A MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTO SELECTION OF ANY AVAILABLE PHASE IN 3 PHASE

SUPPLY SYSTEM

Subject- Capstone project

Submitted By :-

ROLL NO. Student’s Name Enrollment No.

11 Pallavi Narendra Kadhane 2200310143
33 Krushna Gajanan Deshmukh 2200310182
27 Om Kiransingh Rajput 2200310171
26 Sanket Motiram Sakhare 2200310169
59 Chetan Gajanan Gaikwad 2200310185
61 Shivam Bhagwan Wankhede 2200310189

Guide By:-

Mr S. D. Solanke
H. O. D. Principal

Ms. V. S. Paikine mam. Dr. B. G. Gawalwad Sir

(Electrical Department ) Government Polytechnic, Washim

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR- 2024-2025

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, WASHIM

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Pallavi Narendra Kadhane,Krushna Gajanan Deshmukh,Om

Kiransingh Rajput,Sanket Motiram Sakhare,Chetan Gajanan Gaikwad,Shivam
Bhagwan Wankhede

Of Polytechnic Third Year Electrical Engineering Student have submitted a

Capstone projects planning reports of Capstone report planning titled AUTO
SELECTION OF ANY AVAILABLE PHASE IN 3 PHASE SUPPLY SYSTEM.
during academic year 2024-2025 in satisfaction manner in partial fulfillment of
requirement for diploma in Electrical Engineering of MSBTE – Mumbai.

Guide By H.O.D

Mr S. D. Solanke Ms. V. S. Paikine mam

(Lecturer in EE Department) (Electrical Department)

Principal

Dr. B. G. Gawalwad sir

Government Polytechnic, Washim

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submissions represent by idea in my own word and
where other ideas or word have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced
and originals sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic
honestly and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/
data/ facts / source in my submission. I understand that any evolutions of the above will
be cause for disciplinary actions by the institute and can also evoke panel actions from
the source which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permissions
has not been taken when needed.

1. Pallavi Narendra Kadhane,

2. Krushna Gajanan Deshmukh

3. Om Kiransingh Rajput

4. Sanket Motiram Sakhare

5. Chetan Gajanan Gaikwad

6. Shivam Bhagwan Wankhede

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is done as a semester project as a part of course titled AUTO SELECTION
OF ANY AVAILABLE PHASE IN 3 PHASE SUPPLY SYSTEM. We are really
thankful to our Principal Mr. B. G. GAWALWALD SIR, H.O.D. Ms. V.S. PAIKINE
MAM
And the Project Coordinator Mr S. D. Solanke Electrical Engineering Department,
Government Polytechnic for his invaluable guidance and assistance, without which the
accomplishment of the task would have never been possible.
We are also thankful to Mr S. D. Solanke Project Mentor for giving this opportunity
to explore into the real world and realize the interrelation without which a project can
never progress. In our present project we have chosen the topic “ AUTO SELECTION
OF ANY AVAILABLE PHASE IN 3 PHASE SUPPLY SYSTEM”.
We are also thankful to our present, friends and all staff of ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, for providing us relevant information and
necessary clarifications, and great support

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 7

2 ABSTRACT 8

3 INTRODUCTION 10

4 LITERATURE REVIEW 11

5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 12

6 BLOCK DIAGRAM 14

7 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 15 27

8 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 29

9 WORKING PRINCIPLE 30

10 FINAL IMPLEMENTATION 32 34

11 CONCLUSION 36

12 REFERENCES 37,38

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CHAPTER 1

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 Acknowledgement

We would like to express my gratitude to all the people behind the screen
who helped me to transform an idea into a real application. We profoundly
thank Prof. XYZ principal of our institute who has been an excellent guide
and also a great source of inspiration to our work. We would like to thank
our Professors of Electrical Engineering branch for his technical guidance,
constant encouragement and support in carrying out my project at college.

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of

the task would be great but incomplete without the mention of the people
who made it possible with their constant guidance and encouragement
crowns all the efforts with success. In this context, We would like thank all
the other staff members, both teaching and non-teaching, who have extended
their timely help and eased our task. Last, but not least, we would like to
thank the authors of various research articles and books that were referred to

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 Abstract

This project is designed with an aim to provide uninterrupted AC mains

supply that is 230 volts to a single phase load. This is achieved by automatic
changeover of the load from the missing phase to the next available phase in a
3-phase system. It is often noticed that power interruption in the distribution
system is about 70% for single phase faults while the two other phases are in
normal condition.

Thus, in any commercial or domestic power providing system wherever three

phases are offered, it’s wise to possess automatic shift system for
uninterrupted power to essential loads in the event of missing phase. In this
three-phase supply system, the auto selection is achieved by using a set of
relays interconnected in such a way that if one of the relays feeding to the
load remains energized always. Under the phase failure condition, the
corresponding step-down transformer is turned on using a transistor
assembly.

Here, we are having three phases namely the R phase, Y phase, and B phase.
To control the switching of the phase, there are three switches. Led which is
placed on left is used to indicate which phase is on or off, the led and relays
placed on the right indicates, which supply is providing power to the load.

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9|Page
CHAPTER 2

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 Introduction

In developing countries like India, there is always the problem of

interrupted power supply as insufficient power is being generated to provide
consumers with continuous services and satisfactory quality. This leads to
constant power failure which in turn affects both the public and private
sectors of the economy. Industries, banks, hospitals and so many other public
and private establishment all have major critical loads that needs to be
powered at all times in order to carry out various processes efficiently.

The introduction of some of these alternative sources of power supply brings

forth the challenge of switching smoothly in a timely manner between the
mains supply and the alternative sources whenever there is a failure on the
mains source. Automatic three phase selector is an integral part of the process
of power generation, allowing smooth and instant transfer of electric current
between multiple sources and load. The function of the automatic three phase
selector is to monitor the incoming public supply voltage and detect when the
voltage drops below a certain level that electrical/electronic appliances can
function depending on the utility supply.

The compares the automatic three phase selector voltage of the other two
phases using a comparator circuit and if the voltages are not available, the
system changes over from public supply to generator. When the generator is in
operation, it prevents any feedback current to the load. It also ensures that the
different power sources are synchronized before the load is transferred to
them. The transfer switch senses when there is interruption if the mains supply
remains absent.
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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Power failure is a common problem. It is often noticed that power

interruption in distribution system is about 70% for single phase fault while
other two phases are in normal condition. Thus, in any commercial or
domestic power supply system where 3 phases is available, an auto phase
selector system is required for uninterrupted power to critical loads in the
event of power failure in any phase.

In any commercial or domestic power supply system where 3 phases is

available, it is advisable to have an automatic changeover system for
uninterrupted power to critical loads in the event of missing phase. In this
system auto selection is achieved by using a set of relays interconnected in
such a way that if one of the relay feeding to the load remains energized
always. Power supply in India and most developing countries of the world is
anything but stable. In this paper, we provide an automatic switching
mechanism that transfers the consumer loads to a power source from a
generator in the case of power failure in the mains supply. It automatically
detects when power has been restored to the mains supply and returns the
loads to this source while turning off the power from the generator set.

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 Hardware Requirement:

 Transformers 12v/500mA
 Mains Cords
 Relays 12V SPDT
 1N4007 Diodes
 Switches
 BC557 Transistors
 Zero PCB
 Resistors1k
 Capacitors 100uF/25v
 Voltage Regulator 7012
 Heat Sink
 AC Bulb & Holder
 Power Socket And Switch
 PB2 Connectors
 Optocoupler PC817

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CHAPTER 3

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Block Diagram:

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 Components Description :

 Transformer :

A one circuit is transferred into electric power of the same frequency in

another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current. The physical basis of a
transformer is mutual d induction between two circuits linked by common
magnetic flux. In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils which
are electrically separated but connected through a path of low reluctance. The
two coils possess high magnetically link mutual inductance.

If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux

is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the uses
mutually induced e.m.f. if the second coil circuit other coil in which it prod
is closed, a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely
magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil. The first coil, in which e
mains, is called primary winding and electric energy is fed from the AC
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 supply the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary
winding.

 Voltage Regulators :-

 7805

All voltage sources cannot able to give fixed output due to fluctuations in
the circuit. For getting constant and steady output, the voltage regulators are
implemented. The integrated circuits which are used for the regulation of
voltage are termed as voltage regulator ICs. Here, we can discuss about IC
7805.The voltage regulator IC 7805 is actually a member of 78xx series of
voltage regulator ICs. It is a fixed linear voltage regulator. The xx present in
78xx represents the value of the fixed output voltage that the particular IC
provides. For 7805 IC, it is +5V DC regulated power supply. This regulator IC
also adds a provision for a heat sink. The input voltage to this voltage
regulator can be up to 35V, and this IC can give a constant 5V for any value of
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input less than or equal to 35V which is the threshold limit.

Zero PCB :

General Purpose Zero PCB. As its name suggests, general purpose PCB’s are
widely used to embed circuits randomly for running of hardware. Its layer is
coated with copper and allows proper soldering without any short circuit.

Resistors :

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 A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors may be used to
reduce current flow, and, at the same time, may act to lower voltage levels
within circuits.

Relay :

What is a relay?

We know that most of the high end industrial application devices have relays
for their effective working. Relays are simple switches which are operated

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both electrically and mechanically. Relays consist of an electromagnet and
also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out with the help of
the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for its working.
But they differ according to their application. Most of the devices have the
application of relays.

Why is a relay used?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal
can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal
can be used to control a lot of circuits. The application of relays started during
the invention of telephones. They played an important role in switching calls
in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance telegraphy.
They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another
destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to perform
Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of relays
require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are
called contactors

Construction of Relay:-

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 It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an
iron core. A path of very low reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for
the movable armature and also the switch point contacts. The movable
armature is connected to the yoke which is mechanically connected to the
switch point contacts. These parts are safely held with the help of a spring.
The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay
becomes de-energized.

How relay works?

The working of a relay can be better understood by explaining the
following diagram given below.

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 The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core
is surrounded by a control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the
electromagnet through a control switch and through contacts to the load.
When current starts flowing through the control coil, the electromagnet starts
energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm
starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts
causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay
was already de-energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact
move oppositely and make an open circuit.
As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be
returned by a force back to its initial position. This force will be almost equal
to half the strength of the magnetic force. This force is mainly provided by
two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.
Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage
application and the other is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more
preference will be given to reduce the noise of the whole circuit. For high
voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a phenomenon called
arcing.

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 Relay Basics

The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 – pin
relay shown below. There are two colours shown. The green colour
represents the control circuit and the red colour represents the load circuit. A
small control coil is connected onto the control circuit. A switch is connected
to the load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the control circuit. Now
let us take the different steps that occur in a relay.

Energized Relay (ON)

As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils

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represented by pins 1 and 3 causes a magnetic field to be aroused. This
magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2 and 4. Thus the switch plays an
important role in the relay working. As it is a part of the load circuit, it is used
to control an electrical circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the relay in
energized the current flow will be through the pins 2 and 4

De – Energized Relay (OFF)

As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the switch
opens and thus the open circuit prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4.
Thus the relay becomes de-energized and thus in off position.

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 In simple, when a voltage is applied to pin 1, the electromagnet
activates, causing a magnetic field to be developed, which goes on to close
the pins 2 and 4 causing a closed circuit. When there is no voltage on pin 1,
there will be no electromagnetic force and thus no magnetic field. Thus the
switches remain open.
In this project we are using 12 Volt SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)
Relay.
.

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Optocoupler PC817 :

PC817 IC is an optocoupler that includes a phototransistor and an IR diode.

In various circuits, filters play a key role to remove the noise. When the
circuit including resistor and capacitor always eliminates the noise from the
incoming signal however the resistor & value capacitor frequently depends on
the inward signal.
This circuit is simply appropriate wherever the incoming signal includes
some data however when we need to transmit the signal from one element of
the circuit to the other element although the signal includes noise, so we have
to utilize the blend of IR Tx & Rx.
In the circuit of PC817 optocoupler, the IR gets the noisy signal from one part
and transmits it to another using the IR signal so that it performs based on the
design of the circuit. PC817 IC includes an LED & a phototransistor which
are connected jointly optically. The signal can be transmitted optically in
between an i/p and an o/p side without any physical connection.
To any microcontroller or any DC device with less voltage, it can be
connected directly. From every face of this IC, the input voltages will have a
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similar effect; it will simply transmit the signal toward the receiver. After
that, the receiver will provide the logic signal like an output. This IC has
several uses because of its tiny size & control operation.

PC817 Optocoupler Pin Configuration

The pin configuration of PC817 Optocoupler is shown below, This IC

includes 4 pins like 2 input pins and 2 output pins where each pin and its
functionality is discussed below.

PC817 IC Pin Diagram:

Pin1 (Anode): In the optocoupler IC, this is an Anode pin of infrared LED
(Tx). This pin provides a logical input signal toward the internal IR.
Pin2 (Cathode): In this IC, this is the cathode pin of the infrared LED (Tx). It
will provide the infrared to create the common GND through the circuit &
power supply
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Pin3 (Collector): This is an o/p pin of the IR Tx in the optocoupler and it
provides the logical o/p through getting the infrared signal.
Pin4 (Emitter): This is a GND pin for IR Rx in the IC & it is used to build the
common GND through the circuit & power supply.

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CHAPTER 4

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Circuit Diagram :

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 Working Principle:

The Circuit Diagram illustrates how the various modules involved in

the system had been implemented. All the modules are inter-
connected to each other and are independent of load connected. The
hardware architecture consists of a phase sensing, control logic,
power supply, display unit, relay driver and DC relays
The control logic circuit chooses the phase priority for one out of three
phases. The relay-driver section drives the relay according to the
signal received from the control logic unit while the power supply
provides the power to phase sensors, control logic and relay driver
sections. The relay connects the load to the best available phase
through the contacts that are fed from all the three phases.

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CHAPTER 5

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Final Implementation :

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CHAPTER 6

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Conclusion :

The proposed system is designed to provide uninterrupted power supply

to load. In this system we designed automatic phase changeover switch
by using logic circuit and auto selection is achieved by using a set of
relays. This project can be implemented in colleges, hospitals, houses,
banks etc. where the load is single phase and the power supply is 3
phase.

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 References :

[1] Himadri Sil, Sayan Debnath “ Design of automatic phase selector

from any available three phase with the use of logic gate and relay
driver” International Journal Of Advanced Research In Electrical,
Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 1, June 2016.

[2] Nirbhay Singh, Nitesh Kumar, Amrish Kumar, “Automatic Active

Phase Selector for Single Phase Load from Three Phase Supply”
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering Technology,
Management and Research, Vol. 4, Issue 3, March 2017

[3] Ashish Kumar Gupta, Chandan Singh, Gurpreet Sigh, Arun Kumar,
“Automatic Cost Effective Phase Selector” International Journal Of
Advanced Research In Electrical, Electronics And Instrumentation
Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 5, May 2015.

[4] Oduobuk, E. J., Ettah, E.B., Ekpenyong,e.E., “Design And

Implementation Of Automatic Three Phase Charger Using LM324 Quad
Integrated Circuit” International Journal Of Engineering And
Technology Research Vol.2, No.4, April 2014.

[5] Patel Ritesh, Dalwadi Harsh, Patel Priyal, Pittal Aarif , Mr. Viral
Patel, ETAL -International Journal of Advance Engineering and
Research Development Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.72
Special Issue SIEICON-2017,April -2017,e-ISSN : 2348-4470,p-ISSN :
2348-6406 2) Nirbhay Singh, Nitesh Kumar, Amrish Kumar, ETAL –
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering, Technology,
Management and Research, ISSN No: 2348 – 4845, Volume No: 4
(2017), Issue No: 3 (March).

[6] Alexander Kyereh, Gyimah Kopri, ETAL – STU International

Journal Of Technology(STUIJT), Vol 1 Issue 3 -April, 2017 (ISSN
2508-0997, Online) 4) Prof. Rushikesh ,V. Pandya Ravi ,N. Ramoliya
Bhavesh ,D. Pandit Divyesh ,A. Gavadiya, ETAL -IJSRD -International
Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 01, 2017 |

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ISSN (online): 2321-0613.

[7] F. U. Nweke and R. C. Iwu, ETAL – IOSR Journal of Applied

Physics (IOSR-JAP), e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 7, Issue 6 Ver. I
(Nov. – Dec. 2015), PP 11-14.

[8] Sreekanth P K, Ganesh M, ETAL – National conference on

Technology innovation in Mechatronics,Energy Management and
Intelligent communication (NCTIMEMIC-2017) International Journal of
Advanced Scientific Technologies, Engineering and Management
Sciences (IJASTEMS-ISSN: 2454-356X) Volume: 3, Special Issue: 1,
April.2017.

[9] Namita R.chavan,Ravina S.chavan, Arti N. Giri, ETAL – 2nd

National Conference Recent Innovations in Science and Engineering
(NC-RISE 17) ISSN: 2321 – 8169, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 23 – 26.

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