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Synchronize2 Grammarreference Spanish

The document provides a comprehensive overview of English grammar, covering topics such as question formation, the use of present simple and continuous tenses, and the past simple and continuous tenses. It includes examples of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as the correct usage of verbs and question words. Additionally, it explains the differences between regular and irregular verbs, and how to express opinions using 'like' with gerunds and nouns.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
66 views10 pages

Synchronize2 Grammarreference Spanish

The document provides a comprehensive overview of English grammar, covering topics such as question formation, the use of present simple and continuous tenses, and the past simple and continuous tenses. It includes examples of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as the correct usage of verbs and question words. Additionally, it explains the differences between regular and irregular verbs, and how to express opinions using 'like' with gerunds and nouns.

Uploaded by

alejandrocs12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

2

Unit 0
• Para preguntas y respuestas:
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA
like + -ing Respuestas
Do you like playing tennis? Yes, I do. I love it.
Partículas interrogativas
Does he like playing piano? No, he doesn’t. He hates it.
• Empleamos diferentes partículas interrogativas para
like + sustantivo Respuestas
preguntar acerca de diferentes tipos de información.
Do they like pizza? Yes, they do. They’re crazy
Partícula Uso about it.
interrogativa
Does she like dogs? No, she doesn’t. She can’t
What Para preguntar sobre cosas y acciones stand them.
Where Para preguntar sobre lugares
• Empleamos estos verbos y frases de la misma manera
When Para preguntar sobre momentos que like:
Which Para preguntar sobre cosas y personas
+ love, be crazy about
Who Para preguntar sobre personas
+/- don’t mind
Why Para preguntar sobre razones
- hate, can’t stand
How Para preguntar sobre la forma de hacer algo;
para preguntar sobre cantidades My brother’s crazy about football.

• Podemos formar las oraciones interrogativas en 2 In your notebook, write present simple sentences
present simple con be.
with -ing / noun.
What colour is the jacket?
1 Grace / love / travel to different countries
How do I get to the museum?
Grace loves travelling to different countries.
• También formamos las oraciones interrogativas en 2 I / can’t stand / spiders
present simple con:
3 we / not mind / study for exams
Partícula interrogativa + do / does + sujeto + verbo + ? 4 Connor / hate get up / early
Partícula do / does + sujeto Verbo 5 Holly / like / pasta with cheese
interrogativa
What do I want for dinner?
Where do you live?
Cuantificadores
When do we get home? Con sustantivos Con sustantivos
contables incontables
Which do they prefer?
Afirmativa There are some / There is some /
Who does he live with? a lot of cars. a lot of water.
Why does she like shopping? Negativa There aren’t any / There isn’t any /
How does it work? many / a lot of / much / a lot of /
enough chairs. enough time.
Interrogativa How many books How much money
1 Copy and complete each question with one question have you got? do we need?
word.
1 ‘Why is your hair wet?’ ‘It’s raining.’ Do you have any / Do you have any /
a lot of / enough a lot of / enough
2 ‘(…) does he get home every day?’ ‘By train.’
books? time?
3 ‘(…) is her birthday?’ ‘It’s on 13th June.’
4 ‘(…) do you need?’ ‘A pencil and some paper.’
5 ‘(…) is the cinema?’ ‘It’s on Plum Street.’ 3 Choose the correct option.
6 ‘(…) does she sit next to in class?’ ‘Her friend Mila.’ 1 Be careful. There’s any / some ice on the road.
7 ‘(…) is your food?’ ‘It’s very nice, thank you.’ 2 How many / much carrots do you want?
8 ‘(…) ice cream do you prefer? Strawberry or chocolate?’ 3 Do you have any / many sugar?
4 I haven’t got some / any money in my pocket.
5 There aren’t enough / a lot of eggs for an omelette.
like + -ing / sustantivo I’ve only got one.
• Empleamos like + -ing para dar opiniones sobre actividades: 6 There’s not many / much food in the fridge.
My sister (doesn’t) like playing video games.
• Podemos emplear like + sustantivo para dar opiniones
sobre cosas, personas o lugares:
I (don’t) like burgers / my teacher / New York.

1 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 0
Present simple 5 Copy and complete the sentences. Use the present
• Podemos emplear el present simple para hablar sobre continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
rutinas y hábitos. 1 You aren’t listening (not / listen) to me.
I study every day. 2 (…) they (…) (watch) the news?
• También podemos emplear el present simple para hablar 3 I (…) (not / enjoy) the film.
sobre hechos, sentimientos y opiniones. 4 She (…) (study) English at college.
He doesn’t speak French. 5 Why (…) they (…) (smile)?
• En las formas negativas, no añadimos -s o -es al verbo
con he / she / it. Present continuous: planes futuros
She doesn’t eat meat. (NO: She doesn’t eats meat.)
• Un plan tiene una hora y/o lugar fijos. Normalmente
Afirmativa incluye a otras personas. Podemos emplear el present
I / You / We / They like continuous para hablar de planes.
milk. We’re meeting at the cinema on Saturday.
He / She / It likes
Negativa
Are you getting the seven o’clock flight?
I / You / We / They don’t like
chips. 6 In your notebook, write questions with the present
He / She / It doesn’t like continuous. Then match them to answers A–E.
Interrogativa Respuestas breves 1 where / you go / this evening?
Do you like ice cream? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Where are you going this evening? C
Does he like tomatoes? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 2 what time / Leah leave?
3 you / run / on Sunday morning?
4 Choose the correct option. 4 how long / they / stay / at Grandma’s / in July?
1 My parents live / lives in New Zealand. 5 when / Mike and Jane / get married?
2 Elsa work / works in a library. A Yes, I am. Do you want to join me?
3 Greg and Selma study / studies Chinese at school. B In August.
4 Does Sophie go / goes horse riding at the weekend? C I’m going to the cinema with Suzi.
5 My best friend play / plays the guitar and the piano. D They’re staying for two weeks.
E She’s leaving at 4 p.m.
Present continuous
• Empleamos el present continuous para hablar de Pronombres posesivos
acciones que están ocurriendo (o no) ahora o en el
momento en el que se habla. Formamos el present Pronombre I you he she it we they
continuous con am / are + -ing. sujeto
Determinante my your his her its our their
• Formamos las preguntas de sí/no en present posesivo
continuous con:
Pronombre mine yours his hers – ours theirs
Am / Are / Is + sujeto + forma -ing posesivo
Afirmativa
I am / ’m 7 Copy and complete the sentences with a possessive
He / She / It is / ’s speaking English. pronoun from the table.
You / We / They are / ’re 1 ‘This isn’t my book. Is it yours?’ ‘Yes, it is. Thanks.’
Negativa 2 Brad doesn’t like milk, so I’m sure this drink isn’t (…).
I am / ’m not 3 The blue suitcase is (…). We lost it last week.
He / She / It is not / isn’t listening to music.
4 It’s not Katy’s phone. (…) is black.
5 ‘Is that your parents’ car?’
You / We / They are not / aren’t
‘The red one? Yes, that’s (…).’
Interrogativa
Am I
¡RECUERDA! Nunca emplees apóstrofe con un pronombre
Is he / she / it wearing a hat? posesivo: ‘My bag is next to your’s.’ 
Are you / we / they ‘My bag is next to yours.’ 
• En las respuestas afirmativas breves, no empleamos las
formas breves.
‘Are you reading?’ ‘Yes, I am.’ / ‘No, I’m not.’ (NO: ‘Yes, I’m.’)
2 © Oxford University Press
2
Unit 1
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA Interrogativa
Partícula did Sujeto Infinitivo
interrogativa sin to
Past simple: verbos regulares e did you get home?
irregulares When
did she write to you?
• Empleamos el past simple para hablar de estados o • El verbo principal en oraciones negativas e interrogativas
acciones que terminaron en el pasado. es el infinitivo sin to (play), y no la forma de past simple
Ella was relaxed before the game. (played).
Euro Disney opened in 1992. I didn’t finish my work. (NO: I didn’t finished my work.)
• Lo empleamos para acciones repetidas o cosas que Did you fly to Moscow? (NO: Did you flew to Moscow?)
ocurrieron una después de la otra. • En las respuestas breves, empleamos did o didn’t.
She checked her phone about ten times during the meal! ‘Did you meet her parents?’ ‘Yes, I did.’ / ‘No, I didn’t.’
He got into the car, shut the door, and started the engine.
Estas formas son las mismas para los verbos regulares e
• Añadimos -ed para formar el past simple de la mayoría de irregulares, excepto con el verbo be.
verbos regulares.
• También podemos responder a una pregunta de sí/no
Past simple: verbos regulares simplemente con un yes o con un no.
La mayoría de añaden -ed play → played ‘Did you see the castle?’ ‘Yes.’ / ‘No.’
verbos
• Pronunciamos la terminación -ed de los verbos regulares
Si terminan en -e añaden -d live → lived en past simple de diferentes formas.
Si terminan en una cambian -y por -ied study → studied
Pronunciación: verbos regulares que terminan en -ed
consonante + -y
Verbos que terminan se pronuncia -ed played (/pleɪd/)
La mayoría duplican la stop → stopped
en un sonido sonoro, como /d/ lived (/lɪvd/)
de verbos que consonante y
excepto /d/
terminan en añaden -ed
una vocal + una Verbos que terminan se pronuncia -ed worked (/wɜːkt/)
consonante en un sonido sordo*, como /t/ stopped (/stɒpt/)
(excepto w y y) excepto /t/
Verbos que terminan se pronuncia -ed ended (/endɪd/)
• La forma verbal de past simple es la misma para todos los en el sonido /d/ o /t/ como /ɪd/ started (/stɑːtɪd/)
sujetos (I, you, he, she, etc.) excepto para el verbo be:
*Los sonidos que no requieren nuestra voz (solo aire) se
She wore sunglasses. (NO: She wores sunglasses.)
denominan “sordos”: /p/, /t/, /tʃ/, /k/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/
Was y were son las formas en past simple del verbo be.
Past simple: be
Past simple: (there) was / were
Afirmativa Negativa
• Empleamos there was / were para hablar sobre cosas
I / He / She / It was wasn’t del pasado.
You / We / They were weren’t There was a record shop on the high street.
• Con los verbos irregulares, no añadimos -ed para formar There were lots of people at the concert.
el past simple. Todos tienen formas de pasado diferentes.
buy → bought leave → left see → saw Frases en tiempo pasado
eat → ate make → made swim → swam • A menudo utilizamos frases en tiempo pasado con el past
simple para indicar exactamente cuándo sucedieron las
give → gave put → put write → wrote
cosas, por ejemplo: an hour ago, at lunchtime, yesterday,
→ Lista de verbos irregulares en las páginas 32 y 33 last week, in 2017, ten years ago.
• Formamos las oraciones negativas e interrogativas de I saw Bella an hour ago.
la misma manera con los verbos regulares e irregulares, They didn’t go to the lake yesterday.
excepto con el verbo be y los verbos modales Was it hot last week?
(can, must, etc.).
Negativa ¡RECUERDA! Con las oraciones negativas en past simple,
solemos emplear la forma breve didn’t, pero a
Sujeto didn’t Infinitivo
veces utilizamos la forma completa did not cuando
(did not) sin to
escribimos de manera formal.
I / He / She / It / to the
didn’t come
You / We / They party.

3 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 2
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA Past continuous y past simple
• Empleamos el past continuous cuando una acción
en el pasado no está acabada o se ve interrumpida.
Past continuous Empleamos el past simple para hablar de acciones
• Empleamos el past continuous para hablar de acciones acabadas en el pasado. Compara estas dos oraciones:
en curso en un momento del pasado. I was reading my book on the train. (= No lo terminé.)
I was watching TV at ten o’clock last night. I read the magazine on the train. (= Leí toda la revista.)
I was watching TV. • Podemos emplear el past simple y el past continuous
juntos para acciones que ocurrieron al mismo tiempo.
X Empleamos el past continuous para la acción más larga y
el past simple para la acción más corta.
Past Past Present
I was sitting on the train when I phoned my mum.
I started ten o’clock I finished
watching TV. watching TV. I was sitting on the train.

• A menudo empleamos el past continuous para describir X


un escenario, especialmente al principio de una historia. Past Past Present
The sun was shining and the birds were singing. I started sitting I phoned I finished sitting
on the train. my mum. on the train.
• También empleamos el past continuous para una acción
que se prolonga durante todo un periodo de tiempo,
p. ej.: un día o semana. • Podemos colocar el past continuous antes del past
I was working on my project all week. simple en una oración o podemos colocar primero el
past simple.
• Formamos el past continuous con:
Past continuous Past simple
Sujeto + was / were + forma -ing del verbo.
I was sitting on the train when I phoned my mum.
Afirmativa y negativa
Past simple Past continuous
Sujeto was / were forma
I phoned my mum while I was sitting on the train.
-ing
I / He / She / It was running in the park. • A menudo empleamos el past simple para describir
+ estados pasados.
You / We / They were eating in a restaurant.
I / He / She / It wasn’t moving very fast.
I hated carrots when I was a child. (NO: I was hating
- carrots when I was a child.)
You / We / They weren’t playing video games.

• Para formar las oraciones interrogativas, cambiamos el Conectar acciones pasadas con as
orden de was / were y el sujeto:
Was / Were + sujeto + forma -ing
• También podemos emplear el past continuous con dos
acciones en la misma oración. Expresa la idea de que
Partícula interrogativa + was / were + sujeto + forma -ing ambas acciones estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.
Interrogativa A menudo empleamos as para mostrar esto.
Partícula was / Sujeto forma As we were eating dinner, Ali was doing her homework.
interrogativa were -ing We were eating dinner.
Was I / he / she / it running in the park?
Ali was doing her homework.
Were you / we / they eating in a restaurant?
Why was the bus going the wrong way?
What were the children doing?
Past Past Present
• Podemos responder a las preguntas de sí/no con
respuestas breves. ¡RECUERDA! A menudo empleamos when antes del past
‘Was he running in the park?’ simple y while antes del past continuous.
‘Yes, he was.’ / ‘No, he wasn’t.’
• No solemos utilizar el past continuous con verbos de
estado como believe, need y understand, pero sí con
verbos que muestran que la acción o el acontecimiento
duró mucho tiempo, como wait, live, work y rain.
They were living in Paris last year.

7 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 3
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA Primer condicional
• Empleamos el primer condicional para hablar de
una acción o situación posible en el futuro, y sobre el
will / won’t para predicciones resultado o efecto que implica.
• Empleamos will y won’t para hacer predicciones sobre If I have time this afternoon, I’ll plant some flowers.
el futuro. Cláusula if = If I have time this afternoon,
I’m sure she’ll win the match tomorrow. Cláusula de resultado = I’ll plant some flowers.
We won’t see them again this year. • Formamos el primer condicional con la cláusula if
• La forma will o won’t es la misma para todos los sujetos. + cláusula de resultado (o cláusula de resultado +
(I, you, it, they, etc.) cláusula if).
• Empleamos el infinitivo sin to en las formas afirmativa • Formamos la cláusula if con If + sujeto + present simple.
y negativa. Formamos la cláusula de resultado con sujeto +
Pete won’t be early. (NO: Pete won’t to be late.) will (’ll) / will not (won’t) + infinitivo sin to.
Afirmativa y negativa Afirmativa, negativa y preguntas de sí/no
Sujeto will / Infinitivo If Sujeto Present Sujeto Infinitivo
won’t sin to simple + will / sin to
won’t
make lots of money in
I / He / She / It / the future. If Luke visits us, we’ll take him to
+ will / ’ll +
You / We / They London.
be happy.
If you don’t you pass that
stay here for long.
I / He / She / It / will not / - study won’t exam.
- go on holiday next harder,
You / We / They won’t
year.
If I leave will they mind?
• Para formar las preguntas de sí/no, invertimos el orden ? before
del sujeto y will. dinner,

Will Sujeto Infinitivo • También podemos formular preguntas con el primer


sin to condicional empleando partículas interrogativas.
Will I / he / she / it / make lots of money in the How will you get to the beach if we go?
you / we / they future? What will they do if the park closes?
Respuestas breves • Podemos colocar la cláusula if antes o después de la
Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. cláusula de resultado. Empleamos una coma después de
la cláusula if si aparece antes de la cláusula de resultado.
• Para formar las Wh- questions, la partícula interrogativa
se coloca al principio de la pregunta, antes de will. Cláusula if / acción Resultado
How will people travel in the year 3000? If I see Cathy, I’ll invite her for dinner.
(NO: People will how travel in the year 3000?) If I see Cathy, I’ll give her the message.
Partícula will Sujeto Infinitivo
interrogativa sin to Resultado Cláusula if / acción
When make lots of money? I’ll invite Cathy for dinner if I see her.
will you
How do it? I’ll give Cathy the message if I see her.

• En el inglés oral, solemos emplear la forma breve de will


con los pronombres personales (p. ej.: I’ll, you’ll, he’ll,
she’ll). En las oraciones negativas, solemos emplear la
forma breve won’t. También empleamos won’t en las
respuestas negativas breves (p. ej.: No, I won’t.).

¡RECUERDA! No empleamos la forma breve en las


respuestas afirmativas breves:
‘Will Sunita be there?’
‘Yes, she’ll.’  ‘Yes, she will.’ 

11 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 4
• Podemos responder a las preguntas de sí/no con una
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA respuesta breve.
‘Are you going to donate some money?’ ‘Yes, I am.’
be going to para planes futuros e ‘Are they going to volunteer to help?’ ‘No, they’re not.’
intenciones • Formamos las Wh- questions con:
• Podemos emplear be going to para hablar de planes Partícula interrogativa + am / is / are + sujeto + going to +
futuros e intenciones. verbo
I’m going to visit my aunt in hospital this evening. Wh- questions
‘Are they going to meet us for lunch later?’ ‘Yes, they are.’ Partícula be Sujeto going to Verbo
• A menudo empleamos be going to con expresiones interrogativa
de futuro, por ejemplo: tomorrow, next week, tonight, Where am I go?
next year. When is he / she / it going to arrive?
I’m going to cycle to work tomorrow. What are you / we / they do?
‘What are you going to do this summer?’ ‘I’m going to visit
my friends in Kenya.’
• También podemos emplear be going to con adverbios be going to y will para predicciones
de frecuencia (definida), por ejemplo: every day, • Podemos emplear be going to y will para hacer
twice a week, monthly. predicciones sobre el futuro.
I’m going to exercise every day. • A menudo empleamos be going to cuando existe alguna
• Formamos las oraciones afirmativas con: evidencia en el presente para apoyar la predicción, por
Sujeto + am / is / are + going to + infinitivo sin to ejemplo, algo que podemos ver, oír, oler o sentir.
There isn’t a cloud in the sky. It’s going to be a lovely day.
Afirmativa
I’m not going to finish. There isn’t enough time.
Sujeto + be going to Infinitivo
sin to • A menudo empleamos will para hacer predicciones
basadas en algo que nosotros creemos o sabemos.
I’m swim in the sea.
You’ll love Australia. It’s beautiful.
He’s / She’s / It’s going to ride a horse.
He won’t come. He never comes to parties.
You’re / We’re / They’re visit friends.
• Empleamos el infinitivo del verbo sin to después de be
• Formamos las oraciones negativas con: going to y will.
Sujeto + am / is / are + not + going to + infinitivo sin to Afirmativa y negativa: be going to
Negativa Sujeto be going to Infinitivo
Sujeto + be going to Infinitivo sin to
sin to + It ’s going to rain.
I’m not drive to the beach. - I ’m not going to win this race.
He / She / It isn’t going to come to the party.
You / We / They aren’t go to the library. Afirmativa y negativa: will
Sujeto will / won’t Infinitivo
• Formamos las preguntas de sí/no con: sin to
be + sujeto + going to + infinitivo sin to + ? + You ’ll have a great time.
Preguntas de sí/no - Sam won’t be late.
be Sujeto going to Infinitivo
sin to ¡RECUERDA! A menudo empleamos I don’t think con be
Am I travel around going to o will cuando estamos menos seguros sobre
America? una predicción:
Is he / she / it going to
I think people won’t / aren’t going to drive flying cars
in the future. 
Are you / we / they go to the party?

I don’t think people will / are going to drive flying cars


in the future. 

14 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 5
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA Adverbios comparativos y superlativos
• Empleamos los adverbios comparativos con than para
indicar que una persona o grupo hace las cosas mejor,
can / can’t, could / couldn’t peor o diferente a otra persona o grupo.
• Podemos emplear can / can’t para hablar de habilidades The girls play more quietly than the boys.
en el presente. • En la mayoría de adverbios que terminan en -ly o -ily,
I can ski. formamos el comparativo con more. En los adverbios con
• Podemos emplear could y couldn’t para hablar de la misma forma que el adjetivo, añadimos -er.
habilidades en el pasado. Adverbios comparativos
My sister could run very fast when she was 12, but she
Adverbios que more + adverbio quietly → more quietly
couldn’t ride a bike. terminan en -ly easily → more easily
• Empleamos el infinitivo sin to después de can / can’t o o -ily
could / couldn’t. Las formas son las mismas para todos Adverbios con la añaden -er fast → faster
los sujetos. misma forma que hard → harder
I / He / She / It / You / We / They can / could run 5 km in less el adjetivo
than 30 minutes.
• Algunos adverbios tienen dos formas de comparativo
• Para formar oraciones interrogativas, invertimos el orden diferentes. Las formas que terminan en -er son más
de can / could y el sujeto: informales.
Can you ride a bike? My sister eats ice cream more quickly / quicker than me.
Could you read when you were five? Dave works more slowly / slower than Ed.
Habilidad I can ride a bike. • Algunos adverbios son irregulares y tienen una forma de
presente She can’t drive a car. comparativo irregular.
Interrogativa Can they cook? Adjetivo Adverbio Adverbio comparativo
Respuestas breves Yes, they can. / No, they can’t. good well better
bad badly worse
Habilidad I could talk when I was two years old.
pasada They couldn’t swim when they were five.
• Empleamos adverbios superlativos para comparar el
modo en el que una persona hace algo con el modo en el
Interrogativa Could he speak English when he que lo hacen otros (en un grupo).
was young?
Jenna works the hardest in our office.
Respuestas breves Yes, he could. / No, he couldn’t.
• En la mayoría de adverbios que terminan en -ly o -ily,
• Empleamos can / can’t o could / couldn’t para hablar formamos el superlativo con the most. En los adverbios
sobre normas. con la misma forma que el adjetivo, añadimos the + -est.
You can take a dictionary into the exam.
Adverbios superlativos
We couldn’t speak during the exam.
Adverbios que the most quietly → the most quietly
• También empleamos can para hacer una petición o terminan en -ly + adverbio easily → the most easily
solicitar permiso para hacer algo. o -ily
‘Can we eat in here?’ ‘No, you can’t.’ Adverbios con la the + -est fast → the fastest
‘Can I go to Sarah’s party?’ ‘Yes, you can.’ misma forma que hard → the hardest
el adjetivo
Permiso presente You can drive a car when you’re 17.
We can’t go to the party on Friday. • Algunos adverbios tienen dos formas de superlativo
diferentes. Las formas que terminan en -est son más
Interrogativa Can I go to the cinema?
informales.
Respuestas breves Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
My sister eats ice cream the quickest / most quickly.
Dave works the slowest / most slowly.
Permiso pasado I could come home at 10 p.m. on Saturday.
We couldn’t use our mobiles at school.
• Algunos adverbios son irregulares y tienen una forma de
superlativo irregular.
Interrogativa Could you go into town with your friends?
Respuestas breves Yes, we could. / No, we couldn’t. Adjetivo Adverbio Adverbio superlativo
good well (the) best
¡RECUERDA! No empleamos do para formar preguntas bad badly (the) worst
con can / could:
Do you can / could ride a bike? 

18 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 6
• Formamos las preguntas de sí/no en present perfect con:
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA
Have / Has + sujeto + participio pasado
Interrogativa
Present perfect
Have / Has Sujeto Participio
• Podemos emplear el present perfect para hablar de pasado
experiencias vitales o estados que todavía son relevantes
Have I / you / we / they played in a team?
en el presente.
Has he / she / it had any injuries?
Maria has travelled around the world.
• Formamos las respuestas breves con:
Maria travels around the world.
Yes / No + sujeto + have / haven’t o has / hasn’t
‘Have you done your homework?’ ‘Yes, I have.’
‘Has Jane seen Kylie?’ ‘No, she hasn’t.’
Past Present
There has / have been es la forma en present perfect de
Maria is born. there is / are.
There has been a lot of noise.
• No decimos cuándo tuvo lugar la acción con el present There haven’t been any problems.
perfect.
I’ve visited Paris. (NO: I’ve visited Paris last year.)
• Para indicar cuándo ocurrió una acción en el pasado, Present perfect con ever y never
utilizamos el past simple. • Podemos emplear ever y never para referirnos a
I visited Paris last year. experiencias vitales hasta la actualidad.
• No empleamos el present perfect para hablar de las • Ever significa “en cualquier momento del pasado”.
experiencias de personas fallecidas. Lo empleamos en las oraciones interrogativas.
Shakespeare wrote more than 30 plays. Have you ever climbed a mountain?
(NO: Shakespeare has written more than 30 plays.) Has she ever worked in a restaurant before?
• Los verbos regulares tienen participios pasados que son • Never significa “en ningún momento del pasado”.
iguales a sus formas de past simple, terminadas en -ed. Lo empleamos con un verbo en afirmativa.
visit, visited → visited arrive, arrived → arrived I’ve never read The Goblet of Fire.
He’s never been to China.
• Los verbos irregulares tienen participios pasados
irregulares. En ocasiones, el participio pasado de un
¡RECUERDA! No empleamos not y never juntos:
verbo irregular es igual a la forma de past simple, y en
I haven’t never watched a horror film. 
otras ocasiones, es diferente.
I’ve never watched a horror film. 
do, did → done have, had → had
eat, ate → eaten lose, lost → lost
• Formamos las oraciones afirmativas en present perfect
simple con:
Sujeto + have / has + participio pasado
Afirmativa
Sujeto have / Participio
has pasado
I / You / We / They have played in a band.
He / She / It has had dance lessons.

• Formamos las oraciones negativas en present perfect


simple con:
Sujeto + haven’t / hasn’t + participio pasado
Negativa
Sujeto haven’t / Participio
hasn’t pasado
I / You / We / They haven’t played basketball.
He / She / It hasn’t had swimming
lessons.

22 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 7
• Para formar las oraciones negativas, empleamos must
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA not (mustn’t):
Sujeto + must not (mustn’t) + infinitivo sin to
should / shouldn’t, must / mustn’t Afirmativa y negativa
should / shouldn’t Sujeto must Infinitivo
sin to
• Empleamos should / shouldn’t para dar y pedir consejo.
Your cough sounds bad. You should see a doctor. I / He / She / must finish all your homework.
It / You / We / must not / tell Sarah.
You shouldn’t study for too long without a break.
They mustn’t
‘Should I invite Julio to the cinema?’
‘Yes, you should.’ / ‘No, you shouldn’t.’
• Empleamos el infinitivo sin to después de should / have (got) to + infinitivo sin to
shouldn’t. • Empleamos have (got) to para hablar de lo que es
You should do more exercise. necesario.
(NO: You should to do more exercise.) All students have to study a foreign language.
Afirmativa y negativa He has got to call his sister.
Sujeto should Infinitivo • Empleamos don’t / doesn’t have to o haven’t / hasn’t got
sin to to cuando existe una elección (no es necesario).
I / He / She / should go home. I don’t have to / haven’t got to get up early tomorrow.
It / You / We /
They shouldn’t wear a coat. Afirmativa y negativa
Sujeto have to Infinitivo sin to
• Para formar las preguntas de sí/no, invertimos el orden I / He / She / have to / get up early.
de should y el sujeto. It / You / We / have got to
Should she exercise more? They don’t have to /
leave yet.
• A menudo empleamos las respuestas breves con haven’t got to
preguntas que empiezan por should.
‘Should I go now?’ ‘Yes, you should.’ / ‘No, you shouldn’t.’ ¡RECUERDA! No empleamos formas breves con have to:
• También podemos formar oraciones interrogativas con I’ve to call my dad. 
una partícula interrogativa: I have to call my dad. 
Partícula interrogativa + should + sujeto Pero podemos emplear formas breves con have got to:
+ infinitivo sin to + ? I’ve got to call my dad. 
What should we wear to the party?
• Empleamos do / does para formar las preguntas de
must / mustn’t have to.
• Empleamos must para referirnos a algo que hay que Do / Does + sujeto + have to + infinitivo sin to + ?
hacer (obligación). Does he have to do this exercise?
You must finish all your homework. • Empleamos have / has para formar las preguntas de have
• Empleamos must not o mustn’t para referirnos a lo que got to.
está prohibido o va contra las normas. Have / Has + sujeto + got to + infinitivo sin to + ?
Students must not use mobile phones in class. Have we got to leave now?
You mustn’t tell Sarah – it’s a secret. • A menudo damos respuestas breves a las preguntas con
• A menudo formamos las preguntas con have to en lugar have to o have got to.
de must. ‘Do I have to go to London tomorrow?’ ‘No, you don’t.’
‘Do I have to do all the exercises?’ ‘Yes, you do.’ ‘Has he got to wait for them?’ ‘Yes, he has.’
• Empleamos el infinitivo sin to después de must.
I must eat more fruit. (NO: I must to eat more fruit.)
• La forma de must es la misma para todos los sujetos
(I, you, it, they, etc.).

25 © Oxford University Press


2
Unit 8
• Empleamos somebody / someone, something o
TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA GRAMÁTICA somewhere en oraciones afirmativas.
Somebody sent you a birthday card.
Pronombres reflexivos (= No sé quién lo envió.)
• Todos los pronombres reflexivos terminan en -self o • También podemos emplear los pronombres indefinidos
-selves. Los empleamos cuando el sujeto es también some- en preguntas que formulan ofertas o peticiones.
el objeto del verbo en una oración. Would you like something to drink?
Martin is teaching himself Chinese. (= Martin le está Will somebody come with me?
enseñando a Martin (a él mismo) chino.) • A menudo empleamos anybody / anyone, anything y
Sujeto Verbo Pronombre reflexivo anywhere en oraciones negativas e interrogativas.
I myself.
I don’t know anyone in my class.
Is there anywhere to buy a sandwich near here?
You yourself.
He himself. Uno Ninguno (negativa /
interrogativa)
She herself.
hurt Personas somebody / someone anybody / anyone
It itself.
Cosas something anything
We ourselves.
Lugares somewhere anywhere
You yourselves.
They themselves. • Las terminaciones -body y -one tienen el mismo
significado.
• Los pronombres reflexivos aparecen a menudo después
de estos verbos:
admire behave cut dry enjoy hurt Question tags
hate help introduce love prepare teach • Empleamos las question tags para comprobar la
I hate myself, but my sisters love themselves. información o para saber si alguien está de acuerdo con
nosotros. Una afirmación con una question tag suele
• Algunas combinaciones de verbo + pronombre reflexivo parecer más educada que una pregunta directa o una
tienen un significado concreto:
simple declaración.
The children always behave themselves. (= Siempre se
This is the quickest way to your house, isn’t it?
portan bien.)
(comprobar la información)
I really enjoyed myself. (= Me lo pasé muy bien.)
The film was awful, wasn’t it? (buscar acuerdo)
Help yourself to some more cake. (= Coge más tarta si
quieres.) • Cuando el verbo principal está en afirmativa, la question
tag es negativa y cuando el verbo principal está en
• Los pronombres reflexivos no siempre van seguidos de negativa, la question tag es afirmativa.
un verbo. También pueden ser el sujeto de un sintagma
You were on holiday, weren’t you?
preposicional.
You weren’t happy, were you?
Sam made a sandwich for himself.
• Podemos emplear los pronombres reflexivos yourself / • Cuando la afirmación tiene un verbo auxiliar (be, have,
do) o un verbo modal (p. ej.: can, will, should), este se
yourselves con la forma imperativa (sin un sujeto) para
repite en la question tag.
desear cosas buenas a la gente.
We aren’t going to be late, are we?
Look after yourself!
You can skateboard, can’t you?
Enjoy yourselves at the party!
• También podemos emplear los pronombres reflexivos • Cuando no hay un verbo auxiliar ni un verbo modal en
la afirmación, empleamos la forma correcta de do en la
con el significado de “sin ayuda”.
question tag.
I did it (all by) myself. (= Lo hice sin ayuda.)
You moved here from Spain, didn’t you?
Afirmación Question tag
Pronombres indefinidos Present simple You like walking, don’t you?
• Empleamos somebody / someone, something o Present perfect You haven’t seen my bag, have you?
somewhere en oraciones afirmativas para referirnos a
una persona, cosa o lugar cuando no podemos (o no Past simple It was your last day yesterday, wasn’t it?
queremos) ser específicos sobre qué estamos hablando. will You’ll find me, won’t you?
can We can’t meet, can we?
should We shouldn’t do this, should we?

29 © Oxford University Press

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