydk qufvyk cf iG hf awmif;cHNy;D onfEiS hf &wemykaH &wyf
oHcsyu f m,mOfrsm;? ajcmufaygif'g vufeufBu;D ESpv f uf? ok;H vufr pcef;okdYoGm;a&mufí abmfzmwyfzGJU tvsiftjrefzGJUpnf;í
pdefajymif; &Spfvuf? av;vufrpdefajymif; av;vufESifh cJ,rf; aqmif&Guf&ef *spfum;apmifhqkdif;aepOf 'kavwyfppfOD;pD;csKyf
rD;ausmuf tjynht f pk&H &dS m rdrwd b Ydk ufwiG f vufeufBu;D taxmuf ppfOD;pD;rSL;AkdvfrSL;BuD; wDuvpf armif;vmaom *spfum;ESifh
tul &Ekdifacs&Sd r&Sd ar;jref;cJhygonf/ tpkd;&wGif wyfrsm;ukd awGUojzifh uk, d w f idk v
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trsm;pkonf u&ifawmckdolykefrsm;xHokdY a&muf&SdoGm;aMumif; ukdom pkaqmif;cJhonf/ t&mcHESifh tjcm;tqifh 12 a,muf
ppfqifa&;OD;pD;rSL; AkdvfrSL;BuD;u ajzMum;cJhonf/ xkdtcdkufwGif vkod nfjzpfaomfvnf; ZGwv f ukd v f adk om wuf<uzswv f wfi,f&, G of ?l
r*Fvm'kH cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwyfrS wuúokdvfausmif;om; wyf&if; bifc&mwyfom; csmvD (aemifwiG f tqkad wmf &Jabmfcifarmifv)S
rsm;okdY xkwfay;xm;cJhaom r*Fvm'kH oeu (1) bm;½kduf&Sd yg0ifvmojzifh 13 a,muf&&SdcJhNyD; &efolYvufokdYygroGm;apbJ
avhusifha&;okH; ajcmufaygif'g tajrmufwpfvufESifh ,if;ukd xda&mufpmG abmfzmukd tok;H jyKuyG u f EJ idk &f ef t&mcHtjyif t&m&Sd
ukdifwG,fypfcwfEkdif&ef avhusifhxm;aom wuúokdvfausmif;om; tjzpf uRefawmfukd,fwkdif uGyfuJcGifh&a&;ukd ppfOD;pD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;
taysmfwrf;wyfzGJU0ifwkdY &&SdEkdifaMumif; wpfa,mufaomyk*¾dKvfu cifarmifbkdxH ckdifvkHpGmwifjy&m aqmif&GufcGifh&cJhygonf/
0ifa&mufwifjycJhygonf/ xyfrHí tBuHÓPfaumif;awmif;cH&m okjYd zpfí ]]&wemyH}k } a&wyfbm;½ku d o f Ydk jyefvmí pDrcH suq f &JG
vuf&Sd u&ifvufeufBuD;tiftm;rsm;ukd ,SOfEkdif&ef tif;pdef awmhonf/ tBu;D tuJjzpfol yDtrdk sK;d jrift h m; tao;pdwu f aevGí J
wkud yf wJG iG f rMumao;rDu tm;vk;H owdxm;rdNy;D jzpfaom abmfzm &JabmftcsKUd ukd ac:aqmifí a&wyfc, J rf;rD;ausmufoadk vSmifa&;
pGr;f &nfudk owd&rdojzifh uReaf wmfu ypftm;aumif;Ny;D wku d ½f u
dk f wyfpcef;rS 40 rr abmfzmusnf wpfuwfvQif av;awmifh?
csdef&G,fypfcwfEkdifaom a&wyfokH; 40 rr ]]wHjrufpnf;}} abmfzm 16 uwfygaowåm 25 vk;H ? pkpak ygif; usnf 400 (usnw f pfuwfvQif
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

tajrmufESifh ,if;ukd aumif;pGmtokH;cswwfaom a&wyfrS aemufa,mifcHvkdufaom usnf? oHcsyfumazmufxGif;usnf?

wyfzUJG 0iftcsKUd yg0ifapvQif AsL[majrmuf rSeu f efxad &mufpmG ypful jyif;tm;jrifh azmufcGJa&;usnf? avmifuRrf;apaomusnf[lí
...(219)
 922 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 923
tpDtpOfwusyg&Sdonf/) usefaomvkdtyfonhf aoewftykd AdkvfwifñGefUwdkY\ (i) wyfcGJ? AdkvfjrifhaqG? AdkvfvSarmifwdkY uGyfuJ
ypön;f rsm;? tm;aumif;aom ppfo;Hk rSeaf jymif;? tcsujf yrD;usnyf pf? aom (D) wyfc?JG jyefMum;a&;XmerS "mwfyEHk iS hf ½ky&f iS o f wif;axmuf
aoewftzGJU0ifrsm;twGuf 9 rr vefcsufpwm umbkdifrsm;? ukdrsKd;jrifhwdkY vlpkHaomtcg r*Fvm'Hk cv& (1) odkY xGufcGmvm&m
uReaf wmftwGuf &Sm;yg;aom tayghpm; tar&duefppfo;Hk umbkid f bm;½dkuf0if;twGif;rS ajcmufaygif'gtajrmufESifh wyfzGJUudk
wkdYukd ,laqmifcJhaponf/ xkdYtjyif ]]wHjrufpnf;}} abmfzm cv& (1) wyfrSL;'kAdkvfrSL;atmifBuD; ac:vmaom t&yfom;
tajrmufuq dk &JG ef ppfo;Hk ESpw
f efx&yfum;xufyí
dk oifah vsmaf om owif;axmufudkvSarmifvnf; vkdufygvmapcJhonf/
wpfweftayghpm;a'gh*spEf iS hf t&yfom;,mOfarmif;ukd wpfygwnf; jynfbufodkY pwifcsDwufvmcJh&m om,m0wDta&mufwGif
csw
d cf &hJ onf/ xkaYd emuf vufaxmufjzpfol yDtrdk sK;d jrift
h m; abmfzm nOfheufaeNyDjzpf\/ UMP, BTF paom &&mwyfrsm;jzifh om,m
]]wHjrufpnf;}} tajrmufudk ypfcwf&ef taumif;qk;H taetxm; 0wDrS ckcw H u kd cf ukd af &;twGuf txl;rif;Bu;D tjzpf uGyu f aJ eaom
a&mufatmif jzKwfwyfaq;aMumap&ef abmfzmtwGuf vkdaom AdkvfrSL;pdefrSef pDpOfay;onfh trJom;ESifh npmpm;MuNyD;aemuf
qufpyfypönf;rsm;xnfhonhf aowåmukdvnf; jyifqifxm;apNyD; nwGi;f csi;f qufvufcsw D ufMu&m azazmf0g&Dv uk;d &ufaeYeeH uf
onfESifh toifhtaetxm;&Sdap&ef rSmMum;cJhonf/ okH;em&DcefYwGif BudKUyifaumufodkYa&muf&Sdum a&SUwef;uGyfuJrI
1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (8) &uf? 0ufaumfwdkufyGJrprD XmecsKyf zGifhcJhonf/ (B) ESifh (C) wyfcGJwdkYudk BudKUyifaumufü
ESpf&uftvdk t&efxm;&Sdonf/
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uGseaf wmfEiS hf abmfzmwyfzUJG 0iftm;vH;k a&wyfrawmf ppfwef;vsm; [efwY m;wku d yf 0JG if&ef apmifq
h ikd ;f jyifqif&onfah e&modYk a&muf&u dS m
üyif tdycf &hJ ayonf/ eHeuf&pS ef m&DwiG f a&mifpt kH vHrsm;vTiw hf if&ef yPmrpdppfaxmufvrS ;f MuNy;D ,if;{&d,m&Sd ppf0efxrf;ppf&w J yfEiS hf
apmifhqkdif;MuNyD;aemuf tajcpdkufpcef;rS ppfOD;pD;rSL;'kAdkvfrSL;BuD; tjcm;tNrw J rf;wyfzUJG wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f wdu
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ay;onf/ ppf½Hk;rS Armh½dkifz,faoeufudkifwyf&if; (3) ESifh ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;t& ,EÅ&m;,mOfwef;rsm; yg0ifaom
uefawmfrifa'oü yl;aygif;&ef ñTeMf um;csu&f &S&d m reufapmapm &efou l kd ckcwH eG ;f vSe&f ef a&ajrtaetxm;t& toifah wmfq;kH rSm
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&dum© jznfw h if;ay;aom a&SUwef;uGyu f rJ t
I zGUJ ESihf wdu
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dk af &;wyfcJG wm0efvTJr,lrcsif; ppf0efxrf;wyfrsm;u wHwm;udk rqkwfwrf;
ok;H cG?J wyfptk aejzifh ajcmufpyk g&So
d nfh wyf&if; (3) odYk ]]wHjrufpnf;}} umuG,fxm;&ef trdefYcsxm;onf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

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armifausmfESifh AdkvfBuD;cifaZmfwdkY\ (B) wyfcGJ? AdkvfBuD;pdefjr? a&muf&v dS maomtcg a&wyfabmfzmtzGUJ onf ZD;uke;f awmifbuf
...(220)
 924 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 925
rdkiftenf;i,foma0;aom 0ufaumfwHwm;rS &SpfrdkiftuGmü jyKí ta0;ajy;vrf;rü abmfzmudk xm;vdak Mumif; wifjyaqG;aEG;
ae&m,lMu&onf/ oeu (3) wyf&if;rSL;ESifh ol\wyfcGJrSL;rsm; cJ&h m wyf&if;rSL;u aocsmpGm pOf;pm;aeNy;D aemuf vufct H wnfjyK
a&mufvmí abmfzmwyfzUJG csxm;rIukd yPmrtuJMunfMh uonf/ cJhonf/
uRefawmfvnf; twlvkdufí aemufydkif;vkdtyfvQif abmfzm abmfzmapmifq h ikd ;f aeaomae&monf jrifuiG ;f &Si;f Ny;D &Snv f sm;
wHjrufpnf;tajrmufxm;&ef oifhavsmfrnfhtaetxm; a&G;cs,f ajzmifhwef;aomvrf;tydkif;jzpfum ta&SUbufrvSrf;rurf;
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a&wyfabmfzmwyfzGJUae&m,lNyD; rMumrDüyif t&yfom;rsm; ,if;bufodkY tvG,fwul a&TUajymif;í abmfzmudk wifvdkufEdkif
xGufajy;vmonfudk u&ifwyfrsm; csDwufvmNyD[k xifrSwfí rnfjzpfonf/ vrf;nmbuf&Sd uRJ&Gmü q&marmifeD OD;pD;a&SUum
AsL[mt& ta&;ygaom 0ufaumfww H m;udk zsuq f ;D pGev Yf w
T vf suf uif;wyfpdwfwGif a&wyfrS rD;usnfypfaoewfESifh a&wyfom;BuD;
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onf uHtm;avsmfpGm ntarSmifxktwGif;ü u&ifwyfrsm;udk &efol&Sd&m acgif;ay:wnfhwnfhwGif vif;xdefapvsuf xif&Sm;pGm
tcsufjyEdkif&ef ae&mcsxm;onf/ AdkvfvSarmifwyfpkaemufü
abmfzmwHjrufpnf;tajrmufjzifh vrf;rrS tidkufzrf;wdkufcdkuf
3 vufr pdeaf jymif;av;vuf ae&mcsxm;onf/ abmfzmESihf pwif
Edkif&ef usKH;oGif;cJhouJhodkY jzpfvmcJhayonf/
tydkiftidkufzrf;ypfaomtcgrSom umuif;wyfpdwfESifh tm;vHk;
u&if w yf r sm; &ef u k e f o d k Y quf v uf c sD w uf v m&mwG i f
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jyefvnfvma&mufyl;aygif;&ef ñTefMum;xm;onf/ vdktyfí
ajzmifhajzmifh wdkuf½dkufcsDwufEdkifNyD; aemufwpfvrf;rSm ZD;ukef;
qkwfcGm&onf&Sdaomf abmfzmudk qGJajy;&eftwGuf a'gh*spf
taemufawmif,eG ;f ,Ge;f ta0;ajy;vrf;ESiq hf u
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jzpfonf/ wyf&if;rSL;AdkvfrSL;cspfNrdKifu ESpfvrf;pvHk;udk ydwfqdkY xm;onf/
xm;vdo k nf/ abmfzmwyfzUJG udk auGUaomvrf;bufü xm;vdo k nf abmfzm\ b,fbufum;vrf;ab;wGif vrf;ESifhtNydKif
jzpf&m uGsEyfk uf axmufvrS ;f a&;owif;rsm;t& 0ufaumfww H m;udk wuúodkvftysmfwrf;wyf\ ajcmufaygif'g tajrmufwyfpdwfudk
tvG,fwul odrf;,lEdkifcJhNyD; xkdae&mü wyfcsem;um ntcgrS ae&mcsxm;\/ 6 aygif'gtajrmufa&SUb,fbufem;wGif a&uef
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a&mufEdkifrnfh yifrta0;ajy;vrf;twdkif;om qufvufcsDwuf taemufbufwGif vlowfukef;&Gm&Sdonf/ AdkvfjrifhaqGwyfpku
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

Edik af Mumif;ESihf jrifuiG ;f &Si;f vif;ajzmifwh ef;ygu abmfzm\wku d ½f u

kd f a&uefb,fbufabmifrS vlowfukef;&GmMum;wGif ae&m,l
csed í f wpfred pfukd usnf 120 awmifEh eI ;f ypfEikd pf rG ;f wdu Yk kd taMumif; xm;onf/
...(221)
 926 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 927
ntrSmifxk odyfonf;vmonfESifhtrQ tat;"mwf ydkvm vnf; jzpfae\/ 6-aygif'gtzGJUESifh 3-vufrpdefajymif;tzGJUwkdY
onf/ uGsefawmfudk,fwdkifu tazhxHrS vufaqmif&xm;aom uvnf; toifhjzpfaeMu\/ aemufem&D0ufrQom Mumrnf
om;a&tusÐudk ZpftqHk;qGJwifxm;&onf/ tazay;xm;wJh xifonf/ &efo\ l csed ;f BuKd ;wyfb&if;u,f&, D m oHcsyu f m;toHukd
tusÐonf uGsefawmftwGuf tNrJuHaumif;aponf[k uGsefawmf yDjyifpGmMum;&NyDjzpf\/ &efolwkdY udkuf-500 tuGmokdY a&mufvm
,HkMunfrI&Sdonf/ vGefcJhaom ajcmufvcefYu uGefjrLepf olykef aomtcg rSmMum;xm;onfhtwkdif; wdkufyGJpwif&ef tcsufjy
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vG w f v mcJ h N yD / um;vrf ; rab;b,f n m ae&m,l x m;aom jrifuGif;atmufwGif a&SUqHk;rSoHcsyfumum; tumtuG,f,l
uGsefawmfwdkYwyfrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIu nifomvsuf trdefYemcH&ef cswD ufvmaom &efot l zGUJ rsm; ½kww f &uftt hH m;oifo h mG ;Muonfh
toif h & S d a eMuonf / at;csrf ; rI ' Pf u d k r rI b J &ef o l v m&m tcsed wf iG f BuKd wifZmwfwu dk xf m;onft h wkid ;f jzpfvYkd todray;rdbJ
vrf;tarSmifxt k wGi;f odYk aoewfrsm; toifch sed &f , G í
f apmifq h ikd ;f tajrmufcsed &f rnfh wyfom;Bu;D ausm0f if;ESihf pdev f iId wf \ Ydk em;&Guu f kd
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0ifcgeD; &moDOwk'PfcHEdkifa&; uRefawmfwdkY a&wyftzGJUwGif wpfNyKd iwf nf; abmfzmpuftajrmufrS w&pyfxu G o f mG ;aomusnf
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f nf;qko d vdyk if 6 aygif'gtajrmufEiS hf 3-vufrpdeaf jymif;
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abmfzmtzGJU0ifrsm; aEG;axG;oGm;rnf[k ,lqp&mjzpfonf/ jyefvnfypfcwfMuawmhonf/ a&wyfabmfzm ]]wHjrufpnf;}}
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rsm;rSm tydkifacsrIef;&ef wkwfwkwfrQrvIyfbJ apmifhaeMuonf/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwif x&yfum;Bu;D udv k nf; 6 aygif'gtajrmuf\
qdkifu,foHESifh ra&S;raESmif;wGifyif wkdufyGJpawmhrnfjzpfojzifh ypfvw T af omusnu f rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufavmifapvsuf &efou l kd
um;vrf;rBu;D qDoYdk rSeb f v D ;l ESihf tm½Hpk u kd af erdonf/ uReaf wmfwYdk upOfhuvsm;jzpfapjyefonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

qDoYdk wa&GUa&GUcsw D ufvmaeaom um;puforH sm;onf pdwv f yI &f mS ; wefjyefwkdufyGJ0if&ef jyifqifMuaom &efoltzGJUrsm;onf
zG,jf zpfapNy;D ,if;toHrsm;u wku d yf 0JG if&ef toifjh yifcidk ;f ouJo h Ydk tarSmifxJokdY &rf;oef;íom ypfcwfMuawmhonf/ rdrda&SUum
...(222)
 928 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 929
wyfpw d jf zpfaom wyfMuyfBu;D armife\ D wyfpw
d rf mS vnf; &efoEl iS hf &efolrsm;twGuf tvif;a&mifvmvQif rsufuG,fygaysmufí
teD;uyf&ifqidk w f udk yf jJG zpfymG ;vsu&f o dS nf/ &efow l u Ydk ]]axm... tEÅ&m,fyBdk u;D vmEkid o f jzifh &efow l yfrLS ;rS vufeufBu;D ypftm;ukd
axm}} [laom nmoHrsm;ay;í &xm;vrf;qDokdY xkd;azmuf jr§ifhwif umypf ypfay;apum aemufokdYqkwfcGmoGm;Muonf/
wkdufckdufMu&m q&marmifeD\ajcaxmuftm; usnfqefxdrSefcJh ¤if;wkdYenf;wl uRefawmfwkdY\abmfzmESifh ajcmufaygif'gtzGJUrsm;
awmhonf/ q&marmifeu D w dk v
JG suf a&SUumwyfpw d f qkwcf mG vmcJ&h m onfvnf; tvif;a&mifrvmrD tvsit f jref rsuu f ,
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yxrtBurd f abmfzmjzifh ypfcwfNy;D onfEiS hf &eforl S &rf;oef; tajrmufqef usa&mufaygufuGJcJhonf/
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awGUojzifh uRefawmfu tcsufjyvkduf&m abmfzmtzGJU toifh wyfpGJxm;aom wyf&if; (3) \wyfrsm;ukd &ifqkdifxm;cJhonf/
jyifum xyfryH pfcwfvu dk jf yefonf/ aemufa,mifcu H sn\
f tok;H ,if;wk\ Yd vufeufBu;D rsm;jzpfaom pdeaf jymif;? 6 aygif'gtajrmuf
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vmMuaom &efoltzGJUrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwkdYbufrS wyf&if; (3) ypfcsufwkdif;vkdvkdtwGuf ypfrSwfjzpfaecJhayonf/ &efolwkdY\
&Jabmfrsm;\ acsrIef;ypfvkdufEkdifrIaMumifh txdemukefMuonf/ 6 aygif'gtajrmufBuD; wpfvufrSmvnf; nwkdufyGJrsm;twGif;ü
vrf;rydwfqkdYaeojzifh &yfwefYoGm;aom &efol,mOfwef; ajcaxmufxdrSefcH&í xda&mufatmif ypfEkdifpGrf;r&Sdawmhay/
onfvnf; 6 aygif'gESifh ]]wHjrufpnf;}} abmfzmwkdYaMumifh tBuD; a&wyfabmfzmtajrmuf wpfBudrfypfcwfNyD;wkdif; um;jzifh
tus,f xdrSefysufpD;um &efolrsm; upOfhuvsm; qif;ajy;Mu qGu J m ae&mukd tjrefa&TUajymif;jcif;jzifh rl&if;ae&mokYd vufwjYkH yef
uke\ f / þwGif &efoal jcmufaygif'gESihf pdeaf jymif;vufeufBu;D rsm; ypfcwfwkdufcdkufrIrsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;Ekdif&ef ÓPfupm;cJh&ayonf/
D:/Dummy/Ko Ko (2)

uvnf; w&pyfjyefvSefypfcwfawmh\/ rkd;vif;vkNyDjzpfaom azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeY eHeufykdif;wGif wyf&if;rSL; AkdvfrSL;

aMumifh a&SUrwkd;aemufrqkwfomjzpfaeaom usnfuG,fr&Sdonhf cspfNrdKifonf nwkdufyGJ0ifxm;aom wyfcGJrS wyfpkESpfpktm;
...(223)
 930 udu
k akd rmifBu;D uReaf wmfoad om wpf&aH &mtcgrsm; 931
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d jf rifah qG wyfpak e&mwGif csed &f ,
G af csreI ;f Ekid o f nhf a&wyfabmfzmESihf 6 aygif'gtajrmufwjYdk zifh
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eHeufyidk ;f wGif abmfzmtajrmufrmS vrf;nmbufa&SU uRyJ &d mG ajcmufaygif'g tajrmufonfvnf; ok;H r&jzpfomG ;Ny;D ? &eforl sm;rS
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taetxm;ukd &&SdcJhayonf/ tygt0if xdckdufqkH;½IH;rIrsm;jym;vmaomaMumifh pdwf"mwf
eHeufyidk ;f ü ysuaf eaomu,f&, D mukd vma&mufjyifqifMu&m ysufjym;pjyKvmonf/ okdYjzpf&m wyf&if; (3) rSwyf&if;rSL;onf
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wko Yd nf xyfrí H wku d pf pfqifvmEkid jf cif;r&Sad wmhay/ azazmf0g&Dv þokjYd zifh tif;pde&f dS autif't D Edk iS yhf ;l aygif;vsuf &efuek Nf rKd Uukd
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