Sr. No Title Page Teacher’s sing.

/Remarks
No
1 Ms- Dos 1
2 INTERNAL COMMAND 2-9
DIR 2
VER 3
DATE, REN 4
COPY, PROMPT 5
MD, CD 6
RD 7
PATH 8-9

3 EXTERNAL COMMAND 9-12

EDIT, DOSKEY 9
CHKDISK, FORMAT 10
BACKUP, RESTORE, FIND, MORE 11
MOVE, SORT, TREE, DELTREE, UNDELETE, FORMAT 12
OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system can be defined as set of programs that

control how the system work. It is the most important
program that run on a computer. It is considered as the back
bone of a computer, managing all software and hardware
resources. All computers must have an operating system used
for starting the computers and to run other programs. It
provides an interface between the users and the hardware of
the system.
DOS is a “desk operating system” use for operating the disk,
developed by Microsoft cooperation in 1981 with name as
DOS version 1.0. but in practice, DOS does more than just
operating the disk.
DOS is a program comprising set of execution, instruction,
loaded into the memory [RAM] of user’s personal computer
before execution of any application.
DOS is a single user and single tasking operating system,
which provide character user interface /text-based
commands.

DOS COMMANDS
 As DOS is purely a text –based operating system, so a DOS
user can interact with computer only through the text –based
DOS commands. These commands are divided into two
categories:
1.INTERNAL COMMANDS
2.EXTERNAL COMMANDS

INTERNAL COMMANDS
Internal commands and those commands, which are internal
to DOS. This mean, internal commands are loaded
automatically in the memory when DOS is loaded into the
memory. These are program contained in the
COMMAMDS.COM file [booting file] and other file is needed
to run these commands.

DESCRIPTION OF INTERNAL COMMANDS

Sr. PURPOSE SYNTAX
NO COMMAND
1 DIR To display the contents of C:\>DIR
the current working DIR[Drive :][Path]
directory. it displays all [Filename ][Switch
the files and directories [:]Attributes]
that have been created
under the current
directory.
Sr.NO COMMAMD PURPOSE SYNTAX
2 VER This command displays C:\> VER
the current version of
operating system [MS –
DOS, Windows98,
Windows-XP etc.]
loaded in your
 computer.

3 DATE This command can be C:\>DATE

used to look at the
current date of the
computer system as
well as change the
date to an alternate
date.
4 REN/RENAME REN/RENAME command is REN[OLD
used to rename files and NAME ]
directories from the [NEW NAME
original name to a new ]OR
name. REMANE
[OLD
NAME ]
5 COPY This command allows C:\>COPY
the user to copy one or
more files to an
alternate location. Two
paths are used by this
command.
The first one is called
source path [ where the
original file has been
 stored] and the other is
called destination path
[where the copy is
required]

6 PROMPT This command allows C:\>prompt

the user to change the windows
MS-DOS prompt or
command prompt to
display more or less
information
7 MD MD[make directory] C:\>MD
command is used to BCA
create a new directory
or subdirectory on a
disk ,under the current
working direction. The
directory name follows
 the same conventions
of file naming except; it
does not have a
secondary name or
extension.

8 CD CD [change directory] C:\>CD

command is used to WINDOWS
switch directions in MS-
DOS. That is it changes
the control from one
directory to another
directory
9 RD RD [remove directory] C:\>RD
command remove BCA
empty directories in
MS-DOS. To delete
directories with file or
directories with in them
, the users must use the
 DELTREE command ,or if
u are running Microsoft
windows 2000 or
WINDOWS XP use
the /S option

10 PATH This command is used to C:\>PATH=Drive

provide access to files name:\Directory
located in another name;
directory or other disk. C:\>PATH=Drive
Users can access only those 1: \Dir1;
files that have Drive2: \Dir2;
extensions .exe or.com C:\>PATH
or .bat. By setting the path C:\>PATH;
to those executable files,
 users can execute them
from any locations of the
system. User can use the
path command to set the
path for single directory as
well as multiple directories.
1] To set the path for a
single directory.
2] To set the path for
multiple directories.
3]To see the path
4] To remove the path.

11 TYPE This command is used to TYPE

see the content of an FILENAME.TXT
existing file.
12 VOL This command displays the VOL DRIVE
volume information on the NAME
selected disk drive.

13 CLS This command is used to CLS

 see the content of an
existing file.

External commands
External commands are commonly external either because
they require large requirements or are not commonly
used commands. The illustration shows each of the external
commands are separate files.

1. EDIT This command allows a user to Syntax:=

create a new file or modify the C:\>EDIT PC.TXT
content of an existing file. Filename.extension

1. SCAN This command is used to check Syntax:=

for various kinds of disk errors. C:\>SCAN

2. DOSKEY This command allows a user to Syntax: =

keep a history of commands used C:\>DOSKEY
on a computer. This allows
 frequently used commands to be
used without having to type the
commands in each you need to use
it.

3. CHKDSK This command checks the computer’s Syntax:-

hard disk drives status for any cross- C:\>CHKDSK
linked or any additional errors with the
hard disk drive, but it can-not repair the
 problems found. It returns the volume
serial number, total disk space occupied
by hidden files, space occupied by
directories, space available on disk and
number of bytes in each allocation unit
etc.

4. FORMAT This command creates tracks and SYNTAX :-

sectors on the disk and the data will C:\>FORMAT
be stored into these tracks and
sectors.command erases all the data
from the target disk.
5. BACKUP This command enables users to SYNTAX:-
backup their data on this computer. C:\>BACKUP
“BACKUP.COM” external file is
required to execute this command.

6. RESTORE This command is used to restore the file SYNTAX:-

copied by BACKUP command. C:\>RESTORE

7. FIND This command allows you to SYNTAX:-

search for text within a file. C:\>FIND

8. MORE This command allows information/ contents of a SYNTAX:-

file to be displayed one page at one time. C:\>MORE
“MORE.COM” external file is to be execute this
command.
9. MOVE This command allows you to move files from SYNTAX:-
directory to another or from one drive to another. C:\>MOVE
10. SORT This command sorts the input and displays the SYNTAX:-
output on the screen. This command can be used C:\>SORT
with the another commands by using pipe symbol
in many combinations.
11. TREE This command displays the list of file and sub- SYNTAX:-
directory of given directory in a tree like C:\>TREE
structure. “TREE.COM” ” external file is required
to execute this command.
12. DELTRE This command deleted all the file and sub- SYNTAX:-
E directories of a given directory. It prompts to C:\>DELTREE
verify the deletion which can be removed by
using the switch ‘Y’ “DELTREE.EXE” ” external
file is required to execute this command.

UNDELETE This command allows user to restore C:\>UNDELETED

file that may have been deleted.

14. UNFORMAT This file allows user to unformatted SYNTAX:-

a drive that has been formatted. C:\>UNFORMAT