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Design of Slab and Girder
Bridges (With Diagram)
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After reading this article you will learn about the design of slab
and girder bridges.
Introduction:
Slab and girder bridges are used when the economical span limit
of solid slab bridges is exceeded. For simply supported spans,
this limit is generally found to be nearly 10 metres and for
continuous or balanced cantilever type structures, this limit is 20
to 25 metres.
The deck slab of a slab and girder bridge spans transversely over
the girders which run longitudinally spanning between abutment
or pier supports. The spacing of the girders depends on the
number of girders to be provided in the deck which again is
related to the cost of materials, shuttering, staging etc.
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Closer beam spacing means lesser thickness of deck slab and
consequently savings in concrete and steel in deck slab but since
the number of beams is more in that case, this increases the
quantity of concrete, shuttering and reinforcement for girders
and for longer spans where bearings are required, the number of
bearings.
Therefore, the most economical arrangement of bridge deck
varies from place to place depending on the cost of materials,
shuttering, staging etc., in that locality. It has been observed that
three beams deck is generally found economical than two, four or
five beams deck having a carriageway for two lanes. The girder
spacing’s in such cases are usually between 2.25 to 2.75 metres.
The cross-beams or diaphragms are used in a bridge deck
for the following reasons:
i) To distribute loads between main girders.
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ii) To offer resistance to torsion of main girders,
iii) To stiffen the girders laterally.
For proper functioning, at least two cross-beams at two ends and
one at the centre are essential. A spacing of about 4.5 m. to 6.0
m. is generally found satisfactory. Sometimes in long bridges, it
is necessary to keep provision for carrying pipes (gas, oil or
water), cables etc., through the bridge deck for which space
under the footway may be utilised as shown in Fig. 8.1.
Design of Deck Slab:
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If no gap between the deck slab and the cross beams is
maintained, the slab panel becomes a two-way slab continuous in
both the direction. In two-way slab, the live load moments due to
a concentrated or locally distributed load may be worked out
by “Pigeaud’s Method” but when the deck slab is not made
monolithic with the cross beam i.e. when a gap is maintained
between the deck slab and the crossbeam, the slab may be
designed as one way slab.
Since the dead load of the deck is uniformly distributed over the
whole area, the method outlined by “Rankine & Grashoff” may
be adopted in finding out the dead load moments.
Design of Girders:
In designing the girders, the dead load of deck slab, cross-beams,
wearing course, wheel guard, railing, etc., may be equally
distributed over the girders. The distribution of the live loads, on
the other hand, is not a simple one. It depends on many factors
such as the span-width ratio, properties of the bridge deck and
the position of the live loads on the girders.
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Therefore, the sharing or distribution of live loads on the girders
and consequently the live load moment varies from girder and as
such this aspect requires to be considered carefully.
Example:
Design a slab and girder bridge with 7.5 m. clear roadway
having a span of 12.0 m. between centre line of bearings.
The deck may consist of 3 girders spaced at 2, 45 m.
centres. The bridge deck will have no footpaths. Loading –
Single lane of Class 70-R or two lanes of Class A:
Let the cross-section of the deck be assumed as shown in Fig.
8.2a.
Design of Deck Slab:
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Since the deck slab is monolithic with the cross-beams, it will be
designed as a two-way slab supported on longitudinal girders and
cross-beams with continuity on all sides.
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Dead Load Moments:
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Live Load Moments:
Since it is a two-way slab, the live load moments will be
determined by using Pigeaud’s method with Poisson’s ratio of
concrete to be 0.15 as advocated in the.
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Pigeaud’s Method:
The method outlined by M. Pigeaud deals with the effect of
concentrated load on slabs spanning in two directions or on slab
spanning in one direction where the width-span ratio exceeds 3.
A synopsis of the method is given here.
The dispersion of the load may be found out as per
following equations:
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Having got the values of U and V, the ratio of U/B and V/L may be
determined. The values of the coefficients m1 and m2 are obtained
from the curves when the values of U/B , V/L and K (= B/L
Shorter Span/ Longer Span)are known.
Moment in the shorter (transverse) direction per metre width =
W (m1 + µm2) = W (m1 + 0.15 m2) Kgm. and moment in the longer
(longitudinal) direction per metre width = W (m2 + µm1 = W
(m2 + 0.15 m1) K.gm. where W is the total load.
It has been advocated that due to continuity, the mid-span
moments may be reduced by 20 percent and the same moment
may be taken as the support (negative) moment also. In the
example, Class 70-R tracked vehicle will govern the design.
Taking mid span and support moment as 80 percent of the above
as stated before and allowing for 25 percent
Span and support moment in the transverse direction per metre
= 2872 x 0.8 x 1.25 = 2872 K.gm.
Span and support moment in the longitudinal direction per metre
= 670 x 0.8 x 1.25 = 670 K.gm.
Design Moments per Metre:
a) Transverse direction
i) At mid span, design moment = D.L.M. + L.L.M. = 220 + 2872
= 3092 Kgm. = 30,300 Nm.
ii) At support, design moment = -439 – 2872 = -3311 Kgm. = -
32,450 Nm.
b) Longitudinal direction:
i) At mid span, design moment = 31 + 670 = 701 Kgm. = 6900
Nm.
ii) At support design moment = -62 -670 = -732 Kgm. = -7200
Nm.
Depth of Slab & Reinforcement:
Design of cantilever:
Dead Load Moment at face of girder:
Live Load Moment at face of girder:
The effect of Class 70-R tracked or wheel load will not be
maximum since it is to be placed 1.2 m. away from the wheel
guard. Class A wheel load as shown in Fig. 8.4 will produce worst
effect and will therefore, govern the design.
Des
ign of Girders:
In designing the girders, the dead load of deck slab, cross-beams,
wearing course, wheel guard, railings etc., may be equally
distributed over the girders. The distribution of the live loads, on
the other-hand, is not a simple one.
It depends on many factors such as the span-width ratio,
properties of the bridge deck and the position of the live loads on
the girders. Therefore, the sharing or distribution of live loads on
the girders and consequently the live load moment varies from
girder to girder and as such this aspect requires to be considered
carefully.
a) Dead Load Moments:
On inspection of the cross-section of the deck it may be noted
that dead load sharing on the outer girders will be more. Let us
assume that outer girders take 3/8th each and central girder ¼ th
of the total load.
... DLM on outer girder = 3/8 x 1,81,230 = 67,960 K gm.
DLM on central girder = 1/4 x 1,81,230 = 45,300 K gm.
Live Load Moments
Distribution of Live Load Moments on the Girders:
‘ The live load and consequently the live load moment will be
distributed over the girders in varying proportions depending on
the properties of the deck. Since in this case the span-width ratio
is less than 2, Morice and Little’s simplified method of load
distribution will be used.
Live load moment on outer girder = 1,87,000/3 x 1.45 = 90,380
Kgm.
Live load moment on central girder = 1,87,000/3 x 1.11 = 69,190
Kgm.
... Total design moment for outer girder = DLM + LLM = 67,960
+ 90,380 = 1,58,340 Kgm. = 15,51,700 Nm.
Total design moment for central girder = DLM + LLM = 45,300
+ 69,190 = 1,14,490 Kgm. = 11,22,000 Nm. Design of T-beam a)
Outer girder
The outer girder has an overhang of 1.765 m. from the centre
line of girder and centre to centre distance of girders is 2.45 m.
Therefore, the outer girder is also a T-beam. The average
thickness of the overhang is 235 mm. in place of the slab
thickness of 215 mm. on the inner side. Therefore, the effective
width of flange for T-beam in terms of Clause 305.12.2 of IRC: 21-
1987 is valid for the outer girder.
The effective flange width shall be the least of the
following:
i) ¼ of span = ix 12.0 = 3.00 m.
ii) Centre to centre distance of beam, i.e. 2.45 m.
iii) Breadth of web plus 12 times slab thickness = 0.3 + 12 x
0.215 = 2.88 m.
Hence 2.45 m. shall be the effective flange width. The section of
the outer girder is shown in Fig. 8.9.
σc = 6.7 MP.; Average ac in the flange may be taken as 0.8 x 6.7 =
5.36 MPa
σs = 200 MP.. Average steel stress will be 200 x 1060/1088= 196
MPa
b) Central Girder:
The section of the girder is the same as that of the outer girder
but the design moment is less. Hence, the section is safe in
compression. Reinforcement for central girder, As = 11,22,000
x103/ 196×1060 = 5400 mm2
Provide 12 Nos. 28 Φ HYSD bars (As = 7380 mm2)
Shear and Shear Reinforcement near support:
a) Dead Load Shear:
Total UDL per metre of bridge = 9720 Kg.
Shear taken by outer girder = 3/8 x 9720 x 6.0 = 21,870 Kg.
Shear taken by central girder = ¼ x 9720 x 6.0 = 14,580 Kg.
Dead load shear due to weight of cross beam on outer girder
= 1/4
of total shear = ¼ x ½ x 2090 = 260 Kg.
D.L. shear due to cross-beam on central girder = ½ x ½ x 2090 =
520 Kg.
...Total D.L. shear on outer girder = 21,870 + 260 = 22,130 Kg.
Total D.L. shear on central girder = 14,580 + 520 = 15,000 Kg.
b) Live Load Shear:
Shear for live load within 5.5 m. of either supports will be
maximum.
c) Live Load Shear on Outer Girder:
Since the distribution coefficient will be more for the outer girder
when load is placed near the centre, Class 70-R loading is placed
at a distance of 6.0 m i.e. at the centre of the span. Therefore,
reaction of each support and as such the total L.L. shear will be
35.0 tonnes = 35,000 Kg.
L.L. shear on the outer girder = Distribution coefficient x average
L.L. shear = 1.45 x 35,000/3 = 16,916 Kg.
With 10 per cent impact, L.L. shear on outer girder = 1.1 x
16,916 = 18,600 Kg.
d) Design Shear for Outer Girder:
Design Shear = D.L. Shear + L.L. Shear = 22,130 + 18,600 =
40,700 Kg. = 3,99,200 N.
Shear stress = v/bd = 3,99,200/300×1060 =1.26 MP.
As per Clause 304.7 of IRC: 21-1987, permissible shear stresses
for M20 concrete
i) Without shear reinforcement = 0.34 MPa
ii) With shear reinforcement = 0.07 x 20 = 1.40 MPa.–
Hence, the section will be safe with shear reinforcement.
Shear Reinforcement for Outer Girder:
Bent up bars:
Shear resistance of 2 – 28 Φ bent up bars in double system =
2x2x615x200x 0.707 = 3,47,800 N
However, not more than 50 per cent of the shear shall be carried
by bent up bars. Hence shear to be carried by bent up bars = i x
3,99,200 = 1,99,600 N and shear to be carried by stirrups =
1,99,600 N
Shear Reinforcement for Other Sections:
The shears at various sections shall be calculated and shear
reinforcement shall be provided accordingly as explained above.
e) Live Load Shear for Central Girder:
Class 70-R tracked loading when placed near the support will
produce maximum effect (Fig. 8.10).
RA = 70,000×9.715/12.0 =56,670 Kg.
Shear at A = RA = 56,670 Kg.
Shear with 10 per cent impact = 1.1 x 56,670 = 62,340 Kgs.
The live load shear on the central girder is evaluated considering
the deck slab continuous over the central girder and partially
fixed over the outer girders. In such case, the sharing of the
shear may be assumed as 0.25 on each outer girders and 0.5 on
the central girder.
This exceeds the permissible limit of shear stress of 1.40 MP,
with shear reinforcement. Hence the section is to be modified.
Let us widen the web section near the support to same as the
bottom bulb as shown in Fig. 8.11.
Extra DL shear due to the widening of the web as in Fig. 8.11
Hence this stress in within the permissible limit with shear
reinforcement.
Shear Reinforcement for Central Girder:
Bent up bars:
Shear resistance of 2 Nos. 28 Φ bent up bars in double system as
in outer girder = 3,47,800 N. However, not more than 50 percent
of the design shear shall be carried by the bent up bars. Hence,
shear to be resisted by bent up bars and stirrups is ½ x 4,56,700
= 2,28,350 N. each. With a stirrup spacing of 175 mm,
...If 10 Φ 4 legged stirrups are used, Asw provided = 4 x 78 = 312
mm 2
Shear at a distance of 2.5 m. (i.e. where normal width of web of
300 is available and where the shear resistance of bent up bars is
not effective).
D.L. shear at support = 15,100 Kg.
Less load on 2.5 m length i.e. ¼ x 9700 x 2.5 = 6075 Kg.
D.L. shear at the section = 15,100 – 6075 = 9025 Kg.
L.L. shear at 2.5 m from support:
Shear reinforcement at other sections of the girder shall be
worked out on the same principles as outlined above.
Minimum Side-face Reinforcement:
minimum side-face reinforcement on both the faces shall be equal
to 0.1 percent of the web area.
Reinforcement per metre depth = 0.1/100 x 300 x 1000 = 300
mm2
Provide 6 dia. m.s. bars @ 150 mm (As = 375 mm 2).
Reinforcement details of central girder are shown in Fig. 8.13.
Design of Cross-beams:
Since the span-width ratio of the deck is less than 2, the
transverse deck is not rigid and therefore the central cross-beam
is designed by Morice and Little’s simplified Method.
Dead Load Moments:
Maximum transverse moment per metre length of the-deck
at centre is given by:
My = b [µ0r1 – µ30r3 + µ50r5] (8.3)
Where rn = (= 1,3,5) = (4w/nπ) sin (nπu/2a) sin (nπc/2a)
Now the transverse deck is subjected to moments due to
the following dead loads:
a) Udl due to wt. of deck slab and wearing course spread
throughout the length and the breadth of the deck.
b) Udl due to weight of main beams acting along longitudinal
direction but point load along transverse, direction.
c) Udl due to self wt. of cross beam acting along transverse
direction but point load along longitudinal direction.
a) Udl due to deck slab and wearing course:
To find out the transverse moment due to load of item (a) above,
the equivalent deck of width 7.35 m. may be divided into a
number of equal parts’ say 4 equal pans each of 1.84 m. width
and the effect of each load on the transverse deck acting at the
e.g. of each part may be summed up and the transverse moment
may be obtained from equation 8.3 assuming u = c = a.
Load per metre of deck excepting wt. of T-bcam as worked out
before = 6944 Kg.
Dividing the equivalent width into 4 equal parts, load per part =
6944/4 = 1736 Kg.
∑µ values from Fig. 6.10 at e.g. of each load are given
below:
b) Udl due to wt. of main beam:
In this case, the Udl is distributed throughout the length but the
wt. of the beams acts on the transverse deck at beam positions.
The transverse moment coefficients may be obtained from the
influence line curves (Fig. 6.10) corresponding to the beam
positions, weight of each beam per metre run is equal to 925 Kg.
as calculated before.
∑µ values from Fig. 6.10 at beam position are as below:
c) Self wt. of cross beam:
The cross beams may be divided into 4 equal parts the wt. of
each part is assumed to act at its centre of gravity. Wt. of each
part = ¼ (2090) = 520 Kg.
∑µ values from Fig. 6.10 at e.g. of each load are:
Live load moment:
The live load moment on the cross-beam of the same deck has
been determined for Class AA (tracked) loading. The deck under
consideration is subjected to Class 70-R loading. Therefore, some
modification is necessary in finding out the live load moment on
the cross girder.
Since θ and α values of both the decks are the same, the
influence line for transverse moment coefficients as shown in Fig.
6.10 will remain the same. However, since the length of Class 70-
R tracked loading is 4.57 m. in place of 3.60 m. for Class AA
tracked loading, the loading will be 7.66 tonnes/m. for the former
in place of 9.72 tonnes/m. for the latter.
Another modification is the use of Fig. B-15 in place of B-
14 (Appendix B) for the determination of the values:
Moment on the cross-beam with 10 percent impact = 1.1 x 17.22
= 18.94 tm.
Due to local concentration of load, this moment may be increased
by 10 percent.
... Design L.L.M. on cross girder = 1.1 x 18.94 = 20.83 tm. =
20,830 Kgm.
... Design moment = DLM + LLM = 4060 + 20,830 = 24,890
Kgm. = 2,44,000 Nm.
Design of section for cross-beam:
Effective flange width shall be the least of the following:
a) Dead load shear:
The distribution of dead load of slab, wearing course etc. is
shown in Fig. 8.16a.
i) Shear due to weight of deck slab and wearing course
= 2 x ½ x 2.45 x 1.225 x (0.215 x 2400 + 0.085 x 2500) = 2186
Kg.
ii) Shear due to self wt. of cross-beam = i x 2.45 x 0.81 x 0.25 x
2400 = 595 Kg.
iii) Weight of central girder per m. = 1/3 x 2776 Kg. (vide dead
load calculation for the design of girder) = 925 Kg.
Shear due to wt. of central girder = 925×12.0/4 = 2775 Kg.
...Total dead load shear = 2186 + 595 + 2775 = 5556 Kg.
b) Live load shear:
Class 70-R tracked vehicle will produce maximum shear when the
load is placed on the deck as shown in Fig. 8.16b.
Longitudinal Distribution:
Reaction of the tank load on the cross-beam (assuming simple
reaction) =2×35.0x 4.858/6.0= 56.67 tonnes.
Transverse Distribution:
The portion of the load coming on the cross girder after
longitudinal distribution will be shared by the main beams in
proportion to the distribution coefficients already found out
previously. The reaction on the outer girder will give the shear on
the cross beam.
Reaction on outer girder = 56.67/3 x 1.45 (distribution co-
efficient) = 27.39 tonnes = 27,390 Kgs.
...Design shear on the cross-beam = D.L. shear + L.L. shear =
5556 + 27,390 = 32,946 Kg. = 3,22,900 N.
Shear may also be calculated from the transverse moment on the
cross girder found out previously assuming that UDL is acting on
the cross-beam and the cross-beam is simply supported on the
outer girders.
Since the shear stress exceeds the permissible limit of 0.34 MP,
without shear reinforcement, the same is necessary. Permissible
shear with shear reinforcement for M20 grade concrete = 0.07 x
20 = 1.40 MPa.
Shear Reinforcement:
Using 2 nos. 25 Φ HYSD bars bent up bars, shear resistance = 2
x 490 x 200 x 0.707 = 1,38,600 N. Balance shear of 1,84,300 N is
to be resisted by stirrups. Using 10 ф 2 legged stirrups @ 125
mm., Asw required = Vs/σsd= (1,84,300×125)/(200×922.5) =125
mm2. Asw provided = 2×78= 156 mm2. Hence satisfactory.
Details of Few Slab and Girder Bridges:
The Ministry of Shipping and Transport (Roads Wing), Govt. of
India has published “Standard Plans for Highway Bridges —
Concrete T-beam Bridges” with 7.5 m. carriage way and with
or without footpaths. The bridge decks have three number T-
beams of varying depths depending upon spans.
However, there are three number cross-girder for effective spans
up to 16.5 m. and four number cross-girder for effective spans of
18.75 to 24.75 m. The design is based on M20 grade concrete
and S 415 grade steel. Important details of these bridges are
given in Table 8.1 and 8.2.
