Flow through orifice meter

Agmana, Andrey A.
College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering
ChE – 3102

Real-world scenarios show localized differential pressure which can be attributed to decrease or increase in
pipe diameters, β ratio, presence of pipe tappings, and utilized manometric and process fluids. As such,
engineers measure these parameters to evaluate the ratio between the pipe’s actual discharge to the ideal
discharge using the coefficient of discharge (Cd), together with other variables such as volumetric flow rates,
differential pressure, and Reynolds number. Upon analysis, it was discovered that the difference in pressure
between the process and manometric fluids precisely correlates with the volumetric flow rate of a fluid inside
a particular pipe system. Furthermore, it became clear that the Reynolds number and the coefficient of
discharge had an inverse relationship. Hence, this study aims to establish the relationship of coefficient of
discharge to other variables which directly and indirectly affect the amount and quality of flow.

Keywords: Coefficient of discharge, orifice meter, Beta ratio, pressure drop

INTRODUCTION introducing a constriction in the pipe. As the flow

rate increases, so does the pressure decrease
Flowmeters are vital flow instruments (Universal Flow Monitors, n.d.).
that are utilized in industrial companies, serving as
devices for determining the flow rate at which Orifice flowmeter is a type of differential
liquid or gaseous streams flow through a system. pressure flowmeter that utilizes an orifice plate
More so, these industrial instruments are designed placed inline in a pipeline where gas is supposed
to allow process operations to measure and running full (Medical Engineering & Physics,
provide real-time and highly-accurate data with 2015). Aside from the orifice plate, it also consists
respect to the flow rate of fluid, and provide of an inlet suction, flow conditioner and outlet
control and monitoring of processes for section.
optimization purposes.
In terms of its working principle, as the
Flowmeters measure the flow of fluid in a fluid approaches the aperture of the flowmeter,
pipe using Bernoulli's equation. Some types of the pressure gradually rises to a maximum,
flowmeter such as differential pressure flowmeter followed by a sharp decrease as it passes through
cause a pressure drop across the flowmeter by the opening. The pressure continues to fall until it
reaches its lowest point at the vena contracta, the
narrowest part of the flow. The pressure A pre-simulation was performed in
difference generated across the orifice is often preparation for the study to establish the
monitored using a manometer and used to functions and variables of the parameters that
calculate the flow rate empirically. The flow rate were used such as nominal pipe diameter, orifice
rises as the pressure difference increases. diameter, type of orifice tappings, process fluid,
(EngineerExcel, n.d.). The relation between flow and manometric fluid. Following this, it was
rate and pressure difference can be expressed discovered that the orifice diameter, as a variable
using Bernoulli's equation, in the simulation, had no influence on the
simulation's resulting data; therefore, it was not
considered during the simulation proper and was
regarded as an error of the virtual simulation.

The simulation proper started by setting

up the values for the nominal pipe diameter, the
where Q is the volumetric flow rate, Ao is the
type of orifice tappings, and the type of process
orifice cross sectional area, p1 and p2 are the
fluid and manometric fluid to be utilized during
upstream and downstream pressures, and β is the
the simulation.. For Trial 1, the proponents
orifice diameter to pipe diameter ratio. On the
utilized a 0.25 inch nominal pipe diameter, a
other hand, Cd is the orifice discharge coefficient,
corner tap, and water and carbon tetrachloride as
which is a function of the Reynolds number
the process fluid and manometric fluid,
(NRe), orifice diameter, velocity, and beta ratio (β).
respectively. The value for the orifice diameter was
fixed to 0.1 cm due to the aforementioned
The above equation shows that the
reasons. After doing so, the pump was activated by
pressure drop across the restriction orifice is
clicking the green button and was followed by the
proportional to the volumetric flow rate that
calibration of the rotameter to eight varying flow
passes through the orifice plate; however, this
rates. However, during the simulation it was found
assumes that the fluid used is ideal, that the fluid
out that the degree of flow rate greatly varies from
flow irritation is continuous and constant, and that
the type of manometric fluid used in the
the inner surface of the pipe is frictionless.
simulation; hence rotameter readings for each type
EXPERIMENTAL of manometric fluid were fixed in specific ranges.
For simulation utilizing carbon tetrachloride,
The experiment was performed using the approximate flow rates of 12, 11, 10, 9, 6, 3, 2, and
online laboratory simulation called Flow through 0.5 LPM were employed while those who are
orifice meter via Virtual Labs to evaluate orifice using mercury utilized flow rates around 38, 33.5,
meters with various β ratios and determine the 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 LPM. Following that,
flow head relationship and the influence of variations in the manometer's limb level (h1 and
Reynolds number on the coefficient of discharge h2) will be recorded, as well as other experimental
of orifice flowmeters. data such as the actual pipe diameter, process fluid
viscosity, and both the process fluid and
The simulation’s setup is composed of an manometric fluid densities.
Orifice meter, Rotameter, U tube Manometer,
Rotameter, Float, Bypass Valve, Main Valve, and The following procedure was then
Pump; the last two devices being the only repeated with other values of nominal pipe
interactive devices in the simulation. diameter such as 0.50, 1, and 1.50 inches while
also utilizing other types of orifice tappings (i.e. D Based also from the raw data, this also
& D/2 taps, 1” Taps) and different combinations suggests that smaller values of actual pipe
of process fluid and manometric fluid (i.e. water diameters relative to the orifice diameter results in
and mercury, kerosene and CCL4, kerosene and higher pressure drops. This is supported by
mercury). Bernoulli's theorem which states that when the
area reduces, the pressure should decrease as well,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION which also leads to the increase in velocity and
pressure drop as the pipe becomes smaller. In real
The main objective of this experiment life applications, if the diameter of a water flowing
was to calibrate an orifice meter with different pipeline is reduced, the pressure in the line will
orifice diameter to pipe diameter ratios (β), in this subsequently increase.
case, to calibrate using a fixed orifice diameter
with variable pipe diameter, and to evaluate the B. Effect of Volumetric Flow Rate (Q) on Pressure
flow head relationship for this flow meter. The Difference with respect to Manometric Fluid
proponents also intended to investigate how the (ΔHCCL4 and ΔHHg)
resultant Reynolds number for each fluid flow
influenced the coefficient of discharge (Cd) at The relationship of the volumetric flow
various β ratios. The results of the evaluation of rate and pressure difference with respect to the
the relationships between each of these variables manometric fluid between each setup were
are provided below. demonstrated by the following graphs:

A. Calibration of Orifice Meter with varying β

ratios

In the calibration of the orifice meter, the

proponents conducted several trials with varying β
ratios. The results showed a significant
relationship between the differential pressure
across the orifice palate and its β ratio. That is, as
the β ratio decreases, the average differential
pressure (ΔHm) also decreases which exhibits its
Figure 2.1. Relationship of Q and ΔHm at a Water and
proportionality to each other. See Figure 1.
CCL4 setup

Figure 1. Relationship of β ratio and average ΔHm of

various orifice tappings Figure 2.2. Relationship of Q and ΔHm at a Kerosene
and CCL4 setup
 reduction in velocity. In simple terms, as pressure
is raised, the molecules of the fluid are forced
closer together, which raises the flow rate.

C. Effect of logarithmic value of Reynolds number

(NRe) on Coefficient of Discharge (Cd)

The relationship of the coefficient of

discharge of each manometer set-up of both
manometric fluids, to the logarithmic application
Figure 2.3. Relationship of Q and ΔHm at a Water and
of Reynolds number were investigated though the
Hg setup
following graphs:

Figure 2.4. Relationship of Q and ΔHm at a Kerosene

Figure 3.1. Relationship of Cd and NRe at a Water and
and Hg setup
CCL4 setup

Based on the following data, it can be

seen that the trendline for the two variables
exhibits a positive correlation, that is, as the
volumetric flow rate increases per trial, the
resulting pressure difference also increases.
Moreover, it's noteworthy that configurations
using CCL4 as the manometric fluid demonstrated
a greater average pressure difference compared to
those using Hg. Conversely, setups employing Hg,
on the other hand, yielded a higher average flow
rate in each trial. Figure 3.2. Relationship of Cd and NRe at a Kerosene
and CCL4 setup
As mentioned by Supmea (2019) with
regards to the relationship of flow rate and
pressure difference, when pressure rises, the flow
rate increases as well. This phenomenon is
explained by Bernoulli's principle, which
articulates that an increase in fluid velocity leads to
a corresponding decrease in pressure, and
conversely, an increase in pressure results in a
 plotted trendlines for all the graphs, regardless of
its manometric and process fluid setup.

Furthermore, It is also apparent that

experimental setups using Mercury as their
manometric fluid showed much higher average
Reynolds Numbers than those using CCL4. But
those using CCL4 had much higher Cd readings.
This difference can also be ascribed to Mercury
Figure 3.3. Relationship of Cd and NRe at a Water and having a higher density than CCL4 (1600 kg/m3),
Hg setup which has a reported density of 13,600 kg/m3. It's
important to note that a substance's density is
directly linked to its Reynolds Number, which, as
mentioned earlier, exhibits an inverse relationship
with its Cd value (Physics Forum, n.d.).

D. Effect of logarithmic value of Volumetric Flow

Rate (Q) on the logarithmic value of Pressure
Difference with respect to Process Fluid
(ΔHwH20 and ΔHwkerosene)

The relationship of the logarithmic values

Figure 3.4. Relationship of Cd and NRe at a Kerosene between the volumetric flow rate and pressure
and Hg setup difference with respect to the process fluid
between each setup were demonstrated by the
The following graph shows the inverse following graphs:
relationship between the coefficient of discharge
and the Reynolds number, which suggests that at
lower Reynolds number, the turbulence of the
pipe flow or its fluid velocity decreases,
consequently resulting in a higher Cd value.
Conversely, as the Reynolds number increases, the
turbulence of the fluid also increases, leading to
lower Cd value.

According to Hutagulung (2019), the

Reynolds number is a function of the flow rate
derived using the discharge coefficient value, Figure 4.1. Relationship of log Q and log ΔHw at a
whereas the discharge coefficient is a function of Water and CCL4 setup
the Reynolds number. In relation to the obtained
data, this suggests that there is a significant
relationship between the two variables, that is, they
are inversely proportional to each other which can
be observed by the downward direction of the
 of determination (R2) which ranges from 0.9555 to
0.9574.

Table 1. Slope and Intercept of log Q and log ΔHw at

varying setups
Setup Slope Intercept

Water and 79799.95494 -2.34516997

CCL4
Figure 4.2. Relationship of log Q and log ΔHw at a Water and Hg 275042.7524 -36.85271439
Water and Hg setup
Kerosene and 79789.30225 -2.378736961
CCL4

Kerosene and 274364.0571 -36.79322912

Hg

Table 1. shows the obtained slope and

intercept values from the log-log plot of Q and
ΔHw at varying setups.

Figure 4.3. Relationship of log Q and log ΔHw at a In terms of slope values, it can be
Kerosene and CCL4 setup observed that setups which utilize CCL4 have the
lowest slope values of 79799.95494 (with water)
and 79789.30225 (with kerosene). On the other
hand, those which utilize Hg generate the highest
slope values of 275042.7524 (with water) and
274364.0571 (with kerosene). This suggests that a
weak power-law relationship exists in the setups of
CCL4, in practical terms, significant change in
pressure drop only constitutes a relatively small
change in its volumetric flow rate. Conversely, a
relatively higher power-law relationship exists in
the utilization of Hg, wherein the setups are
Figure 4.4. Relationship of log Q and log ΔHw at a strongly sensitive to changes in pressure drop and
Kerosene and Hg setup that slight increase in the aforementioned variable
can lead to a significant increase in its flow rate.
The logarithmic values of Q and ΔHw Despite this, such differences can be attributed to
demonstrate direct proportionality, which unknown variable influences and complex flow
indicates that the closer the logarithmic value of behavior of each setups.
ΔHw reaches equilibrium in the experiment, the
higher the logarithmic value of its resulting With regards to its intercept values, setups
volumetric flow rate.This is supported by the which utilize CCL4 have the highest intercept
graphical data above and the obtained coefficient values which are -2.34516997 (with water) and
-2.378736961 (with kerosene), while those which the different implications of other
utilize Hg in the setups have the lowest intercept variables to orifice diameter and
values of -36.85271439 (with water) and determination of pressure drops since the
-36.79322912 (kerosene). Considering that all of simulation used was constrained to only
the resulting intercept values are negative, this few interactive parts, aside from changing
suggests that each setup is, on average, the pipe diameters, manometric and
overestimating the y values, therefore a negative process fluids, and rotameter readings.
adjustment to the projected values is required. In Furthermore, it was also found out that
practical terms, this means that the expected value the orifice diameter in the simulation was
for the dependent variable (pressure drop) is lower nonfunctional.
than zero (Martin, n.d.). Furthermore, regardless if 2. Explore the underlying variables that may
the pressure drop is zero, an increase in the contribute to the determination of
discharge rate will still occur. differential pressure, volumetric flow rate,
Reynolds number, and coefficient of
CONCLUSION AND discharge, as well as evaluate their
RECOMMENDATIONS complex relationships.
3. It is advisable for the future researchers
In the field of fluid dynamics, orifice to also perform manual calculations in
meters play a key role in determining fluid flow determining the coefficient of discharge
measurements and the corresponding pressure since the value of Cd should be less than
differentials. This study has shown that significant 1.
changes in the volumetric flow rate (Q),
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 APPENDICES
(Results and Discussion)

Table 2.1 Water and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 2.2 Water and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 2.3 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 2.4 Kerosene and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 2.5 Water and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
11.99 47.7 22.3 0.000200 25.4 15.24 254.4357024 254435.7024 147.1405897
11.01 45.71 24.29 0.000184 21.42 12.852 233.6394565 233639.4565 147.1322083
9.99 43.81 26.19 0.000167 17.62 10.572 211.9943842 211994.3842 147.1948799
9.02 42.18 27.82 0.000150 14.36 8.616 191.4103449 191410.3449 147.2175158
6.02 38.19 31.81 0.000100 6.38 3.828 127.7483677 127748.3677 147.4063931
3 35.79 34.21 0.000050 1.58 0.948 63.66197724 63661.97724 147.6124127
2.01 35.35 34.65 0.000034 0.7 0.42 42.65352475 42653.52475 148.5857651
0.5 35.02 34.98 0.000008 0.04 0.024 10.61032954 10610.32954 154.6216047

Table 2.6 Water and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
38.07 41.11 28.89 0.0006345 12.22 153.972 807.8704911 807870.4911 146.9832324
0.00055916666
33.55 39.75 30.25 67 9.5 119.7 711.9531121 711953.1121 146.9099605
0.00050066666
30.04 38.8 31.2 67 7.6 95.76 637.4685987 637468.5987 147.0664646

25 37.63 32.37 0.00041666666 5.26 66.276 530.516477 530516.477 147.1186248

 67
20.1 36.7 33.3 0.000335 3.4 42.84 426.5352475 426535.2475 147.1218302
0.00025066666
15.04 35.95 34.05 67 1.9 23.94 319.1587125 319158.7125 147.2622921
0.00016766666
10.06 35.43 34.57 67 0.86 10.836 213.4798303 213479.8303 146.409506
5.04 35.11 34.89 0.000084 0.22 2.772 106.9521218 106952.1218 145.0239455

Table 2.7 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00020016666
12.01 43 27 67 16 15.2195122 254.8601155 97202.46267 147.4851973
0.00018316666
10.99 41.7 28.3 67 13.4 12.74634146 233.2150433 88947.13278 147.4723873
0.00016666666
10 40.54 29.46 67 11.08 10.5395122 212.2065908 80934.60672 147.569137
0.00015033333
9.02 39.5 30.5 33 9 8.56097561 191.4103449 73003.01526 147.6898673
0.00009983333
5.99 36.98 33.02 333 3.96 3.766829268 127.1117479 48479.82943 147.8579386
0.00005016666
3.01 35.5 34.5 667 1 0.9512195122 63.87418383 24361.31662 147.8536033
0.00003383333
2.03 35.22 34.78 333 0.44 0.4185365854 43.07793793 16429.72516 150.3263516

0.53 35.01 34.99 0.00000883333 0.02 0.01902439024 11.24694931 4289.534156 184.0883433

 3333

Table 2.8 Kerosene and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00063383333
38.03 39.92 30.08 33 9.84 153.36 807.0216648 307794.3094 147.1214743
0.00055833333
33.5 38.82 31.18 33 7.64 119.0721951 710.8920791 271130.9325 147.0772225
0.00049983333
29.99 38.06 31.94 33 6.12 95.38243902 636.4075658 242722.8856 147.111982
0.00041666666
25 37.12 32.88 67 4.24 66.08195122 530.516477 202336.5168 147.3344724
0.00033483333
20.09 36.37 33.63 33 2.74 42.70390244 426.3230409 162597.6249 147.2827713
0.00025033333
15.02 35.76 34.24 33 1.52 23.6897561 318.7342994 121563.7793 147.8411836
0.00016666666
10 35.34 34.66 67 0.68 10.59804878 212.2065908 80934.60672 147.1610357
5.01 35.08 34.92 0.0000835 0.16 2.493658537 106.315502 40548.23797 151.9935038

Table 2.9 Water and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00020033333
12.02 36.55 33.45 33 3.1 1.86 255.0723221 255072.3221 422.2376235
 0.00018316666
10.99 36.29 33.71 67 2.58 1.548 233.2150433 233215.0433 423.1761151
0.00016683333
10.01 36.07 33.93 33 2.14 1.284 212.4187974 212418.7974 423.2144607
0.00014983333
8.99 35.87 34.13 33 1.74 1.044 190.7737251 190773.7251 421.5201842
6 35.38 34.62 0.0001 0.76 0.456 127.3239545 127323.9545 425.6746249
0.00005033333
3.02 35.1 34.9 333 0.2 0.12 64.08639042 64086.39042 417.6622781
0.00003366666
2.02 35.04 34.96 667 0.08 0.048 42.86573134 42865.73134 441.7124941
0.00000883333
0.53 35 35 3333 0 0 11.24694931 11246.94931 #DIV/0!

Table 2.10 Water and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00063416666
38.05 35.74 34.26 67 1.48 18.648 807.446078 807446.078 422.1312112
0.00055866666
33.52 35.58 34.42 67 1.16 14.616 711.3164923 711316.4923 420.0477626
0.00050083333
30.05 35.46 34.54 33 0.92 11.592 637.6808053 637680.8053 422.8382075
0.00041683333
25.01 35.32 34.68 33 0.64 8.064 530.7286836 530728.6836 421.9367615

20.09 35.21 34.79 0.00033483333 0.42 5.292 426.3230409 426323.0409 418.387742

 33
0.00025166666
15.1 35.12 34.88 67 0.24 3.024 320.4319521 320431.9521 416.0015865
0.00016716666
10.03 35.05 34.95 67 0.1 1.26 212.8432106 212843.2106 428.0796604
0.00008366666
5.02 35.01 34.99 667 0.02 0.252 106.5277086 106527.7086 479.0847863

Table 2.11 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 35.97 34.03 0.0002 1.94 1.845365854 254.6479089 97121.52806 423.2031961
11.01 35.82 34.18 0.0001835 1.64 1.56 233.6394565 89109.002 422.3125161
10.02 35.68 34.32 0.000167 1.36 1.293658537 212.631004 81096.47593 422.0528382
9.03 35.55 34.45 0.0001505 1.1 1.046341463 191.6225515 73083.94987 422.9216964
6 35.24 34.76 0.0001 0.48 0.4565853659 127.3239545 48560.76403 425.4016691
0.00005033333
3.02 35.06 34.94 333 0.12 0.1141463415 64.08639042 24442.25123 428.2376802
2.01 35.03 34.97 0.0000335 0.06 0.05707317073 42.65352475 16267.85595 403.0779026
0.00000866666
0.52 35 35 6667 0 0 11.03474272 4208.599549 #DIV/0!

Table 2.12 Kerosene and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
 0.00063366666
38.02 35.6 34.4 67 1.2 18.70243902 806.8094582 307713.3747 421.1840553
0.00055833333
33.5 35.46 34.54 33 0.92 14.33853659 710.8920791 271130.9325 423.8393995
30 35.37 34.63 0.0005 0.74 11.53317073 636.6197724 242803.8202 423.2099085
25.05 35.26 34.74 0.0004175 0.52 8.104390244 531.5775099 202741.1898 421.55718
0.00033383333
20.03 35.17 34.83 33 0.34 5.29902439 425.0498014 162112.0173 416.8616307
0.00025016666
15.01 35.09 34.91 67 0.18 2.805365854 318.5220928 121482.8447 429.333594
10.02 35.04 34.96 0.000167 0.08 1.246829268 212.631004 81096.47593 429.9056574
0.00008416666
5.05 35.01 34.99 667 0.02 0.3117073171 107.1643283 40871.97639 433.3380379

Table 2.13 Water and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12.03 35.28 34.72 0.0002005 0.56 0.336 255.2845287 255284.5287 994.272155
0.00018366666
11.02 35.24 34.76 67 0.48 0.288 233.851663 233851.663 983.772411
9.99 35.19 34.81 0.0001665 0.38 0.228 211.9943842 211994.3842 1002.322208
0.00015033333
9.02 35.16 34.84 33 0.32 0.192 191.4103449 191410.3449 986.2004845
6.03 35.07 34.93 0.0001005 0.14 0.084 127.9605742 127960.5742 996.7516367
0.00004983333
2.99 35.02 34.98 333 0.04 0.024 63.44977065 63449.77065 924.6446386
 0.00003316666
1.99 35.01 34.99 667 0.02 0.012 42.22911157 42229.11157 870.3055273
0.00000816666
0.49 35 35 6667 0 0 10.39812295 10398.12295 #DIV/0!

Table 2.14 Water and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
38.04 35.13 34.87 0.000634 0.26 3.276 807.2338714 807233.8714 1006.880315
0.00055883333
33.53 35.1 34.9 33 0.2 2.52 711.5286989 711528.6989 1011.911593
0.00050016666
30.01 35.08 34.92 67 0.16 2.016 636.831979 636831.979 1012.581573
0.00041633333
24.98 35.05 34.95 33 0.1 1.26 530.0920638 530092.0638 1066.14543
0.00033316666
19.99 35.04 34.96 67 0.08 1.008 424.200975 424200.975 953.8757684
0.00024983333
14.99 35.02 34.98 33 0.04 0.504 318.0976796 318097.6796 1011.569329
9.99 35.01 34.99 0.0001665 0.02 0.252 211.9943842 211994.3842 953.398592
0.00008366666
5.02 35 35 667 0 0 106.5277086 106527.7086 #DIV/0!

Table 2.15 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with corner tappings at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
 12 35.18 34.82 0.0002 0.36 0.3424390244 254.6479089 97121.52806 982.4238765
11.01 35.15 34.85 0.0001835 0.3 0.2853658537 233.6394565 89109.002 987.4056429
0.00016683333
10.01 35.12 34.88 33 0.24 0.2282926829 212.4187974 81015.54133 1003.684852
9 35.1 34.9 0.00015 0.2 0.1902439024 190.9859317 72841.14605 988.5449568
0.00009983333
5.99 35.04 34.96 333 0.08 0.07609756098 127.1117479 48479.82943 1040.281181
0.00004983333
2.99 35.01 34.99 333 0.02 0.01902439024 63.44977065 24199.44741 1038.544485
2.01 35 35 0.0000335 0 0 42.65352475 16267.85595 #DIV/0!
0.00000866666
0.52 35 35 6667 0 0 11.03474272 4208.599549 #DIV/0!

Table 2.16 Kerosene and Hg setup with corner tappings at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
38.04 35.11 34.89 0.000634 0.22 3.428780488 807.2338714 307875.244 984.1922832
0.00055833333
33.5 35.08 34.92 33 0.16 2.493658537 710.8920791 271130.9325 1016.332008
30 35.07 34.93 0.0005 0.14 2.18195122 636.6197724 242803.8202 972.9892108
0.00041733333
25.04 35.05 34.95 33 0.1 1.558536585 531.3653033 202660.2552 960.9153083
0.00033383333
20.03 35.03 34.97 33 0.06 0.9351219512 425.0498014 162112.0173 992.3299786
15.03 35.02 34.98 0.0002505 0.04 0.6234146341 318.946506 121644.7139 911.9683631
 0.00016733333
10.04 35.01 34.99 33 0.02 0.3117073171 213.0554172 81258.34515 861.52821
0.00008416666
5.05 35 35 667 0 0 107.1643283 40871.97639 #DIV/0!

Table 3.1 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow 0 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0 0 #VALUE!

Table 3.2 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow 0 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0 0 #VALUE!

Table 3.3 Kerosene and CCL$ setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow 0 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0 0 #VALUE!

Table 3.4 Kerosene and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow 0 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0 0 #VALUE!

Table 3.5 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00019983333
11.99 47.71 22.29 33 25.42 15.252 254.4357024 254435.7024 147.0826945
0.00018333333
11 45.69 24.31 33 21.38 12.828 233.4272499 233427.2499 147.1360193
0.00016666666
10 43.83 26.17 67 17.66 10.596 212.2065908 212206.5908 147.1752621
9 42.15 27.85 0.00015 14.3 8.58 190.9859317 190985.9317 147.1989317
6 38.17 31.83 0.0001 6.34 3.804 127.3239545 127323.9545 147.3794016
3 35.79 34.21 0.00005 1.58 0.948 63.66197724 63661.97724 147.6124127
0.00003333333
2 35.35 34.65 333 0.7 0.42 42.44131816 42441.31816 147.8465324
0.00000833333
0.5 35.02 34.98 3333 0.04 0.024 10.61032954 10610.32954 154.6216047

Table 3.6 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
 0.00063333333
38 42.09 28.91 33 13.18 166.068 806.385045 806385.045 141.2688506
0.00055833333
33.5 39.73 30.27 33 9.46 119.196 710.8920791 710892.0791 147.0008206
30 38.8 31.2 0.0005 7.6 95.76 636.6197724 636619.7724 146.8706371
0.00041666666
25 37.64 32.36 67 5.28 66.528 530.516477 530516.477 146.8397267
0.00033316666
19.99 36.68 33.32 67 3.36 42.336 424.200975 424200.975 147.1850418
15 35.95 34.05 0.00025 1.9 23.94 318.3098862 318309.8862 146.8706371
0.00016666666
10 35.42 34.58 67 0.84 10.584 212.2065908 212206.5908 147.2586711
0.00008333333
5 35.1 34.9 333 0.2 2.52 106.1032954 106103.2954 150.8952353

Table 3.7 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 42.99 27.01 0.0002 15.98 15.2004878 254.6479089 97121.52806 147.4545833
0.00018333333
11 41.71 28.29 33 13.42 12.76536585 233.4272499 89028.06739 147.4965441
0.00016666666
10 40.54 29.46 67 11.08 10.5395122 212.2065908 80934.60672 147.569137
9 39.49 30.51 0.00015 8.98 8.54195122 190.9859317 72841.14605 147.5264047
6 36.99 33.01 0.0001 3.98 3.785853659 127.3239545 48560.76403 147.7321886
3 35.49 34.51 0.00005 0.98 0.932195122 63.66197724 24280.38202 148.8584986
 0.00003333333
2 35.22 34.78 333 0.44 0.4185365854 42.44131816 16186.92134 148.1047799
0.00000833333
0.5 35.01 34.99 3333 0.02 0.01902439024 10.61032954 4046.730336 173.6682484

Table 3.8 Kerosene and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
38.01 39.92 30.08 0.0006335 9.84 153.36 806.5972516 307632.4401 147.044103
0.00055833333
33.5 38.82 31.18 33 7.64 119.0721951 710.8920791 271130.9325 147.0772225
30 38.06 31.94 0.0005 6.12 95.38243902 636.6197724 242803.8202 147.1610357
0.00041666666
25 37.13 32.87 67 4.26 66.39365854 530.516477 202336.5168 146.98821
20.01 36.36 33.64 0.0003335 2.72 42.39219512 424.6253882 161950.148 147.2346162
0.00025016666
15.01 35.76 34.24 67 1.52 23.6897561 318.5220928 121482.8447 147.742754
0.00016666666
10 35.34 34.66 67 0.68 10.59804878 212.2065908 80934.60672 147.1610357
5.01 35.08 34.92 0.0000835 0.16 2.493658537 106.315502 40548.23797 151.9935038

Table 3.9 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd

12.01 36.55 33.45 0.00020016666 3.1 1.86 254.8601155 254860.1155 421.8863443

 67
0.00018333333
11 36.3 33.7 33 2.6 1.56 233.4272499 233427.2499 421.9289443
0.00016666666
10 36.07 33.73 67 2.34 1.404 212.2065908 212206.5908 404.3201439
9 35.87 34.13 0.00015 1.74 1.044 190.9859317 190985.9317 421.989061
6 35.39 34.61 0.0001 0.78 0.468 127.3239545 127323.9545 420.181819
3 35.1 34.9 0.00005 0.2 0.12 63.66197724 63661.97724 414.8963027
0.00003333333
2 35.04 34.96 333 0.08 0.048 42.44131816 42441.31816 437.3391031
0.00000833333
0.5 35 35 3333 0 0 10.61032954 10610.32954 #DIV/0!

Table 3.10 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00063333333
38 35.74 34.26 33 1.48 18.648 806.385045 806385.045 421.5765053
0.00055833333
33.5 35.57 34.43 33 1.14 14.364 710.8920791 710892.0791 423.4635576
30 35.46 34.54 0.0005 0.92 11.592 636.6197724 636619.7724 422.1346498
0.00041666666
25 35.32 34.68 67 0.64 8.064 530.516477 530516.477 421.7680542
0.00033333333
20 35.2 34.8 33 0.4 5.04 424.4131816 424413.1816 426.7992626
15 35.12 34.88 0.00025 0.24 3.024 318.3098862 318309.8862 413.2466091
 0.00016666666
10 35.05 34.95 67 0.1 1.26 212.2065908 212206.5908 426.7992626
0.00008333333
5 35.01 34.99 333 0.02 0.252 106.1032954 106103.2954 477.176082

Table 3.11 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 35.97 34.03 0.0002 1.94 1.845365854 254.6479089 97121.52806 423.2031961
0.00018333333
11 35.81 34.19 33 1.62 1.54097561 233.4272499 89028.06739 424.5254546
0.00016666666
10 35.67 34.33 67 1.34 1.274634146 212.2065908 80934.60672 424.3421365
9 35.54 34.46 0.00015 1.08 1.027317073 190.9859317 72841.14605 425.4016691
6 35.24 34.76 0.0001 0.48 0.4565853659 127.3239545 48560.76403 425.4016691
3 35.06 34.94 0.00005 0.12 0.1141463415 63.66197724 24280.38202 425.4016691
0.00003333333
2 35.03 34.97 333 0.06 0.05707317073 42.44131816 16186.92134 401.0725399
0.00000833333
0.5 35 35 3333 0 0 10.61032954 4046.730336 #DIV/0!

Table 3.12 Kerosene and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd

38 35.6 34.4 0.00063333333 1.2 18.70243902 806.385045 307551.5055 420.9624961

 33
0.00055833333
33.5 35.46 34.54 33 0.92 14.33853659 710.8920791 271130.9325 423.8393995
30 35.37 34.63 0.0005 0.74 11.53317073 636.6197724 242803.8202 423.2099085
0.00041666666
25 35.26 34.74 67 0.52 8.104390244 530.516477 202336.5168 420.7157485
0.00033333333
20 35.16 34.84 33 0.32 4.987317073 424.4131816 161869.2134 429.0475623
0.00025016666
15.01 35.09 34.91 67 0.18 2.805365854 318.5220928 121482.8447 429.333594
0.00016666666
10 35.04 34.96 67 0.08 1.246829268 212.2065908 80934.60672 429.0475623
0.00008333333
5 35.01 34.99 333 0.02 0.3117073171 106.1032954 40467.30336 429.0475623

Table 3.13 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 35.28 34.72 0.0002 0.56 0.336 254.6479089 254647.9089 991.7926734
0.00018333333
11 35.23 34.77 33 0.46 0.276 233.4272499 233427.2499 1003.107396
0.00016666666
10 35.19 34.81 67 0.38 0.228 212.2065908 212206.5908 1003.325534
9 35.16 34.84 0.00015 0.32 0.192 190.9859317 190985.9317 984.0137872
6 35.07 34.93 0.0001 0.14 0.084 127.3239545 127323.9545 991.7926734
3 35.2 34.98 0.00005 0.22 0.132 63.66197724 63661.97724 395.5884267
 0.00003333333
2 35.01 34.99 333 0.02 0.012 42.44131816 42441.31816 874.678922
0.00000833333
0.5 35 35 3333 0 0 10.61032954 10610.32954 #DIV/0!

Table 3.14 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 35.28 34.72 0.0002 0.56 7.056 254.6479089 254647.9089 216.4269047
0.00018333333
11 35.23 34.77 33 0.46 5.796 233.4272499 233427.2499 218.8959796
0.00016666666
10 35.19 34.81 67 0.38 4.788 212.2065908 212206.5908 218.9435812
9 35.16 34.84 0.00015 0.32 4.032 190.9859317 190985.9317 214.7294126
6 35.07 34.93 0.0001 0.14 1.764 127.3239545 127323.9545 216.4269047
3 35.2 34.98 0.00005 0.22 2.772 63.66197724 63661.97724 86.32447189
0.00003333333
2 35.01 34.99 333 0.02 0.252 42.44131816 42441.31816 190.870589
0.00000833333
0.5 35 35 3333 0 0 10.61032954 10610.32954 #DIV/0!

Table 3.15 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 35.18 34.82 0.0002 0.36 0.3424390244 254.6479089 97121.52806 982.4238765
 0.00018333333
11 35.15 34.85 33 0.3 0.2853658537 233.4272499 89028.06739 986.5088167
0.00016666666
10 35.12 34.88 67 0.24 0.2282926829 212.2065908 80934.60672 1002.68217
9 35.1 34.9 0.00015 0.2 0.1902439024 190.9859317 72841.14605 988.5449568
6 35.04 34.96 0.0001 0.08 0.07609756098 127.3239545 48560.76403 1042.017878
3 35.01 34.99 0.00005 0.02 0.01902439024 63.66197724 24280.38202 1042.017878
0.00003333333
2 35 35 333 0 0 42.44131816 16186.92134 #DIV/0!
0.00000833333
0.5 35 35 3333 0 0 10.61032954 4046.730336 #DIV/0!

Table 3.16 Kerosene and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00063333333
38 35.11 34.89 33 0.22 3.428780488 806.385045 307551.5055 983.1573806
0.00055833333
33.5 35.08 34.92 33 0.16 2.493658537 710.8920791 271130.9325 1016.332008

30 35.07 34.93 0.0005 0.14 2.18195122 636.6197724 242803.8202 972.9892108

0.00041666666
25 35.05 34.95 67 0.1 1.558536585 530.516477 202336.5168 959.3802999
0.00033333333
20 35.03 34.97 33 0.06 0.9351219512 424.4131816 161869.2134 990.8437131

15 35.02 34.98 0.00025 0.04 0.6234146341 318.3098862 121401.9101 910.148067

 0.00016666666
10 35.01 34.99 67 0.02 0.3117073171 212.2065908 80934.60672 858.0958267
0.00008333333
5 35 35 333 0 0 106.1032954 40467.30336 #DIV/0!

Table 4.1 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 4.2 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 4.3 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 4.4 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.25 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
overflow overflow overflow #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Table 4.5 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00020016666
12.01 47.74 22.26 67 25.48 15.288 254.8601155 254860.1155 147.1544714
0.00018383333
11.03 45.74 24.26 33 21.48 12.888 234.0638696 234063.8696 147.1934692
0.00016683333
10.01 43.85 26.15 33 17.7 10.62 212.4187974 212418.7974 147.1558772
0.00015016666
9.01 42.16 27.84 67 14.32 8.592 191.1981383 191198.1383 147.2595434
0.00010016666
6.01 38.18 31.82 67 6.36 3.816 127.5361611 127536.1611 147.3927364
0.00005016666
3.01 35.79 34.21 667 1.58 0.948 63.87418383 63874.18383 148.1044541
0.00003366666
2.02 35.36 34.64 667 0.72 0.432 42.86573134 42865.73134 147.2364334
0.00000866666
0.52 35.02 34.98 6667 0.04 0.024 11.03474272 11034.74272 160.8064689

Table 4.6 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter
Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice
(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
38.04 41.1 28.9 0.000634 12.2 153.72 807.2338714 807233.8714 146.9877402
0.00055833333
33.5 39.73 30.27 33 9.46 119.196 710.8920791 710892.0791 147.0008206
0.00049933333
29.96 38.78 31.22 33 7.56 95.256 635.770946 635770.946 147.0623262
0.00041683333
25.01 37.64 32.36 33 5.28 66.528 530.7286836 530728.6836 146.8984626
0.00033383333
20.03 36.69 33.31 33 3.38 42.588 425.0498014 425049.8014 147.0425817
0.00025016666
15.01 35.95 34.05 67 1.9 23.94 318.5220928 318522.0928 146.9685508
0.00016666666
10 35.42 34.58 67 0.84 10.584 212.2065908 212206.5908 147.2586711
0.00008383333
5.03 35.11 34.89 333 0.22 2.772 106.7399152 106739.9152 144.7361995

Table 4.7 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00020033333
12.02 43.02 26.98 33 16.04 15.25756098 255.0723221 97283.39728 147.4238346
0.00018333333
11 41.71 28.29 33 13.42 12.76536585 233.4272499 89028.06739 147.4965441
10.02 40.56 29.44 0.000167 11.12 10.57756098 212.631004 81096.47593 147.5980927
 0.00014983333
8.99 39.47 30.53 33 8.94 8.503902439 190.7737251 72760.21144 147.6917886
6 36.99 33.01 0.0001 3.98 3.785853659 127.3239545 48560.76403 147.7321886
0.00004966666
2.98 35.49 34.51 667 0.98 0.932195122 63.23756406 24118.5128 147.8661086
0.00003333333
2 35.22 34.78 333 0.44 0.4185365854 42.44131816 16186.92134 148.1047799
0.51 35.01 34.99 0.0000085 0.02 0.01902439024 10.82253613 4127.664943 177.1416134

Table 4.8 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 0.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00020033333
12.02 43.02 26.98 33 16.04 249.9892683 255.0723221 97283.39728 36.4208081
0.00018333333
11 41.71 28.29 33 13.42 209.1556098 233.4272499 89028.06739 36.43877087
10.02 40.56 29.44 0.000167 11.12 173.3092683 212.631004 81096.47593 36.46385828
0.00014983333
8.99 39.47 30.53 33 8.94 139.3331707 190.7737251 72760.21144 36.48700568
6 36.99 33.01 0.0001 3.98 62.0297561 127.3239545 48560.76403 36.49698645
0.00004966666
2.98 35.49 34.51 667 0.98 15.27365854 63.23756406 24118.5128 36.53007116
0.00003333333
2 35.22 34.78 333 0.44 6.857560976 42.44131816 16186.92134 36.58903448
0.51 35.01 34.99 0.0000085 0.02 0.3117073171 10.82253613 4127.664943 43.76253491
 Table 4.9 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 36.54 33.46 0.0002 3.08 1.848 254.6479089 254647.9089 422.9014708
0.00018333333
11 36.3 33.7 33 2.6 1.56 233.4272499 233427.2499 421.9289443
0.00016633333
9.98 36.07 33.93 33 2.14 1.284 211.7821776 211782.1776 421.9460857
0.00015033333
9.02 35.87 34.13 33 1.74 1.044 191.4103449 191410.3449 422.9268144
0.00010033333
6.02 35.39 34.61 33 0.78 0.468 127.7483677 127748.3677 421.5824251
0.00004966666
2.98 35.09 34.91 667 0.18 0.108 63.23756406 63237.56406 434.4235091
0.00003333333
2 35.04 34.96 333 0.08 0.048 42.44131816 42441.31816 437.3391031
0.00000833333
0.5 35 35 3333 0 0 10.61032954 10610.32954 #DIV/0!

Table 4.10 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00063366666
38.02 35.74 34.26 67 1.48 18.648 806.8094582 806809.4582 421.7983876
33.51 35.57 34.43 0.0005585 1.14 14.364 711.1042857 711104.2857 423.5899646
 0.00050033333
30.02 35.46 34.54 33 0.92 11.592 637.0441855 637044.1855 422.4160729
0.00041683333
25.01 35.32 34.68 33 0.64 8.064 530.7286836 530728.6836 421.9367615
0.00033433333
20.06 35.21 34.79 33 0.42 5.292 425.6864211 425686.4211 417.7629718
14.97 35.11 34.89 0.0002495 0.22 2.772 317.6732664 317673.2664 430.7587622
0.00016616666
9.97 35.05 34.95 67 0.1 1.26 211.569971 211569.971 425.5188648
0.00008266666
4.96 35.01 34.99 667 0.02 0.252 105.254469 105254.469 473.3586733

Table 4.11 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00020033333
12.02 35.97 34.03 33 1.94 1.845365854 255.0723221 97283.39728 423.9085348
10.98 35.81 34.19 0.000183 1.62 1.54097561 233.0028367 88866.19818 423.7535901
0.00016616666
9.97 35.67 34.33 67 1.34 1.274634146 211.569971 80691.8029 423.0691101
0.00014966666
8.98 35.54 34.46 67 1.08 1.027317073 190.5615185 72679.27683 424.456332
0.00010033333
6.02 35.24 34.76 33 0.48 0.4565853659 127.7483677 48722.63325 426.8196746
0.00005016666
3.01 35.06 34.94 667 0.12 0.1141463415 63.87418383 24361.31662 426.8196746
 0.00003366666
2.02 35.03 34.97 667 0.06 0.05707317073 42.86573134 16348.79056 405.0832653
0.51 35 35 0.0000085 0 0 10.82253613 4127.664943 #DIV/0!

Table 4.12 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
0.00063266666
37.96 35.6 34.4 67 1.2 18.70243902 805.5362186 307227.7671 420.5193776
0.00055883333
33.53 35.46 34.54 33 0.92 14.33853659 711.5286989 271373.7363 424.2189572
30.03 35.37 34.63 0.0005005 0.74 11.53317073 637.2563921 243046.624 423.6331184
0.00041583333
24.95 35.26 34.74 33 0.52 8.104390244 529.455444 201931.8438 419.874317
0.00033333333
20 35.16 34.84 33 0.32 4.987317073 424.4131816 161869.2134 429.0475623
0.00024916666
14.95 35.09 34.91 67 0.18 2.805365854 317.2488532 120997.237 427.6174037
10.05 35.04 34.96 0.0001675 0.08 1.246829268 213.2676237 81339.27975 431.1928001
5.04 35.01 34.99 0.000084 0.02 0.3117073171 106.9521218 40791.04179 432.4799428

Table 4.13 Water and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12.03 35.28 34.72 0.0002005 0.56 0.336 255.2845287 255284.5287 994.272155
 0.00018333333
11 35.23 34.77 33 0.46 0.276 233.4272499 233427.2499 1003.107396
0.00016633333
9.98 35.19 34.81 33 0.38 0.228 211.7821776 211782.1776 1001.318883
9 35.16 34.84 0.00015 0.32 0.192 190.9859317 190985.9317 984.0137872
0.00009983333
5.99 35.07 34.93 333 0.14 0.084 127.1117479 127111.7479 990.1396856
0.00004983333
2.99 35.02 34.98 333 0.04 0.024 63.44977065 63449.77065 924.6446386
0.00003283333
1.97 35.01 34.99 333 0.02 0.012 41.80469839 41804.69839 861.5587381
0.48 35 35 0.000008 0 0 10.18591636 10185.91636 #DIV/0!

Table 4.14 Water and Hg setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
38.04 35.13 34.87 0.000634 0.26 3.276 807.2338714 807233.8714 1006.880315
33.51 35.1 34.9 0.0005585 0.2 2.52 711.1042857 711104.2857 1011.308007
0.00050083333
30.05 35.08 34.92 33 0.16 2.016 637.6808053 637680.8053 1013.931232
0.00041633333
24.98 35.06 34.94 33 0.12 1.512 530.0920638 530092.0638 973.2531697
20.1 35.04 34.96 0.000335 0.08 1.008 426.5352475 426535.2475 959.1247096
0.00024966666
14.98 35.02 34.98 67 0.04 0.504 317.885473 317885.473 1010.8945
 0.00016633333
9.98 35.01 34.99 33 0.02 0.252 211.7821776 211782.1776 952.444239
5.01 35 35 0.0000835 0 0 106.315502 106315.502 #DIV/0!

Table 4.15 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
12 35.18 34.82 0.0002 0.36 0.3424390244 254.6479089 97121.52806 982.4238765
0.00018316666
10.99 35.15 34.85 67 0.3 0.2853658537 233.2150433 88947.13278 985.6119905
0.00016666666
10 35.12 34.88 67 0.24 0.2282926829 212.2065908 80934.60672 1002.68217
0.00014983333
8.99 35.1 34.9 33 0.2 0.1902439024 190.7737251 72760.21144 987.4465735
6 35.04 34.96 0.0001 0.08 0.07609756098 127.3239545 48560.76403 1042.017878
0.00004983333
2.99 35.01 34.99 333 0.02 0.01902439024 63.44977065 24199.44741 1038.544485
0.00003266666
1.96 35 35 667 0 0 41.59249179 15863.18292 #DIV/0!
0.00000833333
0.5 35 35 3333 0 0 10.61032954 4046.730336 #DIV/0!

Table 4.16 Kerosene and CCL4 setup with d & d/2 taps at a 1.5 nominal diameter

Flow rate Flow Rate delta H (cm velocity in orifice

(LPM) h1 (cm MF) h2 (cm MF) (m3/s) MF) delta H (m PF) (m/s) RE Cd
 0.00063616666
38.17 35.11 34.89 67 0.22 3.428780488 809.992557 308927.3938 987.5557163
0.00055966666
33.58 35.08 34.92 67 0.16 2.493658537 712.5897319 271778.4094 1018.75907
0.00049916666
29.95 35.07 34.93 67 0.14 2.18195122 635.5587394 242399.1471 971.3675621
24.96 35.05 34.95 0.000416 0.1 1.558536585 529.6676506 202012.7784 957.8452914
19.92 35.03 34.97 0.000332 0.06 0.9351219512 422.7155289 161221.7366 986.8803382
0.00024916666
14.95 35.02 34.98 67 0.04 0.6234146341 317.2488532 120997.237 907.1142401
0.00016733333
10.04 35.01 34.99 33 0.02 0.3117073171 213.0554172 81258.34515 861.52821
0.00008366666
5.02 35 35 667 0 0 106.5277086 40629.17257 #DIV/0!