Object-Oriented Programming with Java Detailed Notes

(Sindh Technical Board Edition)

1. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

1.1 Basic Concepts

 Object: An instance of a class that encapsulates data (attributes) and

behaviors (methods).
 Class: Blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the attributes and
methods common to all objects of that type.
 Encapsulation: Bundling of data (attributes) and methods (behaviors)
within a class, restricting access to data through methods (getters and
setters).
 Abstraction: Modeling real-world entities as objects with relevant
characteristics and behaviors, hiding complex implementation details.
 Inheritance: Mechanism where a class (subclass or child class) inherits
properties and behaviors from another class (superclass or parent class). It
promotes code reuse and supports hierarchical classification.
 Polymorphism: Ability of objects to take on multiple forms. It allows
methods to be overridden in subclasses, enabling different implementations
of methods inherited from a superclass.

2. Java Programming Language Basics

2.1 Overview

 Java: High-level, object-oriented programming language known for its

platform independence (Write Once, Run Anywhere).
 JDK (Java Development Kit): Software development kit for building Java
applications, including compiler, libraries, and tools.
 IDEs (Integrated Development Environments): Software tools like IntelliJ
IDEA, Eclipse, and NetBeans for Java application development, offering
features like code editing, debugging, and project management.

2.2 Java Syntax and Structure

 Java Class: Basic building block of Java programs, encapsulating data and
methods.
  Main Method: Entry point of a Java application, specified as public
static void main(String[] args).
 Variables: Containers for storing data values, declared with a data type
(e.g., int, double, String) and initialized with a value.
 Methods: Functions defined within a class to perform specific tasks. They
may return a value (return type) or perform an action (void).
 Control Flow Statements: Structures like if-else, switch, for,
while, do-while for decision-making and loop execution in Java
programs.

3. Object-Oriented Programming Principles in Java

3.1 Classes and Objects

 Class Declaration: Syntax for defining a class in Java, including class

name, attributes, constructors, and methods.
 Object Creation: Instantiating objects from a class using the new keyword
and invoking constructors to initialize object states.
 Access Modifiers: Control visibility and accessibility of class members
(attributes, methods) using modifiers like public, private,
protected, and default (package-private).

3.2 Inheritance

 Syntax: Using the extends keyword to establish a subclass (child class)

inheriting properties and behaviors from a superclass (parent class).
 Types: Single inheritance (one subclass inherits from one superclass), multi-
level inheritance (subclass inherits from another subclass), hierarchical
inheritance (multiple subclasses inherit from one superclass).

3.3 Polymorphism

 Method Overriding: Redefining methods in a subclass that are already

defined in the superclass, allowing different implementations based on the
object type.
 Dynamic Binding: Determining the method implementation to execute at
runtime based on the object type, supporting polymorphic behavior.

4. Java Advanced Features

4.1 Interfaces

 Definition: Abstract type that defines a set of method signatures without

implementing them. Classes implement interfaces to provide method
implementations.
 Syntax: Interface declaration using the interface keyword, method
signatures without method bodies.
 Benefits: Supports multiple inheritance (a class can implement multiple
interfaces), promotes loose coupling between components, and facilitates
code reusability.

4.2 Abstract Classes

 Definition: Class declared with the abstract keyword, containing

abstract methods (methods without implementations) that must be
overridden by subclasses.
 Purpose: Provides a common interface for subclasses while allowing
subclasses to define specific implementations of abstract methods.

4.3 Packages

 Definition: Mechanism for organizing classes and interfaces into

namespaces (containers) to avoid naming conflicts and promote modularity.
 Syntax: Package declaration at the beginning of Java source files
(package packageName;), importing packages (import
packageName.className;).

5. Exception Handling in Java

5.1 Exception Basics

 Definition: An abnormal condition or error that disrupts the normal flow of

program execution.
 Types: Checked exceptions (compile-time exceptions) and unchecked
exceptions (runtime exceptions).
 Handling: Using try, catch, finally blocks to manage exceptions,
ensuring graceful error recovery and program stability.

6. File Handling in Java

6.1 Reading and Writing Files

  Classes: Java classes (File, FileReader, FileWriter,
BufferedReader, BufferedWriter) for reading from and writing to
files.
 Methods: Opening, reading, writing, and closing files using appropriate
methods (readLine(), write(), close()).

7. Java Collections Framework

7.1 Overview

 Collections: Data structures (lists, sets, maps) provided by Java's

Collections Framework for storing and manipulating groups of objects.
 Interfaces: Collection, List, Set, Map interfaces defining common
operations and behaviors for collection classes.
 Classes: Implementation classes (ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet,
TreeMap, etc.) providing specific data structures and algorithms.

7.2 Usage

 List Interface: Ordered collection supporting duplicate elements

(ArrayList, LinkedList).
 Set Interface: Collection that does not allow duplicate elements (HashSet,
TreeSet).
 Map Interface: Key-value pair collection (HashMap, TreeMap)
associating keys with values.

8. Java GUI Programming

8.1 Swing and JavaFX

 Swing: Java's original GUI toolkit for creating desktop applications with
components like buttons, text fields, labels, etc.
 JavaFX: Modern GUI toolkit for creating rich graphical applications with
features like multimedia, 2D and 3D graphics, and web integration.

8.2 Event Handling

 Event Listeners: Interfaces (ActionListener, MouseListener,

KeyListener, etc.) for handling user interactions (clicks, keystrokes)
with GUI components.
  Event Dispatch Thread (EDT): Thread responsible for managing GUI
events and ensuring responsiveness of the user interface.

9. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)

9.1 Database Interaction

 JDBC API: Java API for connecting Java applications to relational

databases (MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, etc.).
 Steps: Establishing database connection (Connection), creating and
executing SQL queries (Statement, PreparedStatement), retrieving
and updating data (ResultSet).

10. Multithreading in Java

10.1 Concurrency Basics

 Thread: Lightweight process within a Java program that runs

independently, enabling concurrent execution of tasks.
 Thread States: New, Runnable, Blocked, Waiting, Timed Waiting,
Terminated.
 Thread Synchronization: Techniques (synchronized keyword,
wait(), notify(), notifyAll()) for coordinating access to shared
resources and preventing race conditions.

11. Java Best Practices and Coding Standards

11.1 Coding Standards

 Naming Conventions: Consistent naming of classes, methods, variables

following conventions (camelCase, PascalCase, UPPER_CASE).
 Code Readability: Clear and concise code structure, comments, and
documentation to enhance readability and maintainability.
 Error Handling: Proper exception handling, logging, and debugging
techniques to ensure robustness and reliability of Java applications.

11.2 Design Patterns

 Design Patterns: Reusable solutions to common software design problems,

promoting code reusability, flexibility, and scalability.
 Examples: Creational patterns (Factory, Singleton), structural patterns
(Adapter, Decorator), behavioral patterns (Observer, Strategy).