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Calculus 1: Differentiation Basics

The document is a lecture on Calculus 1, focusing on the concept of differentiability and the definition of a derivative. It explains how to find the derivative of a function using limits and provides several examples to illustrate the process. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice on finding gradient functions using first principles.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
151 views47 pages

Calculus 1: Differentiation Basics

The document is a lecture on Calculus 1, focusing on the concept of differentiability and the definition of a derivative. It explains how to find the derivative of a function using limits and provides several examples to illustrate the process. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice on finding gradient functions using first principles.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SMA 1117: CALCULUS 1

BY
Dr. Emmah Marigi
Mathematics & Physical Science Department
Differentiability
We say a function is differentiable if it is continuous
That means also that its limit exists

To differentiate a function we say


Find its differentiation or simply differentiate
Find its derivative
Find its gradient function
Denotations
Given y  f  x
The derivative or gradient function of f  x  is denoted by
dy
or y  y prime  or f   x  f prime of x 
dx

By definition derivative of f  x  given by


f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
xh h

Where h is a small increment in x


• Geometric illustration

y  f  x

Q1

Q2 As Q tends to P, grad of
PQ tends to grad of
Q3 curve at point P
NB as Q tends to P, h
P
tends to zero
x h xh
tangent line
P  x, f  x   and Q  x  h, f  x  h  

change in y
grad PQ 
change in x
f  x  h  f  x f  x  h  f  x
 
 x  h  x h

Grad of curve at P tends to grad of chord PQ as h  0

• Grad at P is the limiting value of the grad of PQ

f  x  h  f  x
Grad at P  lim
h 0 h
f  x  h  f  x
or f   x   lim
h 0 h

to find f  x  h

f  x  x  4 f  x   x3  6 x
f  x  h   x  h  4 f  x  h   x  h  6 x  h
3

1
f  x   3x f  x 
2 x
1
f  x  h  3 x  h f  x 
2   x  h
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h

• Is called the definition of a derivative

• When we use it to get the gradient function we may also say we are
differentiating or getting gradient function from first principles
Example 1
• Find the gradient function of the curve whose equation is f  x   5 x
f  x   5x and f  x  h  5 x  h
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
5  x  h   5x
 lim
h 0 h
5 x  5h  5 x
 lim
h 0 h
5h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 5  5
h 0

 f  x  5
Example 2
• Use first principles to find the gradient function of f  x   3  7 x
f  x  3  7x and f  x  h  3  7  x  h
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
3  7  x  h  3  7 x 
 lim
h 0 h
3  7 x  7h  3  7 x
 lim
h 0 h
7 h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim  7   7
h 0

 f   x   7
Example 3
• Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of f  x   x 2  4
f  x  x  4 f  x  h   x  h  4
2 2
and
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
 x  h  4   x2  4
2

 lim
h 0 h
x 2  2 xh  h 2  4   x 2  4 
 lim
h 0 h
2 xh  h 2
 lim
h 0 h
 lim  2 x  h   2 x
h 0

 f   x   2x
Exercise
Use first principles to find the gradient function of

1. f  x  6  x

2. f  x   x3  2 x

3. f  x   x  x4
•.
f  x  6  x and f  x  h  6   x  h
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
6   x  h  6  x
 lim
h 0 h
6 xh6 x
 lim
h 0 h
 h 
 lim  
h 0
 h 
 lim  1  1
h 0

 f   x   1
f  x   x3  2 x f  x  h   x  h  2 x  h
3
and
•.
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
 x  h   2  x  h    x3  2 x 
3

 lim
h 0 h

x 3  3 x 2 h  3 xh 2  h3  2 x  2h  x 3  2 x
 lim Q
h 0 h

3 x 2 h  3 xh 2  h3  2h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 3 x 2  3 xh  h 2  2   3 x 2  2
h 0

 f   x   3x 2  2
f  x   x  x4 f  x  h   x  h   x  h
4
and
•.
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
 x  h   x  h   x  x4 
4

 lim
h 0 h

x  h   x 4  4 x 3h  6 x 2 h 2  4 xh3  h 4   x  x 4
 lim Q
h 0 h

h  4 x 3 h  6 x 2 h 2  4 xh3  h 4
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 1  4 x 3  6 x 2 h  4 xh 2  h3   1  4 x 3
h 0

 f   x   1  4 x3
GRADIENT OF A CURVE WITH EQUATION yx n

• To find the gradient function


f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h

 x  h   x
n n

f  x  lim
f  x  x n
h 0 h
f  x  h   x  h
n
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y  x5  3x 2  1

f  •x   x  3x  1 f  x  h   x  h  3 x  h 1
5 2 5 2
and
f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
 x  h  3  x  h   1   x 5  3 x 2  1
5 2

 lim
h 0 h
x 5  5 x 4 h  10 x 3h 2  10 x 2 h3  5 xh 4  h5  3x 2  6 xh  3h 2  1  x 5  3x 2  1
 lim
h 0 h
 5 x 4 h  10 x 3h 2  10 x 2 h3  5 xh 4  h5  6 xh  3h 2 
 lim  
h 0
 h 
 lim  5 x 4  10 x 3 h  10 x 2 h 2  5 xh3  h 4  6 x  3h   5 x 4  6 x
h 0

 f   x   5x4  6 x
y  1  x 
2
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of
f  x   1  x  f  x  h   1   x  h  
2 2
and

f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
1   x  h    1  x 
2 2

 lim
h 0 h
1  2  x  h    x  h   1  x 
2 2

 lim
h 0 h
 1  2 x  2h  x 2  2 xh  h 2  1  2 x  x 2  
 lim  
h 0  h 
 
 2h  2 xh  h 2 
 lim    lim  2  2 x  h 
h 0 h 0
 h 
 f   x   2  2 x  2 1  x 
n
GRADIENT OF A CURVE WITH EQUATION yx
• To find the gradient function
f  x  h  f  x 1 1
f   x   lim 
 x  h  x
h 0 n n
h
f  x  lim
h 0 h
1
f  x   xn  n
x
 x   x  h
n n
1
f  x  h   x  h
n
  lim
 x  h h  x  h  x
n h 0 n n
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y  x 3
1 1
f  x  x  3 f  x  h   x  h 
3 3
and
 x  h
3
x

1 1

f  x  h  f  x  x  h  x  x   x  h
n n n n

f   x   lim  lim  lim


h  x  h  x
h 0 h 0 h 0 n n
h h

 x 3   x  h 3   x3   x3  3x 2 h  3xh 2  h3  
 f   x   lim    lim  
  x  h  x h  h0   x  h x h
3 3
h 0 3 3


 x3  x3  3x 2 h  3xh 2  h3 
 lim  
 x  h x h
h 0 3 3
 
-
 x 3  x 3  3 x 2 h  3xh 2  h3   3x 2  3xh  h 2 
lim    lim  
 x  h x h  h0   x  h  x
h 0 3 3
 
3 3

 3 x 2  3 x  0  02 
 
  x  0  x
3 3


3 x 2
 3 3
x x
3 x 2
 6
x

 f   x   3 x 4
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y   4  x 
2

f  x  h    4   x  h  
1 2 1
f  x  4  x 
2
and
• 4  x  4   x  h
2 2

1 1

f  x  h  f  x  x  h  x  x   x  h
n n n n

f   x   lim  lim  lim


h  x  h  x
h 0 h 0 h 0 n n
h h

  4  x    4   x  h 
2 2   4  x   16  8  x  h    x  h   
2
 2

 lim    lim   
h 0 
       h 0 
      
2 2
     
2 2
 4 x h 4 x h  4 x h 4 x h
 
16  8 x  x 2  16  8  x  h   x 2  2 xh  h 2  
 lim   
h 0 
      
2
  
2
 4 x h 4 x h 
- 16  8 x  x 2  16  8 x  8h  x 2  2 xh  h 2  
lim   
h 0 
     h 
2
  
2
 4 x h 4 x 

 8h  2 xh  h 2   8  2x  h 
lim    lim  
  4   x  h  4  x  h 
h 0     4   x  h   4  x  
2 2 h  0 2 2
 

 8  2x 
 2
  4  x   4  x  
2

24  x 2
 
4  x 4  x
4 3

f  x  24  x
3

y   2 x  3
1

•.

y  1  3 x 
2
Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y   2 x  3
1

f  x  h    2  x  h   3
1 1 1
f  x    2 x  3
2
 and 
 2 x  3  2  x  h   3
1 1

f  x  h  f  x  x  h  x  x   x  h
n n n n

f   x   lim  lim  lim


h  x  h  x
h 0 h 0 h 0 n n
h h

  2 x  3   2  x  h   3    2 x  3   2 x  2h  3 
 lim    lim  
h 0
  2  x  h   3  2 x  3 h  h0   2  x  h   3  2 x  3 h 
 2h 
 lim  
h 0
  2  x  h   3  2 x  3 h 
-

 2h   2 
lim    lim  
h 0
  2  x  h   3  2 x  3 h  h  0
  2  x  h   3  2 x  3 

 2 
 
  2 x  3  2 x  3  

2

 2 x  3
2

f   x   2  2 x  3 
2

Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of y  1  3 x 
2


f  x  h   1  3  x  h   
1 2 1
f  x   1  3 x  
2
and
1  3x  1  3  x  h  
2 2

1 1

f  x  h  f  x  x  h  x  x   x  h
n n n n

f   x   lim  lim  lim


h  x  h  x
h 0 h 0 h 0 n n
h h

1  3x   1  3  x  h  
2 2

 lim
1  3  x  h   1  3x  h
h 0 2 2
-
lim 

 1  3 x 2  1  6  x  h   9  x  h 2  
h 0 
1  3  x  h   1  3x  h 
2 2
 

 lim 

1  6 x  9 x 2  1  6 x  6h  9  x 2  2 xh  h 2   
h 0 
      
2
  
2
 1 3 x h 1 3 x h 

1  6 x  9 x 2  1  6 x  6h  9 x 2  18 xh  9h 2  
 lim  
h 0 
1  3  x  h   1  3x  h 
2 2
 

 6h  18 xh  9h 2 
 lim  
 1  3  x  h   1  3 x  h 
h 0  2 2

•.
 6  18 x  9h 
 lim  
h 0 
      
2
  
2
 1 3 x h 1 3 x 
6  18 x 6 1  3 x 
 
1  3x  1  3x  1  3x 
2 2 4

f   x   6 1  3 x 
3

Exercise

Use definition of a derivative to find the gradient function of

• 1. y   3 x  5  y  6  3 x  5 
2 3

• 2. y   7  x  y  4  7  x 
4 5

1
y  15  5 x  1
4
• 3. y
 5 x  1
3

• 4. y   2  x 
2 5 y  10 x  2  x 2 6

1
GRADIENT OF A CURVE WITH EQUATION yx n

•-
f  x  n x f  x  h  n
 x  h

f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
n
 x  h  n x
 lim
h 0 h

• Then you rationalize the surd


• For n=2
• -f  x   x f  x  h   x  h  x  h
1 1
2
 x 2

f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
 x  h  x
 lim
h 0 h

 lim
  x  h  x   x  h  x 
h 0
  x  h  
x h

 lim
 x  h   x 
h 0
  x  h  x h 
•.
 x  h   x   lim
h
   
lim
h 0
 x  h  x h h 0
 x  h  x h
1
 lim
h 0
  x  h  x 
1

  x  x 
1

2  x
f  x • - 1  x  1  x  f  x  h   1   x  h   1   x  h  
1 1
2
 2

f  x  h  f  x
f   x   lim
h 0 h
1   x  h    1  x 
 lim
h 0 h

 lim
 1  x  h  1  x    1  x  h  1  x  
h 0
 1  x  h  1  x   h

 lim
1   x  h   1  x  
h 0
 1  x  h  1  x   h
•.
1   x  h   1  x    lim
h
 1  x   h  1  x   h
lim
h 0
1  x  h  h 0
1  x  h 
1
 lim
h 0
 1  x  h  1  x  
1

 1  x   1 x 
1

2 1  x 
DELTA NOTATION

We also denote a small increment with   delta 

Small increment in x as x small increment h  x

Small increment in y as y
Consider
yx  y  y  x  x
y  5x  y  y  5  x  x 
y  x4  y  y   x  x   4
and so on……
• Consider P  x, y  and Q  x  x, y  y 

change in y
Grad of PQ 
Change in x
y  y  y

x  x  x
y

x
y
Grad at P  lim Grad of PQ   lim
x  0 x  0 x

dy y dy
• We call this limiting value i.e lim 
x  0 x dx
dx
dy y dy
Similarly is given by lim 
t  0 t dt
dt
P dP
And dP is given by lim 
t  0 t dt
dt
NB
In y  f  x  y is called the dependent variable and x is the independent
variable

We differentiate the dependent variable with respect to the independent


variable.
dy
In this case we differentiate y w.r.t. x to get or y 
dx
Example 1
Find the gradient of the curve whose equation is y  5 x  8 using delta
notation
• Let x and y be small increments in x and y respectively
• then y  y  5  x  x   8
y  5 x  5x  8  y
 5 x  5x  8   5 x  8  y  5x  8
 5x
y
5
x
y
lim  lim 5  5
x  0 x x  0

y dy dy
but lim   5
x  0 x dx dx
Example 2
Find the gradient of the curve whose equation is y  4  x 3 using delta
notation
• Let x and y be small increments in x and y respectively
• then
y  y  4   x  x 
3

y  y  4  x  3 x x  3x  x    x 
3 2 2 3

y  4  x  3 x x  3x  x    x   y
3 2 2 3

 4  x  3 x x  3 x  x    x    4  x  y  4  x3
3 2 2 3 3

 3 x x  3x  x    x 
2 2 3

y
 3 x  3 x  x    x 
2 2

x
• . lim y  lim 3 x 2  3 x  x    x 2   3 x 2
x  0 x x  0  

y dy dy
but lim    3x 2
x  0 x dx dx
Example 3
Find the gradient of the curve whose equation is y  6 x  x 2 using delta
notation
• Let x and y be small increments in x and y respectively
• then
y  y  6  x  x    x  x 
2


y  y  6 x  6x  x  2 xx   x 
2 2

y  6 x  6x  x 2  2 xx   x   y
2

 6 x  6x  x  2 xx   x    6 x  x  y  6x  x2
2 2 2

 6x  2 xx   x 
2

y
 6  2 x   x 
x
y
lim  lim 6  2 x   x    6  2 x
x  0 x x  0

y dy dy
but lim    6  2x
x  0 x dx dx

• y  x  x 2

• y  x3  3x
y  xx 2

• Let x and y be small increments in x and y respectively


• then
y  y   x  x    x  x 
2


y  y  x  x  x  2 xx   x 
2 2

y  x  x  x 2  2 xx   x   y
2

 x  x  x  2 xx   x    x  x 2 
2 2

 x  2 xx   x 
2

y
 1  2 x   x 
x
y
lim  lim 1  2 x   x    1  2 x
x  0 x x  0

y dy dy
but lim    1 2x
x  0 x dx dx

•.
y  x  3x
3

• Let x and y be small increments in x and y respectively


• then
y  y   x  x   3  x  x 
3

 3 2 2 3

y  y  x  3x x  3x  x    x   3  x  x 

y  x 3  3 x 2 x  3x  x    x   3x  3x  y
2 3

 x  3 x x  3x  x    x   3x  3x   x 3  3x 
3 2 2 3

 3 x x  3x  x    x   3x
2 2 3

y
 3 x  3 x  x    x   3
2 2

x
y
 lim 3 x  3 x  x    x   3  3 x 2  3
 2 2
lim
x  0 x x  0  

y dy dy
but lim    3x  3
2
x  0 x dx dx

•.
NOTICE

CAT 1
ON THURSDAY 14th JANUARY 2021

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