Kambo (drug)

(Redirected from Kambo cleanse)

Kambo, also known as sapo (from Portuguese:
sapo, lit. 'toad') or vacina-do-sapo, is substance Kambo
vacina-do-sapo · sapo
derived from the natural secretions of an
amphibian belonging to the Phyllomedusa family.
Commonly the dried skin secretions of the giant
leaf frog, known as the kambô in Portuguese, a
species of frog, are used for ritualistic purposes
with a strong religious and spiritual components.
Less commonly it is used as a transdermal
medicine, however, evidence for its effectiveness is
limited.

Kambo is usually used in a group setting, called a

kambo circle or kambo ceremony. The effects
on humans usually include tachycardia, nausea, A kambo ceremony: the frog secretion is being
vomiting, and diarrhea. A meta-review of 50 applied to the burnt skin.
studies in which 11 cases of acute intoxication were Alternative therapy
examined found that extreme cases have included Claims It is claimed that kambo will help
psychosis (occasionally severe), SIADH, kidney with a number of issues
damage (including acute renal failure), pancreas including, depression, anxiety,
damage, liver damage including toxic hepatitis, addiction, fertility, fever, mental
dermatomyositis, esophageal rupture, and clarity, negative energy and the
seizures, in some cases leading to death [1][2][3] , cleansing of the body
although such incidents are limited in number and
NCCIH None
some evidence suggests precipitation by medical
Classification
contraindications.[4]

Kambo, which originated as a folk medicine practice among some indigenous peoples in the
Amazon basin, is also administered as a complementary medicine and alternative medicine
treatment in the West, often as a pseudoscientific cleanse or detox. The ceremony involves burning
an arm or leg and applying the kambo secretion directly to the burn. Promoters claim that kambo
helps with several illnesses or injuries. There is no scientific evidence that it is an effective
treatment[5][6][7][a] and causal evidence is limited.

It seems to be particularly dangerous to take kambo with large quantities of water. Doing that is
associated with SIADH and severe electrolyte imbalances: changes in plasma and urine osmolarity,
hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia. Naloxone is under study as a possible
antidote; hospital treatment also includes medicines to protect organs from damage and restore
electrolyte function.[1]
Terminology
Kampo pae, a name used by the Noke Kuin (formerly
Katukina)[8]
Dow kiet, a word used by the Matses[9]
Sapo, kampô, kampu, vacina de sapo, or vacina da
floresta, in Brazilian Portuguese[10]
"Kambô" is a common name of Phyllomedusa bicolor, an
Amazonian tree frog, also known as the blue-and-yellow
frog, bicolored tree-frog, giant monkey frog, giant leaf frog,
Phyllomedusa bicolor – Giant leaf frog or waxy-monkey tree frog. "Sapo" means "toad" in Spanish
and Portuguese.[2] The frog is an anuran amphibian that
inhabits the Amazon and Orinoco basins in South
America.[11]

History
Natives who practice kambo are Panoan-speaking
indigenous groups in the southeast Amazon rainforest,
such as the Matsés, Marubo, Amahuaca, Kashinawa,
Katukina, Yawanawá, and Kaxinawá.[3][12][5] There are
ethnographic studies on the use of kambo in traditional
Noke Kuin medicine in the region of the state of Acre, in
the Brazilian Amazon.[13]

Since the mid-20th century, kambo has also been practiced

in urban regions of Brazil.[14][12] In 2004, Brazil banned
Caxinauá village in Acre
the sale and marketing of kambo.[15] Import is illegal in
Chile.[16] Outside of South America, it first became known
as an alternative therapy in the late 2010s.[17]

In 2021, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia banned the use of kambo in
Australia and classified it as a schedule-10 poison. It is listed in the category for "substances of
such danger to health as to warrant prohibition of sale, supply and use".[6][a]

Indigenous use
To collect the secretions from the frog's body, first, the frog has to be caught. A practitioner will tie
the frog to four sticks placed in the ground with its limbs stretched. This causes the frog to become
stressed enough to activate its defense mechanism and secrete a substance containing peptides
from its skin.[18] After these secretions are obtained, the frog is released back into the wild. The
secretions are then left to dry.[18] Small burns are created on the skin, and a small dose of the frog
secretions is applied to the open wounds.[18] In native practice, the secretions are removed from
the wounds after 15 to 20 minutes, ending the acute symptoms.[5]
 Traditional practitioners claim that it aids fertility, cleanses
the body and soul, increases strength, and brings good luck
to hunts, though there is no scientific evidence for these
claims.[14][19] It is used by natives to who attempt to expel
"panema" (bad spirit) and to induce abortions.[5] The
secretions are also commonly used in people who suffer
from laziness, a condition perceived as unfavorable by the
Noke Kuin as the person stops participating socially.[20]

Joaquim Luz, a Yamanawa leader, criticized internet sales

The kambo ritual. A) Phyllomedusa and kambo's use without the preparation or permission of
bicolor. B) Collecting the frog's
indigenous peoples, saying that such users are at risk, even
secretions. C) Applying kambo to burns
of death. [15] Other native groups have also expressed
on the skin. D) Closeup of skin marks.[14]
concerns.[14][12]

Non-indigenous use
Outside South America, a kambo ceremony can involve just two people: the practitioner and the
participant, or many participants at once, which is known as a kambo circle. Participants are
encouraged to bring plenty of water, a towel, and a bucket.[17] There are usually yoga mats on the
floor and the ceremony room, which is often the practitioner's living room, is heavily incensed.[17]

During the ceremony, the participant's skin is deliberately burnt multiple times, usually on the
upper arm or leg, by the practitioner using a smoldering stick or vine.[18] The practitioner uses
saliva or water to reconstitute the secretions and place it on top of the burnt skin.[18] Participants
may be encouraged to shout "Viva" whenever one of them vomits into their bucket.[21] Short-term
effects include violent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, edema (swelling) of the face, headaches, and
tachycardia. The secretions seem to be vasoactive (affecting the circulation), explaining why they
are absorbed rapidly.[5]

Intoxication may occur immediately or within hours.[1]

Medical claims
Non-indigenous users and practitioners of kambo claim that the alternative medicine helps with a
wide variety of issues and conditions. These claims include treating addiction, depression, and
chronic pain,[17][21][22] reducing fevers,[17] increasing fertility,[17] boosting energy and physical
strength,[19][21] and improving mental clarity.[21] It is also claimed that kambo removes negative
energy.[17][19] There is currently no scientific evidence to support positive health effect
claims.[5][6][a].

There is no solid medical evidence on how the frog toxins work, whether they are useful for
treating anything, and whether they can be used safely: no clinical trials have tested them on
humans, as of November 2019.[5] Reports of adverse effects are numerous, including for use with
experienced guidance.[5]

Kym Jenkins of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, in a Sydney
Morning Herald article, said "people with mental illness are a more vulnerable group anyway for a
variety of reasons. If you're feeling very anxious or very depressed, you're automatically more
vulnerable, and you could be more susceptible to people advertising or marketing a quick fix. I do
have concerns that people can be preyed upon when they are more vulnerable."[23]

The Australian Medical Association (AMA) supports the TGA's ban on the sale, supply, and use of
kambo, saying it considers kambo to be a "significant health risk".[6][a]

Marketing
In non-indigenous use, the frog secretion is described and marketed as a "detox" treatment,
cleanse,[18][24] purge,[17] and as a "vaccine" that is "good for everything".[25] Kambo has been
marketed both as a "scientific" remedy, emphasizing the biochemistry, and as a "spiritual" remedy,
emphasizing its Indigenous origins.[12] Purging (deliberate vomiting) has been a popular treatment
since the 1800s.[18] "Detox" has been described by Edzard Ernst, emeritus professor of
complementary medicine, as a term for conventional medical treatments for addiction, which has
been "hijacked by entrepreneurs, quacks, and charlatans to sell a bogus treatment."[26]

In Brazil, given the growth in the consumption of kambo in urban centers, there has been criticism
by indigenous people, academics and communicators regarding the cultural appropriation of
indigenous knowledge, the process of extracting the secretion of the Phyllomedusa bicolor frog,
the form of transmission of wisdom, and the price charged by the ritual and the mystification of
the origin of the frog.[12]

There is also concern about pharmacological patents on the peptides identified in kambo (see
biopiracy), the commercialization of the kambo outside its place of origin, and the unknown
impact on frog populations, since many more are now removed from their natural habitats.[25]

In light of the chemical complexity of the frog toxins, and their complex and potentially fatal
effects, the authors of a 2022 review on the diagnosis and treatment of kambo cases said they
urged "strict surveillance of the websites that encourage the use of this substance and [we] urge
greater control of e-commerce or illicit trafficking of animals and secretions, including through the
dark web".[1]

Environmental impact
The effect of the increased use of kambo rituals, and trafficking of the frogs and their secretions,
may have an effect on the population of Phyllomedusa bicolor in its natural habitats: the forests of
Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, the Guianas, Colombia, and Venezuela.[14] Phyllomedusa bicolor is not
considered an endangered species by the IUCN.[27] Besides Phyllomedusa (species?), other
threatened endemic frog species of South America's neotropical regions have been poached and
smuggled on the black market.

Species used
 Phyllomedusa bicolor Tree frog, Caetité, Bahia, Phyllomedusa
Brazil hypochondrialis

Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Phyllomedusa theringii

Phyllomedusa
trinitatis

Phyllomedusa distincta Bolivian Phyllomedusa

Phyllomedusa azurea

Parasitology
Smuggling amphibians such as Phyllomedusa bicolor can spread parasites.[28] Zoos keep frogs for
conservation purposes, and there are many parasites present in these animals that naturally occur
only in the native habitats.[28] It is recommended for imported amphibians to go through a
quarantine process to verify they are not spreading parasites that could damage other
ecosystems.[28] Parasite infection rates in frogs is 51%, while in salamanders it is 13%.[28]
Individuals who want to have them as pets are obligated and encouraged to get them examined to
detect gastrointestinal parasites that could potentially be harmful.[28] Neocosmocercella fisherae
is the first nematode species found parasitising Phyllomedusa bicolor from the Brazilian Amazon
region.[29]

Notable deaths
A 40-year-old businessman was charged in Brazil in 2008 with the illegal exercise of medicine and
felony murder after administering kambo toxins to a business colleague who died; the deceased's
son, who said his father had pressured him into participating, suffered more minor effects.[30][14]
In Chile, in 2009, Daniel Lara Aguilar, who suffered from chronic lumbar disc disease, died
immediately after taking kambo administered by a local shaman in a mass healing ceremony; the
autopsy was inconclusive due to pre-existing conditions.[15][31] Medical literature reported a 2018
case in Italy of a man with obesity and ventricular hypertrophy, who, according to autopsy reports,
died of cardiac arrhythmia while under the effects of kambo use.[32][14] In March 2019, kambo
practitioner Natasha Lechner suffered a cardiac arrest and died while receiving kambo.[17][33][7] In
April 2019, a homicide investigation was opened into the death by "severe cerebral edema" of a
young person who had taken kambo toxins in Chile; the import of the frog and its secretions is
illegal in Chile.[16][34] In October 2021, Australian man Jarred Antonovich died at a festival in New
South Wales from a perforated esophagus suspected to be caused by excessive vomiting after being
administered kambo and N,N-dimethyltriptamine. After a car accident in 1997 from which he had
to learn to walk and talk again, he was left with lasting impediments, the inquest heard, which may
have contributed to the esophageal rupture.[35]

Pharmacology
The frog secretes a range of small chemical compounds of a
type called peptides, which have several different
effects.[36] Peptides found in the frog secretions include the
opioid peptides dermorphin and deltorphin, the
vasodilator sauvagine, and dermaseptin, which exhibits
Chemical structure of dermorphin
antimicrobial properties in vitro.[5] Various other
substances such as phyllomedusin, phyllokinin, caerulein,
and adrenoregulin are also present.[36] There is active medical research into the peptides found in
the skin secretions of Phyllomedusa bicolor, focusing on discovering their biological effects. There
have been some preclinical trials in mice and rats, but no phase-1 tests or clinical trials of safety in
humans, as of November 2019.[5]

Most of the kambo-related bioactive peptides so far characterized have displayed potential
applications in medicine, such as phyllocaeruleins with hypotensive properties, tachykinins and
phyllokinins as vasodilators, dermorphins and deltorphins with opiate-like properties, and
adenoregulins with antibiotic properties.[37]

In a clinical trial of a randomized, placebo-controlled study in postoperative pain, dermorphin

administered via the intrathecal route was "impressively superior" over the placebo and the
reference compound morphine."[38] Due to the numerous biological activities of these substances
and the similarities with the amino acid sequences related to mammalian neuropeptides and
hormones, many have aroused the interest from a medical and pharmacological perspective, such
as in the production of new drugs.[37]

See also
Activated charcoal cleanse Placebo
Ayahuasca Quackery
Detoxification (alternative medicine) Skepticism
Detoxification foot baths List of topics characterized as
Colon cleansing pseudoscience
Neo-shamanism

Notes
a. Quoting from the direct statements below

[Australian] Therepeutic Goods Administration (TGA). "Consultation: Proposed amendments to

the Poisons Standard – ACMS, ACCS and Joint ACMS/ACCS meetings, March 2021" (https://
www.tga.gov.au/resources/consultation/consultation-proposed-amendments-poisons-standard-
acms-accs-and-joint-acmsaccs-meetings-march-2021).
"Kambo use in the absence of medically trained supervision represents a significant health
risk, especially for people with cardiovascular disease due to the significant cardiovascular
effects.
Although rare, deaths have also been reported from kambo use.

The significant adverse effects from the topical application of kambo to scarified or burnt areas
of skin include:
• nausea
• vomiting
• oesophageal rupture
• diarrhoea
• stomach pain
• liver damage
• burning sensation
• lowered blood pressure (hypotension)
• increased heart rate (tachycardia)
These effects are seen as part of the spiritual purification/healing process, however, there is no
clinical evidence of kambo having any beneficial medical effect.
Onset of clinical signs and symptoms is rapid, and there have been reports of altered mental
state, agitation, paranoia, delusions and general psychosis. There is insufficient information to
characterise the risk from long-term repeated use of kambo."

Australian Medical Association (March 2021). "Australian Medical Association Submission to

the Therapeutic Goods Administration – Proposed amendments to the Poisons Standard" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20211006050132/https://www.ama.com.au/sites/default/files/2021-02/
AMA%20submission%20to%20the%20TGA%20-%20proposed%20amendments%20to%20th
e%20Poisons%20Standard%20-%20March%202021%20proposals%20-%20FINAL.pdf)
(PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (https://www.ama.com.au/sites/default/files/2021-02/AM
A%20submission%20to%20the%20TGA%20-%20proposed%20amendments%20to%20the%2
0Poisons%20Standard%20-%20March%202021%20proposals%20-%20FINAL.pdf) (PDF) on
2021-10-06.
"The AMA supports the proposal to include a new Schedule 9 entry for Kambo. The AMA
 considers kambo to be a significant health risk for those who use it. In addition to its harmful
effects both intended and adverse, the act of blistering the skin and applying kambo to the
burnt area risks other health concerns such as infection. There is also a risk that using kambo
would prevent a patient from seeing a medical practitioner for their medical condition and delay
diagnosis.

Kambo should be regulated under the Poisons Standard as it appears to be used as a

therapeutic product by ‘kambo practitioners’.[21] There is currently insufficient evidence for its
intended therapeutic effects."

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