_l L COMPUTER NETWORKING Networking:ls the linking or connecting of two or more computers or computing devices to communicate and share resources. Or the interfacing of two or more computing devices with each other for the purpose of sharing resources. Oris a collection of various computing devices that are connected in various ways in or der to communicate and share resources. The connection is done using wires 0 r cable or wireless devices NETWORK MODELS OR DESIGN /ARCHITECTURE The two main models or design of networking are (a)Peer to peer (b) Client/Server PEER TO PEER Peer to peer network model is a type of model or design where all the workstati ‘ons, nodes, computers has equal access, equal capabilities and responsibilities. The resources are distributed between the various clients that made up networ k. Democratic process is followed in peer to peer model. Peer to peer network i s easy to connect andis generally used in homes and small offices. Computers in such network connect to each others directly. CLIENT/SERVER MODEL Is the type of network model which has a centralized device/computer called se tver that control, monitor the communication and the sharing of resources. In cli ent/server network is only authorized users can gain access to the network and the resources. |t requires the installation of software that assist in the controllin g and monitoring of the network. This type of network is dictatorship in nature s ince the server only can permit access Server: Is the computer that monitor, control access and resources sharing ont he network.Client: Is the computer that accessresource from server. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PEER TO PEER AND CLIENT/SERVER MODEL/DESIGN PEER TO PEER 1.Each work station node has equal access tot he network and the resources CLIENT/SERVER One computer act as the network controll er and the resources. 2.Easy to connect More complex to connect 3.Not secured Secured 4. Can be slow 5.Can operate on the basic peer to peer operat ing system Remained faster A special operating system is required ie window server, window NT Netware e.t.c. Network not centralized Network centralized. 7. Computers on the network are independent. One PC controls access the network reso urces TYPES OF NETWORK 1. LAN = Local Area Network 2. CAN= Campus Area Network 3. MAN= Metropolitan Area Network 4. PAN = Personal Area Network 5. VPN= Victual Personal Network 6.WAN= Wide Area NetworkI L NETWORK TOPOLOGY: Topology is the way computers are arranged on a network. Or is the physical arr angement of the computers on a network. Is the way the cables and networkin g equipment are arranged. TYPES OF TOPOLOGY 1. BUS TOPOLOGY: In bus topology workstations, nodes are connected toa mai n cable called backbone cable. Advantages 1.Easy to connect and configure 2. Less expensive 3. Require less cable Disadvantages 1. Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main Cable. 2. Difficult to identify faults (problems) 3. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. 4, Not meant to be used as stand-alone solution in a large building A [ B c 2. RING TOPOLOGY Aring topology is a network topology where nodes or work stations are arrange dina ting form. as &] ty ST :Advantages 1. Easy to connect 2. Less expensive Disadvantages 1. One malfunctioning node can throw away the entire network. 2. Moves, addition, changes of devices can affect the entire network. 3. it's slower. 3. STAR TOPOLOGY Is the most commonly used topology in LAN, all the computers (Nodes) are con nected to a central device or devices like hub, switch etc. Node 2 [Node switch } Node 3 Node § Node4 Advantages 1. Easy to install and wire 2. No disruptions to network when connecting or removing devices. 3. Easy to detect faults and remove parts Disadvantages 1. More expensive. 2. If the hub/switch fails, nodes attached are disabled.I L 3. Require more cables. 4. TREE TOPOLOGY Tree topologies comprised of the multiple star topology on a bus. Tree topologi es integrate multiples star topologies onto a bus A A Hub Switch 8 c c Advantages 1. Supported by several hard wares 2. Point to point winning for individuals/segments Disadvantages 1. Expensive to set up. 2. Difficult to configure and wired. 3. If the backbone breaks, the entire segment goes down 5. MESH TOPOLOGY Mesh topology uses a lot of cables to connect every node with every other n ode. It is very expensive to set up. If any cable fails there are many other wa ys for two nodes to communicate. WANS-like internet employ mesh routing,INTRANET AND EXTRANET An intranet is a network closed to internet which can only be accessed by autho rized members of an organization; they are used to share information within the company or other organization. An intranet uses internet technologies to allow users to access company documents An extranet is an internet which is partially accessible to authorized outsiders. It also allow authorized insiders. Outsiders with password can access the extrane t Intranet is open to an insider who has been authorized, while the extranet permi tboth insiders and outsiders to access the network based on the permission by the authority concerned. NETWORK MEDIUM The medium used to transmit information from one place to another. A. CABLE: Is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. The following are the common cables. 1. Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP) cable 2. Shielded Twisted pair (STP) cable 3. Coaxial cable 4, Fiber optic cable B. WIRELESS MEDIA1. Radio — use to transmit signals 2. Infrared 3. Blue tooth 4, Flash share 5. Switch - is a device use to expand network 6. Router is an intelligent device used to connect different network. 7. Access point. CABLING Types of Ethernet cables available a. Straight through cable b, Crossover cable G, Rolled over. Straight through cable are used to connect different devices on a network e. g computer to switch or hub. FORMULA FOR CONSTRUCTING STRAIGHT THROUGH CABLE. Side A Side B ow ow 0 oO GW GW B B BW BW G G BRW BRWI L BR BR CROSS OVER CABLE: Are used to connect liked devices 1. Switch to Switch. 2. Router to router 3. Computer to Computer 4. Hub to Hub FORMULA FOR CROSSOVER CABLE Side A Side B ow GW Q G cw ow B B Bw BW G oO BRW BWN BR BR IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL) An IP is 32 bits divided by 4 octal and each separated by a dot. An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on a IP network255 255 255 255 CLASSES OF IP CLASS SUBNET [CLASS A= 0-127 | 255.0.0.0 CLASS B= 128-191 | 255.255.0.0 CLASS C= 192-223 | 255.255.255.0 CLASS D 24-239 | MULTICAST (CLASS E= 240-25 | RESERVED 5 A Subnet tell us how many computers (nodes) can be on the network. Given the following IP's from an|ISP. Deduce the number of host and special sub nets 1.IP = 212.165. 132.8 SM= 255.255.255.248 Gateway = 212:165.132.17 DNS: 217.10.162.8 Solution Convert 248 to binary = 11111000 Using the formula 2*- 2 for subnets where x = number of 1's Using the formula 2x for Host Where x = numbers of 0's 1. IP =192.168.1.16SM = 255.255.255.240 Gate way = 171.18.3.4 DNS = 217.10.16.15 VERSIONS OF IP IP V4 (192.168.1.1) = 282 IP V6 (FE80:0000:0000:0202:B3FF: FEIE: 8329) = 2128 METHOD OF IP ADDRESSING 1. Static= 1s the manual method of assigning IP to node on a network. 2. DHCP - Is the automatic method of assigning IPto anode on a network. PROTOCOLS 1. TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol 2. UDP = User Datagram Protocol 3. HTTP= (Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the language used to communicate b etween the browsers and web server. 4. POP = (Postal Office Protocol) 5. SMTP = (Simple Mail transfer Transfer Protocol) 6. FTP= (File Transfer Protocol) 7. IP = (Internet Protocol) is a unique address or identifier of each computer or c ommunication device on the network and internet. 8. DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 9. DNS = Domain Name Server is used to convert the host address name into n umeric IP (Address)L OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION (OSI)- Defines a network framework for implementing protocol in screen layers. Contr olis passed from one layer to the next. 7. Application Layer:Provides Services to the software through which the user r equests network services,.e. Browser, FTP and mail client. -Serves as the windows for users and application process to access the networ k services. 6. Presentation: Is concerned with data representation and code formation. —Formats the data to be presented to the application layer. It's a translator for t he network. 5. Session: Establish, maintain and manage the communication between the c computers. - Allows sessionestablishmentbetweenprocesses running on different stations. 4. Transport: provide for reliable transmission of data segment as well as the d isassembly and assembly of the data before and after transmission. -Ensure that the messages are delivered error free, in sequence and with nolos ses or duplication. 3. Network: This is the layer on which routing takes place. It defines the proces ses used to route data across the network and the structure and used of logical addressing. - Controls the operations of the subnet, deciding which physical path the data ta kes. 2. Data layer- This layer is concerned with the linkages and mechanisms used t © move data about the network. Deals with the ways in which data is reliable tr ansmitted. - Provide error free transfer of data frames from one node to another. 1. Physical Layer: This layer defines the electrical and physical specifications fo the networking media that carry the data bits across the network._l Layers 5-7 are referred to as the upper layers which layer 1-4 referred to as law er layers. COREL DRAW Definition: Is a desktop publishing package that enables us design and create g raphics. To Start Coreldraw » Click start % Point to all programs Search for CorelDraw suit 9, 12,13,14,15, e.t.c. » Click on the CorelDraw TOOLS BARS This is a very important bar in CorelDraw. The property bar displays the function of a page, animage, shape or reveals the function options of a selected tool. USING RULER FOR MEASUREMENT_l L 3 Move your pointer to the left axis of the ruler. Click on the pointer, hold and drag » Keep dragging until the line align to the vertical and the horizontal edg es of the paper » Leave the mouse. TO UNDO AND REDO Click edit on the menu bar » Click Undo or Redo The Text Tool To add Artistic Text Click on the text tool Click on anywhere in the drawing window using the text tool and type Click on pick tool, highlighted to make changes To add paragraph Text » Click on the text tool % Click tool and drag in drawing window to draw the paragraph text fram e or text box. The pointer appears in the text frame. Start tying To select an entire text object Click the text object using pick tool To select specific character % Click hold and drag across the text using the text tool (highlight the por tion). USING COLOR TOOLS To view and remove color » Click window on the menu bar Point to color palette » Click on default CMYK palette_l L % Do same to remove To choose a fill color for an object » Select the object Click the color swatch using the left mouse button. To choose an outline color Select the object. Right click a color swatch. To choose from different shades of a color » Select the object % Click and hold a color swatch to display a pop =up color picker and clic k a color. To apply interactive fill % Select the object » Open the interactive fill toll layout. Select the interactive fill tool. i Select the fill type » Click ok To copy object & Select the object » Click edit % Click copy or cut To duplicate object & Select the object » Click edit % Click duplicate/click, hold and drag to move the duplicate) or Cltr + d To paste an object into a drawing» Click edit Click delete/click on the object, click delete To Change order of objects & Select the objects Click arrange » Click order & Select the type of order to be applied ie. (to front, behind, etc) Toreverse the order of multiple objects » Select the objects % Click arrange » Click other » Click Reverse order To group objects % Select the objects 3 Click arrange % Click group To ungroup objects & Select the objects » Click arrange % Click ungroup Working with bitmaps Bitmaps are used to Representa graphic image in the computer Toconvert a vector graphic to a bitmap% Select the object & Click bitmap » Click convert to bitmap Choose color %& Choose resolution » Enable the boxes Click ok. To set the page size and orientation » Choose present page size % Click layout & Click page setup » Select the desired size and orientation To add, Rename and delete pages To add pages % Click layout & Click insert page % Type the number of pages in the box provided » Enable BEFORE OR AFTER and type the page number » Click ok Click on the page lab to swap between pages or click GO TO PAGE int he layout. To rename a page & Click layout Click rename page » Type the page name» Click ok To delete a page Click layout % Click delete page i Type the number of page to delete » Click delete To import files » Click file Click import » Select the location of the object %& Choose the file type » Click filename & Click import %& Maintain original file size. % Click, hold and drag on the drawing page 3 Click enter key To preview a print job » Click file Click print preview To magnify the preview page » Click file » Click view & Click icon % Select the percent option » Click ok Printing color separation To preview color separation» Click file & Click print » Click separation % Enable print color separation in color Click print preview Click on each pages to view different color separations. To print the color separation Close the preview or the file menu » Click apply & Click print DATABASE MANAGEMENT A DATABASE Is a structural collection of data or records that is storedin a com putersystem. A database relies upon software to organize the storage of data a nd to enablehe person or program to extractdesired information A database is defined as an organizedcollection of data (information) in raw for m, a sheet of paper divided into columns androws or a table in Microsoft word p reviously have been considered a single database. Single table databases are v ery limited in their uses and wouldand would not be considereda database solut ion What is Relational database? A relational database is a database_l L ‘That isable to store and manipulate data acrossmultiples tables. By using multi ple tables, a relationaldatabase reduces unnecessary duplication of data. What is a table? Tables are used to store the data in a structures and organized format. As previ ously mentioned tables are similar to those of word, excel in that they contain r ows (records) and columns (fields). What is record? (Rows) Artecord applies to data entered into a single row of a table. All data in the row would belong to an individual or item. A record would normally include a unique 1D number, Name, Description, plus other relevant information with each new re cord, a new row is created. What is a field? (Column) Each column (previously known as a field) is used to define what specific infor mation is to be entered into that particular column. A column titled “sheet” for e xample would signify this to be the point in a record to enter in the sheet name when creating each new record. What is Data? Is the information entered into tables within the database. Data entered will pre viously to be alphabetical (names/addresses) or numerical (dates/currency), ho wever Access is also able to store other form of data, such a links to websites, documents created in other pages (OLE) as well as file attachments (files and i mages). PRIMARY KEY A primary key is used as a unique identifier for each record in a database table and is essential when working with relational tables. To be effective, a primary key cannot have duplicate entries and must be set on a field generating a unique identifier. When creating a new tables. Access auto 19_l L matically adds the ID field with an AutoNumber data type. By default the ID fiel dis also the primary key. What are queries? Using a query is similar to filtering and sorting tables but much more powerful. Unlike filters, multiple Criteria can be used in one more fields to be highly specific about the informati on you wish to extract from a table What is Report? In access, a report is a summary generated from information in a table or quer y. Access provides you with a number of tools that help you to quickly build repo rts that present the data in an organized, meaningful and easy to-read layout. Examples of database management software are Dbases Ill, MS Access, Pinna cle, MYSQL, etc. What is Database Management? Database Management involves the process of Creating. Monitoring, Administr ation and Maintenance of the databases and database groups in an organizatio n. Database Management entails managing the speed and efficiency with which a database supply answer to end-user queries. Database Management tool can help database administrator maintain smooth, rapid uninterrupted access to shared databases Database Management tools can help database administrator-keep vital busine ss data protected and available to end users and application What is Database? Adatabase is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily b @ accessed, managed and updated.