AP Calculus

Common Derivatives and Integrals

Please print out this sheet and use it for reference as you work through the practice problems for the
remainder of this course (both semester 1 and semester 2).

As the AP Calculus exam does not allow notes or formula sheets of any kind, we follow the same guidelines
for our exams. You will be expected to remember these formulas when you take the AP Exam, as well as
when you take the course exams.
Derivatives
Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules
d (cf (x)) = cf ’(x) , c is any constant. ( f(x) ± g (x))’ = f ’(x) ± g ’ (x)
dx
d (xn) = nxn−1 , n is any number. d (c ) = 0 , c is any constant.
dx dx
f ’ f’ g − f g’
( f g)’ = f ’ g + f g ’ (Product Rule) = (Quotient Rule)
g g2
d
( f( g(x))) = f ’( g(x))g ’(x) (Chain Rule)
dx
d g(x)
e = g ’(x)e g(x) d (ln g(x)) = g’(x)
dx dx g (x)

Common Derivatives
Polynomials
d (c) = 0 d (x) = 1 d (cx) = c d (x n) = nx n−1 d (cx n) = ncx n−1
dx dx dx dx dx
Trig Functions
d (sin x) = cos x d (cos x) = −sin x d (tan x) = sec2 x
dx dx dx
d (sec x) = sec x tan x d (csc x) = −csc x cot x d (cot x) = −csc2 x
dx dx dx

Inverse Trig Functions

d (sin−1 x) = 1 d (cos−1 x) = − 1 d (tan−1 x) = 1
dx √1 − x 2 dx √1 − x 2 dx 1 + x2
d (sec−1 x) = 1 d (csc−1 x) = − 1 d (cot−1 x) = − 1
dx |x|√x 2 − 1 dx |x|√x 2 − 1 dx 1 + x2

Exponential/Logarithm Functions
d (ax) = ax ln(a) d (e x) = e x
dx dx
d (ln(x)) = 1 , x > 0 d (ln|x|) = 1 , x ≠ 0 d (log (x)) = 1 , x > 0
dx x dx x dx a x ln a
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 Integrals
Rules for Integration
∫cf(x)dx = c∫ f (x)dx , c is a constant. ∫ f(x) ± g (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx ± ∫ g (x)dx
b b
∫ a
f (x)dx = F(x)| = F(b) − F(a) where F(x) = ∫ f (x)dx
a

b b b b b
∫ a
cf (x)dx = c ∫ f(x)dx , c is a constant.
a
∫ a
f (x) ± g (x)dx = ∫ a
f (x)dx ± ∫ a
g (x)dx

a b a
∫ a
f (x)dx = 0 ∫ a
f (x)dx = − ∫ f (x)dx
b

b c b b
∫ a
f (x)dx = ∫ a
f(x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
c
∫ a
cdx = c(b− a)

b
If f(x) ≥ 0 on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ a
f(x)dx ≥ 0
b b
If f (x) ≥ g(x) on a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ a
f(x)dx ≥ ∫ g (x)dx
a

Common Integrals
Polynomials

∫ dx = x + c ∫ kdx = kx + c ∫ x dx = n +1 1 x
n n−1
+ c , n ≠ −1

∫ 1x dx = ln|x| + c ∫ x dx = ln|x| + c
−1
∫ x dx = −n1+ 1 x
−n −n+1
+c,n≠1

1 ln|ax +b| + c 1 x pq +1 + c = q x p+q

∫ ax1+ b dx =
p

a ∫x q
dx = p
q +1 p+q
q
+c

Trig Functions

∫ cos u du = sin u + c ∫sin u du = −cos u + c ∫sec 2

u du = tan u + c

∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + c ∫csc u cot u du = −csc u + c ∫csc 2

u du = −cot u + c

∫ tan u du = ln|sec u| + c ∫ cot u du = ln|sin u| + c

∫ sec u du = ln|sec u + tan u| + c ∫sec u du = 1 (sec u tan u + ln|sec u + tan u|) + c
3
2
1
∫ csc u du = ln|csc u − cot u| + c ∫csc3 u du = 2 (−csc u cot u + ln|csc u − cot u|) + c
Exponential/Logarithm Functions
au + c
∫e u
du = e u +c ∫ a du =
u
ln a ∫ ln u du = u ln(u) − u + c
eau (a sin(bu) − b cos(bu)) + c
∫e au
sin (bu) du =
a + b2
2 ∫ ue du = (u − 1)e
u u
+c

eau (a cos(bu) + b sin(bu)) + c

∫e au
cos (bu) du =
a + b2
2 ∫ u ln1 u du = ln|ln u| + c
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Inverse Trig Functions

∫ √a 1− u 2 2
du = sin−1 u + c
a ∫ sin −1
u du = u sin−1 u + √1 − u2 + c

∫ a +1 u du = a1 tan ua + c −1
∫ tan −1
u du = u tan−1 u − 1 ln(1 − u2) + c
2 2 2

∫ u√u1 − a du = a1 sec ua + c
2 2
−1
∫ cos −1
u du = u cos−1 u − √1 − u2 + c

Hyperbolic Trig Functions

∫ sinh u du = cosh u + c ∫sech u tanh u du = −sech u + c ∫sech

2
u du = tanh u + c

∫ cosh u du = sinh u + c ∫csch u coth u du = −csch u + c ∫csch

2
u du = −coth u + c

∫ tanh u du = ln(cosh u) + c ∫ sech u du = tan |sinh u| + c

−1

Miscellaneous

∫ a +1 u2 2
2a u − a |
du = 1 ln u + a + c | ∫ u −1 a
2 2 |
du = 1 ln u − a + c
2a u + a |
+ u2 du = u √a2 + u2 + a ln|u + √a2 + u2| + c
2
∫ √a 2
2 2

− a2 du = u √u2 − a2 − a ln|u + √u2 − a2| + c

2
∫ √u 2
2 2

− u2 du = u √a2 − u2 + a sin−1 u + c
2
∫ √a 2
2 2 a

du = u − a √2au − u2 + a cos−1 a − u + c
2
∫ √2au − u 2
2 2 a

Standard Integration Techniques

Note: Some of these techniques will only be applicable to AP Calculus BC.

u Substitution
b
Given ∫ f (g (x))g’(x)dx then the substitution u = g(x) will convert this into the integral,
a

b g(b)
∫ a
f( g(x))g’(x)dx = ∫ g(a)
f (u)du.

Integration by Parts
The standard formulas for integration by parts are,

∫udv = uv − ∫vdu
b b b
∫ a
udv = uv| −
a ∫ vdu
a

Choose u and dv and then compute du by differentiating u and compute v by using the fact that v = ∫ dv.
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Trig Substitutions
If the integral contains the following root, use the given substitution and formula.

√a 2 − b 2x 2 ⟹ x = a sinθ and cos2θ = 1 − sin2θ

b

√b 2x 2 − a 2 ⟹ x = a secθ and tan2θ = sec2θ − 1

b

√a 2 + b 2x 2 ⟹ x = a tanθ and sec2θ = 1 + tan2θ

b

Partial Fractions

If integrating ∫ Q(x)
P(x) dx where the degree (largest exponent) of P(x) is smaller than the degree of Q(x), then

factor the denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational
expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P. F. D.). For each factor in the denominator, we get
term(s) in the decomposition according to the folowing table.

Factor in Q(x) Term in P. F. D. Factor in Q(x) Term in P. F. D.

A A1 A2 Ak
ax + b (ax + b)k + 2 +...+
ax + b ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b)k

Ax + B A1x + B1 Akx + Bk
ax2 + bx + c (ax2 + bx + c)k +...+
ax2 + bx + c ax2 + bx + c (ax2 + bx + c)k

Products of Trigonometric Functions

∫ sinn
x cosn x dx

1. If n is odd. Strip one sine out and convert the remaining sines to cosines using sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x, then
use the substitution u = cos x.
2. If m is odd. Strip one cosine out and convert the remaining cosines to sines using cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x,
then use the substitution u = sin x.
3. If n and m are both odd. Use either 1. or 2.
4. If n and m are both even. Use double angle formula for sine and/or half angle formulas to reduce the
integral into a form that can be integrated.

∫ tan n
x secm x dx
1. If n is odd. Strip one tangent and one secant out and convert the remaining tangents to secants using
tan2 x = sec2 x − 1, then use the substitution u = sec x.
2. If m is even. Strip two secants out and convert the remaining secants to tangents using
sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x, then use the substitution u = tan x.
3. If n is odd and m is even. Use either 1. or 2.
4. If n is even and m is odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently.
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