EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF USING GARNET AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

SAND IN CONCRETE

A Proposed Study Presented to the

Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering

University of Batangas

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Submitted by:

Castillo, Maricel R.

Catapat, Zildjian A.

Dimayuga, Kristian K.

Ilagan, Maria Monica V.

Macarandang, Miguel Tristan B.

Macatangay, Mariz E.

Perez, Angela Mae M.

December 2019
 ABSTRACT

With the increasing cost of building materials over the years, this paper aims to find a

solution on preserving the environment by using spent garnet as a partial replacement of sand

in concrete. The objective of this study is to compare the Compressive strength at distinct

percentages of garnet (10%, 30% and 50%) in the concrete preparation at the end of 7, 14 and

28 days curing using cylindrical moulds to check the optimum percentage garnet that can be

replaced in conventional concrete mix. Garnet is one of the last few abrasives that are naturally

mined, and not a man made abrasive. It is used for both dry and wet blast operations and

comes in a wide variety of types and sizes. The results in the Compression Strength Test on the

36 cylindrical concrete with different percentages revealed that the compressive strength

increases with the increase of garnet fraction from 10% to 50%. But on the last day of curing the

30% partial replacement was the highest with 1266.67 psi of compressive strength. It doesn’t

reach the design strength of 3000 psi but it can potentially be used in situations were

compressive strength is not a major requirement. This conclude that the Spent garnet is a

prospective candidate for sand replacement up to 30% in terms of Environmental amiability,

cost effectiveness and conservation of natural resources.

Keywords: Concrete, Garnet, Partial Replacement and Compressive Strength

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………………… ii

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………... iii

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………….. iv

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………… 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY …………………………………………………… 1

1.2 OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………………………………. 3

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION ………………………………………………………….…3

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………….…3

1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS …………………………………………………………….. 4

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE …………………………………………………………. 5

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE …………………………………………………………………… 5

2.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… 5

2.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ……………………………………5

2.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST …………………………………….. 5

2.3 CONCRETE …………………………………………………………………………… 6

2.3.1 CURING …………………………………………………………………….. 6

RELATED STUDIES ………………………………………………………………………………. 7

iii
CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………… 14

3.1 MATERIALS …………………………………………………………………………… 14

3.2 FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY …………………………………………………….. 15

3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION …………………………………………………………… 15

3.4 CONCRETE SPECIMEN PRESENTATION ………………………………………. 16

3.5 MIXING PROCEDURE ………………………………………………………………. 16

3.6 CASTING COMPACTION AND CURING …………………………………………. 17

3.7 TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE …………………………………………… 17

3.7.1COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ……………………………………… 17

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………... 18

4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 7 DAYS CURING …………………………. 18

4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 14 DAYS CURING ……………………..…. 19

4.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 28 DAYS CURING ………………………... 20

4.4 TYPES OF FRACTURES ………………………………………………………….… 21

DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………………………..… 24

5.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………….. 24

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

APPENDIX-A PHOTO ATTACHMENTS ……………………………………………………….. 28

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1- Types of Fractures based on the Results of the Compressive Strength Test………... 21

Table 2- Averaged Results of the Compressive Strength Test ………………………………..… 22

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1- Framework of the Study ………………………………………………………………… 15

Figure 2a- 7 Days Curing ………………………………………………………………………….. 18

Figure 2b- 14 Days Curing …………………………………………………………..…………….. 19

Figure 2c- 28 Days Curing ……………………………………………………..…………………... 20

Figure 3- Different Types of Fractures …………………………………………………………….. 21

Figure 4- Graph of the Averaged Results of the Compressive Strength Test …………………22

v
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Udoeyo et al., (2006) the trend of inflation in the economy of developing

countries and depletion of their foreign monetary reserves has led to increases in the prices of

conventional building materials. Many research efforts in recent times in the developing nations

have been directed toward the utilization of cheap and readily available local materials such as

industrial and agricultural by product in terms to reduce material and construction costs to levels

that can make homes affordable.

Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete, is a composite material composed of fine and

coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time,

most frequently a lime-based cement binder, such as Portland cement, but sometimes with

other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement. It is distinguished from other,

non-cementitious types of concrete all binding some form of aggregate together,

including asphalt concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road surfaces,

and polymer concretes that use polymers as a binder. (Wikipedia, 2019)

Garnet is one of the last few abrasives that are naturally mined, and not a man made

abrasive. It is an industrial gemstone that creates a profile virtually free of embedment, which

makes it excellent for coating adhesion, as well as applications where low or no transfer of grit

into the substrate can be tolerated. Garnet is used for both dry and wet blast operations and

1
comes in a wide variety of types and sizes. Garnet is composed of natural Almandine rock

garnet grains and has been famous for its natural hardness, more angular, sharper edges,

durability and abrasive characteristics. It is mainly used for sandblasting and waterjet cutting.

Garnet abrasive is often used as an alternative to silica sand as it produces less dust

and is safer than its hazardous counterpart, silica sand. When used properly abrasive blasting

with Garnet provides comparable production rates as silica sand.

 Suitable for wet or dry abrasive blasting

 Increases productivity

 Recyclable up to 5 times

 Non-Toxic

 Does not draw moisture

The first industrial use of garnet was as an abrasive. Garnet is a relatively hard mineral

with a hardness that ranges between 6.5 and 7.5 on the Mohs Scale. That allows it to be used

as an effective abrasive in many types of manufacturing. When crushed, it breaks into angular

pieces that provide sharp edges for cutting and sanding. Small granules of uniform size are

bonded to paper to produce a reddish color sandpaper that is widely used in woodworking

shops. Garnet is also crushed, screened to specific sizes, and sold as abrasive granules and

powders.

2
1.2 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to compare the compressive strength at distinct

percentages of garnet (10%, 30% and 50%) in the concrete preparation at the end of 7, 14 and

28 days curing using cylindrical moulds to check the optimum percentage garnet that can be

replaced in conventional concrete mix.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research intends to study if garnet as partial replacement of sand is economical and

strong enough to replace the ordinary concrete by conducting Compression Strength test .

The researcher will provide the datas needed through Experimental research procedure and

Procedures of the testing for the specimen regarding compressive strength. Concrete

specimen presentation will de-moulded after 24 hours and will be cured for 7, 14 and 28

days.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This part of the study discusses the key aspects of one of the mechanical properties of

concrete which is the compressive strength of garnet as a partial replacement of sand in a

cement mixture. This includes making partially replaced sand with garnet then comparing to

normal concrete. The resolution of the study will formulate a better understanding on how garnet

affects the quality of concrete. Data produced from this study will be used to identify if garnet as

a partial replacement of sand is economically worth the use. It is anticipated that this project will

benefit the usage of garnet material in the construction industry.

3
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Garnet- Garnet is a relatively hard mineral with a hardness that ranges between 6.5 and

7.5 on the Mohs Scale. That allows it to be used as an effective abrasive in many types of

manufacturing. When crushed, it breaks into angular pieces that provide sharp edges for

cutting and sanding.

 Concrete- Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand,

or gravel) and Portland cement. Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent

when mixed with water and aggregates. This combination, or concrete mix, will be poured

and harden into the durable material with which we are all familiar.

 By-product waste- The waste produced by industry which includes any material that is

rendered useless during a manufacturing process from plants, mills and mines.

 Abrasive- A sharp, hard material used to wear away the surface of softer, less resistant

materials. Included within the term are both natural and synthetic substances, ranging from

the relatively soft particles used in household cleansers and jeweler’s polish to the hardest

known material, the diamond. Abrasives are indispensable to the manufacture of nearly

every product made today.

 Fracture- results from a number of sources applied loading such as in the flexing of a beam

and that due to punching on a slab, material shrinkage during curing of the concrete, and

stress concentration related to structural geometry as in shear keys such as those in

precast concrete bridge segments and from the reinforcing bar.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

According to Memon et al., (2017), in economic development, the reason for applying

recyclable material in the construction industry is due to increase in environmental awareness of

societies and ecological, and renewable materials within a human life period.

This chapter reviews the literature relevant to the objective of the study, the definition of

terms that must be discussed, the mechanical properties of concrete and the summary of all the

academic resources and researches.

2.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive strength of concrete is an indexing property as concrete is designed to

carry compressive loadings. Therefore, determining this important property is the foremost

priority while dealing with any type of concrete. The compressive strength of concrete is the

most common performance measure used by the engineer in designing buildings and other

structures. The compressive strength is measured by breaking cylindrical concrete specimens in

a compression-testing machine (CONCRETE IN PRACTICE, 2003)

5
FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend strength, or transverse

rupture strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in

a flexure test. The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a specimen

having either a circular or rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture or yielding using

a three point flexural test technique. The flexural strength represents the highest stress

experienced within the material at its moment of yield. It is measured in terms of stress, here

given the symbol. (Wikipedia, 2018)

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties which
greatly affect the extent and size of cracking in structures. Moreover, the concrete is very weak
in tension due to its brittle nature. Hence, it is not expected to resist the direct tension. So,
concrete develops cracks when tensile forces exceed its tensile strength. Therefore, it is
necessary to determine the tensile strength of concrete to determine the load at which the
concrete members may crack. (The Constructor Civil Engineering Home, n.d.)

2.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compressive strength test is a mechanical test measuring the maximum amount of

compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. The test piece, usually in the form of a

cube, prism, or cylinder, is compressed between the platens of a compression-testing machine

by a gradually applied load. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Brittanica, n.d.)

6
2.3 CONCRETE

According to Ogbonna (2009).Concrete is a composite material which consists of

aggregates, cement and water used in construction. The aggregates are generally coarse

gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone or granite and the fine aggregate could be a material

such as sand or can be manufactured such as slag. The cement commonly Portland cement

and other materials such as fly ash and slag cement serve as binder for the aggregates. Water

is then mixed with this dry composite which enables it to be shaped, which then solidified and

hardened into hard rock strength material through a chemical process called hydration

2.3.1 CURING

Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. Curing

takes place immediately after concrete placing and finishing, and involves maintenance of

desired moisture and temperature conditions, both at depth and near the surface, for extended

periods of time. Properly cured concrete has an adequate amount of moisture for continued

hydration and development of strength, volume stability, resistance to freezing and thawing, and

abrasion and scaling resistance. (Zemajtis)

The length of adequate curing time is dependent on the following factors:

 Mixture proportions

 Specified strength

7
  Size and shape of concrete member

 Ambient weather conditions

 Future exposure conditions

RELATED STUDIES

According to Chauhan et al., (2015) the paper describe the role of quarry dust In the

construction of buildings and other structures to eliminate the demand of natural sand by using

quarry waste to replace the use of natural sand. We are investigating the potential of using

quarry waste and its effect on the strength and workability of concrete. This paper reports the

experimental study which investigated the partial replacement of sand with quarry dust. Initially

cement concrete cube was studied with various proportions of cement concrete + quarry dust

(M 20, AND M25). The experimental results showed that the addition of quarry dust as fine

aggregate ratio of 30%, 40% and 50% was found to enhance the compressive properties. As

the percentage of Quarry Dust gradually increases, the Compressive strength of concrete will

also increase with condition that percentage of Quarry Dust should not exceed 50%. The

compressive strength of compressed concrete increase with the increase of age of maturity.

The value of strength for 28 days higher than the strength for 7 days. According to the value of

compressive strength collected, the value is high and it show that quarry dust suitable to use as

sand replacement. All the value of compressive strength surpasses the minimum value of

compressive strength for normal concrete that is 7N/mm . So, quarry dust can apply as sand

replacement in concrete mix for construction industry.

8
 According to Khoso (2017) amongst the various types of industrial by-products, waste glass

is considered as the most appropriate replacement of aggregate due to its physical

characteristics and chemical composition. Glass is very hard, durable and if finely ground, it can

serve as a pozzolanic material thus making it suitable for use as partial replacement of cement

and fine aggregate. Partial replacement also improves the flow properties of concrete, so it can

be used to make high strength concrete without using other super plasticizers. Due to

availability in different attractive colors, glass also provides aesthetic view. Furthermore,

recycling glass makes incineration cheap, save a lot of landfill space and reduce greenhouse

gases produced from manufacturing cement. Recycling of glass in construction has been

studied for a half decade now. In 1963, glass was used for the first time in the construction

industry for “architectural exposed concrete”, since then it has been used in roadway

construction and as asphalt. Glass was found to be pozzolanic if ground to particle size less

than 75um. Several researches were carried out to test glass applications in concrete as partial

replacement of cement and fine aggregate.

According to ZZ et al., (2007) One of the major environmental issues in Iraq is the large

quantity of waste iron resulting from the industrial sector which is deposited in domestic waste

and in landfills. A series of 109 experiments and 586 tests were carried out in this study to

examine the feasibility of reusing this waste iron in concrete. Overall, 130 kg of waste iron were

reused to partially replace sand at 10%, 15%, and 20% in a total of 1703 kg concrete mixtures.

The tests performed to evaluate waste-iron concrete quality included slump, fresh density, dry

9
density, compressive strength, and flexural strength tests: 115 cubes of concrete were molded

for the compressive strength and dry density tests, and 87 prisms were cast for the flexural

strength tests. This work applied 3, 7, 14, and 28 days curing ages for the concrete mixes. The

results confirm that reuse of solid waste material offers an approach to solving the pollution

problems that arise from an accumulation of waste in a production site; in the meantime

modified properties are added to the concrete. The results show that the concrete mixes made

with waste iron had higher compressive strengths and flexural strengths than the plain concrete

mixes.

According to Ingalkar et al., (2017), the present work has initiated to make the concrete

economical by replacing the natural sand by crushed sand in the concrete. From this study it is

concluded that different Crushed sand gives different results for compressive strength

depending on different quarries and from study of different research paper at 40% to 50%

replacement of crushed sand the maximum compressive strength is obtained. The maximum

tensile strength of concrete is obtain at 60% and 70% replacement of natural sand with Crushed

sand. The concrete with crushed sand performed better than concrete with natural sand as the

property of crush sand is better than that of natural sand.

According to the study of N.Sreenivasulu et al., (2016) which is the “Use of copper slag in

concrete and cement mortar as replacement of sand”, Many researchers have already found it

potential to use copper scum as a concrete combination, as a result of copper scum has similar

particle size characteristics seemingly to it of sand. Fine grained powder of copper scum is used
10
as a supplementary cementing material to concrete and in cement clinker production. though

there area unit several studies that are reported by investigators from alternative countries on

the employment of copper scum in cement concrete, not abundant analysis has been meted out

in India regarding the incorporation of copper scum in concrete. This study was performed to

come up with specific experimental knowledge on the potential use of copper scum as sand

replacement in concrete. This study work chiefly consists of 2 main elements. Concrete was

wont to verify numerous mechanical properties. 1st a part of the thesis consists of work sand by

copper scum in concrete for determinant strength properties. For sand replacement, seven

check teams (including management mixture) were legitimate with replacement of third (control

specimen), 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, eightieth and 100% copper scum with sand in every series.

Concrete cubes were solid and tested in laboratories.

According to Kalchuri et al.,(2015) marble Waste (Marble sawing powder, and marble

sludge or slurry) is a widespread byproduct of marble processing industries. All these wastes

are thrown away in the areas near the factories and cause severe environmental problems. The

main objective of this study is to explore the possibility of using marble powder waste as partial

replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Since this concrete is prepared with marble powder

as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (Sand) in four different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%,

30% and 40% and tested for the period of 7days, 28days, 90days curing. This compressive

strength compared with the conventional concrete i.e. concrete prepared without marble powder.

The compressive strength of concrete is increased when the percentage of marble powder

waste is increased up to 20% and by further increasing the percentage of marble powder waste
11
compressive strength gets reduced. Test also indicates that the waste marble powder can be

successfully utilized as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete production. Their use

in concrete will alleviate the problem of their disposal and environmental pollution.

According to Soman et al., (2014), Concrete is the most widely used building material in the

world. Aggregates are the major component of concrete. The sand mining in rivers had gone up

to such an extent that in many countries there is ban on sand mining. Even in areas where there

is no ban, nowadays good sand is not readily available; it is transported from a long distance.

With the recent ban on river sand mining in India alternate sources are looked into. Attention

has turned to how we can use manufactured sands as an alternative to natural sands. Making

manufactured sands by crushing rock boulders to sand granules came into practice. The

artificial sand produced by proper machines can be a better substitute to river sand. Demand for

manufactured fine aggregates for making concrete is increasing day by day. So, now rock

mining had also turned out as an environmental problem in many cases. If an adequate

industrial or agricultural by-product which is a waste material can replace sand partially it will

reduce the problems due to the scarcity of sand. It will also be an environment friendly method

of disposal of large quantities of materials that would otherwise pollute land, water and air. If this

waste can be used as a partial sand replacement material in concrete it will be a valuable

resource. This thesis aimed to try bottom ash as an alternative material to substitute for sand.

Yogesh Aggarwal & Rafat Siddique in paper on ‘microstructure and properties of concrete using

bottom ash and waste foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates has given a study

report. This paper presents the experimental investigations carried out to study the effect of
12
using bottom ash as a partial replacement material for fine aggregates. Compressive strength,

splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete specimens with bottom ash were lower

than control concrete specimens at all the ages. Mix containing 30% and 40% bottom ash, at 90

days, attains the compressive strength almost equivalent to of compressive strength of normal

concrete at 28 days. Furthermore, it was observed that the greatest increase in compressive,

splitting tensile and flexural strength were achieved by substituting 30% of the natural fine

aggregate with bottom ash as fine aggregate.

13
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the procedures, tactics, and methods comprising all the information and

data that will be gathered by the researchers will be used to achieve the objectives of the study.

Experimental research procedure and Procedures of the testing for the specimen will be

mentioned in this chapter to provide the data regarding Compressive strength that are needed

by the researchers.

3.1 MATERIALS:

 Portland

 Cement

 Gravel

 Sand

 Garnet Sand

 Water

14
3.2 FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

Figure 1- Framework of the Study

3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION

The researchers will prepare standard concrete mix and concrete mix with garnet sand

partially replacing the sand. These sets of sample will be necessary to able to compare the

testing results to standard qualifications.

15
3.4 CONCRETE SPECIMEN PRESENTATION

For standard concrete and concrete with garnet sand experimentation conducted using

Class A mixture or a 1:2:4 ratios of cement, sand with garnet, and gravel respectively. Garnet

sand used to replace sand at percentages of 10%, 30% and 50% by volume. This will be done

to determine the optimum percentage that would give the most favorable result. In determining

the compressive strength,the homogenized mixture was then introduced into 150mm diameter

with 300 height cylindrical metal mould. After 24 hours, the concrete de-moulded and will be

cured for 7 (seven), 14 (fourteen) and 28 (twenty-eight) days.

3.5 MIXING PROCEDURE

For ordinary concrete, the coarse aggregate (gravel), sand and cement measured

separately for required quantity mix proportioning. The sand will be poured into a completely dry

mixing tray. Cement will uniformly spread on the surface of sand into the same tray and uniform

mixing must be ensured. Mixed sand and cement from the tray will be uniformly spread on the

coarse aggregate and dry mixing is carried out. Water will be the mixed with the dry mix up to a

minimum of 5 minutes until uniform colour of concrete is seen. Immediately the concrete was

placed in moulds as per procedure.

For Concrete with garnet sand as partial replacement of sand, the above-explained

procedure is followed except that before adding cement and sand to coarse aggregate. Garnet

sand is thoroughly mixed with sand, then the mixture of garnet sand,sand and Cement is mixed

with aggregate and further procedure is followed to achieve the different types of specimen with

10%, 30% and 50% by replacement of fine aggregate over volume of ordinary concrete.
16
3.6 CASTING COMPACTION AND CURING

Cylindrical moulds, were coated with oil on their inner surface and were placed on

granite platform. The amount of cement, garnet sand, sand, coarse aggregates required , was

weighed. The materials were first dry mixed then mixed with one third amount of total water.

Concrete was poured in to the moulds in four equal layers; each layer will be uniformly tamped

by a tamping rod with thirty five numbers of blows. The top surface will be finished using a

trowel.

Moulds will be safely demoulded causing no damage to the specimens and immediately

cylindrical concrete specimens will be kept in curing tank completely immersed for curing up to

desired period.

3.7 TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE

3.7.1COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

At each desired curing period, cylindrical specimen will be taken out of water and kept

for surface drying. The specimens will be tested in 40 tonnes compressive testing machine to

get the compressive strength of concrete.

The Compressive Strength are calculated using the Formula:

Compressive Strength =load/area

17
 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

FIGURE 2a: 7 DAYS CURING 18

 19
FIGURE 2b: 14 DAYS CURING
 20
FIGURE 2c: 28 DAYS CURING
FIGURE 1b: 14 DAYS CURING
Types of Fractures

Figure 3- Different Types of Fractures

CURING
TYPES OF FRACTURE TOTAL
7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
TYPE 1- C II 2
TYPE 2- CP 0
TYPE 3- CL IIIII-III IIII IIIII 17
TYPE 4- S 0
TYPE 5- SW II IIIII-III IIIII-II 17
TYPE 6- CS 0
Table 1- Types of Fractures based on the Results of the
Compressive Strength Test

21
 Figure 4- Graph of the Averaged Results of the Compressive
Strength Test

PERCENTAGE 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS

0% 996.67 630 793.33
10% 720 660 986.67
30% 886.67 1006.67 1266.67
50% 733.33 746.67 996.67

Table 2- Averaged Results of the Compressive

Strength Test

22
DISCUSSION

Based on the results of the Compressive Strength of concrete in 7, 14, and 28 days

curing shown in figure 2a, 2b and 2c, the the results of the three cylindrical samples with 0%,

10%, 30% and 50% garnet as partial replacement of sand (shown in table 1) were averaged to

show the effectiveness of the garnet.

The averaged results of Compressive Strength obtained are shown in the graph above.

The Compressive Strength increases with the increase of Garnet fraction from 10% to 50% and

with curing. But the 30% fraction reached the highest peak that has the value of 1266.67 psi at

its 28 days curing.

At 7 days curing, values of 996.67 psi, 720 psi, 886.67 psi and 733.33 psi were obtained

for 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50% fraction respectively. At 14 days curing, similar trend (decrease in

compressive strength was observed) with 10%, 30% and 50% fraction garnet replacement of

sand with values of 660 psi, 1006.67 psi , and 746.67 psi respectively and a value of 630 psi for

0% replacement. But the 30% replacement has the highest compressive strength. At 28 days

curing, an increase of compressive strength were observed from 0% to 30% fraction of partial

replacement of sand with the values of 793.33 psi, 986.67 psi and 1266.67 respectively but at

the 50% replacement the compressive strength decreases at 996.67 psi. The common types of

fracture in the samples are conical, columnar and shear wedge.

23
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

In conclusion based on the discussion of the compression strength test results, 30% was

the ideal percentage of garnet as partial replacement of sand in concrete. It does not reach the

design strength of 3000 psi however garnet concrete can potentially be used in situations were

compressive strength is not a major requirement.

RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended for the upcoming studies for extending this research to provide a

wider perspective in order to be fully able to consider further parameters governing the effect on

the behaviour and engineering properties of fresh and hardened concrete with partial

replacement of different percentages of garnet. This research also lays emphasis on drawing

attention of the various construction companies to use their waste garnet as different

construction materials. This also proves to be a good solution for the disposal of solid waste as

it is recycled without affecting the environment.

24
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(2003). Retrieved from CONCRETE IN PRACTICE:
HTTPS://WWW.NRMCA.ORG/ABOUTCONCRETE/CIPS/35P.PDF
(2018). Retrieved from
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(2019). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete
Chauhan, S. L., & A.Bondre, R. (2015). Partial Replacement of Sand by Quarry Dust in
Concrete. Retrieved from http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0715/ijsrp-p4372.pdf
he Editors of Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (n.d.). Britanica. Retrieved from
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 APPENDIX A

PHOTO ATTACHMENTS

A-1 WASTE GARNET SAND

A-2 MOULD PREPARATION

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 A-3 MIXING PREPARATION

A-4 MAKING THE CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SAMPLE

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 A-5 CURING

A-6 CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TE

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